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id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1949–1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1949–1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>U.S. House of Representatives (1949–1973)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1949–1973)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle U.S. House of Representatives (1949–1973) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1949–1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warren_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warren_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Warren Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warren_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_Minority_Leader_(1965–1973)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_Minority_Leader_(1965–1973)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>House Minority Leader (1965–1973)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_Minority_Leader_(1965–1973)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1973–1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1973–1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vice presidency (1973–1974)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1973–1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1974–1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1974–1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Presidency (1974–1977)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1974–1977)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1974–1977) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1974–1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Swearing-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swearing-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Swearing-in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swearing-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nominating_Rockefeller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominating_Rockefeller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nominating Rockefeller</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominating_Rockefeller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pardon_of_Nixon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pardon_of_Nixon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Pardon of Nixon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pardon_of_Nixon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Draft_dodgers_and_deserters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Draft_dodgers_and_deserters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Draft dodgers and deserters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Draft_dodgers_and_deserters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midterm_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midterm_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Midterm elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midterm_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inflation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Inflation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>Budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Swine_flu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Swine_flu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.3</span> <span>Swine flu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Swine_flu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equal_rights_and_abortion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equal_rights_and_abortion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.4</span> <span>Equal rights and abortion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equal_rights_and_abortion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indonesia_and_East_Timor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia_and_East_Timor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Indonesia and East Timor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia_and_East_Timor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.3</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayaguez_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayaguez_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.4</span> <span><i>Mayaguez</i> incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayaguez_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Assassination attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10.1</span> <span>Supreme Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10.2</span> <span>Other judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1976_presidential_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1976_presidential_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>1976 presidential campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1976_presidential_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1977–2006)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1977–2006)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-presidency (1977–2006)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1977–2006)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency (1977–2006) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1977–2006)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Health issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death and funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_and_fraternal_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_and_fraternal_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Civic and fraternal organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_and_fraternal_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Public image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Foreign honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Official sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>Media coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 142 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">142 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%84%E1%88%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B5_%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5" title="ጄራልድ ፎርድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጄራልድ ፎርድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جيرالد فورد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيرالد فورد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerald_Ford" title="Cerald Ford – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جرالد فورد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرالد فورد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="জেরাল্ড ফোর্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেরাল্ড ফোর্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Джэральд Форд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэральд Форд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Джэралд Рудалф Форд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэралд Рудалф Форд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Джералд Форд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джералд Форд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Джеральд Форд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джеральд Форд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="ڭيرالد فورد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڭيرالد فورد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τζέραλντ Φορντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέραλντ Φορντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جرالد فورد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرالد فورد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford" title="Gerald R. Ford – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gerald R. Ford" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Rudolph_Ford,_Jr." title="Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr. – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gerald Rudolph Ford, Jr." data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EB%9F%B4%EB%93%9C_%ED%8F%AC%EB%93%9C" title="제럴드 포드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제럴드 포드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D5%96%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4" title="Ջերալդ Ֆորդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերալդ Ֆորդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="जेराल्ड फ़ोर्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेराल्ड फ़ोर्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93" title="ג'רלד פורד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'רלד פורד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯერალდ ფორდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯერალდ ფორდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Джеральд Форд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеральд Форд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford" title="Gerald R. Ford – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Gerald R. Ford" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldus_Ford" title="Geraldus Ford – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Geraldus Ford" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeralds_Fords" title="Džeralds Fords – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeralds Fords" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Rudolph_Ford" title="Gerald Rudolph Ford – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Gerald Rudolph Ford" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Џералд Форд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џералд Форд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ജെറാൾഡ് ഫോർഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെറാൾഡ് ഫോർഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="जेराल्ड फोर्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेराल्ड फोर्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯერალდ ფორდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯერალდ ფორდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جيرالد فورد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيرالد فورد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="جرالد فورد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جرالد فورد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Жеральд Форд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жеральд Форд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="ဂဲရက် ဖို့ဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂဲရက် ဖို့ဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="जेराल्ड फोर्ड – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जेराल्ड फोर्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BBR%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ジェラルド・R・フォード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェラルド・R・フォード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਜੈਰਲਡ ਫ਼ੋਰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੈਰਲਡ ਫ਼ੋਰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88" title="جیرالڈ فورڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیرالڈ فورڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%89" title="جیرالد رودولف فورډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جیرالد رودولف فورډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Rudolph_Ford" title="Gerald Rudolph Ford – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gerald Rudolph Ford" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerald_Ford" title="Cerald Ford – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Форд, Джеральд Рудольф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Форд, Джеральд Рудольф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෙරල්ඩ් ෆෝඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෙරල්ඩ් ෆෝඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="گێرالد فۆرد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گێرالد فۆرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Џералд Форд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џералд Форд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜெரால்ட் ஃபோர்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெரால்ட் ஃபோர்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Җералд Форд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җералд Форд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="เจอรัลด์ ฟอร์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจอรัลด์ ฟอร์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ҷералд Форд – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷералд Форд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A4%E1%8F%A9%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%97" title="ᏤᏩᎵᏗ ᏬᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏤᏩᎵᏗ ᏬᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Джеральд Форд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джеральд Форд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88" title="جیرالڈ فورڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیرالڈ فورڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="杰拉尔德·福特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="杰拉尔德·福特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93" title="דזשעראלד פארד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשעראלד פארד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="謝拉特·福特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="謝拉特·福特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E7%89%B9" title="杰拉尔德·福特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="杰拉尔德·福特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Gerald Ford" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9582#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Gerald_Ford" 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1974 to 1977</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the president of the United States. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gerald Ford (disambiguation)">Gerald Ford (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Gerald Ford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1974</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">38th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>None</i> <span class="nowrap">(Aug–Dec 1974)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> <span class="nowrap">(1974–1977)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">40th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Richard Nixon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nelson Rockefeller</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Michigan05 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">5th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1949 – December 6, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bartel_J._Jonkman" title="Bartel J. Jonkman">Bartel J. Jonkman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vander_Veen" title="Richard Vander Veen">Richard Vander Veen</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> House positions </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/House_Minority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House Minority Leader">House Minority Leader</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1965 – December 6, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Whip</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_C._Arends" title="Leslie C. Arends">Leslie C. Arends</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Charles A. Halleck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">John Jacob Rhodes</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_Republican_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the House Republican Conference">Leader of the House Republican Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1965 – December 6, 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles A. Halleck</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Jacob Rhodes</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_House_Republican_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chair of the House Republican Conference">Chair of the House Republican Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1965</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data">Charles A. Halleck</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Hoeven" title="Charles B. Hoeven">Charles B. Hoeven</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Leslie Lynch King Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1913-07-14</span>)</span>July 14, 1913<br /><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">December 26, 2006<span style="display:none">(2006-12-26)</span> (aged 93)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California" title="Rancho Mirage, California">Rancho Mirage, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Museum" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bloomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Betty Bloomer">Betty Bloomer</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="October 15, 1948">1948</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerald_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gerald Ford">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gardner Ford">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ford" title="Steven Ford">Steven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ford_Bales" title="Susan Ford Bales">Susan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lynch_King_Sr." title="Leslie Lynch King Sr.">Leslie Lynch King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ayer_Gardner_Ford" title="Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford">Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gerald Ford's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gerald_Ford_Signature.svg/128px-Gerald_Ford_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gerald_Ford_Signature.svg/192px-Gerald_Ford_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Gerald_Ford_Signature.svg/256px-Gerald_Ford_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="131" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1942–1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">Lieutenant commander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic%E2%80%93Pacific_Campaign_Medal" title="Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal</a> (9 <a href="/wiki/Campaign_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign star">campaign stars</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>College football career</b></td></tr><tr class="note"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:#000000; border:3px solid #000000; border-left: none; border-right: none; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 0 #FEFEFE, inset 0 -2px 0 #FEFEFE;">No. 48</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Position</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)" title="Center (gridiron football)">Center</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Class</th><td class="infobox-data">1935</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_major" title="Academic major">Major</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Economics</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:#000000; border:3px solid #000000; border-left: none; border-right: none; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 0 #FEFEFE, inset 0 -2px 0 #FEFEFE;">Career history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">High school</th><td class="infobox-data">Grand Rapids South High School</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:#000000; border:3px solid #000000; border-left: none; border-right: none; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 0 #FEFEFE, inset 0 -2px 0 #FEFEFE;">Career highlights and awards</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li>2× <a href="/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS" title="College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS">National champion</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_college_football_season" title="1932 college football season">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/1933_college_football_season" title="1933 college football season">1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Morton_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Meyer Morton Award">Meyer Morton Award</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football#Retired_numbers" title="Michigan Wolverines football">Michigan Wolverines No. 48</a> retired</li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford%27s_comments_at_his_Swearing_in_Ceremony_to_be_38th_President_of_the_United_States.ogg" title="File:Gerald Ford's comments at his Swearing in Ceremony to be 38th President of the United States.ogg">Gerald Ford's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="474" data-mwtitle="Gerald_Ford's_comments_at_his_Swearing_in_Ceremony_to_be_38th_President_of_the_United_States.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Gerald_Ford%27s_comments_at_his_Swearing_in_Ceremony_to_be_38th_President_of_the_United_States.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/83/Gerald_Ford%27s_comments_at_his_Swearing_in_Ceremony_to_be_38th_President_of_the_United_States.ogg/Gerald_Ford%27s_comments_at_his_Swearing_in_Ceremony_to_be_38th_President_of_the_United_States.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Ford's comments at <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">his presidential swearing in ceremony</a><br />recorded on August 9, 1974</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr.</b> (born <b>Leslie Lynch King Jr.</b>; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was an American politician and lawyer who was the 38th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1974 to 1977. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, under whom he had served as the 40th <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president</a> from 1973 to 1974 following <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>'s resignation. Prior to that, he served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from 1949 to 1973. </p><p>Ford was born in <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>, and raised in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>. He attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, where he played for <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">the university football team</a>, before eventually attending <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. Afterward, he served in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Reserve">U.S. Naval Reserve</a> from 1942 to 1946. Ford began his political career in 1949 as the U.S. representative from <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">Michigan's 5th congressional district</a>, serving in this capacity for nearly 25 years, the final nine of them as the <a href="/wiki/House_minority_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="House minority leader">House minority leader</a>. In December 1973, two months after <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a>'s resignation, Ford became the first person appointed to the vice presidency under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25th Amendment</a>. After the subsequent resignation of Nixon in August 1974, Ford immediately assumed the presidency. </p><p>Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, with growing inflation and <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">a recession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-'70s_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-'70s-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one of his most controversial acts, he granted a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_pardon_to_Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential pardon to Nixon">presidential pardon to Nixon</a> for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. Foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the president.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenczowski_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenczowski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford signed the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a>, which marked a move toward <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. With the collapse of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a> nine months into his presidency, <a href="/wiki/U.S._involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War">U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War</a> essentially ended. In the <a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976 Republican presidential primary</a>, he defeated <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> for the Republican nomination, but narrowly lost the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">presidential election</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> candidate, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. Ford remains the only person to serve as president without winning an election for president or vice president. </p><p>Following his years as president, Ford remained active in the Republican Party, but his moderate views on various social issues increasingly put him at odds with conservative members of the party in the 1990s and early 2000s. He also set aside the enmity he had felt towards Carter following the 1976 election and the two former presidents developed a close friendship. After experiencing a series of health problems, he <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">died in Rancho Mirage, California</a> in 2006. Surveys of historians and political scientists <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">have ranked</a> Ford as a below-average president,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though retrospective public polls on his time in office were more positive.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Gerald_R._Ford,_Jr._(Then_Leslie_Lynch_King,_Jr.)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young boy circa 1916." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Photograph_of_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr._%28Then_Leslie_Lynch_King%2C_Jr.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Photograph_of_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr._%28Then_Leslie_Lynch_King%2C_Jr.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Photograph_of_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr._%28Then_Leslie_Lynch_King%2C_Jr.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/195px-Photograph_of_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr._%28Then_Leslie_Lynch_King%2C_Jr.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Photograph_of_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr._%28Then_Leslie_Lynch_King%2C_Jr.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-Photograph_of_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr._%28Then_Leslie_Lynch_King%2C_Jr.%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption>Ford in 1916</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14, 1913, at <a href="/wiki/3202_Woolworth_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="3202 Woolworth Avenue">3202 Woolworth Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a>, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. He was the only child of <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ayer_Gardner" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Ayer Gardner">Dorothy Ayer Gardner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lynch_King_Sr." title="Leslie Lynch King Sr.">Leslie Lynch King Sr.</a>, a wool trader. His paternal grandfather was banker and businessman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_King" title="Charles Henry King">Charles Henry King</a>, and his maternal grandfather was Illinois politician and businessman Levi Addison Gardner. Ford's parents separated just sixteen days after his birth and his mother took the infant Ford with her to <a href="/wiki/Oak_Park,_Illinois" title="Oak Park, Illinois">Oak Park, Illinois</a>, where her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law Clarence Haskins James lived at 410 N. Humphrey Ave.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From there, she moved to the home of her parents in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>. Gardner and King divorced in December 1913, and she gained full custody of her son. Ford's paternal grandfather paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford later said that his biological father had a history of hitting his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-ford-Nebraska_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-Nebraska-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a biography of Ford, <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cannon" title="James M. Cannon">James M. Cannon</a> wrote that the separation and divorce of Ford's parents was sparked when, a few days after Ford's birth, Leslie King took a <a href="/wiki/Butcher_knife" title="Butcher knife">butcher knife</a> and threatened to kill his wife, infant son, and Ford's nursemaid. Ford later told confidants that his father had first hit his mother when she had smiled at another man during their honeymoon.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs-knife_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-knife-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After living with her parents for two and a half years, on February 1, 1917, Gardner married <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Rudolff_Ford" title="Gerald Rudolff Ford">Gerald Rudolff Ford</a>, a salesman in a family-owned paint and varnish company. Though never formally adopted, her young son was referred to as Gerald Rudolff Ford Jr. from then on; the <a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">name change</a>, including the anglicized spelling "Rudolph", was formalized on December 3, 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-utexas_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utexas-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was raised in what is now <a href="/wiki/East_Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="East Grand Rapids, Michigan">East Grand Rapids</a> with his three half-brothers from his mother's second marriage: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gardner_Ford" title="Thomas Gardner Ford">Thomas Gardner "Tom" Ford</a> (1918–1995), Richard Addison "Dick" Ford (1924–2015), and James Francis "Jim" Ford (1927–2001).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>, and earned that program's highest rank, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Scout_(Boy_Scouts_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle Scout (Boy Scouts of America)">Eagle Scout</a> in August 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-honor_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honor-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the only Eagle Scout to have ascended to the U.S. presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-honor_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honor-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford attended Grand Rapids South High School, where he was a star athlete and <a href="/wiki/Captain_(sports)" title="Captain (sports)">captain</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> team.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1930, he was selected to the All-City team of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids_City_League" title="Grand Rapids City League">Grand Rapids City League</a>. He also attracted the attention of college recruiters.<sup id="cite_ref-kunhardt_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunhardt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="College_and_law_school">College and law school</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-left"><div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_on_field_at_Univ_of_Mich,_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A uniformed but helmetless American Football player is shown on a football field. He is in a ready position, with legs in a wide stance and both hands on a football in front of him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gerald_Ford_on_field_at_Univ_of_Mich%2C_1933.jpg/210px-Gerald_Ford_on_field_at_Univ_of_Mich%2C_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gerald_Ford_on_field_at_Univ_of_Mich%2C_1933.jpg/315px-Gerald_Ford_on_field_at_Univ_of_Mich%2C_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gerald_Ford_on_field_at_Univ_of_Mich%2C_1933.jpg/420px-Gerald_Ford_on_field_at_Univ_of_Mich%2C_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1591" /></a><figcaption>Ford during practice as a <a href="/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)" title="Center (gridiron football)">center</a> on the University of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">Michigan Wolverines football</a> team, 1933</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>Ford attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, where he played <a href="/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)" title="Center (gridiron football)">center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linebacker" title="Linebacker">linebacker</a> for the school's football team<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helped the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football" title="Michigan Wolverines football">Wolverines</a> to two undefeated seasons and <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_National_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I FBS National Football Championship">national titles</a> in <a href="/wiki/1932_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team" title="1932 Michigan Wolverines football team">1932</a> and <a href="/wiki/1933_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team" title="1933 Michigan Wolverines football team">1933</a>. In his senior year of <a href="/wiki/1934_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team" title="1934 Michigan Wolverines football team">1934</a>, the team suffered a steep decline and won only one game, but Ford was still the team's star player. In one of those games, Michigan held heavily favored <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football" title="Minnesota Golden Gophers football">Minnesota</a>—the eventual national champion—to a scoreless tie in the first half. After the game, assistant coach <a href="/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan" title="Bennie Oosterbaan">Bennie Oosterbaan</a> said, "When I walked into the dressing room at halftime, I had tears in my eyes I was so proud of them. Ford and [Cedric] Sweet played their hearts out. They were everywhere on defense." Ford later recalled, "During 25 years in the rough-and-tumble world of politics, I often thought of the experiences before, during, and after that game in 1934. Remembering them has helped me many times to face a tough situation, take action, and make every effort possible despite adverse odds." His teammates later voted Ford their most valuable player, with one assistant coach noting, "They felt Jerry was one guy who would stay and fight in a losing cause."<sup id="cite_ref-perry_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Ford's senior year, a controversy developed when <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football" title="Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football">Georgia Tech</a> said that it would not play a scheduled game with Michigan if a Black player named <a href="/wiki/Willis_Ward" title="Willis Ward">Willis Ward</a> took the field. Students, players and alumni protested, but university officials capitulated and kept Ward out of the game. Ford was Ward's best friend on the team, and they roomed together while on road trips. Ford reportedly threatened to quit the team in response to the university's decision, but he eventually agreed to play against <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Tech</a> when Ward personally asked him to play.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1934, Ford was selected for the Eastern Team in the Shriners' <a href="/wiki/East-West_Shrine_Bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Shrine Bowl">East–West Shrine Game</a> at San Francisco (a benefit for physically disabled children), played on January 1, 1935. As part of the 1935 Collegiate All-Star football team, Ford played against the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_College_All-Star_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago College All-Star Game">Chicago College All-Star Game</a> at <a href="/wiki/Soldier_Field" title="Soldier Field">Soldier Field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greene_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In honor of his athletic accomplishments and his later political career, the University of Michigan retired Ford's No. 48 jersey in 1994. With the blessing of the Ford family, it was placed back into circulation in 2012 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Wolverines_football#Michigan_Football_Legends" title="Michigan Wolverines football">Michigan Football Legends</a> program and issued to sophomore linebacker <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morgan" title="Desmond Morgan">Desmond Morgan</a> before a home game against <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">Illinois</a> on October 13.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout life, Ford remained interested in his school and football; he occasionally attended games. Ford also visited with players and coaches during practices; at one point, he asked to join the players in the huddle.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before state events, Ford often had the Navy band play the University of Michigan fight song, "<a href="/wiki/The_Victors" title="The Victors">The Victors</a>," instead of "<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford graduated from Michigan in 1935 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. He turned down offers from the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lions" title="Detroit Lions">Detroit Lions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers" title="Green Bay Packers">Green Bay Packers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>. Instead, he took a job in September 1935 as the boxing coach and assistant varsity football coach at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><sup id="cite_ref-librarybio_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-librarybio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and applied to its law school.<sup id="cite_ref-proball_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proball-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford hoped to attend Yale Law School beginning in 1935. Yale officials at first denied his admission to the law school because of his full-time coaching responsibilities. He spent the summer of 1937 as a student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School" title="University of Michigan Law School">University of Michigan Law School</a><sup id="cite_ref-umlaw_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-umlaw-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was eventually admitted in the spring of 1938 to <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-librarybio_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-librarybio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year he was also promoted to the position of junior varsity head football coach at Yale.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Yale, Ford began working as a model. He initially worked with the <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Powers" title="John Robert Powers">John Robert Powers</a> agency before investing in the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Conover" title="Harry Conover">Harry Conover</a> agency, with whom he modelled until 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While attending Yale Law School, Ford joined a group of students led by <a href="/wiki/R._Douglas_Stuart_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. Douglas Stuart Jr.">R. Douglas Stuart Jr.</a>, and signed a petition to enforce the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Acts_of_1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality Acts of 1930s">Neutrality Act</a>. The petition was circulated nationally and was the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a>, a group determined to keep the U.S. out of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinereader_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinereader-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His introduction into politics was in the summer of 1940 when he worked for the Republican presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-librarybio_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-librarybio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford graduated in the top third of his class in 1941, and was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/State_Bar_of_Michigan" title="State Bar of Michigan">Michigan bar</a> shortly thereafter. In May 1941, he opened a Grand Rapids law practice with a friend, <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Buchen" title="Philip W. Buchen">Philip W. Buchen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-librarybio_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-librarybio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Naval_Reserve">U.S. Naval Reserve</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_photo_of_ship%E2%80%99s_gunnery_officers_aboard_the_fast_aircraft_carrier_USS_Monterey_include_Gerald_Ford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Twenty-eight Sailors in the uniform of the United States Navy pose on the deck of a World War II-era Aircraft Carrier." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Group_photo_of_ship%E2%80%99s_gunnery_officers_aboard_the_fast_aircraft_carrier_USS_Monterey_include_Gerald_Ford.jpg/220px-Group_photo_of_ship%E2%80%99s_gunnery_officers_aboard_the_fast_aircraft_carrier_USS_Monterey_include_Gerald_Ford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Group_photo_of_ship%E2%80%99s_gunnery_officers_aboard_the_fast_aircraft_carrier_USS_Monterey_include_Gerald_Ford.jpg/330px-Group_photo_of_ship%E2%80%99s_gunnery_officers_aboard_the_fast_aircraft_carrier_USS_Monterey_include_Gerald_Ford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Group_photo_of_ship%E2%80%99s_gunnery_officers_aboard_the_fast_aircraft_carrier_USS_Monterey_include_Gerald_Ford.jpg/440px-Group_photo_of_ship%E2%80%99s_gunnery_officers_aboard_the_fast_aircraft_carrier_USS_Monterey_include_Gerald_Ford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1741" /></a><figcaption>The Gunnery officers of <a href="/wiki/USS_Monterey_(CVL-26)" title="USS Monterey (CVL-26)">USS <i>Monterey</i></a>, 1943. Ford is second from the right, in the front row.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, Ford enlisted in the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-deathofford_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deathofford-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received a commission as <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensign (United States)">ensign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">U.S. Naval Reserve</a> on April 13, 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 20, he reported for active duty to the V-5 instructor school at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>. After one month of training, he went to Navy Preflight School in <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>, where he was one of 83 instructors and taught elementary navigation skills, ordnance, gunnery, first aid, and military drill. In addition, he coached all nine sports that were offered, but mostly swimming, boxing, and football. During the year he was at the Preflight School, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant,_Junior_Grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant, Junior Grade">Lieutenant, Junior Grade</a>, on June 2, 1942, and to lieutenant, in March 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_duty">Sea duty</h3></div> <p>After Ford applied for sea duty, he was sent in May 1943 to the pre-commissioning detachment for the new aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Monterey_(CVL-26)" title="USS Monterey (CVL-26)">USS <i>Monterey</i> (CVL-26)</a>, at New York Shipbuilding Corporation, <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden, New Jersey</a>. From the ship's commissioning on June 17, 1943, until the end of December 1944, Ford served as the assistant navigator, Athletic Officer, and antiaircraft battery officer on board the <i>Monterey</i>. While he was on board, the carrier participated in many actions in the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Theater">Pacific Theater</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet" title="United States Third Fleet">Third</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet" title="United States Fifth Fleet">Fifth Fleets</a> in late 1943 and 1944. In 1943, the carrier helped secure <a href="/wiki/Makin_(islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makin (islands)">Makin Island</a> in the Gilberts, and participated in carrier strikes against <a href="/wiki/Kavieng" title="Kavieng">Kavieng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> in 1943. During the spring of 1944, the <i>Monterey</i> supported landings at <a href="/wiki/Kwajalein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwajalein">Kwajalein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eniwetok" class="mw-redirect" title="Eniwetok">Eniwetok</a> and participated in carrier strikes in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Marianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Western Carolines</a>, and northern New Guinea, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea" title="Battle of the Philippine Sea">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hove_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hove-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an overhaul, from September to November 1944, aircraft from the <i>Monterey</i> launched strikes against <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, participated in strikes in the Philippines and <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyus</a>, and supported the landings at <a href="/wiki/Leyte_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Leyte Island">Leyte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hove_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hove-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the ship was not damaged by Japanese forces, the <i>Monterey</i> was one of several ships damaged by <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Cobra" title="Typhoon Cobra">Typhoon Cobra</a> that hit Admiral <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">William Halsey's</a> Third Fleet on December 18–19, 1944. The Third Fleet lost three <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> and over 800 men during the typhoon. The <i>Monterey</i> was damaged by a fire, which was started by several of the ship's aircraft tearing loose from their cables and colliding on the <a href="/wiki/Hangar_deck" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangar deck">hangar deck</a>. Ford was serving as General Quarters Officer of the Deck and was ordered to go below to assess the raging fire. He did so safely, and reported his findings back to the ship's commanding officer, Captain <a href="/wiki/Stuart_H._Ingersoll" title="Stuart H. Ingersoll">Stuart H. Ingersoll</a>. The ship's crew was able to contain the fire, and the ship got underway again.