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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Old Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Early Middle Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Late Middle Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects_and_mutual_intelligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects_and_mutual_intelligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dialects and mutual intelligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects_and_mutual_intelligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sentence_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sentence structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentence_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inflection_and_conjugation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inflection_and_conjugation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Inflection and conjugation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inflection_and_conjugation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politeness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politeness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Politeness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politeness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiragana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiragana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hiragana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiragana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Katakana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Katakana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Katakana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Katakana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_in_the_Japanese_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_in_the_Japanese_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gender in the Japanese language</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gender_in_the_Japanese_language-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gender in the Japanese language subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gender_in_the_Japanese_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kogal_slang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kogal_slang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Kogal slang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kogal_slang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-native_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-native_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Non-native study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-native_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Japanese language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 229 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-229" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">229 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Jeupang" title="Bahsa Jeupang – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Jeupang" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Японыбзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Японыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japannees" title="Japannees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Japannees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Sprache" title="Japanische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Japanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%83%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ጃፓንኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጃፓንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapanisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Iapanisc sprǣc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iapanisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аиапон бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аиапон бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة اليابانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة اليابانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chapon%C3%A9s" title="Idioma chaponés – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma chaponés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%9D%DC%A6%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܦܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܦܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Ճափոներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճափոներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C3%AAs" title="Japonês – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Japonês" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাপানী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাপানী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xapon%C3%A9s" title="Xaponés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xaponés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap%C3%B5%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Hapõñe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hapõñe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_dili" title="Yapon dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yapon dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ژاپون دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژاپون دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাপানি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপানি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Japang" title="Basa Japang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Japang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn-g%C3%AD" title="Ji̍t-pún-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-pún-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Япон теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Япон теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Японская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Японская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Японская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Японская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Hapones" title="Tataramon na Hapones – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Hapones" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Японски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Японски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Sproch" title="Japanische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Japanische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉི་ཧོང་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉི་ཧོང་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_jezik" title="Japanski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Japanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaneg" title="Japaneg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Japaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Япон хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Япон хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C3%A8s" title="Japonès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Japonès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Япон чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Япон чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinapones" title="Hinapones – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hinapones" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C5%A1tina" title="Japonština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chijapani" title="Chijapani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chijapani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaneg" title="Japaneg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Japaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_(sprog)" title="Japansk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Japansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جاپونية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جاپونية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1nagiella" title="Japánagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Japánagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Sprache" title="Japanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ޖަޕާނީ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަޕާނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japa%C5%84%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Japańšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Japańšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_keel" title="Jaapani keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaapani keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ιαπωνική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιαπωνική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Япононь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Япононь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_japon%C3%A9s" title="Idioma japonés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma japonés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana_lingvo" title="Japana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Japana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_japonesa" title="Lengua japonesa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua japonesa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniera" title="Japoniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان ژاپنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ژاپنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_bhasa" title="Japanese bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Japanese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Japanskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Japanskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonais" title="Japonais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Japonais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk" title="Japansk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Japansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeap%C3%A1inis" title="An tSeapáinis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeapáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapaanish" title="Shapaanish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shapaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_dili" title="Yapon dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Yapon dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapanais" title="Iapanais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iapanais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_xaponesa" title="Lingua xaponesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua xaponesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Японий мотт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Японий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="日语" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn-ng%C3%AE" title="Ngi̍t-pún-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngi̍t-pún-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Нипонмудн келн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Нипонмудн келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%96%B4" title="일본어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Japan" title="Harshen Japan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Japan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_I%C4%81pana" title="ʻŌlelo Iāpana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Iāpana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ճապոներեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Japanšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Japanšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_jezik" title="Japanski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Japanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniana_linguo" title="Japoniana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Japoniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Hapon" title="Pagsasao a Hapon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Hapon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepang" title="Bahasa Jepang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_japonese" title="Lingua japonese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua japonese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Япойнаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Япойнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJapani" title="IsiJapani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiJapani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska" title="Japanska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Japanska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_giapponese" title="Lingua giapponese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יפנית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יפנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap%C9%94%C5%8B_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಪಾನಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಪಾನಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Hapones" title="Amanung Hapones – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Hapones" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იაპონური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაპონური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A0_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاپأنؠ زبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جاپأنؠ زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Жапон тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жапон тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonek" title="Nihonek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nihonek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikiyapani" title="Ikiyapani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikiyapani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijapani" title="Kijapani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijapani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Япон кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Япон кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_japon%C3%A8" title="Lang japonè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang japonè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C3%A8" title="Japonè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Japonè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_japon%C3%AE" title="Zimanê japonî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê japonî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Жапон тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жапон тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_iapanesc" title="Lingaz iapanesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz iapanesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_japoneza" title="Lingua japoneza – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua japoneza" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Япониянал маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Япониянал маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາຍີ່ປຸ່ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຍີ່ປຸ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Iaponica" title="Lingua