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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Англо-шотландски войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Англо-шотландски войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Schottische_Kriege" title="Anglo-Schottische Kriege – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglo-Schottische Kriege" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_anglo-%C3%A9cossaises" title="Guerres anglo-écossaises – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres anglo-écossaises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-escocesa" title="Guerra anglo-escocesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra anglo-escocesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_anglo-scozzesi" title="Guerre anglo-scozzesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre anglo-scozzesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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aria-labelledby="Anglo-Scottish_Wars3075" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Scottish Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Scottish_Wars3075" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Anglo-Scottish Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Duns" title="Battle of Duns">Duns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1385)">1385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Melrose_(1378)" title="Battle of Melrose (1378)">Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otterburn" title="Battle of Otterburn">Otterburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1400)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1400)">1400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulhope_Law" title="Battle of Fulhope Law">Fulhope Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nesbit_Moor_(1402)" title="Battle of Nesbit Moor (1402)">Nesbit Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Homildon_Hill" title="Battle of Homildon Hill">Homildon Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yeavering" title="Battle of Yeavering">Yeavering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9" title="Battle of Baugé">Baugé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cravant" title="Battle of Cravant">Cravant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verneuil" title="Battle of Verneuil">Verneuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Siege of Orléans">Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Herrings" title="Battle of the Herrings">Herrings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meung-sur-Loire" title="Battle of Meung-sur-Loire">Meung-sur-Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaugency_(1429)" title="Battle of Beaugency (1429)">Beaugency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Patay" title="Battle of Patay">Patay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piperdean" title="Battle of Piperdean">Piperdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sark" title="Battle of Sark">Sark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Roxburgh_(1460)" title="Capture of Roxburgh (1460)">Roxburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1482)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1482)">Berwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Flodden Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hornshole" title="Battle of Hornshole">Hornshole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haddon_Rig" title="Battle of Haddon Rig">Haddon Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss" title="Battle of Solway Moss">Solway Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh" title="Burning of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ancrum_Moor" title="Battle of Ancrum Moor">Ancrum Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie" title="Battle of Pinkie">Pinkie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Inchkeith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Inchkeith (page does not exist)">Inchkeith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drumlanrig" title="Battle of Drumlanrig">Drumlanrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haddington" title="Siege of Haddington">Haddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broughty_Castle#The_Rough_Wooing" title="Broughty Castle">Broughty Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leith" title="Siege of Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_the_Redeswire" title="Raid of the Redeswire">Redeswire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg/220px-Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg/330px-Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg/440px-Scottish_soldiers_in_the_14thC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A 15th-century illustration showing an English <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a> approaching a troop of Scottish soldiers</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Anglo-Scottish Wars</b> comprise the various battles which continued to be fought between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a> in the early 14th century through to the latter years of the 16th century. </p><p>Although the Wars of Independence, in which Scotland twice resisted attempted <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">conquest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> kings of England, formally ended in the treaties of 1328 and 1357 respectively, relations between the two countries remained uneasy. Incursions by English kings into Scotland continued under <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a> and informal cross-border conflict remained endemic. Formal flashpoints on the border included places remaining under English occupation, such as <a href="/wiki/Roxburgh_Castle" title="Roxburgh Castle">Roxburgh Castle</a> and the port of <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a>. Roxburgh was recaptured by the Scots in 1460 under <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a> after the death of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a> in the same campaign. Similarly, they captured Berwick in 1461 in exchange for support to the Lancastrians. Berwick had changed hands a number of times in the past, and as one country attempted to take advantage of weakness or instability in the other, siding on one side in the civil war, culminating in final capture for the English of the Scottish port by the Yorkist <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a> in 1482. </p><p>England's preoccupation with civil war during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> and Scotland's aid to the Lancastrian cause may have been a component in the period of relative recovery for her northern neighbour during the course of the 15th century, and by the first decade of the 16th century <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> were making overtures for lasting peace after aiding the latter, along with Scotland's ally <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosworth">Battle of Bosworth</a>. This broke down after the accession of the more overtly bellicose <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> to the English throne and James IV's catastrophically misjudged incursion into <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> in 1513 ending in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Battle of Flodden</a>. Three decades later, after the death of <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V</a> in 1542, the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Rough_wooing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough wooing">rough wooing</a>' at the hands of invading English armies under the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Earl of Hertford</a> brought manifest depredations to Scotland. The last pitched battle between Scotland and England as independent states was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie_Cleugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pinkie