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fire, the <i>Monterey</i> was declared unfit for service. Ford was detached from the ship and sent to the Navy Pre-Flight School at <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_College_of_California" title="Saint Mary's College of California">Saint Mary's College of California</a>, where he was assigned to the Athletic Department until April 1945. From the end of April 1945 to January 1946, he was on the staff of the Naval Reserve Training Command, <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Glenview" title="Naval Air Station Glenview">Naval Air Station, Glenview, Illinois</a>, at the rank of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander" title="Lieutenant commander">lieutenant commander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-librarybio_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-librarybio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford received the following military awards: the <a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</a> with nine <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" bronze stars</a> (for operations in the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, Marshall Islands, Asiatic and Pacific carrier raids, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollandia" title="Battle of Hollandia">Hollandia</a>, Marianas, Western Carolines, Western New Guinea, and the Leyte Operation), the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Liberation_Medal" title="Philippine Liberation Medal">Philippine Liberation Medal</a> with two <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>" bronze stars (for Leyte and Mindoro), and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deathofford_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deathofford-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was honorably discharged in February 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-librarybio_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-librarybio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_(1949–1973)"><span id="U.S._House_of_Representatives_.281949.E2.80.931973.29"></span>U.S. House of Representatives (1949–1973)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_a_Billboard_for_Congressional_Candidate_Gerald_R._Ford,_Jr.%27s_Republican_Primary_Campaign_-_NARA_-_187021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A billboard shows a portrait of a man in a suit, with the text "To work for You in congress" at the top, followed by "Gerald R. Ford Jr.", followed by "Republican Primary September 14", with "United States Representative" across the bottom of the sign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Photograph_of_a_Billboard_for_Congressional_Candidate_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%27s_Republican_Primary_Campaign_-_NARA_-_187021.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_a_Billboard_for_Congressional_Candidate_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%27s_Republican_Primary_Campaign_-_NARA_-_187021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Photograph_of_a_Billboard_for_Congressional_Candidate_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%27s_Republican_Primary_Campaign_-_NARA_-_187021.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_a_Billboard_for_Congressional_Candidate_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%27s_Republican_Primary_Campaign_-_NARA_-_187021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Photograph_of_a_Billboard_for_Congressional_Candidate_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%27s_Republican_Primary_Campaign_-_NARA_-_187021.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_a_Billboard_for_Congressional_Candidate_Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%27s_Republican_Primary_Campaign_-_NARA_-_187021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2075" /></a><figcaption>A billboard for Ford's 1948 congressional campaign from <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">Michigan's 5th district</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Ford returned to Grand Rapids in 1946, he became active in local Republican politics, and supporters urged him to challenge <a href="/wiki/Bartel_J._Jonkman" title="Bartel J. Jonkman">Bartel J. Jonkman</a>, the incumbent Republican congressman. Military service had changed his view of the world. "I came back a converted <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist</a>", Ford wrote, "and of course our congressman at that time was an avowed, dedicated <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationist</a>. And I thought he ought to be replaced. Nobody thought I could win. I ended up winning two to one."<sup id="cite_ref-kunhardt_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunhardt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his first campaign in 1948, Ford visited voters at their doorsteps and as they left the factories where they worked.<sup id="cite_ref-Winget_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winget-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford also visited local farms where, in one instance, a wager resulted in Ford spending two weeks milking cows following his election victory.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford was a member of the House of Representatives for 25 years, holding <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">Michigan's 5th congressional district</a> seat from 1949 to 1973. It was a tenure largely notable for its modesty. As an editorial in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described him, Ford "saw himself as a negotiator and a reconciler, and the record shows it: he did not write a single piece of major legislation in his entire career."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-editorial_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-editorial-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appointed to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">House Appropriations Committee</a> two years after being elected, he was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Appropriations_Subcommittee_on_Defense" title="United States House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense">Defense Appropriations Subcommittee</a>. Ford described his philosophy as "a moderate in domestic affairs, an internationalist in foreign affairs, and a conservative in fiscal policy."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Acts of 1957</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">1960</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford was known to his colleagues in the House as a "Congressman's Congressman".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1950s, Ford declined offers to run for either the Senate or the Michigan governorship. Rather, his ambition was to become <a href="/wiki/United_States_Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Speaker of the House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he called "the ultimate achievement. To sit up there and be the head honcho of 434 other people and have the responsibility, aside from the achievement, of trying to run the greatest legislative body in the history of mankind ... I think I got that ambition within a year or two after I was in the House of Representatives".<sup id="cite_ref-deathofford_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deathofford-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warren_Commission">Warren Commission</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/220px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/330px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/440px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> (Ford 4th from left) presents its report to President Johnson (1964).</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 29, 1963, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> appointed Ford to the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>, a special task force set up to investigate the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination</a> of President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford was assigned to prepare a biography of accused assassin <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a>. He and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> also interviewed <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ruby" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a>, Oswald's killer. According to a 1963 <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> memo that was released to the public in 2008, Ford was in contact with the FBI throughout his time on the Warren Commission and relayed information to the deputy director, <a href="/wiki/Cartha_DeLoach" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartha DeLoach">Cartha DeLoach</a>, about the panel's activities.<sup id="cite_ref-WarrenJustice_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WarrenJustice-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WPostFBI_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WPostFBI-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FBI_File_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBI_File-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the preface to his book, <i>A Presidential Legacy and The Warren Commission</i>, Ford defended the work of the commission and reiterated his support of its conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_Minority_Leader_(1965–1973)"><span id="House_Minority_Leader_.281965.E2.80.931973.29"></span>House Minority Leader (1965–1973)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VonBraunFordMahon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four men in suits are outdoors, speaking to each other in front of a large white automobile." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/VonBraunFordMahon.jpg/211px-VonBraunFordMahon.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/VonBraunFordMahon.jpg/317px-VonBraunFordMahon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/VonBraunFordMahon.jpg/422px-VonBraunFordMahon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2219" /></a><figcaption>Congressman Gerald Ford, MSFC director <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a>, Congressman <a href="/wiki/George_H._Mahon" title="George H. Mahon">George H. Mahon</a>, and NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> visit the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> for a briefing on the Saturn program, 1964.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1964, Lyndon Johnson led a landslide victory for his party, secured another term as president and took 36 seats from Republicans in the House of Representatives. Following the election, members of the Republican caucus looked to select a new minority leader. Three members approached Ford to see if he would be willing to serve; after consulting with his family, he agreed. After a closely contested election, Ford was chosen to replace <a href="/wiki/Charles_Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Halleck">Charles Halleck</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> as minority leader.<sup id="cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mastersDavidson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the Republican caucus that encouraged and eventually endorsed Ford to run as the House minority leader were later known as the "<a href="/wiki/Young_Turks_(U.S._politics)" title="Young Turks (U.S. politics)">Young Turks</a>". One of the members of the Young Turks was congressman <a href="/wiki/Donald_H._Rumsfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald H. Rumsfeld">Donald H. Rumsfeld</a> from <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 13th congressional district">Illinois's 13th congressional district</a>, who later on would serve in Ford's administration as the <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">chief of staff</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">secretary of defense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a Democratic majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, the Johnson Administration proposed and passed a series of programs that was called by Johnson the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a>". During the first session of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty-ninth_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-ninth Congress">Eighty-ninth Congress</a> alone, the Johnson Administration submitted 87 bills to Congress, and Johnson signed 84, or 96%, arguably the most successful legislative agenda in Congressional history.<sup id="cite_ref-unger104_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unger104-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1966, criticism over the Johnson Administration's handling of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> began to grow, with Ford and Congressional Republicans expressing concern that the United States was not doing what was necessary to win the war. Public sentiment also began to move against Johnson, and the <a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966 midterm elections</a> produced a 47-seat swing in favor of the Republicans. This was not enough to give Republicans a majority in the House, but the victory gave Ford the opportunity to prevent the passage of further Great Society programs.<sup id="cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mastersDavidson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford's private criticism of the Vietnam War became public knowledge after he spoke from the floor of the House and questioned whether the White House had a clear plan to bring the war to a successful conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mastersDavidson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speech angered President Johnson, who accused Ford of having played "too much football without a helmet".<sup id="cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mastersDavidson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Timesteady_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timesteady-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As minority leader in the House, Ford appeared in a popular series of televised press conferences with <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a>, in which they proposed Republican alternatives to Johnson's policies. Many in the press jokingly called this "The Ev and Jerry Show."<sup id="cite_ref-ussenate_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ussenate-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson said at the time, "Jerry Ford is so dumb he can't fart and chew gum at the same time."<sup id="cite_ref-guardian-obituary_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-obituary-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press, used to sanitizing Johnson's salty language, reported this as "Gerald Ford can't walk and chew gum at the same time."<sup id="cite_ref-reeves_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reeves-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> was elected president in November 1968, Ford's role shifted to being an advocate for the White House agenda. Congress passed several of Nixon's proposals, including the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Reform_Act_of_1969" title="Tax Reform Act of 1969">Tax Reform Act of 1969</a>. Another high-profile victory for the Republican minority was the State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act. Passed in 1972, the act established a <a href="/wiki/Revenue_sharing" title="Revenue sharing">revenue sharing</a> program for state and local governments.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford's leadership was instrumental in shepherding revenue sharing through Congress, and resulted in a bipartisan coalition that supported the bill with 223 votes in favor (compared with 185 against).<sup id="cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mastersDavidson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the eight years (1965–1973) that Ford served as minority leader, he received many friends in the House because of his fair leadership and inoffensive personality.<sup id="cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mastersDavidson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vice_presidency_(1973–1974)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281973.E2.80.931974.29"></span>Vice presidency (1973–1974)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">1973 United States vice presidential confirmation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._and_Mrs._Ford_and_Nixon_13_Oct_1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two women are flanked by two men in suits, standing in a room of the White House." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mr._and_Mrs._Ford_and_Nixon_13_Oct_1973.jpg/220px-Mr._and_Mrs._Ford_and_Nixon_13_Oct_1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mr._and_Mrs._Ford_and_Nixon_13_Oct_1973.jpg/330px-Mr._and_Mrs._Ford_and_Nixon_13_Oct_1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Mr._and_Mrs._Ford_and_Nixon_13_Oct_1973.jpg/440px-Mr._and_Mrs._Ford_and_Nixon_13_Oct_1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6422" data-file-height="4021" /></a><figcaption>Gerald and Betty Ford with the President and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> after President Nixon nominated Ford to be vice president, October 13, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>For the past decade, Ford had been unsuccessfully working to help Republicans across the country get a majority in the chamber so that he could become <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">House Speaker</a>. He promised his wife that he would try again in 1974 then retire in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-deathofford_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deathofford-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on October 10, 1973, <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> resigned from the vice presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>The New York Times</i>, Nixon "sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement." The advice was unanimous. House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Carl Albert</a> recalled later, "We gave Nixon no choice but Ford."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-editorial_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-editorial-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford agreed to the nomination, telling his wife that the vice presidency would be "a nice conclusion" to his career.<sup id="cite_ref-deathofford_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deathofford-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford was nominated to take Agnew's position on October 12, the first time the vice-presidential vacancy provision of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25th Amendment</a> had been implemented. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27. On December 6, the House confirmed Ford by a vote of 387 to 35. <a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">After the confirmation vote</a> in the House, Ford took the oath of office as vice president.<sup id="cite_ref-librarybio_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-librarybio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford became vice president as the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a> was unfolding. On August 1, 1974, <a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Alexander Haig</a> contacted Ford to tell him to prepare for the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-librarybio_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-librarybio-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Ford and his wife, Betty, were living in suburban Virginia, waiting for their expected move into the newly designated <a href="/wiki/Number_One_Observatory_Circle" title="Number One Observatory Circle">vice president's residence</a> in Washington, D.C. However, "Al Haig asked to come over and see me", Ford later said, "to tell me that there would be a new tape released on a Monday, and he said the evidence in there was devastating and there would probably be either an impeachment or a resignation. And he said, 'I'm just warning you that you've got to be prepared, that things might change dramatically and you could become President.' And I said, 'Betty, I don't think we're ever going to live in the vice president's house.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-kunhardt_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunhardt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1974–1977)"><span id="Presidency_.281974.E2.80.931977.29"></span>Presidency (1974–1977)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Presidency of Gerald Ford</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Swearing-in">Swearing-in</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Inauguration of Gerald Ford</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_sworn-in.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ford_sworn-in.jpg/220px-Ford_sworn-in.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ford_sworn-in.jpg/330px-Ford_sworn-in.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ford_sworn-in.jpg/440px-Ford_sworn-in.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6366" data-file-height="4258" /></a><figcaption>Gerald Ford is sworn in as president by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Burger">Warren Burger</a> in the White House <a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a>, while Betty Ford looks on.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, Ford automatically assumed the presidency, taking the oath of office in the <a href="/wiki/East_Room_(White_House)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Room (White House)">East Room</a> of the White House. This made him the only person to become the nation's chief executive without being <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">elected</a> to the presidency or the vice presidency. Immediately afterward, he spoke to the assembled audience in a speech that was broadcast live to the nation,<sup id="cite_ref-Gerald_R._Ford_Events_Timeline,_UCSB_Presidency_Project_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerald_R._Ford_Events_Timeline,_UCSB_Presidency_Project-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting the peculiarity of his position.<sup id="cite_ref-ISP_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISP-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later declared that "our long national nightmare is over".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominating_Rockefeller">Nominating Rockefeller</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1974 United States vice presidential confirmation">1974 United States vice presidential confirmation</a></div> <p>On August 20, Ford nominated former New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> to fill the vice presidency he had vacated.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rockefeller's top competitor had been <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>. Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made large gifts to senior aides, such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked, most of them voted for his confirmation, and his nomination passed both the House and Senate. Some, including <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, voted against him.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pardon_of_Nixon">Pardon of Nixon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Pardon of Richard Nixon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Proclamation_4311" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Proclamation 4311">The Nixon Pardon</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_hearing2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in a suit is seated at a table as he speaks into a bank of microphones. An audience is visible behind him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gerald_Ford_hearing2.jpg/220px-Gerald_Ford_hearing2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gerald_Ford_hearing2.jpg/330px-Gerald_Ford_hearing2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Gerald_Ford_hearing2.jpg/440px-Gerald_Ford_hearing2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4612" data-file-height="3082" /></a><figcaption>Ford appears at a <a href="/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee">House Judiciary Subcommittee</a> hearing in reference to his pardon of Richard Nixon.</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 8, 1974, Ford issued <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Proclamation_4311" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Proclamation 4311">Proclamation 4311</a>, which gave Nixon a full and unconditional <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.<sup id="cite_ref-pardonspeech_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pardonspeech-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pardonimage_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pardonimage-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country, and that the Nixon family's situation "is a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must."<sup id="cite_ref-pardonspeech2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pardonspeech2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford's decision to pardon Nixon was highly controversial. Critics derided the move and said a "<a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">corrupt bargain</a>" had been struck between the two men,<sup id="cite_ref-kunhardt_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunhardt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which Ford's pardon was granted in exchange for Nixon's resignation, elevating Ford to the presidency. Ford's first press secretary and close friend <a href="/wiki/Jerald_terHorst" title="Jerald terHorst">Jerald terHorst</a> resigned his post in protest after the pardon.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a>, Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a pardon deal to Ford. He later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons, primarily the friendship he and Nixon shared.<sup id="cite_ref-shanescott_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanescott-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless, historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a>, an observation with which Ford agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-shanescott_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shanescott-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an editorial at the time, <i>The New York Times</i> stated that the Nixon pardon was a "profoundly unwise, divisive and unjust act" that in a stroke had destroyed the new president's "credibility as a man of judgment, candor and competence".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-editorial_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-editorial-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 17, 1974, Ford testified before Congress on the pardon. He was the first sitting president since <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> to testify before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the months following the pardon, Ford often declined to mention President Nixon by name, referring to him in public as "my predecessor" or "the former president." When Ford was pressed on the matter on a 1974 trip to California, White House correspondent <a href="/wiki/Fred_Barnes_(journalist)" title="Fred Barnes (journalist)">Fred Barnes</a> recalled that he replied "I just can't bring myself to do it."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Ford left the White House in January 1977, he privately justified his pardon of Nixon by carrying in his wallet a portion of the text of <i><a href="/wiki/Burdick_v._United_States" title="Burdick v. United States">Burdick v. United States</a></i>, a 1915 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Library">John F. Kennedy Library</a> Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy <a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> to Ford for his pardon of Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-anoun_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anoun-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In presenting the award to Ford, Senator <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Kennedy">Edward Kennedy</a> said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon, but later decided that history had proven Ford to have made the correct decision.<sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Rapids_Press_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Rapids_Press-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Draft_dodgers_and_deserters">Draft dodgers and deserters</h3></div> <p>On September 16 (shortly after he pardoned Nixon), Ford issued Presidential Proclamation 4313, which introduced a conditional <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> program for military deserters and Vietnam War <a href="/wiki/Draft_dodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Draft dodger">draft dodgers</a> who had fled to countries such as Canada. The conditions of the amnesty required that those reaffirm their allegiance to the United States and serve two years working in a public service job or a total of two years service for those who had served less than two years of honorable service in the military.<sup id="cite_ref-amnesty_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amnesty-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a presidential pardon and a change in <a href="/wiki/Military_discharge" title="Military discharge">military discharge</a> status. <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_4483" title="Proclamation 4483">Full pardon for draft dodgers</a> came in the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carteruncon_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carteruncon-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3></div> <p>When Ford assumed office, he inherited Nixon's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a>. During his brief administration, he replaced all members except <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> Kissinger and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a>. Political commentators have referred to Ford's dramatic reorganization of his Cabinet in the fall of 1975 as the "<a href="/wiki/Halloween_Massacre_(Ford_administration)" title="Halloween Massacre (Ford administration)">Halloween Massacre</a>". One of Ford's appointees, <a href="/wiki/William_Thaddeus_Coleman_Jr." title="William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.">William Coleman</a>—the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a>—was the second Black man to serve in a presidential cabinet (after <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a>) and the first appointed in a Republican administration.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford selected George H. W. Bush as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_China#List_of_chiefs_of_the_U.S._Liaison_Office_in_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to China">Chief of the US Liaison Office</a> to the People's Republic of China in 1974, and then <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Central_Intelligence" title="Director of Central Intelligence">Director</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> in late 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford's transition chairman and first Chief of Staff was former congressman and ambassador <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a>. In 1975, Rumsfeld was named by Ford as the youngest-ever <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>. Ford chose a young <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> politician, <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Richard Cheney</a>, to replace Rumsfeld as his new Chief of Staff; Cheney became the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_manager" title="Campaign manager">campaign manager</a> for Ford's <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midterm_elections">Midterm elections</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 United States House elections">1974 United States House elections</a> and <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1974 United States Senate elections">1974 United States Senate elections</a></div> <p>The 1974 Congressional midterm elections took place in the wake of the Watergate scandal and less than three months after Ford assumed office. The Democratic Party turned voter dissatisfaction into large gains in the <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections">House elections</a>, taking 49 seats from the Republican Party, increasing their majority to 291 of the 435 seats. This was one more than the number needed (290) for a two-thirds majority, the number necessary to override a presidential veto or to propose a constitutional amendment. Perhaps due in part to this fact, the <a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">94th Congress</a> overrode the highest percentage of vetoes since <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> was President of the United States (1865–1869).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Ford's former, reliably Republican House seat was won by a Democrat, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Vander_Veen" title="Richard Vander Veen">Richard Vander Veen</a>, who defeated <a href="/wiki/Robert_VanderLaan" title="Robert VanderLaan">Robert VanderLaan</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1974 United States Senate elections">Senate elections</a>, the Democratic majority became 61 in the 100-seat body.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inflation">Inflation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gerald_Ford_meets_with_his_Cabinet_June_25_-_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Twenty people meet in a conference room around an oval table. One man, at the center of the table on the right-hand side, is addressing the others. All are wearing suits or similar attire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/President_Gerald_Ford_meets_with_his_Cabinet_June_25_-_1975.jpg/220px-President_Gerald_Ford_meets_with_his_Cabinet_June_25_-_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/President_Gerald_Ford_meets_with_his_Cabinet_June_25_-_1975.jpg/330px-President_Gerald_Ford_meets_with_his_Cabinet_June_25_-_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/President_Gerald_Ford_meets_with_his_Cabinet_June_25_-_1975.jpg/440px-President_Gerald_Ford_meets_with_his_Cabinet_June_25_-_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6002" data-file-height="3821" /></a><figcaption>Ford meeting with his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">Cabinet</a>, 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">economy</a> was a great concern during the Ford administration. One of the first acts the new president took to deal with the economy was to create, by <a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Order (United States)">Executive Order</a> on September 30, 1974, the Economic Policy Board.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1974, in response to rising inflation, Ford went before the American public and asked them to "<b>W</b>hip <b>I</b>nflation <b>N</b>ow". As part of this program, he urged people to wear "<a href="/wiki/Whip_Inflation_Now" title="Whip Inflation Now">WIN</a>" buttons.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, inflation was believed to be the primary threat to the economy, more so than growing unemployment; there was a belief that controlling inflation would help reduce unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To rein in inflation, it was necessary to control the public's spending. To try to mesh service and sacrifice, "WIN" called for Americans to reduce their spending and consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 4, 1974, Ford gave a speech in front of a joint session of Congress; as a part of this speech he kicked off the "WIN" campaign. Over the next nine days, 101,240 Americans mailed in "WIN" pledges.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In hindsight, this was viewed as simply a <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> gimmick which had no way of solving the underlying problems.<sup id="cite_ref-econbrowser_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econbrowser-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main point of that speech was to introduce to Congress a one-year, five-percent income tax increase on corporations and wealthy individuals. This plan would also take $4.4 billion out of the budget, bringing federal spending below $300 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, inflation was over twelve percent.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Budget">Budget</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ford_and_his_golden_retriever_Liberty_-_NARA_-_6829597.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/President_Ford_and_his_golden_retriever_Liberty_-_NARA_-_6829597.jpg/170px-President_Ford_and_his_golden_retriever_Liberty_-_NARA_-_6829597.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/President_Ford_and_his_golden_retriever_Liberty_-_NARA_-_6829597.jpg/255px-President_Ford_and_his_golden_retriever_Liberty_-_NARA_-_6829597.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/President_Ford_and_his_golden_retriever_Liberty_-_NARA_-_6829597.jpg/340px-President_Ford_and_his_golden_retriever_Liberty_-_NARA_-_6829597.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3746" data-file-height="5906" /></a><figcaption>Ford and his <a href="/wiki/Golden_retriever" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden retriever">golden retriever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_(dog)" title="Liberty (dog)">Liberty</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>The federal budget ran a <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Government budget deficit">deficit</a> every year Ford was president.<sup id="cite_ref-crs_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crs-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his reservations about how the program ultimately would be funded in an era of tight <a href="/wiki/Public_budgeting" title="Public budgeting">public budgeting</a>, Ford signed the <a href="/wiki/Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act" title="Education for All Handicapped Children Act">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</a> of 1975, which established <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a> throughout the United States. Ford expressed "strong support for full educational opportunities for our handicapped children" according to the official White House press release for the bill signing.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economic focus began to change as the country sank into the worst <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%9375_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="1973–75 recession">recession</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> four decades earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The focus of the Ford administration turned to stopping the rise in unemployment, which reached nine percent in May 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1975, Ford proposed a 1-year tax reduction of $16 billion to stimulate economic growth, along with spending cuts to avoid inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford was criticized for abruptly switching from advocating a tax increase to a tax reduction. In Congress, the proposed amount of the tax reduction increased to $22.8 billion in tax cuts and lacked spending cuts.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1975, Congress passed, and Ford signed into law, these <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> rebates as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Reduction_Act_of_1975" title="Tax Reduction Act of 1975">Tax Reduction Act of 1975</a>. This resulted in a federal deficit of around $53 billion for the 1975 fiscal year and $73.7 billion for 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When New York City faced bankruptcy in 1975, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_New_York_City" title="List of mayors of New York City">Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Beame" title="Abraham Beame">Abraham Beame</a> was unsuccessful in obtaining Ford's support for a federal bailout. The incident prompted the New York <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">Daily News</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> famous headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead", referring to a speech in which "Ford declared flatly ... that he would veto any bill calling for 'a federal bail-out of New York City<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Swine_flu">Swine flu</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1976_swine_flu_outbreak" title="1976 swine flu outbreak">1976 swine flu outbreak</a></div> <p>Ford was confronted with a potential <a href="/wiki/Swine_flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Swine flu">swine flu</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a>. In the early 1970s, an <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> strain <a href="/wiki/H1N1" class="mw-redirect" title="H1N1">H1N1</a> shifted from a form of flu that affected primarily pigs and crossed over to humans. On February 5, 1976, an <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">army</a> recruit at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dix" title="Fort Dix">Fort Dix</a> mysteriously died and four fellow soldiers were hospitalized; <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">health officials</a> announced that "swine flu" was the cause. Soon after, public health officials in the Ford administration urged that every person in the United States be <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccinated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems, some 25% of the population was vaccinated by the time the program was canceled in December 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford and his family were publicly vaccinated before cameras in October, shortly before he lost the presidential election to Jimmy Carter.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Equal_rights_and_abortion">Equal rights and abortion</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney_-_NARA_-_7140637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man sits at his desk, smoking a pipe, while two other men speak to him from the other side of the desk." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney_-_NARA_-_7140637.jpg/220px-President_Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney_-_NARA_-_7140637.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney_-_NARA_-_7140637.jpg/330px-President_Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney_-_NARA_-_7140637.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/President_Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney_-_NARA_-_7140637.jpg/440px-President_Ford_meets_with_Rumsfeld_and_Cheney_-_NARA_-_7140637.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4802" data-file-height="3174" /></a><figcaption>Cheney, Rumsfeld and Ford in the Oval Office, 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>Ford was an outspoken supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights Amendment</a>, issuing Presidential Proclamation no. 4383 in 1975: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In this Land of the Free, it is right, and by nature it ought to be, that all men and all women are equal before the law. Now, therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, to remind all Americans that it is fitting and just to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment adopted by the Congress of the United States of America, in order to secure legal equality for all women and men, do hereby designate and proclaim August 26, 1975, as Women's Equality Day.