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id="secondary" class="widget-area page-sidebar"> <div class="sidebar-nav"> <div class="custom-nav"><ul id="menu-resources-section-left-nav" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-6463" class="title menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-6463"><a href="https://klohn.com/resources/">Resources</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-6464" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6464"><a href="https://klohn.com/resources/blog/">Blog</a></li> <li id="menu-item-6466" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-6466"><a href="https://klohn.com/resources/technical-papers/">Technical Papers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div> </div> </aside> <div class="page-modules"><section class="page-block content-wrap"> <div class="wrapper left-2"> <h1>Designing Flow-Through Rockfill Underdrains in Unpredictable Climates</h1> <h3>March 1, 2023   |   </h3> <div class="content wysiwyg"> <div class="featured-image-blog"><div class="image" style="background-image: url('https://klohn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/MicrosoftTeams-image-1-scaled-e1677707211431.jpg');"></div></div> <p>Papua New Guinea experiences high annual rainfall, has rugged topography, and is one of the most seismically active zones in the world. These conditions have presented challenges to the diversion of surface flow at mine sites in the region.</p> <h3>Flow-Through Rockfill Underdrains in PNG</h3> KCB has been involved in the design of flow-through rockfill underdrains for mine sites across BC and in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Flow-through rockfill underdrains have been used at mines to pass flows beneath waste dumps, rather than constructing diversion channels around the dumps. Mines with flow-through rockfill underdrains are common in BC, but KCB has done considerable work over the years with flow-through rockfill underdrains at the Porgera, Hidden Valley and Ok Tedi mines in PNG. The stable dump at Porgera, known as the Kogai dump, has a rock underdrain that has been in operation for about 30 years; the Hidden Valley Western Sector waste dumps have underdrains in operation for over 10 years.</p> <p>Underdrains are typically built from durable, non-acid generating rock from the open pit. Rock is either dumped from a high dump (> 20 m high) to segregate the rock as it falls, so that the coarsest rock forms the drain at the toe of the dump, or it is screened by size and placed by conventional methods. Underdrain rock must be comprised of strong, durable rock that can withstand the stresses imposed by the overlying waste dump, and resistant to mechanical breakage and chemical weathering.</p> <p>Many of the dumps in PNG could not be built without the rock underdrain as it is not possible to divert the creek base flow or flood flow. Heavy rainfall needs to be diverted, and natural soil and rock, and waste rock is highly erodible. The rock underdrains act as diversions to allow the dump stability and then serve to pass the creek flow during the mine's operating life and closure.</p> <h3>Designing Flow-Through Rockfill Underdrains using Wilkins’ Formula</h3> <p>Design principles for flow-through rockfill underdrains have been developed from civil engineering applications, including Wilkins’ formula for estimating flow capacity for non-Darcy turbulent flow in rockfill:</p> <img src="https://klohn.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Wilkins-formula-for-flow-through-underdrains.png" alt="" width="153" height="51" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-11063" /> <br> <p> <font size="-3"> Q = flow in m3/sec <br>W = Wilkins constant, ranging from 5.24 m0.5/sec for crushed gravel to 7.33 m0.5/sec for polished marbles <br>i = hydraulic gradient <br>e = void ratio <br>m = hydraulic mean radius of the rock voids (m) <br>= void ratio/surface area per unit volume <br>= e*d/8.4 for coarse angular rock where d is the rock diameter in metres <br>A = area of rockfill transverse to flow (m2)</font size="-3"></p> <p>KCB's design of flow-through rockfill underdrains uses Wilkins ’ formula with a factor of safety of 10 applied to the calculated area. The design allows for a period of ponding for storms (e.g. 24-hour 100-year return) at the upstream face of the dump where the drain inlet is located. Design flood volumes can then be discharged over a reasonable period, often 7 days. </p> </div> <div class="horizontal-rule"></div> <div class="blog-categories"> <strong>Categories: </strong>   <a href="/resources/blog/?category_name=blog">Blog</a> </div> </div> <section class="share-section no-padding"> <div class="wrapper left-2"> <div class="share-title">Share</div> <div class="share-links"> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fklohn.com%2Fblog%2Fdesigning-flow-through-rockfill-underdrains-in-unpredictable-climates%2F&title=Designing+Flow-Through+Rockfill+Underdrains+in+Unpredictable+Climates"><i class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i></a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Designing+Flow-Through+Rockfill+Underdrains+in+Unpredictable+Climates+-+https%3A%2F%2Fklohn.com%2Fblog%2Fdesigning-flow-through-rockfill-underdrains-in-unpredictable-climates%2F"><i class="fab fa-twitter"></i></a> <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fklohn.com%2Fblog%2Fdesigning-flow-through-rockfill-underdrains-in-unpredictable-climates%2F&title=Designing+Flow-Through+Rockfill+Underdrains+in+Unpredictable+Climates"><i class="fab fa-facebook"></i></a> </div> </div> </section> <section class="featured-posts " > <div class="content wrapper"><h1>Related Posts</h1></div> <div class="wrapper right-0"><div class="posts-grid-container"><div class="posts-grid"> <a href="https://klohn.com/?post_type=post&p=4346" class="post"> <div class="post-inner"> <div class="image" ></div> <div class="text"> <h4 class="name">Research Update on Geomembranes at Tailings Storage Facilities</h4> <div class="name">August 08, 2017</div> <div class="title"></div> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://klohn.com/?post_type=post&p=4394" class="post"> <div class="post-inner"> <div class="image" ></div> <div class="text"> <h4 class="name">Best Practices for Tailings Dam Design</h4> <div class="name">September 07, 2017</div> <div class="title"></div> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://klohn.com/?post_type=post&p=4457" class="post"> <div class="post-inner"> <div class="image" ></div> <div class="text"> <h4 class="name">KCB Completes Study of Tailings Management Technologies for MEND</h4> <div class="name">November 02, 2017</div> <div class="title"></div> </div> </div> </a> </div></div></div> </section> </section></div></div> </div> <footer id="colophon" class="site-footer"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="top"> <div class="split"> <div class="side logo"> <a href="/"><img src="https://klohn.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/KCB-logo-horizontal-white.png" alt=""></a> </div> <div class="side links"> <div class="nav-element"><a href="https://klohn.com/about/"><span>About</span></a></div><div class="nav-element"><a href="https://klohn.com/contact/"><span>Contact</span></a></div><div class="nav-element"><a href="/contact/#our-locations"><span>Locations</span></a></div><div class="nav-element"><a href="https://klohn.com/sectors/"><span>Sectors</span></a></div><div class="nav-element"><a href="https://klohn.com/projects/"><span>Projects</span></a></div><div class="nav-element"><a href="https://www.dayforcehcm.com/CandidatePortal/en-ca/kcb" target="_blank"><span>Job Openings</span></a></div><div class="nav-element"><a href="https://klohn.com/about/news-and-events/"><span>News & Events</span></a></div><div class="nav-element"><a href="https://klohn.com/resources/"><span>Resources</span></a></div><div class="nav-element"><a href="https://klohn.com/employee-login/"><span>Employee Login</span></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bottom"> <div class="split"> <div class="side copyright"> <p>© 2024 Klohn Crippen Berger. 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