Cleugh">Battle of Pinkie Cleugh</a> in September 1547. Periods of fighting and conflict nevertheless continued. </p><p><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> also played a key role throughout the period of the Anglo-Scottish Wars. Scots and English soldiers on French soil during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> (1337–1453) generally fought on opposing sides, with the Scots standing for the French against the English under the <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a>. France in later periods, in turn, often intervened on Scottish soil for the Scots. This French involvement had increasingly complex political consequences for all sides by the later 16th century. </p><p>The Anglo-Scottish Wars can be said to have formally ended with the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> in 1603, wherein England and Scotland entered a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> under <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a>, who inherited both crowns. Bloody conflict between the two states nevertheless continued to arise in different and more complex guise throughout the course of the 17th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Border_wars_between_Scotland_and_England">Border wars between Scotland and England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Border wars between Scotland and England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edouard_III_devant_Berwick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Edouard_III_devant_Berwick.jpg/170px-Edouard_III_devant_Berwick.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Edouard_III_devant_Berwick.jpg/255px-Edouard_III_devant_Berwick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Edouard_III_devant_Berwick.jpg/340px-Edouard_III_devant_Berwick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1129" data-file-height="1265" /></a><figcaption>English army at <a href="/wiki/Berwick_upon_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick upon Tweed">Berwick upon Tweed</a>, 1482</figcaption></figure> <p>During the mid-15th century, there were many conflicts on the border of England and Scotland, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sark" title="Battle of Sark">Battle of Sark</a> in 1448. These battles were the result of England's ongoing military campaigning in France and Scottish attempts to support the House of Valois. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flodden_campaign">Flodden campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flodden campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>England under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> declared war on <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in 1512 (as part of the larger conflict known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a>). <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a> invaded England in fulfillment of his alliance with France (even though married to Henry's sister Margaret). In 1513, after preliminary raids by borderers came to grief, James's main army invaded England. His artillery quickly subdued English castles such as Norham and Wark. However, James issued a formal challenge for an open field battle to the English army under the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Earl of Surrey</a> and then fortified his position; this perceived lack of chivalry led Surrey to warn James that no quarter would be given or accepted. Surrey's army manoeuvred around the Scottish army, which launched an attack to open a route north to Scotland. In the resulting disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Battle of Flodden</a>, James IV was killed, along with many of his nobles and gentry, the "<a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Forest" title="Flowers of the Forest">Flowers of the Forest</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1514–1523"><span id="1514.E2.80.931523"></span>1514–1523</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1514–1523"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> was an infant barely a year old at his father's death. Various factions among the Scottish nobles contended for power, and custody of the young king. While Henry VIII secretly encouraged some of them, English armies and some families of English and nominally Scottish <a href="/wiki/Border_Reivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Reivers">Border Reivers</a> repeatedly forayed and looted in southwest Scotland, to maintain pressure on the Scottish authorities. </p><p>Eventually, after the faction of the <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Douglas,_6th_Earl_of_Angus" title="Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus">Earl of Angus</a> gained control, peaceful relations were restored between England and Scotland. (Part of the reason for Henry's mellowing was that the disorders he had provoked in Scotland threatened to spill south of the border.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solway_Moss_campaign">Solway Moss campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Solway Moss campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When James V came of age and assumed control, he overthrew the Angus faction, and renewed Scotland's <a href="/wiki/Auld_Alliance" title="Auld Alliance">Auld Alliance</a> with France. He married first <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_of_Valois" title="Madeleine of Valois">Madeleine of Valois</a>, a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, and when she died a few months later of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, he married <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a>. Tension between England and Scotland increased once again; not least because Henry had already broken with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and embarked upon the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>, whereas James held to Rome and gave authority to powerful prelates such as Cardinal <a href="/wiki/David_Beaton" title="David Beaton">David Beaton</a>. </p><p>War broke out in 1541. Once again there were preliminary border skirmishes, but when James sent a large army into England, its leadership was weak and divided and it suffered a humbling defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss" title="Battle of Solway Moss">Battle of Solway Moss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rough_Wooing">Rough Wooing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rough Wooing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James died shortly after the defeat. Once again, Scotland's monarch was an infant, this time <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>. Henry tried to pressure a divided Scotland into an alliance, and secure the marriage of Mary to his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Cardinal Beaton gained control of the government of Scotland and renewed the alliance with France, Henry reacted in 1544 by sending an army under the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Earl of Hertford</a>, Edward's uncle, to <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh" title="Burning of Edinburgh">burn Edinburgh</a> and cause devastation and slaughter throughout southern Scotland, as a means of inducing a change of heart. Campaigning continued the next year, but some Scottish factions reconciled and won a victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ancrum_Moor" title="Battle of Ancrum Moor">Battle of Ancrum Moor</a>, which temporarily halted English attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry died in 1547. Hertford, now Protector and Duke of Somerset, renewed the attempt to enforce an alliance, and also to impose an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> church on Scotland. He won a great victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie" title="Battle of Pinkie">Battle of Pinkie</a>, but Mary was smuggled to France to be betrothed to the <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis</a>. Fighting continued for some more years, notably at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haddington" title="Siege of Haddington">siege of Haddington</a>, and French troops assisted the Scots. Without lasting peace, Somerset's regime could not stand the expense of the war. He was overthrown and eventually executed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformation_in_Scotland">Reformation in Scotland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reformation in Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pinkie Cleugh was the last pitched battle between England and Scotland prior to the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Beaton was murdered in 1546, and within a few years, Scotland underwent a major religious reformation which was, unlike most European countries, remarkably peaceful and was never seriously threatened by counter-reformation, though neighbouring England was to undergo a counter-reformation under <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary I</a>. For a while, both countries were distracted by internal troubles. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> came to rule England and restore stability.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scotland remained divided. The Catholic faction under the queen mother, <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a>, held <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leith" title="Siege of Leith">Leith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. Elizabeth was able to ensure victory for the Protestant faction by using her fleet to blockade the Catholics and prevent French aid reaching them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the later part of the 16th century, peace was ensured by the probability that <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James VI of Scotland</a>, who was raised as a Protestant and was the son of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a>, would become King of England on the death of Elizabeth. There was perennial trouble from <a href="/wiki/Border_Reivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Reivers">Border Reivers</a>, but Elizabeth was inclined to forgive even their depredations rather than pick a quarrel with her Protestant neighbour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Scotland_and_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles between Scotland and England">List of battles between Scotland and England</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Reese, <i>Flodden: A Scottish Tragedy</i> (Birlinn, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George A. Sinclair, "The Scots at Solway Moss" <i>The Scottish Historical Review</i> 2#8 (1905) pp. 372–377 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25517648">in JSTOR</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth A. Bonner, "The Genesis of Henry VIII's ‘Rough Wooing’ of the Scots." <i>Northern History</i> 33.1 (1997): 36-53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gervase Phillips, <i>The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History</i> (Boydell Press, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gervase Phillips, <i>The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History</i> (Boydell Press, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul E.J. Hammer, <i>Elizabeth's wars: war, government and society in Tudor England, 1544–1604</i> (2003).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_Wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dupuy, Ernest R. and Dupuy, Trevor N. <i>The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present</i>. Revised ed. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1977.</li> <li>Fraser, George MacDonald. <i>The Steel Bonnets</i>, HarperCollins, 1971, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-272746-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-272746-3">0-00-272746-3</a></li> <li>Lynch, Michael, ed. <i>The Oxford companion to Scottish history</i> (2007.</li> <li>Mackie, R. L. <i>A History of Scotland</i>. (2nd ed. 1978)</li> <li>Paterson, Raymond Campbell. <i>My Wound is Deep: History of the Anglo-Scottish Wars, 1380–1560</i> (1997)</li> <li>Phillips, Gervase. <i>The Anglo-Scots Wars, 1513-1550: A Military History</i> (Boydell Press, 1999).</li> <li>Sadler, John. <i>Border Fury: England and Scotland at War, 1296–1568</i>, Longman, 2004.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_England51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_military_history" title="Template:English military history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:English_military_history&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:English military history (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_military_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English military history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Military_history_of_England51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_England" title="Military history of England">Military history of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aylesford" title="Battle of Aylesford">Battle of Aylesford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ellendun" title="Battle of Ellendun">Battle of Ellendun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_expansion#England" title="Viking expansion">Viking invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_1088" title="Rebellion of 1088">Rebellion of 1088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%9374" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1173–74">Revolt of 1173–74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_uprising_of_1211" title="Welsh uprising of 1211">Welsh uprising of 1211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines" title="Battle of Bouvines">Battle of Bouvines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Uprising_(1282)" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Uprising (1282)">Welsh Uprising (1282)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">First War of Scottish Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Second War of Scottish Independence">Second War of Scottish Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1400)" title="English invasion of Scotland (1400)">Invasion of Scotland (1400)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyndŵr Rising">Glyndŵr Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy_(Hotspur)" title="Henry Percy (Hotspur)">Percy rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scrope_(bishop)" title="Richard Scrope (bishop)">Scrope rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldcastle_Revolt" title="Oldcastle Revolt">Oldcastle Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cade%27s_Rebellion" title="Jack Cade's Rebellion">Jack Cade's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham%27s_rebellion" title="Buckingham's rebellion">Buckingham's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_and_Lovell_rebellion" title="Stafford and Lovell rebellion">Stafford and Lovell rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Simnel" title="Lambert Simnel">Simnel rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_rebellion_1489" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire rebellion 1489">Yorkshire rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_rebellion_of_1497" title="Cornish rebellion of 1497">First Cornish rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cornish_uprising_of_1497" title="Second Cornish uprising of 1497">Second Cornish rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Warbeck rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Kildare#Rebellion" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare">Silken Thomas rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Scottish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amicable_Grant" title="Amicable Grant">Amicable Grant Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigod%27s_rebellion" title="Bigod's