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As president, Ford's position on abortion was that he supported "a federal constitutional amendment that would permit each one of the 50 States to make the choice".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had also been his position as House Minority Leader in response to the 1973 Supreme Court case of <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>, which he opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford came under criticism when First Lady Betty Ford entered the debate over abortion during an <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford%27s_August_1975_60_Minutes_interview" title="Betty Ford's August 1975 60 Minutes interview">August 1975 interview for <i>60 Minutes</i></a>, in which she stated that <i>Roe v. Wade</i> was a "great, great decision".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his later life, Ford would identify as <a href="/wiki/Pro-choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-choice">pro-choice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev,_November_24,_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men in suits are seated, each signing a document in front of them. Six men, one in a military uniform, stand behind them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg/220px-Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg/330px-Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg/440px-Ford_signing_accord_with_Brehznev%2C_November_24%2C_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3527" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Ford meets with Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> to sign a joint <a href="/wiki/Communiqu%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Communiqué">communiqué</a> on the SALT treaty during the <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit</a>, November 1974.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ford continued the détente policy with both the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. Still in place from the Nixon administration was the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty">Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty</a> (SALT).<sup id="cite_ref-Challenges1970_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Challenges1970-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thawing relationship brought about by <a href="/wiki/1972_Nixon_visit_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Nixon visit to China">Nixon's visit to China</a> was reinforced by Ford's own visit in December 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-chinatrip_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinatrip-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Administration entered into the Helsinki Accords<sup id="cite_ref-Helsinki_Accords_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helsinki_Accords-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Soviet Union in 1975, creating the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Watch" title="Helsinki Watch">Helsinki Watch</a>, an independent non-governmental organization created to monitor compliance which later evolved into <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hrw_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrw-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford attended the inaugural meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven</a> (G7) industrialized nations (initially the G5) in 1975 and secured membership for Canada. Ford supported international solutions to issues. "We live in an interdependent world and, therefore, must work together to resolve common economic problems," he said in a 1974 speech.<sup id="cite_ref-canadaG7_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadaG7-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1975, Ford adopted the global <a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">human population control</a> recommendations of <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Study_Memorandum_200" title="National Security Study Memorandum 200">National Security Study Memorandum 200</a> – a <a href="/wiki/National_security_directive" title="National security directive">national security directive</a> initially commissioned by Nixon – as United States policy in the subsequent NSDM 314.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan explicitly states the goal was population control and not improving the lives of individuals despite instructing organizers to "emphasize development and improvements in the quality of life of the poor", later explaining the projects were "primarily for other reasons".<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon approving the plan, Ford stated "United States leadership is essential to combat population growth, to implement the World Population Plan of Action and to advance United States security and overseas interests".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population control policies were adopted to protect American economic and military interests, with the memorandum arguing that <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> resulted with such nations gaining global political power, that more citizens posed a risk to accessing foreign natural resources while also making American businesses vulnerable to governments seeking to fund a growing population, and that younger generations born would be prone to <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> behavior, increasing political instability.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia_and_East_Timor">Indonesia and East Timor</h4></div> <p>As South Vietnam collapsed, an anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> was seen as essential by the United States. Good relations with the Indonesian government were considered more important than the decolonization process in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwarz_207_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwarz_207-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ford administration gave the <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">Suharto regime</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> economic and military support, even as it <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invaded East Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">committed a genocide</a> that killed close to a third of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One day prior to the invasion, Ford and Kissinger met with Suharto, and they assured him that relations with Indonesia would remain strong regardless of Indonesia's actions and that it would not object to the <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> of East Timor.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_President_Gerald_Ford_Presidential_Trips.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the world. The United States is indicated in Red, while countries visit by President Ford during his presidency are indicated in Orange. Other countries are indicated in grey." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_President_Gerald_Ford_Presidential_Trips.PNG/220px-US_President_Gerald_Ford_Presidential_Trips.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_President_Gerald_Ford_Presidential_Trips.PNG/330px-US_President_Gerald_Ford_Presidential_Trips.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/US_President_Gerald_Ford_Presidential_Trips.PNG/440px-US_President_Gerald_Ford_Presidential_Trips.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Countries visited by Ford during his presidency</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean, two ongoing international disputes developed into crises. The <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute#Peacemaking_efforts,_1964–1974" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a> turned into a crisis with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a> in July 1974, causing extreme strain within the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) alliance. In mid-August, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%9374" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek military junta of 1967–74">Greek government</a> withdrew Greece from the NATO military structure; in mid-September, the Senate and House of Representatives overwhelmingly voted to halt military aid to Turkey. Ford, concerned with both the effect of this on Turkish-American relations and the deterioration of security on NATO's eastern front, vetoed the bill. A second bill was then passed by Congress, which Ford also vetoed, fearing that it might impede negotiations in Cyprus, although a compromise was accepted to continue aid until December 10, 1974, provided Turkey would not send American supplies to Cyprus.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenczowski_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenczowski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. military aid to Turkey was suspended on February 5, 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Lenczowski_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lenczowski-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_with_Anwar_Sadat_in_Salzburg_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gerald_Ford_with_Anwar_Sadat_in_Salzburg_1975.jpg/220px-Gerald_Ford_with_Anwar_Sadat_in_Salzburg_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gerald_Ford_with_Anwar_Sadat_in_Salzburg_1975.jpg/330px-Gerald_Ford_with_Anwar_Sadat_in_Salzburg_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Gerald_Ford_with_Anwar_Sadat_in_Salzburg_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Ford with <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, 1975</figcaption></figure> <p>In the continuing <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, although the initial <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_338" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 338">cease fire</a> had been implemented to end active conflict in the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, Kissinger's continuing <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">shuttle diplomacy</a> was showing little progress. Ford considered it "stalling" and wrote, "Their [Israeli] tactics frustrated the Egyptians and made me mad as hell."<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Kissinger's shuttle to Israel in early March 1975, a last minute reversal to consider further withdrawal, prompted a cable from Ford to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, which included: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I wish to express my profound disappointment over Israel's attitude in the course of the negotiations ... Failure of the negotiation will have a far reaching impact on the region and on our relations. I have given instructions for a reassessment of United States policy in the region, including our relations with Israel, with the aim of ensuring that overall American interests ... are protected. You will be notified of our decision.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On March 24, Ford informed congressional leaders of both parties of the reassessment of the administration's policies in the Middle East. In practical terms, "reassessment" meant canceling or suspending further aid to Israel. For six months between March and September 1975, the United States refused to conclude any new arms agreements with Israel. Rabin notes it was "an innocent-sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American-Israeli relations".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announced reassessments upset the American Jewish community and Israel's well-wishers in Congress. On May 21, Ford "experienced a real shock" when seventy-six U.S. senators wrote him a letter urging him to be "responsive" to Israel's request for $2.59 billion (equivalent to $14.67 billion in 2023) in military and economic aid. Ford felt truly annoyed and thought the chance for peace was jeopardized. It was, since the September 1974 ban on arms sales to Turkey, the second major congressional intrusion upon the President's foreign policy prerogatives.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following summer months were described by Ford as an American-Israeli "war of nerves" or "test of wills".<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After much bargaining, the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Interim_Agreement" title="Sinai Interim Agreement">Sinai Interim Agreement</a> (Sinai II) was formally signed on September 1, and aid resumed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg/220px-President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg/330px-President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg/440px-President_Gerald_Ford_and_Daughter_Susan_Watch_as_Secretary_of_State_Henry_Kissinger_Shakes_Hands_with_Mao_Tse-Tung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6106" data-file-height="4349" /></a><figcaption>Ford and his daughter Susan watch as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (right) shakes hands with <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, December 2, 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of Ford's greatest challenges was dealing with the continuing <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. American offensive operations against North Vietnam had ended with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>, signed on January 27, 1973. The accords declared a cease-fire across both North and South Vietnam, and required the release of American <a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">prisoners of war</a>. The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and, like the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Conference (1954)">Geneva Conference</a> of 1954, called for national elections in the North and South. The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty-day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The agreements were negotiated by <a href="/wiki/US_National_Security_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Security Advisor">US National Security Advisor</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> and North Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Politburo</a> member <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a>. South Vietnamese President <a href="/wiki/Nguyen_Van_Thieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nguyen Van Thieu">Nguyen Van Thieu</a> was not involved in the final negotiations, and publicly criticized the proposed agreement. However, anti-war pressures within the United States forced Nixon and Kissinger to pressure Thieu to sign the agreement and enable the withdrawal of American forces. In multiple letters to the South Vietnamese president, Nixon had promised that the United States would defend Thieu's government, should the North Vietnamese violate the accords.<sup id="cite_ref-Brinkley1_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brinkley1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1974, months after Ford took office, North Vietnamese forces invaded the province of <a href="/wiki/Phuoc_Long_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuoc Long Province">Phuoc Long</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Tr%C3%A0" title="Trần Văn Trà">Trần Văn Trà</a> sought to gauge any South Vietnamese or American response to the invasion, as well as to solve logistical issues, before proceeding with the invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurnow_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurnow-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As North Vietnamese forces advanced, Ford requested Congress approve a $722 million aid package for South Vietnam (equivalent to $4.09 billion in 2023), funds that had been promised by the Nixon administration. Congress voted against the proposal by a wide margin.<sup id="cite_ref-Challenges1970_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Challenges1970-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob K. Javits">Jacob K. Javits</a> offered "...large sums for evacuation, but not one nickel for military aid".<sup id="cite_ref-Challenges1970_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Challenges1970-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Thieu resigned on April 21, 1975, publicly blaming the lack of support from the United States for the fall of his country.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later, on April 23, Ford gave a speech at <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>. In that speech, he announced that the Vietnam War was over "...as far as America is concerned".<sup id="cite_ref-Brinkley1_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brinkley1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement was met with thunderous applause.<sup id="cite_ref-Brinkley1_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brinkley1-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1,373 U.S. citizens and 5,595 <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> and third-country nationals were evacuated from the South Vietnamese capital of <a href="/wiki/Saigon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saigon">Saigon</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind" title="Operation Frequent Wind">Operation Frequent Wind</a>. Many of the Vietnamese evacuees were allowed to enter the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Indochina_Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a>. The 1975 Act appropriated $455 million (equivalent to $2.58 billion in 2023) toward the costs of assisting the settlement of Indochinese refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all, 130,000 Vietnamese refugees came to the United States in 1975. Thousands more escaped in the years that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mayaguez_incident"><i>Mayaguez</i> incident</h4></div> <p>North Vietnam's victory over the South led to a considerable shift in the political winds in Asia, and Ford administration officials worried about a consequent loss of U.S. influence there. The administration proved it was willing to respond forcefully to challenges to its interests in the region when <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> forces seized an American ship in <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main crisis was the <a href="/wiki/Mayaguez_incident" title="Mayaguez incident"><i>Mayaguez</i> incident</a>. In May 1975, shortly after the fall of Saigon and the Khmer Rouge conquest of <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, Cambodians seized the American merchant ship <i>Mayaguez</i> in international waters.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford dispatched <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> to rescue the crew, but the Marines landed on the wrong island and met unexpectedly stiff resistance just as, unknown to the U.S., the <i>Mayaguez</i> sailors were being released. In the operation, two military transport helicopters carrying the Marines for the assault operation were shot down, and 41 U.S. servicemen were killed and 50 wounded, while approximately 60 Khmer Rouge soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-marinemerchants_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marinemerchants-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the American losses, the operation was seen as a success in the United States, and Ford enjoyed an 11-point boost in his approval ratings in the aftermath.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans killed during the operation became the last to have their names inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans Memorial</a> wall in Washington, D.C. </p><p>Some historians have argued that the Ford administration felt the need to respond forcefully to the incident because it was construed as a Soviet plot.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But work by Andrew Gawthorpe, published in 2009, based on an analysis of the administration's internal discussions, shows that Ford's national security team understood that the seizure of the vessel was a local, and perhaps even accidental, provocation by an immature Khmer government. Nevertheless, they felt the need to respond forcefully to discourage further provocations by other Communist countries in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_attempts">Assassination attempts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_Sacramento" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento">Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_San_Francisco" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in San Francisco">Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in San Francisco</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sara_Jane_Moore" title="Sara Jane Moore">Sara Jane Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sipple" title="Oliver Sipple">Oliver Sipple</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AV89-26-14_600d.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A chaotic scene of motorcade vehicles surrounded by crowd of people including police and press" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/AV89-26-14_600d.jpg/220px-AV89-26-14_600d.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/AV89-26-14_600d.jpg/330px-AV89-26-14_600d.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/AV89-26-14_600d.jpg/440px-AV89-26-14_600d.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1446" /></a><figcaption>Reaction immediately after the second assassination attempt</figcaption></figure> <p>Ford was the target of two assassination attempts during his presidency. In <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>, on September 5, 1975, <a href="/wiki/Lynette_Fromme" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynette Fromme">Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme</a>, a follower of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manson" title="Charles Manson">Charles Manson</a>, pointed a <a href="/wiki/M1911_Colt_pistol" class="mw-redirect" title="M1911 Colt pistol">Colt .45-caliber handgun</a> at Ford and pulled the trigger at <a href="/wiki/Point-blank_range" title="Point-blank range">point-blank range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GF:FL_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF:FL-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As she did, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Buendorf" title="Larry Buendorf">Larry Buendorf</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Secret Service agent, grabbed the gun, and Fromme was taken into custody. She was later convicted of attempted assassination of the President and was sentenced to life in prison; she was paroled on August 14, 2009, after serving 34 years.<sup id="cite_ref-squeakeyparole_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-squeakeyparole-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In reaction to this attempt, the Secret Service began keeping Ford at a more secure distance from anonymous crowds, a strategy that may have saved his life seventeen days later. As he left the <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Francis Hotel">St. Francis Hotel</a> in downtown San Francisco, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Jane_Moore" title="Sara Jane Moore">Sara Jane Moore</a>, standing in a crowd of onlookers across the street, fired a <a href="/wiki/.38_Special" title=".38 Special">.38-caliber revolver</a> at him. The shot missed Ford by a few feet.<sup id="cite_ref-GF:FL_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF:FL-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Secret_Service_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret_Service-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before she fired a second round, retired Marine <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sipple" title="Oliver Sipple">Oliver Sipple</a> grabbed at the gun and deflected her shot; the bullet struck a wall about six inches above and to the right of Ford's head, then ricocheted and hit a taxi driver, who was slightly wounded. Moore was later sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled on December 31, 2007, after serving 32 years.<sup id="cite_ref-ABC7-Lee_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABC7-Lee-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Gerald Ford judicial appointment controversies">Gerald Ford judicial appointment controversies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates">Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Supreme_Court_Justice_John_Paul_Stevens_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_John_Paul_Stevens_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg/150px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_John_Paul_Stevens_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_John_Paul_Stevens_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg/225px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_John_Paul_Stevens_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/US_Supreme_Court_Justice_John_Paul_Stevens_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg/300px-US_Supreme_Court_Justice_John_Paul_Stevens_-_1976_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5116" data-file-height="7163" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a>, Ford's only Supreme Court appointment</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1975, Ford appointed <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> as <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> to replace retiring Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a>. Stevens had been a judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a>, appointed by President Nixon.<sup id="cite_ref-stephensJP_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephensJP-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure as House Republican leader, Ford had led efforts to have Douglas impeached.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being confirmed, Stevens eventually disappointed some conservatives by siding with the Court's liberal wing regarding the outcome of many key issues.<sup id="cite_ref-persuasion_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-persuasion-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, in 2005 Ford praised Stevens. "He has served his nation well," Ford said of Stevens, "with dignity, intellect and without partisan political concerns."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_judicial_appointments">Other judicial appointments</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Gerald_Ford" title="List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford">List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford</a></div> <p>Ford appointed 11 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 50 judges to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1976_presidential_campaign">1976 presidential campaign</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1976_Republican_National_Convention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1976_Republican_National_Convention.jpg/220px-1976_Republican_National_Convention.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1976_Republican_National_Convention.jpg/330px-1976_Republican_National_Convention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1976_Republican_National_Convention.jpg/440px-1976_Republican_National_Convention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4497" data-file-height="3059" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> congratulates President Ford after the president successfully wins the 1976 Republican nomination, while <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> look on.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ford reluctantly agreed to run for office in 1976, but first he had to counter a challenge for the Republican party nomination. Former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and the party's <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">conservative</a> wing faulted Ford for failing to do more in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, for signing the Helsinki Accords, and for negotiating to cede the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. (Negotiations for the canal continued under President Carter, who eventually signed the <a href="/wiki/Torrijos%E2%80%93Carter_Treaties" title="Torrijos–Carter Treaties">Torrijos–Carter Treaties</a>.) Reagan launched his campaign in autumn of 1975 and won numerous <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">primaries</a>, including <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, but failed to get a majority of delegates; Reagan withdrew from the race at the <a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">Republican Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. The conservative insurgency did lead to Ford dropping the more <a href="/wiki/American_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="American liberalism">liberal</a> Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in favor of U.S. senator <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the pardon dispute and lingering anti-Republican sentiment, Ford had to counter a plethora of negative media imagery. <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase" title="Chevy Chase">Chevy Chase</a> often did <a href="/wiki/Physical_comedy" title="Physical comedy">pratfalls</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live_(season_1)#Episodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Night Live (season 1)">imitating Ford</a>, who had been seen stumbling on two occasions during his term. As Chase commented, "He even mentioned in his own autobiography it had an effect over a period of time that affected the election to some degree."<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford's 1976 election campaign benefitted from his being an incumbent president during several anniversary events held during the period leading up to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">United States Bicentennial</a>. The Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> display on the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Fourth of July</a> was presided over by the President and televised nationally.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 7, 1976, the President and First Lady served as hosts at a White House state dinner for <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a> of the United Kingdom, which was televised on the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">Public Broadcasting Service</a> network. The 200th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> in Massachusetts gave Ford the opportunity to deliver a speech to 110,000 in Concord acknowledging the need for a strong national defense tempered with a plea for "reconciliation, not recrimination" and "reconstruction, not rancor" between the United States and those who would pose "threats to peace".<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking in New Hampshire on the previous day, Ford condemned the growing trend toward big government bureaucracy and argued for a return to "basic American virtues".<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carter_and_Ford_in_a_debate,_September_23,_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men stand at podiums on a stage. The man on the right is speaking while gesturing to the man on the left. Two other men are seated, facing the podiums." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carter_and_Ford_in_a_debate%2C_September_23%2C_1976.jpg/220px-Carter_and_Ford_in_a_debate%2C_September_23%2C_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carter_and_Ford_in_a_debate%2C_September_23%2C_1976.jpg/330px-Carter_and_Ford_in_a_debate%2C_September_23%2C_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Carter_and_Ford_in_a_debate%2C_September_23%2C_1976.jpg/440px-Carter_and_Ford_in_a_debate%2C_September_23%2C_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3847" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and Ford in a <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1976 United States presidential debates">presidential debate</a>, September 23, 1976</figcaption></figure> <p>Televised <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1976 United States presidential debates">presidential debates</a> were reintroduced for the first time since the 1960 election. As such, Ford became the first incumbent president to participate in one. Carter later attributed his victory in the election to the debates, saying they "gave the viewers reason to think that Jimmy Carter had something to offer". The turning point came in the second debate when Ford blundered by stating, "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford Administration." Ford also said that he did not "believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union".<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview years later, Ford said he had intended to imply that the Soviets would never crush the <i>spirits</i> of eastern Europeans seeking independence. However, the phrasing was so awkward that questioner <a href="/wiki/Max_Frankel" title="Max Frankel">Max Frankel</a> was visibly incredulous at the response.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs2000_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs2000-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1976.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ElectoralCollege1976.svg/290px-ElectoralCollege1976.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ElectoralCollege1976.svg/435px-ElectoralCollege1976.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/ElectoralCollege1976.svg/580px-ElectoralCollege1976.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1976 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>In the end, Carter won the election, receiving 50.1% of the popular vote and 297 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> compared with 48.0% and 240 electoral votes for Ford.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1977–2006)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281977.E2.80.932006.29"></span>Post-presidency (1977–2006)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Post-presidency of Gerald Ford">Post-presidency of Gerald Ford</a></div> <p>The Nixon pardon controversy eventually subsided. Ford's successor, Jimmy Carter, opened his 1977 <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_inauguration" title="United States presidential inauguration">inaugural address</a> by praising the outgoing president, saying, "For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land."<sup id="cite_ref-JC_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving the White House, the Fords moved to Denver, Colorado. Ford successfully invested in oil with <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Davis" title="Marvin Davis">Marvin Davis</a>, which later provided an income for Ford's children.<sup id="cite_ref-VF_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VF-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He continued to make appearances at events of historical and ceremonial significance to the nation, such as presidential inaugurals and memorial services. In January 1977, he became the president of <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Fellowships" title="Eisenhower Fellowships">Eisenhower Fellowships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, then served as the chairman of its board of trustees from 1980 to 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1977, he reluctantly agreed to be interviewed by James M. Naughton, a <i>New York Times</i> journalist who was given the assignment to write the former president's advance obituary, an article that would be updated prior to its eventual publication.<sup id="cite_ref-poynterX_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poynterX-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, Ford published his autobiography, <i>A Time to Heal</i> (Harper/Reader's Digest, 454 pages). A review in <i>Foreign Affairs</i> described it as, "Serene, unruffled, unpretentious, like the author. This is the shortest and most honest of recent presidential memoirs, but there are no surprises, no deep probings of motives or events. No more here than meets the eye."<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the term of office of his successor, Jimmy Carter, Ford received monthly briefs by President Carter's senior staff on international and domestic issues, and was always invited to lunch at the White House whenever he was in Washington, D.C. Their close friendship developed after Carter had left office, with the catalyst being their trip together to the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat#Burial" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">funeral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar el-Sadat</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until Ford's death, Carter and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn</a>, visited the Fords' home frequently.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford and Carter served as honorary co-chairs of the National Commission on Federal Election Reform in 2001 and of the <a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_Government_Commission" title="Continuity of Government Commission">Continuity of Government Commission</a> in 2002. </p><p>Like Presidents Carter, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, Ford was an honorary co-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Excellence_in_Government" title="Council for Excellence in Government">Council for Excellence in Government</a>, a group dedicated to excellence in government performance, which provides leadership training to top federal employees. He also devoted much time to his love of golf, often playing both privately and in public events with comedian <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a>, a longtime friend. In 1977, he shot a <a href="/wiki/Hole_in_one" title="Hole in one">hole in one</a> during a Pro-am held in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Danny_Thomas_Memphis_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny Thomas Memphis Classic">Danny Thomas Memphis Classic</a> at <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Country_Club_(Memphis)" title="Colonial Country Club (Memphis)">Colonial Country Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. </p><p>In 1977, Ford established the Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy at <a href="/wiki/Albion_College" title="Albion College">Albion College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albion,_Michigan" title="Albion, Michigan">Albion, Michigan</a>, to give undergraduates training in public policy. In April 1981, he opened the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford Library">Gerald R. Ford Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>, on the north campus of his alma mater, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed in September by the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford Museum">Gerald R. Ford Museum</a> in Grand Rapids.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford considered a run for the Republican nomination in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>, forgoing numerous opportunities to serve on corporate boards to keep his options open for a rematch with Carter. Ford attacked Carter's conduct of the SALT II negotiations and foreign policy in the Middle East and Africa. Many have argued that Ford also wanted to exorcise his image as an "Accidental President" and to win a term in his own right. Ford also believed the more conservative Ronald Reagan would be unable to defeat Carter and would hand the incumbent a second term. Ford was encouraged by his former Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jim_Rhodes" title="Jim Rhodes">Jim Rhodes</a> of Ohio and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clements" title="Bill Clements">Bill Clements</a> of Texas to make the race. On March 15, 1980, Ford announced that he would forgo a run for the Republican nomination, vowing to support the eventual nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Gerald_Ford_makes_a_decision_not_to_run_as_Ronald_Reagan%E2%80%99s_vice_presidential_running_mate_at_the_Republican_National_Convention_in_Detroit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/President_Gerald_Ford_makes_a_decision_not_to_run_as_Ronald_Reagan%E2%80%99s_vice_presidential_running_mate_at_the_Republican_National_Convention_in_Detroit.jpg/220px-President_Gerald_Ford_makes_a_decision_not_to_run_as_Ronald_Reagan%E2%80%99s_vice_presidential_running_mate_at_the_Republican_National_Convention_in_Detroit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/President_Gerald_Ford_makes_a_decision_not_to_run_as_Ronald_Reagan%E2%80%99s_vice_presidential_running_mate_at_the_Republican_National_Convention_in_Detroit.jpg/330px-President_Gerald_Ford_makes_a_decision_not_to_run_as_Ronald_Reagan%E2%80%99s_vice_presidential_running_mate_at_the_Republican_National_Convention_in_Detroit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/President_Gerald_Ford_makes_a_decision_not_to_run_as_Ronald_Reagan%E2%80%99s_vice_presidential_running_mate_at_the_Republican_National_Convention_in_Detroit.jpg/440px-President_Gerald_Ford_makes_a_decision_not_to_run_as_Ronald_Reagan%E2%80%99s_vice_presidential_running_mate_at_the_Republican_National_Convention_in_Detroit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3533" data-file-height="2381" /></a><figcaption>On July 16, 1980 (day 3 of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 Republican National Convention</a>), Gerald Ford consults with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Bill Brock</a> before ultimately making a decision to decline the offer to serve as Ronald Reagan's running mate.</figcaption></figure> <p>After securing the Republican nomination in 1980, Ronald Reagan considered his former rival Ford as a potential vice-presidential running mate, but negotiations between the Reagan and Ford camps at the <a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention</a> were unsuccessful. Ford conditioned his acceptance on Reagan's agreement to an unprecedented "co-presidency",<sup id="cite_ref-meeteye_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meeteye-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving Ford the power to control key executive branch appointments (such as Kissinger as Secretary of State and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a> as Treasury Secretary). After rejecting these terms, Reagan offered the vice-presidential nomination instead to George H. W. Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford did appear in a campaign commercial for the Reagan-Bush ticket, in which he declared that the country would be "better served by a Reagan presidency rather than a continuation of the weak and politically expedient policies of Jimmy Carter".<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 8, 1980, Ford said former President Nixon's involvement in the general election potentially could negatively impact the Reagan campaign: "I think it would have been much more helpful if Mr. Nixon had stayed in the background during this campaign. It would have been much more beneficial to Ronald Reagan."<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 3, 1980, Ford cast blame on Carter for the latter's charges of ineffectiveness on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve Board">Federal Reserve Board</a> due to his appointing of most of its members: "President Carter, when the going gets tough, will do anything to save his own political skin. This latest action by the president is cowardly."<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan">attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan</a>, Ford told reporters while appearing at a fundraiser for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kean" title="Thomas Kean">Thomas Kean</a> that criminals who use firearms should get the death penalty in the event someone is injured with the weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1981, Ford advised Reagan against succumbing to <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> demands and follow his own agenda for the economic policies of the US during an appearance on <i><a href="/wiki/Good_Morning_America" title="Good Morning America">Good Morning America</a></i>: "He shouldn't let the gurus of Wall Street decide what the economic future of this country is going to be. They are wrong in my opinion."<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a news conference on October 20, 1981, Ford stated that stopping the Reagan administration's Saudi arms package could have a large negative impact to American relations in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 24, 1982, Ford offered an endorsement of President Reagan's economic policies while also stating the possibility of Reagan being met with a stalemate by Congress if not willing to compromise while in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford founded the annual <a href="/wiki/AEI_World_Forum" title="AEI World Forum">AEI World Forum</a> in 1982, and joined the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> as a distinguished fellow. He was also awarded an <a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_honorary_degrees_from_Central_Connecticut_State_University" title="List of recipients of honorary degrees from Central Connecticut State University">honorary doctorate at Central Connecticut State University</a><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on March 23, 1988. </p><p>During an August 1982 fundraising reception, Ford stated his opposition to a constitutional amendment requiring the US to have a balanced budget, citing a need to elect "members of the House and Senate who will immediately when Congress convenes act more responsibly in fiscal matters."<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford was a participant in the 1982 midterm elections, traveling to <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> in October of that year to help Republican candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1984, a letter signed by Ford and Carter and urging world leaders to extend their failed effort to end world hunger was released and sent to <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, Ford testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" title="United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">District of Columbia Circuit Court</a> judge and former <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> after Bork was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">nominated</a> by President Reagan to be an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bork's nomination was rejected by a vote of 58–42.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1987, Ford's <i>Humor and the Presidency</i>, a book of humorous political anecdotes, was published. </p><p>By 1988, Ford was a member of several corporate boards including Commercial Credit, Nova Pharmaceutical, <a href="/wiki/Pullman_Company" title="Pullman Company">The Pullman Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesoro_Corporation" title="Tesoro Corporation">Tesoro Petroleum</a>, and Tiger International, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-LLC1988_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LLC1988-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford also became an honorary director of <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>, a position he held until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1990, Ford appeared in <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Gettysburg, Pennsylvania">Gettysburg, Pennsylvania</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> to commemorate the centennial anniversary of the birth of former president <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, where the two unveiled a plaque with the signatures of each living former president.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1991, Ford joined former presidents <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, in supporting the <a href="/wiki/Brady_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Brady Bill">Brady Bill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AP910429_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP910429-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, he wrote to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, along with Carter and Reagan, in support of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">assault weapons ban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton940505_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton940505-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 Republican National Convention</a>, Ford compared the election cycle to his 1976 loss to Carter and urged attention be paid to electing a Republican Congress: "If it's change you want on Nov. 3, my friends, the place to start is not at the White House but in the United States' Capitol. Congress, as every school child knows, has the power of the purse. For nearly 40 years, Democratic majorities have held to the time-tested New Deal formula, tax and tax, spend and spend, elect and elect." (The Republicans would later win both Houses of Congress at the <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_elections" title="1994 United States elections">1994 mid-term elections</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_with_former_Presidents_George_H._W._Bush,_Gerald_Ford,_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/President_Bill_Clinton_with_former_Presidents_George_H._W._Bush%2C_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg/220px-President_Bill_Clinton_with_former_Presidents_George_H._W._Bush%2C_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/President_Bill_Clinton_with_former_Presidents_George_H._W._Bush%2C_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg/330px-President_Bill_Clinton_with_former_Presidents_George_H._W._Bush%2C_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/President_Bill_Clinton_with_former_Presidents_George_H._W._Bush%2C_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg/440px-President_Bill_Clinton_with_former_Presidents_George_H._W._Bush%2C_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Jimmy_Carter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5573" data-file-height="3638" /></a><figcaption>Ford joins President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> and former presidents <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and Jimmy Carter onstage at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum">George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>, November 6, 1997.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presford90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men in suits are flanked by two women in formal dresses, standing beside a large birthday cake with lit candles and flowers. The cake is decorated with the text "Happy 90th Birthday President Ford"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Presford90.jpg/220px-Presford90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Presford90.jpg/330px-Presford90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Presford90.jpg/440px-Presford90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Ford at his 90th birthday with <a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a>, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and Betty Ford in the White House <a href="/wiki/State_Dining_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="State Dining Room">State Dining Room</a> in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1997, Ford joined President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, former president Bush, and <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> in signing the "Summit Declaration of Commitment" in advocating for participation by private citizens in solving domestic issues within the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 20, 1998, during an interview at his Palm Springs home, Ford said the Republican Party's nominee in the 2000 presidential election would lose if the party turned ultra-conservative in their ideals: "If we get way over on the hard right of the political spectrum, we will not elect a Republican President. I worry about the party going down this ultra-conservative line. We ought to learn from the Democrats: when they were running ultra-liberal candidates, they didn't win."<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the prelude to the impeachment of President Clinton, Ford conferred with former president Carter and the two agreed to not speak publicly on the controversy, a pact broken by Carter when answering a question from a student at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2001, Ford broke with conservative members of the Republican Party by stating that gay and lesbian couples "ought to be treated equally. Period." He became the highest-ranking Republican to embrace full equality for gays and lesbians, stating his belief that there should be a federal amendment outlawing anti-gay job discrimination and expressing his hope that the Republican Party would reach out to gay and lesbian voters.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also was a member of the Republican Unity Coalition, which <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> described as "a group of prominent Republicans, including former President Gerald R. Ford, dedicated to making sexual orientation a non-issue in the Republican Party".<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 22, 2004, New York Republican governor <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> named Ford and the other living former presidents (Carter, George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center</a>. </p><p>In a pre-recorded <a href="/wiki/News_embargo" title="News embargo">embargoed interview</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> in July 2004, Ford stated that he disagreed "very strongly" with the Bush administration's choice of Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction as justification for its decision to <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">invade Iraq</a>, calling it a "big mistake" unrelated to the national security of the United States and indicating that he would not have gone to war had he been president. The details of the interview were not released until after Ford's death, as he requested.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h3></div> <p>On April 4, 1990, Ford was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Medical_Center" title="Eisenhower Medical Center">Eisenhower Medical Center</a> for surgery to replace his left knee, orthopedic surgeon Robert Murphy saying, "Ford's entire left knee was replaced with an artificial joint, including portions of the adjacent femur, or thigh bone, and tibia, or leg bone."<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford suffered two minor strokes at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 Republican National Convention</a>, but made a quick recovery after being admitted to <a href="/wiki/Hahnemann_University_Hospital" title="Hahnemann University Hospital">Hahnemann University Hospital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2006, he spent 11 days at the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Medical_Center" title="Eisenhower Medical Center">Eisenhower Medical Center</a> near his residence at <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California" title="Rancho Mirage, California">Rancho Mirage, California</a>, for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 23, 2006, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> visited Ford at his home in Rancho Mirage for a little over an hour. This was Ford's last public appearance and produced the last known public photos, video footage, and voice recording. </p><p>While vacationing in <a href="/wiki/Vail,_Colorado" title="Vail, Colorado">Vail, Colorado</a>, Ford was hospitalized for two days in July 2006 for shortness of breath.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 15 he was admitted to St. Mary's Hospital of the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a>, for testing and evaluation. On August 21, it was reported that he had been fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Artificial_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pacemaker">pacemaker</a>. On August 25, he underwent an <a href="/wiki/Angioplasty" title="Angioplasty">angioplasty</a> procedure at the Mayo Clinic. On August 28, Ford was released from the hospital and returned with his wife Betty to their California home. On October 13, he was scheduled to attend the dedication of a building of his namesake, the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy">Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy</a> at the University of Michigan, but due to poor health and on the advice of his doctors he did not attend. The previous day, Ford had entered the Eisenhower Medical Center for undisclosed tests; he was released on October 16.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 2006, he was confined to a bed in his study.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lying_in_State_-_President_Gerald_Ford_(8288035735).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lying_in_State_-_President_Gerald_Ford_%288288035735%29.jpg/220px-Lying_in_State_-_President_Gerald_Ford_%288288035735%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lying_in_State_-_President_Gerald_Ford_%288288035735%29.jpg/330px-Lying_in_State_-_President_Gerald_Ford_%288288035735%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Lying_in_State_-_President_Gerald_Ford_%288288035735%29.jpg/440px-Lying_in_State_-_President_Gerald_Ford_%288288035735%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption>Ford <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">U.S. Capitol rotunda</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ford died on December 26, 2006, at his home in <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Mirage,_California" title="Rancho Mirage, California">Rancho Mirage, California</a>, of arteriosclerotic <a href="/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease" title="Cerebrovascular disease">cerebrovascular disease</a> and diffuse <a href="/wiki/Arteriosclerosis" title="Arteriosclerosis">arteriosclerosis</a>. He had end-stage coronary artery disease and severe <a href="/wiki/Aortic_stenosis" title="Aortic stenosis">aortic stenosis</a> and insufficiency, caused by calcific alteration of one of his heart valves.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his death, Ford was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">longest-lived U.S. president</a>, having lived 93 years and 165 days (45 days longer than Ronald Reagan, whose record he surpassed).<sup id="cite_ref-deathofford_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deathofford-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on the 34th anniversary of President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>'s death; he was the last surviving member of the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-preseulog_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-preseulog-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 30, 2006, Ford became the 11th U.S. president to <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state#United_States" title="Lying in state">lie in state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A state funeral and memorial services were held at the <a href="/wiki/National_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a> in Washington, D.C., on Tuesday, January 2, 2007. After the service, Ford was interred at his <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Museum" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum">Presidential Museum</a> in Grand Rapids, Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scouting was so important to Ford that his family asked for Scouts to participate in his funeral. A few selected Scouts served as ushers inside the National Cathedral. About 400 Eagle Scouts were part of the funeral procession, where they formed an honor guard as the casket went by in front of the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the songs selected by Ford during the procession was the University of Michigan fight song, as it was a favorite of his that he preferred to be played during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death in December 2006, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Marching_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Michigan Marching Band">University of Michigan Marching Band</a> played the school's fight song for him one final time, for his last ride from the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford Airport">Gerald R. Ford Airport</a> in Grand Rapids, Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The State of Michigan commissioned and submitted a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Statue of Gerald Ford">statue of Ford</a> to the <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Zachariah Chandler</a>. It was unveiled on May 3, 2011, in the Capitol Rotunda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3></div> <p>Speaking of his stepfather and his mother, Ford said, "My stepfather was a magnificent person and my mother equally wonderful. So I couldn't have written a better prescription for a superb family upbringing."<sup id="cite_ref-kunhardt_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kunhardt-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford had three younger half-siblings from the second marriage of his biological father, Leslie King Sr.: Marjorie King (1921–1993); Leslie Henry King (1923–1976); and Patricia Jane King (1925–1980). They never saw one another as children, and he did not know them at all until 1960. Ford was not aware of his biological father until he was 17, when his parents told him about the circumstances of his birth. That year, his biological father, whom Ford described as a "carefree, well-to-do man who didn't really give a damn about the hopes and dreams of his firstborn son", approached Ford while he was waiting tables in a Grand Rapids restaurant. The two "maintained a sporadic contact" until Leslie King Sr.'s death in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-ford-Nebraska_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ford-Nebraska-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_R._Ford,_Jr.,_and_Betty_Ford_following_their_marriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in a suit leads a flower-carrying woman by the hand, walking out of a chapel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%2C_and_Betty_Ford_following_their_marriage.jpg/220px-Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%2C_and_Betty_Ford_following_their_marriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%2C_and_Betty_Ford_following_their_marriage.jpg/330px-Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%2C_and_Betty_Ford_following_their_marriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%2C_and_Betty_Ford_following_their_marriage.jpg/440px-Gerald_R._Ford%2C_Jr.%2C_and_Betty_Ford_following_their_marriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1859" /></a><figcaption>The Fords on their wedding day, October 15, 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>On October 15, 1948, Ford married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bloomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Bloomer">Elizabeth Bloomer</a> (1918–2011) at Grace <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal church</a> in Grand Rapids; it was his first and only marriage, and her second one. (Her previous marriage, to William Warren, lasted 5 years and ended in divorce.)<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1974Howard_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1974Howard-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bloomer, who was originally from Grand Rapids herself, had been living in New York City for several years, where she had been working as a <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Powers" title="John Robert Powers">John Robert Powers</a> fashion model, and as a dancer in the auxiliary troupe of the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a> Dance Company. At the time of their engagement, Ford was campaigning for what would be the first of his 13 terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives. They delayed their wedding until shortly before the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">election</a> because, as <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported in a 1974 profile of Betty Ford, "Jerry Ford was running for Congress and wasn't sure how voters might feel about his marrying a divorced exdancer."<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1974Howard_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1974Howard-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The couple had four children: Michael Gerald, born in 1950; John Gardner (known as Jack), born in 1952; <a href="/wiki/Steven_Ford" title="Steven Ford">Steven Meigs</a>, born in 1956; and <a href="/wiki/Susan_Ford_Bales" title="Susan Ford Bales">Susan Elizabeth</a>, born in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-GF:FL_146-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GF:FL-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_and_fraternal_organizations">Civic and fraternal organizations</h3></div> <p>Ford was a member of several civic and fraternal organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Junior_Chamber" title="United States Junior Chamber">Junior Chamber of Commerce</a> (Jaycees), <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>, <a href="/wiki/AMVETS" title="AMVETS">AMVETS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks" title="Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks">Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Veterans_of_Foreign_Wars" title="Veterans of Foreign Wars">Veterans of Foreign Wars</a>, and was an alumnus of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a> at Michigan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</h4></div> <p>Ford was initiated into <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> on September 30, 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-Scottish_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scottish-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later said in 1975, "When I took my obligation as a master mason—incidentally, with my three younger brothers—I recalled the value my own father attached to that order. But I had no idea that I would ever be added to the company of the Father of our Country and 12 other members of the order who also served as Presidents of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-UCSB_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCSB-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford was made a 33° Scottish Rite Mason on September 26, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1975, Ford was elected by a unanimous vote Honorary Grand Master of the International Supreme Council, Order of DeMolay, a position in which he served until January 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ford received the degrees of York Rite Masonry (Chapter and Council degrees) in a special ceremony in the Oval Office on January 11, 1977, during his term as President of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Shriners" title="Shriners">Shriners</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Jesters" title="Royal Order of Jesters">Royal Order of Jesters</a>; both being <a href="/wiki/Masonic_bodies#Other_affiliated_bodies" title="Masonic bodies">affiliated bodies</a> of Freemasonry.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image">Public image</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush,_Former_President_Gerald_Ford,_and_Betty_Ford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="President Bush in a suit standing next to the Fords in casual attire in front of their yellow house." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/President_George_W._Bush%2C_Former_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Betty_Ford.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush%2C_Former_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Betty_Ford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/President_George_W._Bush%2C_Former_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Betty_Ford.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush%2C_Former_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Betty_Ford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/President_George_W._Bush%2C_Former_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Betty_Ford.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush%2C_Former_President_Gerald_Ford%2C_and_Betty_Ford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> with Ford and his wife Betty on April 23, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Ford is the only person to hold the presidential office without being elected as either president or vice president. The choice of Ford to fill the vacant vice-presidency was based on Ford's reputation for openness and honesty.<sup id="cite_ref-sacrifice_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacrifice-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In all the years I sat in the House, I never knew Mr. Ford to make a dishonest statement nor a statement part-true and part-false. He never attempted to shade a statement, and I never heard him utter an unkind word", said <a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Griffiths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-publicimage_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publicimage-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Gallup_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup Organization">Gallup Organization</a>, Ford took office with the fourth-highest <a href="/wiki/Approval_rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval rating">approval rating</a> for a president following their inauguration, but the trust the American public had in him was rapidly and severely tarnished by the pardon of Nixon and his ratings fell an unprecedented 21 points.<sup id="cite_ref-ug554_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ug554-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-publicimage_228-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publicimage-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By January 1975, his disapproval rating had surpassed his approval rating.<sup id="cite_ref-53bbhp_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53bbhp-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, many grant in hindsight that Ford had respectably discharged with considerable dignity a great responsibility that he had not sought regarding the Nixon pardon.<sup id="cite_ref-publicimage_228-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publicimage-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of his athletic record and remarkable career accomplishments, Ford acquired a reputation as a clumsy, likable, and simple-minded <a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">everyman</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> described him as "as close to a normal human being as we'll ever get in that office".<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pieces of the everyman image were attributed to his inevitable comparison with Nixon, his Midwestern stodginess, and his self-deprecation.<sup id="cite_ref-sacrifice_227-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacrifice-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An incident in 1975, when Ford tripped while exiting Air Force One in Austria, was famously and repeatedly parodied by <a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase" title="Chevy Chase">Chevy Chase</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a></i>, cementing Ford's image as a klutz.<sup id="cite_ref-publicimage_228-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-publicimage-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, an incident in April 1976, when Ford bit into a still shuck-wrapped tamale, a culinary faux pas, made national news and contributed to the image of Ford as a chronic bumbler.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident has become a cautionary tale about the hazards of eating on the campaign trail.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ford has notably been portrayed in two television productions which included a central focus on his wife: the <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy</a>-winning 1987 <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_System" class="mw-redirect" title="American Broadcasting System">ABC</a> <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biographical</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Television movie">television movie</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Betty_Ford_Story" title="The Betty Ford Story">The Betty Ford Story</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honors">Foreign honors</h3></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>: <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/70px-EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/105px-EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg/140px-EST_Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana_-_1st_Class_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Terra_Mariana" title="Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana">Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana</a> (January 7, 1997)</li></ul></li> <li>Ford received the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Eagle_Scout_Award" title="Distinguished Eagle Scout Award">Distinguished Eagle Scout Award</a> in May 1970, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a>, from the Boy Scouts of America.</li> <li>In 1974, he also received the highest distinction of the <a href="/wiki/Scout_Association_of_Japan" title="Scout Association of Japan">Scout Association of Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Pheasant_Award" title="Golden Pheasant Award">Golden Pheasant Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reinanzaka_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reinanzaka-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, he received the 1985 <a href="/wiki/Old_Tom_Morris_Award" title="Old Tom Morris Award">Old Tom Morris Award</a> from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golf_Course_Superintendents_Association_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golf Course Superintendents Association of America (page does not exist)">Golf Course Superintendents Association of America</a>, GCSAA's highest honor.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, the U.S. Navy Memorial Foundation awarded Ford its Lone Sailor Award for his naval service and his subsequent government service. In 1999, Ford was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Springs_Walk_of_Stars" title="Palm Springs Walk of Stars">Palm Springs Walk of Stars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palmspringswalkofstars.com_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmspringswalkofstars.com-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1999, Ford was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by Bill Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-mof_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mof-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy <a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Profiles in Courage Award">Profiles in Courage Award</a> for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America was experiencing over Watergate.<sup id="cite_ref-jfkpic_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jfkpic-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The following are named after Ford: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford House Office Building</a> in the U.S. Capitol Complex, formerly House Annex 2.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_480_(Iowa-Nebraska)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 480 (Iowa-Nebraska)">Gerald R. Ford Freeway</a> (Nebraska)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_196" title="Interstate 196">Gerald R. Ford Freeway</a> (Michigan)</li> <li>Gerald Ford Memorial Highway, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70" title="Interstate 70">I-70</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eagle_County,_Colorado" title="Eagle County, Colorado">Eagle County, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_International_Airport" title="Gerald R. Ford International Airport">Gerald R. Ford International Airport</a> in Grand Rapids, Michigan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford Library">Gerald R. Ford Library</a> in Ann Arbor, Michigan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford Museum">Gerald R. Ford Museum</a> in Grand Rapids, Michigan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy">Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy</a>, University of Michigan</li> <li>Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy, Albion College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Gerald_R._Ford_(CVN-78)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)">USS <i>Gerald R. Ford</i> (CVN-78)</a></li> <li>Gerald R. Ford Middle School, Grand Rapids, Michigan<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>President Gerald R. Ford Park in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>, located in the neighborhood where Ford<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lived while serving as a Representative and Vice President</li> <li>President Ford Field Service Council, <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> The council where he was awarded the rank of Eagle Scout. Serves 25 counties in Western and Northern Michigan with its headquarters located in Grand Rapids, Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_American_Legion" title="List of members of the American Legion">List of members of the American Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-'70s-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-'70s_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrum2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Character+Above+All&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fcharacter%2Fessays%2Fford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utexas-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utexas_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014533/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/grf/genealog.asp">"Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information"</a>. <i>Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum</i>. University of Texas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ford.utexas.edu/grf/genealog.asp">the original</a> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Genealogical+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ford.utexas.edu%2Fgrf%2Fgenealog.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2015/03/richard_ford_dies.html">"Richard Ford remembered as active steward of President Gerald Ford's legacy"</a>. <i>MLive</i>. March 20, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222142937/http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2015/03/richard_ford_dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MLive&rft.atitle=Richard+Ford+remembered+as+active+steward+of+President+Gerald+Ford%27s+legacy&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlive.com%2Fnews%2Fgrand-rapids%2Findex.ssf%2F2015%2F03%2Frichard_ford_dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honor-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-honor_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-honor_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownley2007" class="citation book cs1">Townley, Alvin (2007) [December 26, 2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.macmillan.com/legacyofhonor"><i>Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts</i></a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 12–13 and 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36653-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-36653-7"><bdi>978-0-312-36653-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605164738/http://us.macmillan.com/legacyofhonor">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacy+of+Honor%3A+The+Values+and+Influence+of+America%27s+Eagle+Scouts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=12-13+and+87&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-312-36653-7&rft.aulast=Townley&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.macmillan.com%2Flegacyofhonor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0069/2825430.pdf">"Investigatory Records on Gerald Ford, Applicant for a Commission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</i>. December 30, 1941. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915160938/http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0069/2825430.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=Investigatory+Records+on+Gerald+Ford%2C+Applicant+for+a+Commission&rft.date=1941-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordlibrarymuseum.gov%2Flibrary%2Fdocument%2F0069%2F2825430.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kunhardt-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kunhardt_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunhardt_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunhardt_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunhardt_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kunhardt_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunhardt1999" class="citation book cs1">Kunhardt, Phillip Jr. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060203074820/http://www.americanpresident.org/history/geraldford/biography/resources/ArticlesCopy1/KunhardtFordBio.article.shtml"><i>Gerald R. Ford "Healing the Nation"</i></a>. New York: Riverhead Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>85. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpresident.org/history/geraldford/biography/resources/ArticlesCopy1/KunhardtFordBio.article.shtml">the original</a> on February 3, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+%22Healing+the+Nation%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Riverhead+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kunhardt&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpresident.org%2Fhistory%2Fgeraldford%2Fbiography%2Fresources%2FArticlesCopy1%2FKunhardtFordBio.article.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertheimer2006" class="citation news cs1">Wertheimer, Linda (December 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4529638">"Special Report: Former President Gerald Ford Dies; Sought to Heal Nation Disillusioned by Watergate Scandal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100122035555/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4529638">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Special+Report%3A+Former+President+Gerald+Ford+Dies%3B+Sought+to+Heal+Nation+Disillusioned+by+Watergate+Scandal&rft.date=2006-12-27&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4529638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perry-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perry_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1974" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Will (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wolverinesstoryo0000perr/page/150">"No Cheers From the Alumni"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Wolverines: A Story of Michigan Football</i>. Huntsville, Alabama: The Strode Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wolverinesstoryo0000perr/page/150">150–152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87397-055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87397-055-6"><bdi>978-0-87397-055-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=No+Cheers+From+the+Alumni&rft.btitle=The+Wolverines%3A+A+Story+of+Michigan+Football&rft.place=Huntsville%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=150-152&rft.pub=The+Strode+Publishers&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-87397-055-6&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwolverinesstoryo0000perr%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrugerMoorehouse2012" class="citation news cs1">Kruger, Brian; Moorehouse, Buddy (August 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326132547/http://blogs.detroitnews.com/history/2012/08/09/willis-ward-gerald-ford-and-michigan-footballs-darkest-day/">"Willis Ward, Gerald Ford and Michigan Football's darkest day"</a>. <i>The Detroit News</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=Willis+Ward%2C+Gerald+Ford+and+Michigan+Football%27s+darkest+day&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.aulast=Kruger&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Moorehouse%2C+Buddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.detroitnews.com%2Fhistory%2F2012%2F08%2F09%2Fwillis-ward-gerald-ford-and-michigan-footballs-darkest-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-greene_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1995" class="citation book cs1">Greene, J.R. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofgera0000gree/page/2"><i>The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford (American Presidency Series)</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Michigan+Athletics&rft.atitle=Ford+Named+Michigan+Football+Legend%3B+Morgan+to+Wear+No.+48+Jersey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmgoblue.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F10%2F13%2FFord_Named_Michigan_Football_Legend_Morgan_to_Wear_No_48_Jersey.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523001021/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/bal-sp.ford28dec28,0,6535524.story">"Clumsy image aside, Ford was Accomplished Athlete"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. December 28, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/bal-sp.ford28dec28,0,6535524.story">the original</a> on May 23, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Clumsy+image+aside%2C+Ford+was+Accomplished+Athlete&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnationworld%2Fworld%2Fbal-sp.ford28dec28%2C0%2C6535524.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozell,_Mark_J.1992" class="citation book cs1">Rozell, Mark J. 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University of Michigan Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pressfordpreside0000roze/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10350-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10350-8"><bdi>978-0-472-10350-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+and+the+Ford+Presidency&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1992-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10350-8&rft.au=Rozell%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpressfordpreside0000roze%2Fpage%2F38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-librarybio-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-librarybio_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-librarybio_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-librarybio_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-librarybio_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-librarybio_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-librarybio_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-librarybio_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-librarybio_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/timeline.asp">"Timeline of President Ford's Life and Career"</a>. <i>Gerald R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+President+Ford%27s+Life+and+Career&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordlibrarymuseum.gov%2Fgrf%2Ftimeline.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-proball-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-proball_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1997" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Wendy (1997). <i>Vice Presidents of the United States 1789–1993</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vice+Presidents+of+the+United+States+1789%E2%80%931993&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-umlaw-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-umlaw_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umich.edu/ford/timeline.html">"The U-M Remembers Gerald R. Ford"</a>. The University of Michigan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070308085136/http://www.umich.edu/ford/timeline.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+U-M+Remembers+Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umich.edu%2Fford%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2007/01/17/at-yale-ford-doubled-as-coach-law-student/">"At Yale, Ford doubled as coach, law student"</a>. January 17, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420145039/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2007/01/17/at-yale-ford-doubled-as-coach-law-student/">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+Yale%2C+Ford+doubled+as+coach%2C+law+student&rft.date=2007-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyaledailynews.com%2Fblog%2F2007%2F01%2F17%2Fat-yale-ford-doubled-as-coach-law-student%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross1995" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Michael (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/modeluglybusines00gros_0"><i>Model</i></a>. W. Morrow. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-12659-9"><bdi>978-0-688-12659-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Model&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.pub=W.+Morrow&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-688-12659-9&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodeluglybusines00gros_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinereader-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-onlinereader_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke1990" class="citation book cs1">Doenecke, Justus D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0817988416/"><i>In Danger Undaunted: The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940–1941 As Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee (Hoover Archival Documentaries)</i></a>. Hoover Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8841-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8841-8"><bdi>978-0-8179-8841-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415012216/http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0817988416/">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Danger+Undaunted%3A+The+Anti-Interventionist+Movement+of+1940%E2%80%931941+As+Revealed+in+the+Papers+of+the+America+First+Committee+%28Hoover+Archival+Documentaries%29&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-8841-8&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Freader%2F0817988416%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span> p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deathofford-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deathofford_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deathofford_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deathofford_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deathofford_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deathofford_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deathofford_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughtonClymer2006" class="citation news cs1">Naughton, James M.; Clymer, Adam (December 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/27/washington/27webford.html">"Gerald Ford, 38th President, Dies at 93"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820152316/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/27/washington/27webford.