rebellion">Bigod's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kett%27s_Rebellion" title="Kett's Rebellion">Kett's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Third Cornish uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt%27s_rebellion" title="Wyatt's rebellion">Wyatt's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1558)" title="Siege of Calais (1558)">Siege of Calais (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_of_the_North" title="Rising of the North">Rising of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War#Overseas_assistance" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Powhatan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Powhatan War">First Anglo-Powhatan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Powhatan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Powhatan War">Second Anglo-Powhatan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">Anglo-French War (1627–1629)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Powhatan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Anglo-Powhatan War">Third Anglo-Powhatan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="First Anglo-Dutch War">First Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Devolution" title="War of Devolution">War of Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion" title="Bacon's Rebellion">Virginia rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">Monmouth Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_risings" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite risings">Jacobite risings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_Scotland378" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Template:Kingdom of Scotland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Scotland378" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidian_Revolution" title="Davidian Revolution">Davidian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_in_Scotland" title="Renaissance in Scotland">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_under_the_Commonwealth" title="Scotland under the Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Scotland)" title="Restoration (Scotland)">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Scotland" title="Maritime history of Scotland">Maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Colonization of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darien_scheme" title="Darien scheme">Darien scheme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">Alpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sverre" title="House of Sverre">Sverre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Balliol" title="House of Balliol">Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Bruce" title="Clan Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Scotland" title="Politics of Scotland">Politics</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Court_of_Scotland" title="Royal Court of Scotland">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Estates of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_Scotland" title="General Council of Scotland">General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_the_Estates_of_Scotland" title="Convention of the Estates of Scotland">Convention of the Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Guardian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Scotland" title="Peerage of Scotland">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Scotland" title="Privy Council of Scotland">Privy Council</a></li> <li>Government <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_Scotland" title="Government in medieval Scotland">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Government in early modern Scotland">Early Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Scotland" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Scotland">Acts of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Scotland" title="Lord Chancellor of Scotland">Lord Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Scotland)" title="Secretary of State (Kingdom of Scotland)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regiam_Majestatem" title="Regiam Majestatem">Regiam Majestatem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenanters" title="Covenanters">Covenanters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Scotland" title="Military history of Scotland">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Warfare in Medieval Scotland">Medieval warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Warfare in early modern Scotland">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Scots Army">Royal Scots Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Navy" title="Royal Scots Navy">Royal Scots Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)#Scotland" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of Scotland">Lord High Admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_warships_of_the_Scots_Navy" title="List of warships of the Scots Navy">Ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burghs_in_Scotland" title="List of burghs in Scotland">Burghs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Scotland" title="List of castles in Scotland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#Scotland" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Scotland" title="List of places in Scotland">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shires_of_Scotland" title="Shires of Scotland">Shires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Scotland" title="Demographics of Scotland">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scots" title="List of Scots">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Art in Medieval Scotland">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_country_dance" title="Scottish country dance">Country dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_highland_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish highland dance">Highland dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland" title="Architecture of Scotland">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Scotland" title="Housing in Scotland">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Architecture of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Architecture in early modern Scotland">Early Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish castles">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture_in_Scotland" title="Church architecture in Scotland">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladian_architecture" title="Palladian architecture">Palladian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_baronial_architecture" title="Scottish baronial architecture">Scottish baronial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Scotland" title="National symbols of Scotland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">National flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Jack#Scottish_Union_Flag" title="Union Jack">Union Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_flags" title="List of Scottish flags">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_heraldry" title="Scottish heraldry">Heraldry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_the_Lord_Lyon" title="Court of the Lord Lyon">Court of the Lord Lyon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of Scotland">Royal coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Banner_of_Scotland" title="Royal Banner of Scotland">Royal Banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_of_Scotland" title="Honours of Scotland">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots pine">Scots pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thistle" title="Thistle">Thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">St Andrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew%27s_Day" title="Saint Andrew's Day">Saint Andrew's Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn#Scotland" title="Unicorn">Unicorn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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