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gerald+Ford%2C+38th+President%2C+Dies+at+93&rft.date=2006-12-27&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Clymer%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F27%2Fwashington%2F27webford.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/news-and-events/multimedia%20gallery/New%20Infographics/Ford%20Media%20Kit-2.pdf">"President Ford's US Navy Service – Naval History and Heritage Command"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Naval History and Heritage Command. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210405195541/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/news-and-events/multimedia%20gallery/New%20Infographics/Ford%20Media%20Kit-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Ford%27s+US+Navy+Service+%E2%80%93+Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft.pub=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnhhc%2Fnews-and-events%2Fmultimedia%2520gallery%2FNew%2520Infographics%2FFord%2520Media%2520Kit-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brinkley, p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hove-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hove_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hove_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHove2003" class="citation book cs1">Hove, Duane (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanwarriors0000hove"><i>American Warriors: Five Presidents in the Pacific Theater of World War II</i></a></span>. Burd Street Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57249-307-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57249-307-0"><bdi>978-1-57249-307-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Warriors%3A+Five+Presidents+in+the+Pacific+Theater+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Burd+Street+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57249-307-0&rft.aulast=Hove&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanwarriors0000hove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171106102243/http://www.navyhistory.org/2013/02/lieutenant-gerald-ford-and-typhoon-cobra/">"Lieutenant Gerald Ford and Typhoon Cobra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Historical_Foundation" title="Naval Historical Foundation">Naval Historical Foundation</a>. February 7, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navyhistory.org/2013/02/lieutenant-gerald-ford-and-typhoon-cobra/">the original</a> on November 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lieutenant+Gerald+Ford+and+Typhoon+Cobra&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2013-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navyhistory.org%2F2013%2F02%2Flieutenant-gerald-ford-and-typhoon-cobra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winget-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winget_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinget,_Mary_Mueller2007" class="citation book cs1">Winget, Mary Mueller (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pzL6X3Dv_SYC"><i>Gerald R. Ford</i></a>. Twenty-First Century Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-1509-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-1509-8"><bdi>978-0-8225-1509-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924195009/https://books.google.com/books?id=pzL6X3Dv_SYC">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-1509-8&rft.au=Winget%2C+Mary+Mueller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpzL6X3Dv_SYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruse2003" class="citation news cs1">Kruse, Melissa (January 3, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429035846/http://victorianrevivalbirdhouses.com/barnhistory.html">"The Patterson Barn, Grand Rapids, Michigan—Barn razing erases vintage landmark"</a>. <i>The Grand Rapids Press</i>. p. D1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://victorianrevivalbirdhouses.com/barnhistory.html">the original</a> on April 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Grand+Rapids+Press&rft.atitle=The+Patterson+Barn%2C+Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan%E2%80%94Barn+razing+erases+vintage+landmark&rft.pages=D1&rft.date=2003-01-03&rft.aulast=Kruse&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvictorianrevivalbirdhouses.com%2Fbarnhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-editorial-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-editorial_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-editorial_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt-editorial_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/opinion/28thur1.html">"Gerald R. Ford"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. December 28, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220050832/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/opinion/28thur1.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F28%2Fopinion%2F28thur1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/presidents/geraldford/">"Gerald R. Ford"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Whitehouse.gov" title="Whitehouse.gov">whitehouse.gov</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225140536/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/about/presidents/geraldford/%20">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2009</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitehouse.gov&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fabout%2Fpresidents%2Fgeraldford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt7/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt7-8-2.pdf">"House – June 18, 1957"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>103</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 9518. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008164237/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt7/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt7-8-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+June+18%2C+1957&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=9518&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt7%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt7-8-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12-4-2.pdf">"House – August 27, 1957"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>103</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: <span class="nowrap">16112–</span>16113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211008164310/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1957-pt12-4-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+August+27%2C+1957&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16112-%3C%2Fspan%3E16113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt12%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1957-pt12-4-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bound-congressional-record/1960/03/24/house-section">"House – March 24, 1960"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>106</b> (5). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 6512. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821123414/https://www.congress.gov/bound-congressional-record/1960/03/24/house-section">Archived</a> from the original on August 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+March+24%2C+1960&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=6512&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbound-congressional-record%2F1960%2F03%2F24%2Fhouse-section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt7/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt7-2-2.pdf">"House – April 21, 1960"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>106</b> (7). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: <span class="nowrap">8507–</span>8508. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317215938/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt7/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1960-pt7-2-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+April+21%2C+1960&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8507-%3C%2Fspan%3E8508&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1960-pt7%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1960-pt7-2-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf">"House – February 10, 1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>110</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: <span class="nowrap">2804–</span>2805. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317215522/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+February+10%2C+1964&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2804-%3C%2Fspan%3E2805&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1964-pt2%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1964-pt2-10-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf">"House – July 2, 1964"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>110</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 15897. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317215801/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+July+2%2C+1964&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=15897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1964-pt12%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1964-pt12-4-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf">"House – August 16, 1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>113</b> (17). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 22778. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121202124/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+August+16%2C+1967&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=22778&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1967-pt17%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1967-pt17-5-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf">"House – April 10, 1968"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>114</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 9621. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220228022757/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+April+10%2C+1968&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=9621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1968-pt8%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1968-pt8-1-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt13/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt13-7-1.pdf">"House – August 27, 1962"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>108</b> (13). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 17670. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317215704/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt13/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1962-pt13-7-1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+August+27%2C+1962&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=17670&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1962-pt13%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1962-pt13-7-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf">"House – July 9, 1965"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>111</b> (12). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: <span class="nowrap">16285–</span>16286. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204070445/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+July+9%2C+1965&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16285-%3C%2Fspan%3E16286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1965-pt12%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1965-pt12-3-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf">"House – August 3, 1965"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i>. <b>111</b> (14). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a>: 19201. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306104521/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 6, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Record&rft.atitle=House+%E2%80%93+August+3%2C+1965&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=19201&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FGPO-CRECB-1965-pt14%2Fpdf%2FGPO-CRECB-1965-pt14-5-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:H.+Res.+409:">Celebrating the life of President Gerald R. Ford on what would have been his 96th birthday</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415012225/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:H.+Res.+409:">Archived</a> April 15, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</i> H.R. 409, <a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th Congress</a>, 1st Session (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090724191456/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/grf/fordbiop.asp">"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum"</a>. Ford.utexas.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ford.utexas.edu/grf/fordbiop.asp">the original</a> on July 24, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft.pub=Ford.utexas.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ford.utexas.edu%2Fgrf%2Ffordbiop.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925144354/http://millercenter.org/presidentialclassroom/exhibits/lbj-appoints-gerald-ford-to-the-warren-commission">"LBJ Appoints Gerald Ford to the Warren Commission"</a>. Miller Center of Public Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/presidentialclassroom/exhibits/lbj-appoints-gerald-ford-to-the-warren-commission">the original</a> on September 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LBJ+Appoints+Gerald+Ford+to+the+Warren+Commission&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresidentialclassroom%2Fexhibits%2Flbj-appoints-gerald-ford-to-the-warren-commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WarrenJustice-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WarrenJustice_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2007" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Jim (2007). <i>Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made</i>. Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-270-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59448-270-0"><bdi>978-1-59448-270-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+for+All%3A+Earl+Warren+and+the+Nation+He+Made&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59448-270-0&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WPostFBI-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WPostFBI_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2008" class="citation news cs1">Stephens, Joe (August 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/07/AR2008080702757.html">"Ford Told FBI of Skeptics on Warren Commission"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501151341/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/07/AR2008080702757.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Ford+Told+FBI+of+Skeptics+on+Warren+Commission&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F08%2F07%2FAR2008080702757.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBI_File-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBI_File_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-08-09-ford-fbi-file_N.htm">"Ford told FBI about panel's doubts on JFK murder"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. August 9, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081106005356/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-08-09-ford-fbi-file_N.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Ford+told+FBI+about+panel%27s+doubts+on+JFK+murder&rft.date=2008-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fwashington%2F2008-08-09-ford-fbi-file_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2007" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Gerald R. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentiallega00gera"><i>A Presidential Legacy and The Warren Commission</i></a></span>. The FlatSigned Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934304-02-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934304-02-0"><bdi>978-1-934304-02-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Presidential+Legacy+and+The+Warren+Commission&rft.pub=The+FlatSigned+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-934304-02-0&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentiallega00gera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mastersDavidson-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mastersDavidson_57-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonHammondSmock1988" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Roger H.; Hammond, Susan Webb; Smock, Raymond (1988). <i>Masters of the House: Congressional leadership over two centuries</i>. Westview Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">267–</span>275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+the+House%3A+Congressional+leadership+over+two+centuries&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Roger+H.&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Susan+Webb&rft.au=Smock%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumsfeld2011" class="citation book cs1">Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). <i>Known and unknown : a memoir</i>. New York: Sentinel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-067-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-067-6"><bdi>978-1-59523-067-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650210649">650210649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Known+and+unknown+%3A+a+memoir&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sentinel&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F650210649&rft.isbn=978-1-59523-067-6&rft.aulast=Rumsfeld&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unger104-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unger104_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unger, Irwin, 1996: 'The Best of Intentions: the triumphs and failures of the Great Society under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon': Doubleday, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timesteady-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Timesteady_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray,_Paul2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Gray, Paul (December 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108195345/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1572927,00.html">"Gerald Ford: Steady Hand for a Nation in Crisis"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1572927,00.html">the original</a> on January 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Gerald+Ford%3A+Steady+Hand+for+a+Nation+in+Crisis&rft.date=2006-12-27&rft.au=Gray%2C+Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fnation%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C1572927%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ussenate-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ussenate_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord2001" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Gerald (May 23, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Leaders_Lecture_Series_Ford.htm">"Address by President Gerald R. Ford, May 23, 2001"</a>. United States Senate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061228174735/http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Leaders_Lecture_Series_Ford.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 28, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Address+by+President+Gerald+R.+Ford%2C+May+23%2C+2001&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft.date=2001-05-23&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fcommon%2Fgeneric%2FLeaders_Lecture_Series_Ford.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-obituary-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-obituary_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation news cs1">Jackson, Harold (December 27, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,1978937,00.html">"Guardian newspaper obituary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924195010/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/27/guardianobituaries.usa">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Guardian+newspaper+obituary&rft.date=2006-12-27&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1978937%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reeves-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reeves_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1975" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, Richard (1975). <i>A Ford, not a Lincoln</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Ford%2C+not+a+Lincoln&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgleyLivermore2008" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, James; Livermore, Michelle (2008). <i>The Handbook of Social Policy</i>. 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Basic Books. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05105-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05105-2"><bdi>978-0-465-05105-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nixon+Reconsidered&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05105-2&rft.au=Hoff%2C+Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaughton1973" class="citation news cs1">Naughton, James M. (October 11, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/11/archives/judge-orders-fine-3-years-probation-tells-court-income-was-taxable.html">"Judge Orders Fine, 3 Years' Probation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211044906/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/11/archives/judge-orders-fine-3-years-probation-tells-court-income-was-taxable.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Judge+Orders+Fine%2C+3+Years%27+Probation&rft.date=1973-10-11&rft.aulast=Naughton&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F10%2F11%2Farchives%2Fjudge-orders-fine-3-years-probation-tells-court-income-was-taxable.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerald_R._Ford_Events_Timeline,_UCSB_Presidency_Project-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gerald_R._Ford_Events_Timeline,_UCSB_Presidency_Project_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/gerald-r-ford-event-timeline">"Gerald R. Ford Events Timeline"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928141754/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/gerald-r-ford-event-timeline">Archived</a> September 28, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The American Presidency Project,</i> University of California, Santa Barbara, Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, last edited February 2, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/740001.asp">"Gerald R. Ford's Remarks Upon Taking the Oath of Office as President"</a>. <i>The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</i>. August 9, 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205004653/https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/740001.asp">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford%27s+Remarks+Upon+Taking+the+Oath+of+Office+as+President&rft.date=1974-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordlibrarymuseum.gov%2Flibrary%2Fspeeches%2F740001.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISP-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISP_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080703155524/http://www.watergate.info/ford/ford-swearing-in.shtml">"Remarks By President Gerald Ford On Taking the Oath Of Office As President"</a>. Watergate.info. 1974. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://watergate.info/ford/ford-swearing-in.shtml">the original</a> on July 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remarks+By+President+Gerald+Ford+On+Taking+the+Oath+Of+Office+As+President&rft.pub=Watergate.info&rft.date=1974&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwatergate.info%2Fford%2Fford-swearing-in.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1974" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Gerald R. (August 9, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813003402/http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/740001.htm">"Gerald R. Ford's Remarks on Taking the Oath of Office as President"</a>. <i>Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/740001.htm">the original</a> on August 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford%27s+Remarks+on+Taking+the+Oath+of+Office+as+President&rft.date=1974-08-09&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordlibrarymuseum.gov%2Flibrary%2Fspeeches%2F740001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/diary/pdd740820.pdf">"The Daily Diary of President Gerald R. Ford"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</i>. August 20, 1976. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126144123/https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/diary/pdd740820.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=The+Daily+Diary+of+President+Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.date=1976-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordlibrarymuseum.gov%2Flibrary%2Fdocument%2Fdiary%2Fpdd740820.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301072408/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917422,00.html">"The Vice Presidency: Rocky's Turn to the Right"</a>. <i>Time</i>. May 12, 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917422,00.html">the original</a> on March 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Vice+Presidency%3A+Rocky%27s+Turn+to+the+Right&rft.date=1975-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C917422%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pardonspeech-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pardonspeech_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1974" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Gerald (September 8, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100606105602/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/740061.htm">"President Gerald R. Ford's Proclamation 4311, Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon"</a>. <i>Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum</i>. University of Texas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/740061.htm">the original</a> on June 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft.atitle=President+Gerald+R.+Ford%27s+Proclamation+4311%2C+Granting+a+Pardon+to+Richard+Nixon&rft.date=1974-09-08&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ford.utexas.edu%2Flibrary%2Fspeeches%2F740061.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pardonimage-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pardonimage_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1974" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Gerald (September 8, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011231200/http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem.pl?item=100775">"Presidential Proclamation 4311 by President Gerald R. Ford granting a pardon to Richard M. Nixon"</a>. <i>Pardon images</i>. University of Maryland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem.pl?item=100775">the original</a> on October 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pardon+images&rft.atitle=Presidential+Proclamation+4311+by+President+Gerald+R.+Ford+granting+a+pardon+to+Richard+M.+Nixon&rft.date=1974-09-08&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnarademo.umiacs.umd.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fisadg%2Fviewitem.pl%3Fitem%3D100775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1974/Ford-Pardons-Nixon/12305808208934-3/">"Ford Pardons Nixon – Events of 1974 – Year in Review"</a>. UPI.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429040000/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1974/Ford-Pardons-Nixon/12305808208934-3/">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ford+Pardons+Nixon+%E2%80%93+Events+of+1974+%E2%80%93+Year+in+Review&rft.pub=UPI.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1974%2FFord-Pardons-Nixon%2F12305808208934-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pardonspeech2-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pardonspeech2_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1974" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Gerald (September 8, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/ford.htm">"Gerald R. Ford Pardoning Richard Nixon"</a>. <i>Great Speeches Collection</i>. The History Place. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501035624/http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/ford.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Speeches+Collection&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Pardoning+Richard+Nixon&rft.date=1974-09-08&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Fspeeches%2Fford.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brinkley, p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shanescott-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shanescott_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shanescott_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShane2006" class="citation news cs1">Shane, Scott (December 29, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/29/washington/29pardon.html">"For Ford, Pardon Decision Was Always Clear-Cut"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511105451/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/29/washington/29pardon.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Ford%2C+Pardon+Decision+Was+Always+Clear-Cut&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2006-12-29&rft.aulast=Shane&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F29%2Fwashington%2F29pardon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/162654-1">"Ford Testimony on Nixon Pardon – C-SPAN Video Library"</a>. <i>C-SPAN Video Library</i>. C-spanvideo.org. October 17, 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016231541/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/162654-1">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C-SPAN+Video+Library&rft.atitle=Ford+Testimony+on+Nixon+Pardon+%E2%80%93+C-SPAN+Video+Library&rft.date=1974-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-spanvideo.org%2Fprogram%2F162654-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/PresidentsTestify.pdf">"Sitting presidents and vice presidents who have testified before congressional committees"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Senate.gov. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209072513/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/PresidentsTestify.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sitting+presidents+and+vice+presidents+who+have+testified+before+congressional+committees&rft.pub=Senate.gov&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2FPresidentsTestify.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/fred-barnes/">"Fred Barnes on Conversations with Bill Kristol"</a>. May 24, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020162346/http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/fred-barnes/">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fred+Barnes+on+Conversations+with+Bill+Kristol&rft.date=2015-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconversationswithbillkristol.org%2Fvideo%2Ffred-barnes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Shadow</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a>, chapter on Gerald Ford; Woodward interviewed Ford on this matter, about twenty years after Ford left the presidency</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anoun-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anoun_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070115143546/http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education+and+Public+Programs/Profile+in+Courage+Award/Award+Recipients/Gerald+Ford/Award+Announcement.htm">"Award Announcement"</a>. JFK Library Foundation. May 1, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education+and+Public+Programs/Profile+in+Courage+Award/Award+Recipients/Gerald+Ford/Award+Announcement.htm">the original</a> on January 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Award+Announcement&rft.pub=JFK+Library+Foundation&rft.date=2001-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2FEducation%2Band%2BPublic%2BPrograms%2FProfile%2Bin%2BCourage%2BAward%2FAward%2BRecipients%2FGerald%2BFord%2FAward%2BAnnouncement.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grand_Rapids_Press-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grand_Rapids_Press_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlive.com/news/grand-rapids/index.ssf/2009/08/sen_ted_kennedy_crossed_politi.html">"Sen. Ted Kennedy crossed political paths with Grand Rapids' most prominent Republican, President Gerald R. Ford"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930004714/http://www.mlive.com/news/grand%2Drapids/index.ssf/2009/08/sen_ted_kennedy_crossed_politi.html">Archived</a> September 30, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Rapids_Press" title="The Grand Rapids Press">The Grand Rapids Press</a></i>, August 26, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amnesty-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amnesty_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1974" class="citation news cs1">Hunter, Marjorie (September 16, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0916.html">"Ford Offers Amnesty Program Requiring 2 Years Public Work; Defends His Pardon Of Nixon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928020106/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0916.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ford+Offers+Amnesty+Program+Requiring+2+Years+Public+Work%3B+Defends+His+Pardon+Of+Nixon&rft.date=1974-09-16&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F0916.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4714#axzz1jJbv1H6i">"Gerald R. Ford: Proclamation 4313 – Announcing a Program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters (September 16 1974)"</a>. <i>ucsb.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120201061924/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=4714#axzz1jJbv1H6i">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Gerald+R.+Ford%3A+Proclamation+4313+%E2%80%93+Announcing+a+Program+for+the+Return+of+Vietnam+Era+Draft+Evaders+and+Military+Deserters+%28September+16+1974%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D4714%23axzz1jJbv1H6i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carteruncon-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carteruncon_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228161513/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/vietnam/vietnam_1-21-77.html">"Carter's Pardon"</a>. <i>McNeil/Lehrer Report</i>. Public Broadcasting System. January 21, 1977. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/vietnam/vietnam_1-21-77.html">the original</a> on February 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McNeil%2FLehrer+Report&rft.atitle=Carter%27s+Pardon&rft.date=1977-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fbb%2Fasia%2Fvietnam%2Fvietnam_1-21-77.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpresident.org/history/geraldford/cabinet/transportation/transportationCopy1/h_index.shtml">Secretary of Transportation: William T. Coleman Jr. (1975–1977)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060628190810/http://www.americanpresident.org/history/geraldford/cabinet/transportation/transportationCopy1/h_index.shtml">Archived</a> June 28, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – AmericanPresident.org (January 15, 2005). Retrieved December 31, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061028112345/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/bush/">"George Herbert Walker Bush Profile"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/bush/">the original</a> on October 28, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=George+Herbert+Walker+Bush+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2Fcold.war%2Fkbank%2Fprofiles%2Fbush%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/cheney.htm">Richard B. Cheney</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990903223409/http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/secdef_histories/bios/cheney.htm">Archived</a> September 3, 1999, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. United States Department of Defense. Retrieved December 31, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/blogs/politicalticker/2007/05/bush-vetoes-less-than-most-presidents.html">Bush vetoes less than most presidents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111140011/http://www.cnn.com/POLITICS/blogs/politicalticker/2007/05/bush-vetoes-less-than-most-presidents.html">Archived</a> November 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNN, May 1, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renka, Russell D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031228111446/http://ustudies.semo.edu/ui320-75/Course/presidents/nixon/Nixon%27sfall.htm">Nixon's Fall and the Ford and Carter Interregnum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Missouri_State_University" title="Southeast Missouri State University">Southeast Missouri State University</a>, (April 10, 2003). Retrieved December 31, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, John Robert. <i>The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford</i>. University Press of Kansas, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3283">Gerald Ford Speeches: <i>Whip Inflation Now</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829173510/http://millercenter.org/scripps/archive/speeches/detail/3283">Archived</a> August 29, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (October 8, 1974), Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 18, 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brinkley, Douglas. <i>Gerald R. Ford</i>. New York: Times Books, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-econbrowser-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-econbrowser_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106084122/http://www.econbrowser.com/archives/2006/12/win_buttons_and.html">"WIN buttons and Arthur Burns"</a>. Econbrowser. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econbrowser.com/archives/2006/12/win_buttons_and.html">the original</a> on January 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WIN+buttons+and+Arthur+Burns&rft.pub=Econbrowser&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econbrowser.com%2Farchives%2F2006%2F12%2Fwin_buttons_and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crain, Andrew Downer. <i>The Ford Presidency</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale1974" class="citation news cs1">Dale, Edwin L. Jr. (November 22, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10612FD345C1A7A93C0AB178AD95F408785F9">"Consumer prices up 0.9% in October, 12.2% for year; annual rate is highest since 1947"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326132644/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10612FD345C1A7A93C0AB178AD95F408785F9">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Consumer+prices+up+0.9%25+in+October%2C+12.2%25+for+year%3B+annual+rate+is+highest+since+1947&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1974-11-22&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Edwin+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF10612FD345C1A7A93C0AB178AD95F408785F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crs-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-crs_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33305_20060309.pdf">CRS Report RL33305, The Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax of the 1980s: Implications for Current Energy Policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211074013/http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL33305_20060309.pdf">Archived</a> February 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Salvatore Lazzari, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/750707.htm">"President Gerald R. Ford's Statement on Signing the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975"</a>. <i>Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</i>. December 2, 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060926141525/http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/750707.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=President+Gerald+R.+Ford%27s+Statement+on+Signing+the+Education+for+All+Handicapped+Children+Act+of+1975&rft.date=1975-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordlibrarymuseum.gov%2Flibrary%2Fspeeches%2F750707.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ballard C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VitlO1mWxzAC&pg=RA1-PA1973">"1973 oil embargo"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disastersacciden0000camp/page/353"><i>Disasters, accidents and crises in American history: a reference guide to the nation's most catastrophic events</i></a>. New York: Facts On File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disastersacciden0000camp/page/353">353</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6603-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-6603-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1973+oil+embargo&rft.btitle=Disasters%2C+accidents+and+crises+in+American+history%3A+a+reference+guide+to+the+nation%27s+most+catastrophic+events&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6603-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ballard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVitlO1mWxzAC%26pg%3DRA1-PA1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale1975" class="citation news cs1">Dale, Edwin L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+jobless+rate+up+to+9.2%25+in+May%2C+highest+since+%2741&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1975-06-07&rft.aulast=Dale&rft.aufirst=Edwin+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1975%2F06%2F07%2Farchives%2Fus-jobless-rate-up-to-92-in-may-highest-since-41-but-employment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Judith (2010). "1975 'Capitalism is on the run'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Pivotal decade: how the United States traded factories for finance in the seventies</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2011</span> – via <a href="/wiki/NARA" class="mw-redirect" title="NARA">National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+Management+and+Budget&rft.atitle=Office+of+Management+and+Budget.+%22Historical+Table+1.1%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobamawhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fomb%2Fbudget%2FHistoricals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Sam (December 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/nyregion/28veto.html">"Infamous 'Drop Dead' Was Never Said by Ford"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191009080838/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/nyregion/28veto.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Infamous+%27Drop+Dead%27+Was+Never+Said+by+Ford&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F28%2Fnyregion%2F28veto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Riper1975" class="citation news cs1">Van Riper, Frank (October 30, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006064254/http://www.nydailynews.com/features/bronxisburning/battle-for-the-city/Ford-to-New-York-Drop-Dead.html">"Ford to New York: Drop Dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily News (New York)">Daily News</a></i>. New York. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/features/bronxisburning/battle-for-the-city/Ford-to-New-York-Drop-Dead.html">the original</a> on October 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Ford+to+New+York%3A+Drop+Dead&rft.date=1975-10-30&rft.aulast=Van+Riper&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Ffeatures%2Fbronxisburning%2Fbattle-for-the-city%2FFord-to-New-York-Drop-Dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.htm?programID=06-P13-00009&segmentID=1">Pandemic Pointers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927004134/http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.htm?programID=06-P13-00009&segmentID=1">Archived</a> September 27, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Living_on_Earth" title="Living on Earth">Living on Earth</a>, March 3, 2006. Retrieved December 31, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mickle, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capitalcentury.com/1976.html">1976: Fear of a great plague</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826025030/http://capitalcentury.com/1976.html">Archived</a> August 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Trentonian</i>. Retrieved December 31, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Fords get their flu shots; some clinics, closed after deaths, are reopened". <i>The Sun (Baltimore)</i>. Associated Press. October 15, 1976. p. A1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/538320129">538320129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+%28Baltimore%29&rft.atitle=Fords+get+their+flu+shots%3B+some+clinics%2C+closed+after+deaths%2C+are+reopened&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1976-10-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1975" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Gerald R. (August 26, 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23839">"Proclamation 4383 – Women's Equality Day, 1975"</a>. The American Presidency Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501064941/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23839">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proclamation+4383+%E2%80%93+Women%27s+Equality+Day%2C+1975&rft.pub=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.date=1975-08-26&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D23839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov//library/speeches/760947.htm">"Presidential Campaign Debate Between Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter, October 22, 1976"</a>. Fordlibrarymuseum.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917170925/http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/760947.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Campaign+Debate+Between+Gerald+R.+Ford+and+Jimmy+Carter%2C+October+22%2C+1976&rft.pub=Fordlibrarymuseum.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordlibrarymuseum.gov%2F%2Flibrary%2Fspeeches%2F760947.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1976" class="citation web cs1">Ford, Gerald (September 10, 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=6320">"Letter to the Archbishop of Cincinnati"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501064935/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=6320">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Archbishop+of+Cincinnati&rft.date=1976-09-10&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Fprint.php%3Fpid%3D6320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene,_John_Edward1995" class="citation book cs1">Greene, John Edward (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofgera0000gree"><i>The presidency of Gerald R. Ford</i></a></span>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofgera0000gree/page/33">33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0639-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0639-9"><bdi>978-0-7006-0639-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+presidency+of+Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0639-9&rft.au=Greene%2C+John+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofgera0000gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319031310/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0102/03/lklw.00.html">"The Best of Interviews With Gerald Ford"</a>. <i>Larry King Live Weekend</i>. CNN. February 3, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0102/03/lklw.00.html">the original</a> on March 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Larry+King+Live+Weekend&rft.atitle=The+Best+of+Interviews+With+Gerald+Ford&rft.date=2001-02-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranscripts.cnn.com%2FTRANSCRIPTS%2F0102%2F03%2Flklw.00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Challenges1970-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Challenges1970_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Challenges1970_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Challenges1970_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMieczkowski2005" class="citation book cs1">Mieczkowski, Yanek (2005). <i>Gerald Ford and the Challenges of the 1970s</i>. Lexington, Kentucky: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">283–</span>284, <span class="nowrap">290–</span>294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2349-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-2349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+Ford+and+the+Challenges+of+the+1970s&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E284%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E290-%3C%2Fspan%3E294&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2349-3&rft.aulast=Mieczkowski&rft.aufirst=Yanek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chinatrip-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chinatrip_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014527/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/avproj/china.htm">"Trip To China"</a>. <i>Gerald R. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+Presidential+Library&rft.atitle=Trip+To+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ford.utexas.edu%2Favproj%2Fchina.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helsinki_Accords-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helsinki_Accords_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010085836/http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/helsinki.html">"President Gerald R. Ford's Address in Helsinki Before the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe"</a>. USA-presidents.info. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Gerald+R.+Ford%27s+Address+in+Helsinki+Before+the+Conference+on+Security+and+Cooperation+in+Europe&rft.pub=USA-presidents.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usa-presidents.info%2Fspeeches%2Fhelsinki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrw-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrw_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/about/whoweare.html">"About Human Rights Watch"</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061227201438/https://www.hrw.org/about/whoweare.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Human+Rights+Watch&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fabout%2Fwhoweare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canadaG7-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canadaG7_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/president-ford-got-canada-into-g7-1.628291">"President Ford got Canada into G7"</a>. Canadian Broadcasting Company. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=President+Ford+got+Canada+into+G7&rft.date=2006-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fpresident-ford-got-canada-into-g7-1.628291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>L'influence américaine au Nigéria</i> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Economic_Warfare_School" title="Economic Warfare School">Economic Warfare School</a>. 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December 10, 1974. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201205927/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB500.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USAID&rft.atitle=National+Security+Study+Memorandum+-+NSSM+200&rft.date=1974-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPCAAB500.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Green" title="Marshall Green">Green, Marshall</a> (June 1993). "The Evolution of US International Population Policy, 1965–92: A Chronological Account". <i><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">303–</span>321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2938439">10.2307/2938439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7921">0098-7921</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2938439">2938439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Development+Review&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+US+International+Population+Policy%2C+1965%E2%80%9392%3A+A+Chronological+Account&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=1993-06&rft.issn=0098-7921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2938439%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2938439&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubrin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zubrin, Robert (Spring 2012). "The Population Control Holocaust". <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">33–</span>54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Atlantis&rft.atitle=The+Population+Control+Holocaust&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zubrin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwarz_207-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwarz_207_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schwarz (1994), p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benedict Andersen, "East Timor and Indonesia: Some Implications", paper delivered to the Social Science Research Council Workshop on East Timor, Washington, DC, April 25–26, 1991 cited in Schwarz (1994), p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB174/1010.pdf">"Indonesian Use of MAP [Military Assistance Program] Equipment in Timor, Memorandum from Clinton E. Granger to Brent Scowcroft"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Security Council</i>. December 12, 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209110552/https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu//NSAEBB/NSAEBB174/1010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Council&rft.atitle=Indonesian+Use+of+MAP+%5BMilitary+Assistance+Program%5D+Equipment+in+Timor%2C+Memorandum+from+Clinton+E.+Granger+to+Brent+Scowcroft&rft.date=1975-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive2.gwu.edu%2F%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB174%2F1010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrEvans2001" class="citation web cs1">Burr, William; Evans, Michael L., eds. (December 6, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/">"Ford, Kissinger and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–76"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160214224141/http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB62/">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2016</span>. <q>Ford and Kissinger Gave Green Light to Indonesia's Invasion of East Timor, 1975: New Documents Detail Conversations with Suharto</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Security+Archive&rft.atitle=Ford%2C+Kissinger+and+the+Indonesian+Invasion%2C+1975%E2%80%9376&rft.date=2001-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2FNSAEBB%2FNSAEBB62%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal, 1979, p.240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabin, Yitzak (1996), <i>The Rabin Memoirs</i>, University of California Press, p. 256, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20766-0">978-0-520-20766-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabin1996" class="citation book cs1">Rabin, Yitzhak (1996). <i>The Rabin memoirs</i>. Dov Goldstein (translator) (Expanded ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20766-0"><bdi>978-0-520-20766-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rabin+memoirs&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=261&rft.edition=Expanded&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20766-0&rft.aulast=Rabin&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/George_Lenczowski" title="George Lenczowski">George Lenczowski</a>, American Presidents, and the Middle East, 1990, p.150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Ford, <i>A Time to Heal</i>, 1979, p.298</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch,_Peter2006" class="citation book cs1">Church, Peter, ed. (2006). <i>A Short History of South-East Asia</i>. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">193–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82181-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82181-7"><bdi>978-0-470-82181-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+South-East+Asia&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E193-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-82181-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brinkley1-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brinkley1_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brinkley1_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brinkley1_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley,_Douglas2007" class="citation book cs1">Brinkley, Douglas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geraldrford0000brin_o0c0/page/89"><i>Gerald R. Ford</i></a>. New York, NY: Times Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geraldrford0000brin_o0c0/page/89">89–98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6909-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6909-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6909-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=89-98&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6909-9&rft.au=Brinkley%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeraldrford0000brin_o0c0%2Fpage%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kurnow-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kurnow_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarnow,_Stanley1991" class="citation book cs1">Karnow, Stanley (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnamhistory00karn_0"><i>Vietnam: A History</i></a></span>. Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014533-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014533-5"><bdi>978-0-14-014533-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014533-5&rft.au=Karnow%2C+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnamhistory00karn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/21/newsid_2935000/2935347.stm">"Vietnam's President Thieu resigns"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. April 21, 1975. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122162651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/21/newsid_2935000/2935347.stm">Archived</a> from the original on November 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Vietnam%27s+President+Thieu+resigns&rft.date=1975-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fapril%2F21%2Fnewsid_2935000%2F2935347.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plummer Alston Jones (2004). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stillstrugglingf00jone_0/page/84">Still struggling for equality: American public library services with minorities</a></i>". Libraries Unlimited. p.84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59158-243-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-59158-243-1">1-59158-243-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1998" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, William Courtland (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_rjiOXMRd4sC&pg=PA127"><i>Terms of refuge: the Indochinese exodus & the international response</i></a>. Zed Books. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-610-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-610-0"><bdi>978-1-85649-610-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+of+refuge%3A+the+Indochinese+exodus+%26+the+international+response&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-610-0&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=William+Courtland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_rjiOXMRd4sC%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gawthorpe, A. J. (2009), "The Ford Administration and Security Policy in the Asia-Pacific after the Fall of Saigon", <i>The Historical Journal</i>, <b>52</b>(3):697–716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620160242/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/vietnam/750519a.htm">"Debrief of the Mayaguez Captain and Crew"</a>. <i>Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</i>. May 19, 1975. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/vietnam/750519a.htm">the original</a> on June 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ford, <i>A Time to Heal</i>, p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cécile Menétray-Monchau (August 2005), "The Mayaguez Incident as an Epilogue to the Vietnam War and its Reflection on the Post-Vietnam Political Equilibrium in Southeast Asia", <i>Cold War History</i>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawthorpe2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gawthorpe, Andrew J. (September 1, 2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerald+Ford%3A+Family+Life&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Miller+Center+of+Public+Affairs%2C+University+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fford%2Ffamily-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1975/Ford-Assasinations-Attempts/12305821478075-12/">"1975 Year in Review: Ford Assassinations Attempts"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1975+Year+in+Review%3A+Ford+Assassinations+Attempts&rft.pub=Upi.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FAudio%2FYear_in_Review%2FEvents-of-1975%2FFord-Assasinations-Attempts%2F12305821478075-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1026_041026_tv_secret_service2_2.html">"Election Is Crunch Time for U.S. Secret Service"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061129230600/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/10/1026_041026_tv_secret_service2_2.html">Archived</a> November 29, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+President+Gerald+Ford+said+Wednesday+former+President+Richard...&rft.date=1980-10-08&rft.aulast=Uhlenbrock&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1980%2F10%2F08%2FFormer-President-Gerald-Ford-said-Wednesday-former-President-Richard%2F7930339825600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1980/10/03/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-Friday-accused-President-Carter-of/4301339393600/">"Former President Gerald Ford Friday accused President Carter of..."</a> UPI. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+President+Gerald+Ford+Friday+accused+President+Carter+of...&rft.date=1980-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1980%2F10%2F03%2FFormer-President-Gerald-Ford-Friday-accused-President-Carter-of%2F4301339393600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownstein1981" class="citation news cs1">Brownstein, Pamela (April 3, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/04/03/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-says-people-who-commit-crimes/5868355122000/">"Former President Gerald Ford says people who commit crimes..."</a> UPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823020917/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/04/03/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-says-people-who-commit-crimes/5868355122000/">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+President+Gerald+Ford+says+people+who+commit+crimes...&rft.date=1981-04-03&rft.aulast=Brownstein&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1981%2F04%2F03%2FFormer-President-Gerald-Ford-says-people-who-commit-crimes%2F5868355122000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/09/18/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-had-some-advice-today-for/7582369633600/">"Former President Gerald Ford had some advice today for..."</a> UPI. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+President+Gerald+Ford+had+some+advice+today+for...&rft.date=1981-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1981%2F09%2F18%2FFormer-President-Gerald-Ford-had-some-advice-today-for%2F7582369633600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/10/20/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-continued-his-campaign-in-favor/1696372398400/">"Former President Gerald Ford continued his campaign in favor..."</a> UPI. October 20, 1981. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132109/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1981/10/20/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-continued-his-campaign-in-favor/1696372398400/">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+President+Gerald+Ford+continued+his+campaign+in+favor...&rft.date=1981-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1981%2F10%2F20%2FFormer-President-Gerald-Ford-continued-his-campaign-in-favor%2F1696372398400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawislak1982" class="citation news cs1">Sawislak, Arnold (March 24, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/03/24/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-endorsed-President-Reagans-handling-of/4047385794000/">"Former President Gerald Ford endorsed President Reagan's handling of..."</a> UPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905002457/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/03/24/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-endorsed-President-Reagans-handling-of/4047385794000/">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+President+Gerald+Ford+endorsed+President+Reagan%27s+handling+of...&rft.date=1982-03-24&rft.aulast=Sawislak&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1982%2F03%2F24%2FFormer-President-Gerald-Ford-endorsed-President-Reagans-handling-of%2F4047385794000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhipple2005" class="citation news cs1">Whipple, Scott (October 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501114400/http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=15404901&BRD=1641&PAG=461&dept_id=17739&rfi=6">"A $3m gift"</a>. <i>The New Britain Herald</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=15404901&BRD=1641&PAG=461&dept_id=17739&rfi=6">the original</a> on May 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Britain+Herald&rft.atitle=A+%243m+gift&rft.date=2005-10-18&rft.aulast=Whipple&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zwire.com%2Fsite%2Fnews.cfm%3Fnewsid%3D15404901%26BRD%3D1641%26PAG%3D461%26dept_id%3D17739%26rfi%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry" class="citation news cs1">Henry, Tamara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/08/10/Gerald-Ford-Carter-administration-blew-it/6987397800000/">"Gerald Ford: 'Carter administration blew it'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. UPI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822055627/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/08/10/Gerald-Ford-Carter-administration-blew-it/6987397800000/">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gerald+Ford%3A+%27Carter+administration+blew+it%27&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1982%2F08%2F10%2FGerald-Ford-Carter-administration-blew-it%2F6987397800000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/10/21/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-and-former-Vice-President-Walter/7665404020800/?spt=su">"Former President Gerald Ford and former Vice President Walter..."</a> UPI. October 21, 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905050914/http://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/10/21/Former-President-Gerald-Ford-and-former-Vice-President-Walter/7665404020800/?spt=su">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+President+Gerald+Ford+and+former+Vice+President+Walter...&rft.date=1982-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1982%2F10%2F21%2FFormer-President-Gerald-Ford-and-former-Vice-President-Walter%2F7665404020800%2F%3Fspt%3Dsu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/01/02/Former-presidents-Gerald-Ford-and-Jimmy-Carter-have-signed/9318441867600/">"Former presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter have signed..."</a> UPI. January 2, 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070240/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/01/02/Former-presidents-Gerald-Ford-and-Jimmy-Carter-have-signed/9318441867600/">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Former+presidents+Gerald+Ford+and+Jimmy+Carter+have+signed...&rft.date=1984-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1984%2F01%2F02%2FFormer-presidents-Gerald-Ford-and-Jimmy-Carter-have-signed%2F9318441867600%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331064817/http://articles.philly.com/1987-09-15/news/26208718_1_judge-robert-bork-bork-nomination-indiana-law-journal">"Archives - Philly.com"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Inquirer" title="The Philadelphia Inquirer">The Philadelphia Inquirer</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philadelphia+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Archives+-+Philly.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.philly.com%2F1987-09-15%2Fnews%2F26208718_1_judge-robert-bork-bork-nomination-indiana-law-journal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse1987" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (October 24, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/politics/24REAG.html">"Bork's Nomination Is Rejected, 58–42; Reagan 'Saddened'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204160741/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/24/politics/24REAG.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bork%27s+Nomination+Is+Rejected%2C+58%E2%80%9342%3B+Reagan+%27Saddened%27&rft.date=1987-10-24&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F10%2F24%2Fpolitics%2F24REAG.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LLC1988-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LLC1988_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VeUCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19">"Board Games"</a>. <i>New York Magazine</i>. LLC. January 25, 1988. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7369">0028-7369</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924195011/https://books.google.com/books?id=VeUCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=Board+Games&rft.pages=19-&rft.date=1988-01-25&rft.issn=0028-7369&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVeUCAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2006/12/27/ford%E2%80%99s-citigroup-connection/">"Ford's Citigroup Connection"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. December 27, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121124095807/http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2006/12/27/ford%E2%80%99s-citigroup-connection/">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved December 28, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. "Vocal Gay Republicans Upsetting Conservatives", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, June 1, 2003, p. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alexandriava.gov/historic/info/default.aspx?id=29392">the original</a> on January 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gerald+Ford+in+Alexandria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexandriava.gov%2Fhistoric%2Finfo%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fid%3D29392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsagrfc.org/">"President Ford Field Service Council, Boy Scouts of America"</a>. michiganscouting.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100918053243/http://bsagrfc.org/">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Ford+Field+Service+Council%2C+Boy+Scouts+of+America&rft.pub=michiganscouting.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsagrfc.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford#Further_reading" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Presidency of Gerald Ford § Further reading</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Gerald_Ford_administration#Bibliography" title="Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration">Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration § Bibliography</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley2007" class="citation book cs1">Brinkley, Douglas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geraldrford0000brin_o0c0"><i>Gerald R. Ford</i></a>. New York, New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6909-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6909-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6909-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6909-9&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeraldrford0000brin_o0c0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span> short biography</li> <li>Cannon, James. <i>Gerald R. Ford: An Honorable Life</i> (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2013) 482 pp. official biography by a member of the Ford administration <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1993" class="citation book cs1">Cannon, James (1993). <i>Time and Chance: Gerald R. Ford's Appointment with History</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08482-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08482-1"><bdi>978-0-472-08482-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+Chance%3A+Gerald+R.+Ford%27s+Appointment+with+History&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08482-1&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span> older full-scale biography</li></ul></li> <li>Congressional Quarterly. <i>President Ford: the man and his record</i> (1974) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentfordman0000cong">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirestoneUgrinsky1992" class="citation book cs1">Firestone, Bernard J.; Ugrinsky, Alexej, eds. (1992). <i>Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America</i>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28009-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28009-2"><bdi>978-0-313-28009-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gerald+R.+Ford+and+the+Politics+of+Post-Watergate+America&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28009-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Greene" title="John Robert Greene">John Robert Greene</a>. The Limits of Power: The Nixon and Ford Administrations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32637-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32637-9">978-0-253-32637-9</a>. Indiana University Press, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Greene" title="John Robert Greene">John Robert Greene</a>. The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0639-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0639-9">978-0-7006-0639-9</a>. University Press of Kansas, 1995. the major scholarly study</li> <li>Hersey, John Richard. The President: A Minute-By-Minute Account of a Week in the Life of Gerald Ford. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1975.</li> <li>Hult, Karen M. and Walcott, Charles E. <i>Empowering the White House: Governance under Nixon, Ford, and Carter</i>. University Press of Kansas, 2004.</li> <li>Jespersen, T. Christopher. "Kissinger, Ford, and Congress: the Very Bitter End in Vietnam". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 2002 71#3: 439–473. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flagrancy.net/salvage/vietnam-jespersen.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801022619/http://www.flagrancy.net/salvage/vietnam-jespersen.pdf">Archived</a> August 1, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Jespersen, T. Christopher. "The Bitter End and the Lost Chance in Vietnam: Congress, the Ford Administration, and the Battle over Vietnam, 1975–76". <i>Diplomatic History</i> 2000 24#2: 265–293. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24913801">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126035836/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24913801">Archived</a> January 26, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2017" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Scott (2017). <i>Ambition, Pragmatism, and Party: A Political Biography of Gerald R. Ford</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2500-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2500-0"><bdi>978-0-7006-2500-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambition%2C+Pragmatism%2C+and+Party%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2500-0&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span> latest full-scale biography</li> <li>Parmet, Herbert S. "Gerald R. Ford" in Henry F Graff ed., <i>The Presidents: A Reference History</i> (3rd ed. 2002); short scholarly overview</li> <li>Randolph, Sallie G. <i>Gerald R. Ford, president</i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geraldrfordpresi00rand">online</a>; for secondary schools</li> <li>Schoenebaum, Eleanora. <i>Political Profiles: The Nixon/Ford years</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nixonfordyears00fact">online</a>, short biographies of over 500 political and national leaders.</li> <li>Smith, Richard Norton. <i>An Ordinary Man: The Surprising Life and Historic Presidency of Gerald R. Ford</i> (Harper, 2023)</li> <li>Williams, Daniel K. <i>The Election of the Evangelical: Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and the Presidential Contest of 1976</i> (University Press of Kansas, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55955">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210820141336/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55955">Archived</a> August 20, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1994" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Gerald (1994). <i>Presidential Perspectives from the National Archives</i>. Washington, District of Columbia: National Archives and Records Administration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880875-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880875-04-9"><bdi>978-1-880875-04-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Perspectives+from+the+National+Archives&rft.place=Washington%2C+District+of+Columbia&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-880875-04-9&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1987" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Gerald (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humorpresidency00ford"><i>Humor and the Presidency</i></a>. New York: Arbor House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87795-918-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87795-918-2"><bdi>978-0-87795-918-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humor+and+the+Presidency&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arbor+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-87795-918-2&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumorpresidency00ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1979" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Gerald (1979). <i>A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford</i>. New York, New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-011297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-011297-4"><bdi>978-0-06-011297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+to+Heal%3A+The+Autobiography+of+Gerald+R.+Ford&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-06-011297-4&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Ford-Gerald-R">"Gerald Ford Presidential Autograph Letters"</a>. <i>SMF</i>. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029191702/http://www.shapell.org/collection/Presidents/Ford-Gerald-R">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SMF&rft.atitle=Gerald+Ford+Presidential+Autograph+Letters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shapell.org%2FCollection%2FPresidents%2FFord-Gerald-R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1973" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Gerald (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectedspeeches00ford"><i>Selected Speeches</i></a>. Arlington, Va.: R. W. Beatty. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87948-029-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87948-029-5"><bdi>978-0-87948-029-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Speeches&rft.place=Arlington%2C+Va.&rft.pub=R.+W.+Beatty&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-87948-029-5&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectedspeeches00ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1965" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Gerald (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portraitofassass00ford"><i>Portrait of the assassin (Lee Harvey Oswald)</i></a></span>. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-121-97551-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-121-97551-4"><bdi>978-1-121-97551-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+the+assassin+%28Lee+Harvey+Oswald%29&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-1-121-97551-4&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportraitofassass00ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1978" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Betty (1978). <i>The Times of My Life</i>. New York: Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-011298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-011298-1"><bdi>978-0-06-011298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+of+My+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-06-011298-1&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Betty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1980" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Kenneth, ed. (1980). <i>The Ford Presidency: Twenty-Two Intimate Perspectives of Gerald Ford</i>. Lanham: University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-6960-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-6960-0"><bdi>978-0-8191-6960-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ford+Presidency%3A+Twenty-Two+Intimate+Perspectives+of+Gerald+Ford&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-6960-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Gerald Ford</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ford" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ford">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" class="extiw" title="c:Gerald Ford">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Gerald_Ford" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Gerald Ford">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford" class="extiw" title="q:Gerald Ford">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gerald_Ford" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Gerald Ford">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_sites">Official sites</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geraldrfordfoundation.org/">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Foundation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/f/gerald_rudolph_jr_ford/index.html">Gerald Ford</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1560">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151634-1/life-portrait-gerald-r-ford">"Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, November 22, 1999</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressF000260" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000260">"Gerald Ford (id: F000260)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Gerald+Ford+%28id%3A+F000260%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DF000260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerald+Ford" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/ford/index.html">Gerald Ford: A Resource Guide</a> from the Library of Congress.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527181420/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/ford">Essays on Gerald Ford, each member of his cabinet and First Lady</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ford%2C%20Gerald%20Rudolph%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ford%2C%20Gerald%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ford%2C%20G%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gerald%20Rudolph%20Ford%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gerald%20R%2E%20Ford%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20R%2E%20Ford%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ford%2C%20Gerald%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Gerald%20Ford%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gerald%20Rudolph%20Ford%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gerald%20R%2E%20Ford%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20R%2E%20Ford%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20Rudolph%20Ford%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ford%2C%20Gerald%20Rudolph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ford%2C%20Gerald%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ford%2C%20G%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ford%2C%20G%2E%20Rudolph%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gerald%20Ford%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ford%2C%20Gerald%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gerald%20Rudolph%20Ford%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gerald%20R%2E%20Ford%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20R%2E%20Ford%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gerald%20Ford%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gerald%20Rudolph%20Ford%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gerald%20R%2E%20Ford%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20R%2E%20Ford%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ford%2C%20Gerald%20Rudolph%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ford%2C%20Gerald%20R%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gerald%20Ford%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ford%2C%20Gerald%22%29%20OR%20%28%221913-2006%22%20AND%20Ford%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Gerald Ford</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11303">Works by Gerald Ford</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0004934/">Gerald Ford</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9582#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1669">Works by Gerald Ford</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gerald_Ford926" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Gerald_Ford" title="Template:Gerald Ford"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gerald_Ford" title="Template talk:Gerald Ford"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gerald_Ford" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gerald Ford"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gerald_Ford926" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">38th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1974–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">40th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1973–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">MI–5</a> (1949–1973)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Gerald Ford">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Gerald_Ford_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Gerald Ford administration">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal-Aid_Highway_Amendments_of_1974" title="Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974">Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Credit_Opportunity_Act" title="Equal Credit Opportunity Act">Equal Credit Opportunity Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_Retirement_Income_Security_Act_of_1974" title="Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974">Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Mortgage_Disclosure_Act" title="Home Mortgage Disclosure Act">Home Mortgage Disclosure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_All_Handicapped_Children_Act" title="Education for All Handicapped Children Act">Education for All Handicapped Children Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Summit_Meeting_on_Arms_Control" title="Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control">Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords#Ford_Administration" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Study_Memorandum_200" title="National Security Study Memorandum 200">National Security Study Memorandum 200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Pardon of Richard Nixon">Nixon pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_inflation_now" class="mw-redirect" title="Whip inflation now">Whip inflation now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_policy_of_the_Gerald_Ford_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Gerald Ford administration">Cannabis policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_desk" title="Wilson desk">Wilson desk</a></li> <li>Assassination attempts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_Sacramento" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Gerald_Ford_in_San_Francisco" title="Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1975 State of the Union Address">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1976 State of the Union Address">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1977 State of the Union Address">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Gerald_Ford" title="List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Gerald Ford Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="Gerald Ford judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gerald_Rudolph_Ford/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Gerald Rudolph Ford/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Gerald_Rudolph_Ford/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Gerald Rudolph Ford/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/100px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2741" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Birthsite_and_Gardens" title="Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens">Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Gerald_R._Ford_Jr._Boyhood_Home" title="President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home">President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Jr._House" title="Gerald R. Ford Jr. House">Gerald R. Ford Jr. House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_United_States_vice_presidential_confirmation" title="1973 United States vice presidential confirmation">Confirmation as Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEI_World_Forum" title="AEI World Forum">AEI World Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">Death and state funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Museum" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Presidential_Library" title="Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library">Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Electoral history of Gerald Ford">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>United States House of Representatives elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1954 United States House of Representatives elections">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1958 United States House of Representatives elections">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1962 United States House of Representatives elections">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1970 United States House of Representatives elections">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">1972</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 presidential election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidential transition of Jimmy Carter">Carter transition</a></li></ul></li> <li>Republican Party presidential primaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">1980</a></li></ul></li> <li>1976 Republican National Convention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural<br />depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pink_Panther_Strikes_Again" title="The Pink Panther Strikes Again">The Pink Panther Strikes Again</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superman_vs._Muhammad_Ali" title="Superman vs. Muhammad Ali">Superman vs. Muhammad Ali</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_(1981_TV_series)" title="Dynasty (1981 TV series)">Dynasty</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Betty_Ford_Story" title="The Betty Ford Story">The Betty Ford Story</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Assassins_(musical)" title="Assassins (musical)">Assassins</a></i> (1990)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Two_Bad_Neighbors" title="Two Bad Neighbors">Two Bad Neighbors</a>" (1996)</li> <li><i>Saturday Night Live</i> parodies <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_X-Presidents" title="The X-Presidents">The X-Presidents</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Reunion" title="Presidential Reunion">Presidential Reunion</a></i> (2010)</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Machine" title="The Political Machine">The Political Machine</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Butler" title="The Butler">The Butler</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)">The First Lady</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_International_Airport" title="Gerald R. Ford International Airport">Gerald R. Ford International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Gerald_R._Ford_Award" title="NCAA Gerald R. Ford Award">Gerald R. Ford Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_School_of_Public_Policy" title="Ford School of Public Policy">Ford School of Public Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford House Office Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Gerald_R._Ford" title="USS Gerald R. Ford">USS <i>Gerald R. Ford</i> (CVN-78)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_R._Ford_Freeway" title="Gerald R. Ford Freeway">Gerald R. Ford Freeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Gerald_Ford" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Statue of Gerald Ford">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_King" title="Charles Henry King">Charles Henry King</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lynch_King_Sr." title="Leslie Lynch King Sr.">Leslie Lynch King Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Ayer_Gardner_Ford" title="Dorothy Ayer Gardner Ford">Dorothy Gardner Ford</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Rudolff_Ford" title="Gerald Rudolff Ford">Gerald Rudolff Ford</a> (stepfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gardner_Ford" title="Thomas Gardner Ford">Thomas Gardner Ford</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerald_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Gerald Ford">Michael Gerald Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_Ford" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gardner Ford">John Gardner Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ford" title="Steven Ford">Steven Meigs Ford</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Ford_Bales" title="Susan Ford Bales">Susan Ford Bales</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(dog)" title="Liberty (dog)">Liberty</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">← Richard Nixon</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">← Spiro Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gerald_Ford" title="Category:Gerald Ford">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bartel_J._Jonkman" title="Bartel J. Jonkman">Bartel J. Jonkman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">Michigan's 5th congressional district</a> </b><br />1949–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vander_Veen" title="Richard Vander Veen">Richard Vander Veen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Charles A. Halleck</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">House Minority Leader</a> </b><br />1965–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">John Jacob Rhodes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Hoeven" title="Charles B. Hoeven">Charles B. Hoeven</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_House_Republican_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the House Republican Conference">Chair of the House Republican Conference</a> </b><br />1963–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Charles A. Halleck</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">House Republican Leader</a> </b><br />1965–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">John Jacob Rhodes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1973–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1974–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">Group of Seven</a> </b><br />1976 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Gerald_Ford98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Gerald_Ford98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Gerald Ford</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–2025</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency" title="Timeline of the John Adams presidency">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States663" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States663" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party1308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party1308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>; <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. P. Hale</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1862–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1891–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a> (1897–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a> (1908–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1918–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (1924–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1941–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a> (1944–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> (1985–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (2007–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_leadership_elections" title="2024 Republican National Committee leadership elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Republican_Association" title="National Black Republican Association">National Black Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Hindu_Coalition" title="Republican Hindu Coalition">Republican Hindu Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> (2025–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minority_leaders_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives117" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_minority_leaders" title="Template:US House minority leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_minority_leaders" title="Template talk:US House minority leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_minority_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House minority leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minority_leaders_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives117" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Minority leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Bailey" title="Joseph W. Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party_leaders_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives138" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Republican_leaders" title="Template:US House Republican leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Republican_leaders" title="Template talk:US House Republican leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Republican_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Republican leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party_leaders_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Republican Party leaders of the U.S. House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wheeler_Mondell" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Wheeler Mondell">Mondell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Q._Tilson" title="John Q. Tilson">Tilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">DeLay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a><sup>i</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Cantor" title="Eric Cantor">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Scalise" title="Steve Scalise">Scalise</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>(i) - interim</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Conference_chairs_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Republican_Conference_chairs" title="Template:US House Republican Conference chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Republican_Conference_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Republican Conference chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Republican_Conference_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Republican Conference chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Conference_chairs_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference chairs of the United States House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Robeson" title="George M. Robeson">Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Grosvenor" title="Charles H. Grosvenor">Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Peters_Hepburn" class="mw-redirect" title="William Peters Hepburn">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dunklee_Currier" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Dunklee Currier">Currier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_Towner" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Mann Towner">Towner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Anderson" title="Sydney Anderson">S. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_R._Lehlbach" title="Frederick R. Lehlbach">Lehlbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_R._Hope" title="Clifford R. Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Hoeven" title="Charles B. Hoeven">Hoeven</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Devine" title="Samuel L. Devine">Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">D. Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_(California_politician)" title="Jerry Lewis (California politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Watts" title="J. C. Watts">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Pryce" title="Deborah Pryce">Pryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Putnam" title="Adam Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Hensarling" title="Jeb Hensarling">Hensarling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_McMorris_Rodgers" title="Cathy McMorris Rodgers">McMorris Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">L. Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Stefanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Template:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Template talk:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States representatives from Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Michigan116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Michigan" title="United States congressional delegations from Michigan">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan Territory's at-large congressional district">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Woodbridge" title="William Woodbridge">Woodbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sibley" title="Solomon Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Richard" title="Gabriel Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biddle_(Michigan_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Biddle (Michigan politician)">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Eli_Wing" title="Austin Eli Wing">Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace_Jones" title="George Wallace Jones">G. Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Michigan's at-large congressional district">At-large</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Crary" title="Isaac E. Crary">Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Howard" title="Jacob M. Howard">J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Staebler" title="Neil Staebler">Staebler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan01 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McClelland_(American_politician)" title="Robert McClelland (American politician)">McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Buel" title="Alexander W. Buel">Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_J._Penniman" title="Ebenezer J. Penniman">Penniman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stuart_(brigadier_general)" title="David Stuart (brigadier general)">D. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cooper_(politician)" title="George B. Cooper (politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alanson_Howard" title="William Alanson Howard">W. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_F._Granger" title="Bradley F. Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_W._Field" title="Moses W. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">A. S. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stoughton_Newberry" title="John Stoughton Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Lord" title="Henry W. Lord">Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Maybury" title="William C. Maybury">Maybury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logan_Chipman" class="mw-redirect" title="John Logan Chipman">J. L. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_T._Griffin" title="Levi T. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blaisdell_Corliss" title="John Blaisdell Corliss">Corliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lucking" title="Alfred Lucking">Lucking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Denby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Ellsworth_Doremus" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Ellsworth Doremus">Doremus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Codd" title="George P. Codd">Codd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Sosnowski" title="John B. Sosnowski">Sosnowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Clancy" title="Robert H. Clancy">Clancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_G._Tenerowicz" title="Rudolph G. Tenerowicz">Tenerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">Sadowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">Machrowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Stupak" title="Bart Stupak">Stupak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Benishek" title="Dan Benishek">Benishek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Bergman" title="Jack Bergman">Bergman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan02 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Lyon" title="Lucius Lyon">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_Chipman" title="John Smith Chipman">J. S. Chipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bradley_(politician)" title="Edward Bradley (politician)">E. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sprague_(Michigan_politician)" title="William Sprague (Michigan politician)">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Stuart" title="Charles E. Stuart">C. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Noble" title="David A. Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_C._Beaman" title="Fernando C. Beaman">Beaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Upson" title="Charles Upson">Upson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Stoughton" title="William L. Stoughton">Stoughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldron" title="Henry Waldron">Waldron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Willits" title="Edwin Willits">Willits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Eldredge" title="Nathaniel B. Eldredge">Eldredge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allen" title="Edward P. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Gorman" title="James S. Gorman">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spalding" title="George Spalding">Spalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_C._Smith_(politician)" title="Henry C. Smith (politician)">H. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Townsend" title="Charles E. Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedemeyer" title="William Wedemeyer">Wedemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Bacon" title="Mark R. Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beakes" title="Samuel Beakes">Beakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Lehr" title="John C. Lehr">Lehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">Michener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">Meader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weston_E._Vivian" title="Weston E. Vivian">Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Esch" title="Marvin L. Esch">Esch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Pursell" title="Carl Pursell">Pursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hoekstra" title="Pete Hoekstra">Hoekstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan03 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Hunt" title="James B. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinsley_S._Bingham" title="Kinsley S. Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Conger" title="James L. Conger">J. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clark_(New_York_and_Michigan_politician)" title="Samuel Clark (New York and Michigan politician)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Walbridge" title="David S. Walbridge">Walbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Longyear" title="John W. Longyear">Longyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Willard" title="George Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_H._McGowan" title="Jonas H. McGowan">McGowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Lacey" title="Edward S. Lacey">Lacey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Donnell_(politician)" title="James O'Donnell (politician)">O'Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milnes" title="Alfred Milnes">Milnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Todd" title="Albert M. Todd">A. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Gardner" title="Washington Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Frankhauser" title="William H. Frankhauser">Frankhauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._C._Smith" title="John M. C. Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Williams" title="Arthur B. Williams">A. B. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Hooper" title="Joseph L. Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Kimball" title="Henry M. Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verner_Main" title="Verner Main">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Shafer" title="Paul W. Shafer">Shafer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">Johansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Todd_Jr." title="Paul H. Todd Jr.">P. Todd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wolpe" title="Howard Wolpe">Wolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vern_Ehlers" title="Vern Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Amash" title="Justin Amash">Amash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Meijer" title="Peter Meijer">Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Scholten" title="Hillary Scholten">Scholten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan04 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hestor_L._Stevens" title="Hestor L. Stevens">H. L. Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Peck" title="George Washington Peck">Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewitt_C._Leach" title="Dewitt C. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Kellogg" title="Francis William Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Potter" title="Allen Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_W._Keightley" title="Edwin W. Keightley">Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Yaple" title="George L. Yaple">Yaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_C._Burrows" title="Julius C. Burrows">Burrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Thomas" title="Henry F. Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Hamilton" title="Edward L. Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Ketcham" title="John C. Ketcham">Ketcham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_Foulkes" title="George Ernest Foulkes">Foulkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stockman" title="David Stockman">Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Siljander" title="Mark D. Siljander">Siljander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moolenaar" title="John Moolenaar">Moolenaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Huizenga" title="Bill Huizenga">Huizenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan05 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_C._Baldwin" title="Augustus C. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_E._Trowbridge" title="Rowland E. Trowbridge">Trowbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilder_D._Foster" title="Wilder D. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Williams_(Michigan_politician)" title="William B. Williams (Michigan politician)">W. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stone" title="John W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Webber_(politician)" title="George W. Webber (politician)">Webber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Houseman" title="Julius Houseman">Houseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Comstock" title="Charles C. Comstock">Comstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_H._Ford" title="Melbourne H. Ford">M. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Belknap" title="Charles E. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Richardson" title="George F. Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alden_Smith" title="William Alden Smith">W. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_J._Diekema" title="Gerrit J. Diekema">Diekema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Sweet" title="Edwin F. Sweet">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Mapes" title="Carl E. Mapes">Mapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartel_J._Jonkman" title="Bartel J. Jonkman">Jonkman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vander_Veen" title="Richard Vander Veen">Vander Veen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_S._Sawyer" title="Harold S. Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Henry" title="Paul B. Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barcia" title="James Barcia">Barcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">D. T. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan06 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Driggs" title="John F. Driggs">Driggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Strickland" title="Randolph Strickland">Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_G._Sutherland" title="Jabez G. Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Begole" title="Josiah Begole">Begole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Durand" title="George H. Durand">Durand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_L._Spaulding" title="Oliver L. Spaulding">Spaulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_B._Winans_(politician)" title="Edwin B. Winans (politician)">Winans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_S._Brewer" title="Mark S. Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_G._Stout" title="Byron G. Stout">Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_D._Aitken" title="David D. Aitken">Aitken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_William_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel William Smith">S. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._Kelley" title="Patrick H. Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_M._Hudson" title="Grant M. Hudson">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_H._Person" title="Seymour H. Person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_E._Cady" title="Claude E. Cady">Cady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Transue" title="Andrew J. Transue">Transue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">Blackney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Clardy" title="Kit Clardy">Clardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hayworth" title="Donald Hayworth">Hayworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitney_Dunn" title="James Whitney Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Upton" title="Fred Upton">Upton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">Dingell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan07 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">O. Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Treadway_Rich" title="John Treadway Rich">Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_C._Carleton" title="Ezra C. Carleton">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Rice_Whiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Rice Whiting">Whiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_G._Snover" title="Horace G. Snover">Snover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Weeks" title="Edgar Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McMorran" title="Henry McMorran">McMorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Cramton" title="Louis C. Cramton">Cramton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._McIntosh" title="Robert J. McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mackie" title="John C. Mackie">Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">Riegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Smith_(American_politician)" title="Nick Smith (American politician)">N. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schwarz" title="Joe Schwarz">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schauer" title="Mark Schauer">Schauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walberg" title="Tim Walberg">Walberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Barrett_(Michigan_politician)" title="Tom Barrett (Michigan politician)">Barrett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan08 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_B._Bradley" title="Nathan B. Bradley">N. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Ellsworth" title="Charles C. Ellsworth">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_G._Horr" title="Roswell G. Horr">Horr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_E._Tarsney" title="Timothy E. Tarsney">Tarsney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_T._Bliss" title="Aaron T. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Youmans" title="Henry M. Youmans">Youmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Linton" title="William S. Linton">Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Brucker" title="Ferdinand Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Fordney" title="Joseph W. Fordney">Fordney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_J._Vincent" title="Bird J. Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Hart" title="Michael J. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Crawford" title="Fred L. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Morell_Bentley" title="Alvin Morell Bentley">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler">Traxler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Carr (Michigan politician)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Chrysler" title="Dick Chrysler">Chrysler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow" title="Debbie Stabenow">Stabenow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Michigan_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Michigan politician)">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Bishop_(politician)" title="Mike Bishop (politician)">M. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elissa_Slotkin" title="Elissa Slotkin">Slotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kildee" title="Dan Kildee">Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_McDonald_Rivet" title="Kristen McDonald Rivet">McDonald Rivet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan09 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Abel_Hubbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Abel Hubbell">Hubbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_M._Cutcheon" title="Byron M. Cutcheon">Cutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_H._Wheeler" title="Harrison H. Wheeler">H. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Moon" title="John W. Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Bishop" title="Roswell P. Bishop">R. Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McLaughlin" title="James C. McLaughlin">McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_W._Musselwhite" title="Harry W. Musselwhite">Harry W. Musselwhite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Engel" title="Albert J. Engel">Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Thompson" title="Ruth Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">Vander Jagt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Kildee" title="Dale Kildee">D. E. Kildee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">S. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Levin" title="Andy Levin">A. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan10 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_H._Hatch" title="Herschel H. Hatch">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_O._Fisher" title="Spencer O. Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Wheeler" title="Frank W. Wheeler">F. Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._E._Weadock" title="Thomas A. E. Weadock">Weadock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rousseau_Owen_Crump" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau Owen Crump">Crump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Aplin" title="Henry H. Aplin">Aplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Loud" title="George A. Loud">Loud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_A._Currie" title="Gilbert A. Currie">Currie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">Cederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Albosta" title="Donald J. Albosta">Albosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Schuette" title="Bill Schuette">Schuette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Camp" title="Dave Camp">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candice_Miller" title="Candice Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mitchell_(politician)" title="Paul Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_McClain" title="Lisa McClain">McClain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_(Michigan_politician)" title="John James (Michigan politician)">J. James</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan11 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 11th congressional district">11th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Breitung" title="Edward Breitung">Breitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_C._Moffatt" title="Seth C. Moffatt">Moffatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Seymour" title="Henry W. Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Avery_(politician)" title="John Avery (politician)">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Mesick" title="William S. Mesick">Mesick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_B._Darragh" title="Archibald B. Darragh">Darragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_H._Dodds" title="Francis H. Dodds">Dodds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_O._Lindquist" title="Francis O. Lindquist">Lindquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Scott" title="Frank D. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Bohn" title="Frank P. Bohn">Bohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentiss_M._Brown" title="Prentiss M. Brown">P. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Luecke" title="John F. Luecke">Luecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Ness_Bradley" title="Frederick Van Ness Bradley">F. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Clevenger" title="Raymond F. Clevenger">Clevenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">Ruppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Davis_(Michigan_politician)" title="Bob Davis (Michigan politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Knollenberg" title="Joe Knollenberg">Knollenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_McCotter" title="Thaddeus McCotter">McCotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Curson" title="David Curson">Curson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Bentivolio" title="Kerry Bentivolio">Bentivolio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Trott_(politician)" title="Dave Trott (politician)">Trott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Stevens" title="Haley Stevens">H. Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan12 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 12th congressional district">12th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Stephenson" title="Samuel M. Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_D._Shelden" title="Carlos D. Shelden">Shelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Olin_Young" title="H. Olin Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Josiah_MacDonald" title="William Josiah MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Frank_James" title="W. Frank James">W. F. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Eugene_Hook" title="Frank Eugene Hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">Bonior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Dingell" title="Debbie Dingell">D. Dingell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan13 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Archibald_Nichols" title="Charles Archibald Nichols">Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_M._Brennan" title="Vincent M. Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_J._McLeod" title="Clarence J. McLeod">McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_A._Coffin" title="Howard A. Coffin">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">Diggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crockett_Jr." title="George Crockett Jr.">Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Rivers" title="Lynn Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansen_Clarke" title="Hansen Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Jones_(politician)" title="Brenda Jones (politician)">B. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Thanedar" title="Shri Thanedar">Thanedar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan14 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_M._Weideman" title="Carl M. Weideman">Weideman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_F._Youngblood" title="Harold F. Youngblood">Youngblood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">Rabaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_M._Ryan" title="Harold M. Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">Nedzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hertel" title="Dennis Hertel">Hertel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">Conyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Peters" title="Gary Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Lawrence" title="Brenda Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan15 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 15th congressional district">15th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell_Sr." title="John Dingell Sr.">J. Dingell Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara-Rose_Collins" title="Barbara-Rose Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Cheeks_Kilpatrick" title="Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan16 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Sr." title="John Lesinski Sr.">Lesinski Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">Lesinski Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan17 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 17th congressional district">17th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Oakman" title="Charles G. Oakman">Oakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Brodhead" title="William M. Brodhead">Brodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_Levin" title="Sander Levin">Levin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan18 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 18th congressional district">18th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">Dondero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Huber" title="Robert J. Huber">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Blanchard" title="James J. Blanchard">Blanchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><span data-sort-value="Michigan19 !"><a href="/wiki/Michigan%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Michigan's 19th congressional district">19th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billie_S._Farnum" title="Billie S. Farnum">Farnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_H._McDonald" title="Jack H. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">Broomfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Warren_Commission54" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WarrenCommission" title="Template:WarrenCommission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WarrenCommission" title="Template talk:WarrenCommission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WarrenCommission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WarrenCommission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Warren_Commission54" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Commission" title="Warren Commission">Members of the Warren Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (Chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_Boggs" title="Hale Boggs">Hale Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">John Sherman Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Welsh_Dulles" class="mw-redirect" title="Allen Welsh Dulles">Allen Dulles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">John J. McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Russell_Jr." title="Richard Russell Jr.">Richard Russell Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Michigan232" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Michigan_navbox" title="Template:History of Michigan navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Michigan_navbox" title="Template talk:History of Michigan navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Michigan_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Michigan navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Michigan232" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">History</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Michigan_history" title="Timeline of Michigan history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">Glaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in North America">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascouten" title="Mascouten">Mascouten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe (Chippewa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa (Ottawa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sac (Sauk)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coureur_des_bois" title="Coureur des bois">Coureurs des Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyageurs" title="Voyageurs">Voyageurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Iroquois Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Detroit" title="History of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">Fox Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Michilimackinac" title="Fort Michilimackinac">Fort Michilimackinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Peace of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Detroit" title="Treaty of Detroit">Treaty of Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saginaw" title="Treaty of Saginaw">Treaty of Saginaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brownstown" title="Treaty of Brownstown">Treaty of Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Treaty of Fort Meigs">Treaty of Fort Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of St. Mary's">Treaty of St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_Treaty_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="1821 Treaty of Chicago">1821 Treaty of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_Treaty_of_Chicago" title="1833 Treaty of Chicago">1833 Treaty of Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo_War" title="Toledo War">Toledo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Windsor" title="Battle of Windsor">Battle of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fond_du_Lac" title="Treaty of Fond du Lac">Treaty of Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_La_Pointe" title="Treaty of La Pointe">Treaty of La Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_12_in_Michigan" title="U.S. Route 12 in Michigan">Chicago Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton%E2%80%93Kalamazoo_Canal" title="Clinton–Kalamazoo Canal">Clinton-Kalamazoo Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motor_vehicle_manufacturers_based_in_Michigan" title="Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan">Auto Makers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_River_Rouge_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford River Rouge Complex">River Rouge Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow_Run" title="Willow Run">Willow Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Bridge" title="Ambassador Bridge">Ambassador Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit%E2%80%93Windsor_Tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit–Windsor Tunnel">Detroit–Windsor Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint_Sit-Down_Strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Flint Sit-Down Strike">Flint Sit-Down Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Bridge" title="Mackinac Bridge">Mackinac Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1932_Michigan_Wolverines_football—national_champions130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Michigan_Wolverines_football_navbox" title="Template:1932 Michigan Wolverines football navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1932_Michigan_Wolverines_football_navbox" title="Template talk:1932 Michigan Wolverines football navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1932_Michigan_Wolverines_football_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1932 Michigan Wolverines football navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1932_Michigan_Wolverines_football—national_champions130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1932_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team" title="1932 Michigan Wolverines football team"><span style="color:white">1932 Michigan Wolverines football—national champions</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Bernard" title="Chuck Bernard">Chuck Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Borgmann" title="William F. Borgmann">William F. Borgmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Everhardus" title="Herman Everhardus">Herman Everhardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fay" title="Stanley Fay">Stanley Fay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kowalik" title="John Kowalik">John Kowalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Newman_(American_football)" title="Harry Newman (American football)">Harry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_D._Oliver" title="Russell D. Oliver">Russell D. Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Petoskey" title="Ted Petoskey">Ted Petoskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Regeczi" title="John Regeczi">John Regeczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Ward" title="Willis Ward">Willis Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_Williamson" title="Ivy Williamson">Ivy Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitey_Wistert" title="Whitey Wistert">Whitey Wistert</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Head coach: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kipke" title="Harry Kipke">Harry Kipke</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Assistant coaches: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Blott" title="Jack Blott">Jack Blott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Cappon" title="Franklin Cappon">Franklin Cappon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Courtright" title="Ray Courtright">Ray Courtright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Keen" title="Cliff Keen">Cliff Keen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan" title="Bennie Oosterbaan">Bennie Oosterbaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Weber" title="Wally Weber">Wally Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1933_Michigan_Wolverines_football—national_champions134" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#00274C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFCB05, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFCB05;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1933_Michigan_Wolverines_football_navbox" title="Template:1933 Michigan Wolverines football navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1933_Michigan_Wolverines_football_navbox" title="Template talk:1933 Michigan Wolverines football navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1933_Michigan_Wolverines_football_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1933 Michigan Wolverines football navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1933_Michigan_Wolverines_football—national_champions134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/1933_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team" title="1933 Michigan Wolverines football team"><span style="color:white">1933 Michigan Wolverines football—national champions</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Thomas Austin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Bernard" title="Chuck Bernard">Chuck Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Borgmann" title="William F. Borgmann">William F. Borgmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Dauksza" title="Tony Dauksza">Tony Dauksza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Everhardus" title="Herman Everhardus">Herman Everhardus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fay" title="Stanley Fay">Stanley Fay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a></li> <li>John Heston</li> <li>Willard Hildebrand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kowalik" title="John Kowalik">John Kowalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_D._Oliver" title="Russell D. Oliver">Russell D. Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Petoskey" title="Ted Petoskey">Ted Petoskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Regeczi" title="John Regeczi">John Regeczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Renner" title="William Renner">Bill Renner</a></li> <li>Carl Savage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estel_Tessmer" title="Estel Tessmer">Estel Tessmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Ward" title="Willis Ward">Willis Ward</a></li> <li>Louis Westover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitey_Wistert" title="Whitey Wistert">Whitey Wistert</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Head coach: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kipke" title="Harry Kipke">Harry Kipke</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Assistant coaches: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Blott" title="Jack Blott">Jack Blott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Cappon" title="Franklin Cappon">Franklin Cappon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Courtright" title="Ray Courtright">Ray Courtright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Keen" title="Cliff Keen">Cliff Keen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennie_Oosterbaan" title="Bennie Oosterbaan">Bennie Oosterbaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Weber" title="Wally Weber">Wally Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nixon_cabinet" title="Template talk:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nixon cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Richard_Nixon_(1969–1974)120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet878" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1973)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/100px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/150px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg/200px-Richard_M._Nixon%2C_ca._1935_-_1982_-_NARA_-_530679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">William P. Rogers</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">David M. Kennedy</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">John Connally</a> (1971–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1972–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Richard Kleindienst</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">William B. Saxbe</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Winton M. Blount</a> (1969–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Hickel" title="Wally Hickel">Wally Hickel</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_M._Hardin" title="Clifford M. Hardin">Clifford M. Hardin</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> (1971–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a> (1969–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Peterson" title="Peter G. Peterson">Peter G. Peterson</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Day_Hodgson" title="James Day Hodgson">James Day Hodgson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1970–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Romney" title="George W. Romney">George W. Romney</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">John A. Volpe</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brinegar" title="Claude Brinegar">Claude Brinegar</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level297" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Bureau of the Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Mayo" title="Robert P. Mayo">Robert P. Mayo</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">George Shultz</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1972–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yost" title="Charles Yost">Charles Yost</a> (1969–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1971–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> (1973–1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_F._Burns" title="Arthur F. Burns">Arthur F. Burns</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Harlow" title="Bryce Harlow">Bryce Harlow</a> (1969–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Finch_(politician)" title="Robert Finch (politician)">Robert Finch</a> (1970–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1970–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong" title="Anne L. Armstrong">Anne L. Armstrong</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Kenneth Rush</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Gerald_Ford_(1974–1977)118" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ford_cabinet" title="Template:Ford cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ford_cabinet" title="Template talk:Ford cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ford_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ford cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Gerald_Ford_(1974–1977)118" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a> (1974–1977)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet823" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/85px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/128px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Gerald_Ford_presidential_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2741" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (1974–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">William E. Simon</a> (1974–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">William B. Saxbe</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Levi" title="Edward H. Levi">Edward H. Levi</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_K._Hathaway" title="Stanley K. Hathaway">Stanley K. Hathaway</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Kleppe" title="Thomas S. Kleppe">Thomas S. Kleppe</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a> (1974–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Knebel" title="John A. Knebel">John A. Knebel</a> (1976–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1975–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Elliot Richardson</a> (1976–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Brennan" title="Peter J. Brennan">Peter J. Brennan</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Dunlop" title="John Thomas Dunlop">John Thomas Dunlop</a> (1975–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Usery_Jr." title="William Usery Jr.">William Usery Jr.</a> (1976–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Caspar Weinberger</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._David_Mathews" title="F. David Mathews">F. David Mathews</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Anderson Hills</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brinegar" title="Claude Brinegar">Claude Brinegar</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thaddeus_Coleman_Jr." title="William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.">William Thaddeus Coleman Jr.</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Ash" title="Roy Ash">Roy Ash</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Lynn" title="James Thomas Lynn">James Thomas Lynn</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_B._Dent" title="Frederick B. Dent">Frederick B. Dent</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Scali" title="John A. Scali">John A. Scali</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1975–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scranton" title="William Scranton">William Scranton</a> (1976–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (1975–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counselor_to_the_President" title="Counselor to the President">Counselor to the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L._Armstrong" title="Anne L. Armstrong">Anne L. Armstrong</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Dean Burch</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Kenneth Rush</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Hartmann" title="Robert T. Hartmann">Robert T. Hartmann</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">John Otho Marsh Jr.</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">Rogers Morton</a> (1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Buchen" title="Philip W. Buchen">Philip W. Buchen</a> (1974–1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1972)_1976_United_States_presidential_election_(1980_→)476" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1976 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1976 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1976 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1972)_1976_United_States_presidential_election_(1980_→)476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">← 1972</a>) <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Birch Bayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Lloyd Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Robert Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Hugh Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Church" title="Frank Church">Frank Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Fred R. Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_McCormack" title="Ellen McCormack">Ellen McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_Randolph" title="Jennings Randolph">Jennings Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Sanford" title="Terry Sanford">Terry Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Shapp" title="Milton Shapp">Milton Shapp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Shapp_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Milton Shapp 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_III" title="Adlai Stevenson III">Adlai Stevenson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Udall" title="Mo Udall">Mo Udall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Incumbent nominee: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/James_L._Buckley" title="James L. Buckley">James L. Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Ronald Reagan 1976 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Political positions of Ronald Reagan">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates500" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_third_party_and_independent_presidential_candidates,_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="United States third party and independent presidential candidates, 1976">candidates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CC66FF;"><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Anderson_(author)" title="Thomas J. Anderson (author)">Thomas J. Anderson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800080;"><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lester_Maddox" title="Lester Maddox">Lester Maddox</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D50000;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Tyner" title="Jarvis Tyner">Jarvis Tyner</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Roger_MacBride" title="Roger MacBride">Roger MacBride</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_Bergland" title="David Bergland">David Bergland</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 red;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wright_(American_politician)" title="Margaret Wright (American politician)">Margaret Wright</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bubar_Jr." title="Benjamin Bubar Jr.">Ben Bubar</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Camejo" title="Peter Camejo">Peter Camejo</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mae_Reid" title="Willie Mae Reid">Willie Mae Reid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #800000;"><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1976 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1976 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1976 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="1976 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theodore_Roosevelt_Award_winners36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NCAA_Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Template:NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NCAA_Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Template talk:NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NCAA_Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NCAA Theodore Roosevelt Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theodore_Roosevelt_Award_winners36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Theodore Roosevelt Award">Theodore Roosevelt Award</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Hovde" title="Frederick L. Hovde">Hovde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr." title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr.">Kraft Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Holland" title="Jerome H. Holland">Holland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Owens</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(American_football)" title="Tom Hamilton (American football)">Hamilton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_B._Zornow" title="Gerald B. Zornow">Zornow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Otis_Chandler" title="Otis Chandler">Chandler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Denton_Cooley" title="Denton Cooley">Cooley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Art_Linkletter" title="Art Linkletter">Linkletter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <s><a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Cosby</a></s></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Palmer" title="Arnold Palmer">Palmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Robben_Wright_Fleming" title="Robben Wright Fleming">Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Zable" title="Walter J. Zable">Zable</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <i>Not presented</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ebert" title="Paul Ebert">Ebert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Gibson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Rafer_Johnson" title="Rafer Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Mathias" title="Bob Mathias">Mathias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/John_Wooden" title="John Wooden">Wooden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Payne" title="Billy Payne">Payne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Staubach" title="Roger Staubach">Staubach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Shriver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">de Varona</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Page" title="Alan Page">Page</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Ride</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kraft" title="Robert Kraft">Kraft</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tagliabue" title="Paul Tagliabue">Tagliabue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">Glenn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Ann_E._Dunwoody" title="Ann E. Dunwoody">Dunwoody</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Will_Allen_(urban_farmer)" title="Will Allen (urban farmer)">Allen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Tony_Dungy" title="Tony Dungy">Dungy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Billy_Mills" title="Billy Mills">Mills</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Mannie_Jackson" title="Mannie Jackson">Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Ueberroth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Beth_Brooke-Marciniak" title="Beth Brooke-Marciniak">Brooke-Marciniak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Barry_E._Wilmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry E. Wilmore">Wilmore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Caslen" title="Robert L. Caslen">Caslen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Delaney_(basketball)" title="Bob Delaney (basketball)">Delaney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/John_McLendon" title="John McLendon">McLendon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Gail_Koziara_Boudreaux" title="Gail Koziara Boudreaux">Boudreaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields_(ophthalmologist)" title="Carol Shields (ophthalmologist)">Shields</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Catena" title="Tom Catena">Catena</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners2364" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Template talk:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_Winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Football Foundation Gold Medal Winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners2364" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_Foundation_Gold_Medal_winners" title="National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners">National Football Foundation Gold Medal winners</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> & <a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron "Whizzer" White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blough" title="Roger Blough">Roger Blough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Donold_Lourie" title="Donold Lourie">Donold B. Lourie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Juan_T._Trippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan T. Trippe">Juan T. Trippe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Blaik" title="Earl Blaik">Earl H. "Red" Blaik</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_L._Hovde" title="Frederick L. Hovde">Frederick L. Hovde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: Chester J. LaRoche</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hamilton_(American_football)" title="Tom Hamilton (American football)">Thomas J. Hamilton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gerald Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/John_Wayne" title="John Wayne">John Wayne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_B._Zornow" title="Gerald B. Zornow">Gerald B. Zornow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: Edgar B. Speer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Louis_H._Wilson_Jr." title="Louis H. Wilson Jr.">Louis H. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_dePaul_Draddy" title="Vincent dePaul Draddy">Vincent dePaul Draddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/William_P._Lawrence" title="William P. Lawrence">William P. Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Zable" title="Walter J. Zable">Walter J. Zable</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Justin_Whitlock_Dart_Sr." title="Justin Whitlock Dart Sr.">Justin W. Dart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Silver_Anniversary_Awards_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)">Silver Anniversary Awards (NCAA)</a> - All Honored <a href="/wiki/Jim_Brown" title="Jim Brown">Jim Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willie_Davis_(defensive_end)" title="Willie Davis (defensive end)">Willie Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kramer" title="Ron Kramer">Ron Kramer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Swink" title="Jim Swink">Jim Swink</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Jack Kemp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/John_McGillicuddy" title="John McGillicuddy">John F. McGillicuddy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: William I. Spencer</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Morton_(American_football)" title="Bill Morton (American football)">William H. Morton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Meyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Meyer">Charles R. Meyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_E._Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton E. Frank">Clinton E. Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Brown" title="Paul Brown">Paul Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Moorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas H. Moorer">Thomas H. Moorer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Donald_R._Keough" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald R. Keough">Donald R. Keough</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Schwarzkopf_Jr." title="Norman Schwarzkopf Jr.">Norman Schwarzkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(broadcasting)" title="Thomas Murphy (broadcasting)">Thomas S. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alfond" title="Harold Alfond">Harold Alfond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Corrigan" title="Gene Corrigan">Gene Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_H._McConnell" title="John H. McConnell">John H. McConnell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Jackson" title="Keith Jackson">Keith Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: Fred M. Kirby II</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Red_McCombs" title="Red McCombs">Billy Joe "Red" McCombs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/George_Steinbrenner" title="George Steinbrenner">George Steinbrenner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Franks" title="Tommy Franks">Tommy Franks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(business_executive)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Campbell (business executive)">William V. Campbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: Jon F. Hanson</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Paterno" title="Joe Paterno">Joe Paterno</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Bowden" title="Bobby Bowden">Bobby Bowden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dawkins" title="Pete Dawkins">Pete Dawkins</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Staubach" title="Roger Staubach">Roger Staubach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Phil_Knight" title="Phil Knight">Phil Knight</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bowerman" title="Bill Bowerman">Bill Bowerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscoe Brown">Roscoe Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> & <a href="/wiki/Roger_Goodell" title="Roger Goodell">Roger Goodell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Catena" title="Tom Catena">Tom Catena</a> & George Weiss</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Archie_Manning" title="Archie Manning">Archie Manning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>None awarded</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: Aaron Feis & Jason Seaman</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harmon" title="Mark Harmon">Mark Harmon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States291" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><b>Garfield</b> (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft"><b>W. H. Taft</b> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover"><b>H. Hoover</b> (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower"><b>Eisenhower</b> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson"><b>Johnson</b> (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan"><b>Reagan</b> (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Ford</b> (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush"><b>Bush</b> (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter"><b>Carter</b> (2024–25,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Death and state funeral of Jimmy Carter">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase"><b>Chase</b> (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda52" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison"><b>Harrison</b> (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor"><b>Taylor</b> (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"><b>Roosevelt</b> (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the<br />US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren"><b>Warren</b> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger"><b>Burger</b> (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist"><b>Rehnquist</b> (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b>: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michigan&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_81st–93rd_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)194" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michigan&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_81st–93rd_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>'s delegation(s) to the 81st–93rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/81st_United_States_Congress" title="81st United States Congress">81st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg">A. Vandenberg</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Homer_S._Ferguson" title="Homer S. Ferguson">H. Ferguson</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Earl_C._Michener" title="Earl C. Michener">E. Michener</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">R. Woodruff</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">J. Wolcott</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell_Sr." title="John Dingell Sr.">J. Dingell Sr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">G. Dondero</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Sr." title="John Lesinski Sr."><i>J. Lesinski Sr.</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_G._Sadowski" title="George G. Sadowski">G. Sadowski</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">W. Blackney</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Crawford" title="Fred L. Crawford">F. Crawford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Engel" title="Albert J. Engel">A. Engel</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">C. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">L. Rabaut</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">G. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Shafer" title="Paul W. Shafer">P. Shafer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">J. Bennett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">C. Potter</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/82nd_United_States_Congress" title="82nd United States Congress">82nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg" title="Arthur Vandenberg"><i>A. Vandenberg</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Homer_S._Ferguson" title="Homer S. Ferguson">H. Ferguson</a> (R)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Blair_Moody" title="Blair Moody"><i>B. Moody</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter"><i>C. Potter</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">R. Woodruff</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">J. Wolcott</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell_Sr." title="John Dingell Sr.">J. Dingell Sr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">G. Dondero</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_W._Blackney" title="William W. Blackney">W. Blackney</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Crawford" title="Fred L. Crawford">F. Crawford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">C. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">L. Rabaut</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">G. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Shafer" title="Paul W. Shafer">P. Shafer</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">J. Bennett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter"><i>C. Potter</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">J. Lesinski Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">T. Machrowicz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">G. Meader</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Thompson" title="Ruth Thompson">R. Thompson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/83rd_United_States_Congress" title="83rd United States Congress">83rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Homer_S._Ferguson" title="Homer S. Ferguson">H. Ferguson</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">C. Potter</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">J. Wolcott</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell_Sr." title="John Dingell Sr.">J. Dingell Sr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">G. Dondero</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">C. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">L. Rabaut</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_D._O%27Brien" title="George D. O'Brien">G. O'Brien</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Shafer" title="Paul W. Shafer"><i>P. Shafer</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">J. Bennett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">J. Lesinski Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">T. Machrowicz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">G. Meader</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Thompson" title="Ruth Thompson">R. Thompson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Morell_Bentley" title="Alvin Morell Bentley">A. Bentley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">V. Knox</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kit_Clardy" title="Kit Clardy">K. Clardy</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Oakman" title="Charles G. Oakman">C. Oakman</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress" title="84th United States Congress">84th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">C. Potter</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V._McNamara" title="Patrick V. McNamara">P. McNamara</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">J. Wolcott</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell_Sr." title="John Dingell Sr."><i>J. Dingell Sr.</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Anthony_Dondero" title="George Anthony Dondero">G. Dondero</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">C. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">L. Rabaut</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">J. Bennett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">J. Lesinski Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">T. Machrowicz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">G. Meader</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Thompson" title="Ruth Thompson">R. Thompson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Morell_Bentley" title="Alvin Morell Bentley">A. Bentley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">V. Knox</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">A. Johansen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hayworth" title="Donald Hayworth">D. Hayworth</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell"><i>J. Dingell Jr.</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/85th_United_States_Congress" title="85th United States Congress">85th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Potter" title="Charles E. Potter">C. Potter</a> (R) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V._McNamara" title="Patrick V. McNamara">P. McNamara</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">C. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">L. Rabaut</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">J. Bennett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">J. Lesinski Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">T. Machrowicz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">G. Meader</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Morell_Bentley" title="Alvin Morell Bentley">A. Bentley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">V. Knox</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">A. Johansen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">C. Chamberlain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">R. Griffin</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._McIntosh" title="Robert J. McIntosh">R. McIntosh</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/86th_United_States_Congress" title="86th United States Congress">86th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V._McNamara" title="Patrick V. McNamara">P. McNamara</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">P. Hart</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">C. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut">L. Rabaut</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">J. Bennett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">J. Lesinski Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz">T. Machrowicz</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">G. Meader</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Morell_Bentley" title="Alvin Morell Bentley">A. Bentley</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">V. Knox</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">A. Johansen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">C. Chamberlain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">R. Griffin</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">J. O'Hara</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress" title="87th United States Congress">87th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V._McNamara" title="Patrick V. McNamara">P. McNamara</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">P. Hart</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Clare_Hoffman" title="Clare Hoffman">C. Hoffman</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Louis_C._Rabaut" title="Louis C. Rabaut"><i>L. Rabaut</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">J. Bennett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">J. Lesinski Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_M._Machrowicz" title="Thaddeus M. Machrowicz"><i>T. Machrowicz</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">G. Meader</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">V. Knox</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">A. Johansen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">C. Chamberlain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">R. Griffin</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">J. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">R. J. Harvey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi"><i>L. Nedzi</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_M._Ryan" title="Harold M. Ryan"><i>H. Ryan</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/88th_United_States_Congress" title="88th United States Congress">88th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V._McNamara" title="Patrick V. McNamara">P. McNamara</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">P. Hart</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_B._Bennett" title="John B. Bennett">J. Bennett</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Lesinski_Jr." title="John Lesinski Jr.">J. Lesinski Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/George_Meader" title="George Meader">G. Meader</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Victor_A._Knox" title="Victor A. Knox">V. Knox</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/August_E._Johansen" title="August E. Johansen">A. Johansen</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">C. Chamberlain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">R. Griffin</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">J. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">R. J. Harvey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">L. Nedzi</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_M._Ryan" title="Harold M. Ryan">H. Ryan</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">J. E. Hutchinson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Neil_Staebler" title="Neil Staebler">N. Staebler</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/89th_United_States_Congress" title="89th United States Congress">89th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Patrick_V._McNamara" title="Patrick V. McNamara"><i>P. McNamara</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">P. Hart</a> (D)<br /></li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin"><i>R. Griffin</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">C. Chamberlain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin"><i>R. Griffin</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">J. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">R. J. Harvey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">L. Nedzi</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">J. E. Hutchinson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Clevenger" title="Raymond F. Clevenger">R. Clevenger</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Billie_S._Farnum" title="Billie S. Farnum">B. Farnum</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_C._Mackie" title="John C. Mackie">J. Mackie</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Todd_Jr." title="Paul H. Todd Jr.">P. Todd</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Weston_E._Vivian" title="Weston E. Vivian">W. Vivian</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt"><i>G. Vander Jagt</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/90th_United_States_Congress" title="90th United States Congress">90th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">P. Hart</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">R. Griffin</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">C. Chamberlain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">J. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">R. J. Harvey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">L. Nedzi</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">J. E. Hutchinson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Esch" title="Marvin L. Esch">M. Esch</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jack_H._McDonald" title="Jack H. McDonald">J. McDonald</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">P. Ruppe</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/91st_United_States_Congress" title="91st United States Congress">91st</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">P. Hart</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">R. Griffin</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">C. Chamberlain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">J. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">R. J. Harvey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">L. Nedzi</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">J. E. Hutchinson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Esch" title="Marvin L. Esch">M. Esch</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jack_H._McDonald" title="Jack H. McDonald">J. McDonald</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">P. Ruppe</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/92nd_United_States_Congress" title="92nd United States Congress">92nd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">P. Hart</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">R. Griffin</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Ford</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">C. Chamberlain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">J. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey">R. J. Harvey</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">L. Nedzi</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">J. E. Hutchinson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Esch" title="Marvin L. Esch">M. Esch</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jack_H._McDonald" title="Jack H. McDonald">J. McDonald</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">P. Ruppe</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/93rd_United_States_Congress" title="93rd United States Congress">93rd</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Michigan" title="List of United States senators from Michigan">Senate</a>:</b> <span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hart" title="Philip Hart">P. Hart</a> (D) <b>·</b> <span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Griffin" title="Robert P. Griffin">R. Griffin</a> (R)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Michigan" title="List of United States representatives from Michigan">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>G. Ford</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Elford_Albin_Cederberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elford Albin Cederberg">E. A. Cederberg</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Dingell" title="John Dingell">J. Dingell Jr.</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">M. Griffiths</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diggs" title="Charles Diggs">C. Diggs</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_Broomfield" title="William Broomfield">W. Broomfield</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Chamberlain" title="Charles E. Chamberlain">C. Chamberlain</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/James_G._O%27Hara" title="James G. O'Hara">J. O'Hara</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/R._James_Harvey" title="R. James Harvey"><i>R. J. Harvey</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Nedzi" title="Lucien Nedzi">L. Nedzi</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Hutchinson" title="J. Edward Hutchinson">J. E. Hutchinson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">J. Conyers</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/William_D._Ford" title="William D. Ford">W. Ford</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Guy_Vander_Jagt" title="Guy Vander Jagt">G. Vander Jagt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Garry_E._Brown" title="Garry E. Brown">G. Brown</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Marvin_L._Esch" title="Marvin L. Esch">M. Esch</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Donald_Riegle" title="Donald Riegle">D. Riegle</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ruppe" title="Philip Ruppe">P. Ruppe</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Huber" title="Robert J. Huber">R. Huber</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vander_Veen" title="Richard Vander Veen"><i>R. Vander Veen</i></a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/J._Bob_Traxler" title="J. Bob Traxler"><i>J. B. Traxler</i></a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/21px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/32px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg/42px-Flowerpowerportfolio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="361" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1960s" title="Portal:1960s">1960s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/19px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/29px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/38px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Michigan" title="Portal:Michigan">Michigan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9582#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3710" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9582#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3710" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9582#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011479978X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/110300539">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31913/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpdPvTCp8kDW48WpxxqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118534297">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022087">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124889486">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124889486">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00439822">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ford, Gerald R."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV045654">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35093197">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20050703007&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX930701">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068388462">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90245932">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000159232&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000075831&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=71249">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N8240">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqsmdv5k582sn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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