Iaponica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Iaponica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Japāņu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanesch" title="Japanesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Japanesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Япон чӀал – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Япон чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C5%B3_kalba" title="Japonų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japonų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans" title="Japans – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Japans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizap%C9%94%CC%81" title="Lizapɔ́ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lizapɔ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nion_(lingua)" title="Nion (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nion (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japounien_kieli" title="Japounien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Japounien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ponbau" title="ponbau – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ponbau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_giapponesa" title="Lengua giapponesa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua giapponesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_nyelv" title="Japán nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јапонски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јапонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_jap%C3%B4ney" title="Fiteny japôney – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny japôney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ജാപ്പനീസ് ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാപ്പനീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Hapani" title="Reo Hapani – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hapani" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जपानी भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जपानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იაპონური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იაპონური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه يابانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه يابانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="جاپونی زوون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جاپونی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯖꯄꯥꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯄꯥꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Japang" title="Bahaso Japang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Japang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ADk-bu%C5%8Dng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Nĭk-buōng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nĭk-buōng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_japonesa" title="Lhéngua japonesa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua japonesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Япононь кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Япононь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Япон хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Япон хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျပန်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျပန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans" title="Japans – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans" title="Japans – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Japans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="日本語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ипнойн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ипнойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoonsk_spriak" title="Japoonsk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Japoonsk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk" title="Japansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Japansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk" title="Japansk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Japansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C3%A9s" title="Japonés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Japonés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Япон йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Япон йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଜାପାନୀ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାପାନୀ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_tili" title="Yapon tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yapon tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowal_no_dipong" title="Sowal no dipong – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Sowal no dipong" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جاپانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاپانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapones_(idioma)" title="Hapones (idioma) – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hapones (idioma)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="جاپاني ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاپاني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaniiz_languij" title="Japaniiz languij – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Japaniiz languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាជប៉ុន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាជប៉ុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japono%C3%A9s" title="Japonoés – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Japonoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_giapon%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga giaponèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga giaponèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokples_Siapan" title="Tokples Siapan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tokples Siapan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaansche_Spraak" title="Japaansche Spraak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Japaansche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_japo%C5%84ski" title="Język japoński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język japoński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_japonesa" title="Língua japonesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua japonesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_tili" title="Yapon tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Yapon tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon_tili" title="Japon tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Japon tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_T%C4%81p%C5%8Dn%C4%93" title="Reo Tāpōnē – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Tāpōnē" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_japonez%C4%83" title="Limba japoneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba japoneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihun_simi" title="Nihun simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nihun simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Японьскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Японьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Японский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дьоппуон тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьоппуон тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Iapani" title="Faʻa Iapani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Iapani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_giaponesa" title="Limba giaponesa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba giaponesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_leid" title="Japanese leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Japanese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tanah_Tunux" title="Kari Tanah Tunux – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tanah Tunux" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejapane" title="Sejapane – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sejapane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_japoneze" title="Gjuha japoneze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha japoneze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_giappunisa" title="Lingua giappunisa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua giappunisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජපන් භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජපන් භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Japanese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جاپاني ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاپاني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C4%8Dina" title="Japončina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Japončina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Japonščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Japonščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%96%D0%BF%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ꙗпѡньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙗпѡньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C5%AF%C5%84sko_godka" title="Japůńsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Japůńsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ژاپۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ژاپۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јапански језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_jezik" title="Japanski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Japanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanin_kieli" title="Japanin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Japanin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska" title="Japanska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Japanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Hapones" title="Wikang Hapones – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Hapones" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சப்பானிய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சப்பானிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Tajapunit" title="Tutlayt Tajapunit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Tajapunit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajapunit" title="Tajapunit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tajapunit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_giapponese" title="Lènga giapponese – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga giapponese" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Япон теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Япон теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="జపనీస్ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జపనీస్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาญี่ปุ่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони ҷопонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ҷопонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93eta%27xa%C3%A9n%C3%A9hetse" title="Óeta'xaénéhetse – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Óeta'xaénéhetse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಪಾನಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜಪಾನಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonca" title="Japonca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japonca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dapon_dili" title="Ýapon dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýapon dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Япон дыл – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Япон дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Япон кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Япон кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Японська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Японська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاپانی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاپانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ياپون تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياپون تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Nyiedbonj" title="Vah Nyiedbonj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Nyiedbonj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_japoneza" title="Łéngua japoneza – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua japoneza" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonan_kel%27" title="Japonan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Japonan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nh%E1%BA%ADt" title="Tiếng Nhật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Nhật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Yapänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yapänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_kiil" title="Jaapani kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jaapani kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djapon%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Djaponès (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djaponès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="日語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="日語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinapon" title="Hinapon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hinapon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%97%B2%E8%AF%9D" title="日本闲话 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日本闲话" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="יאפאניש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאפאניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Japan%C3%AD" title="Èdè Japaní – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Japaní" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" title="日文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonki" title="Japonki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Japonki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japuonu_kalba" title="Japuonu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Japuonu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Jepang" title="Saro Jepang – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Jepang" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Jipun" title="Boros Jipun – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Jipun" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Jipun" title="Jaku Jipun – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Jipun" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jopang" title="Bahasa Jopang – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Jopang" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoni_zyvon" title="Japoni zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Japoni zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5287#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language spoken in Japan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese language</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Nihongo" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Japanese</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;"><span style="font-size:120%"><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本語</span></span></span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nihongo</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nihongo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nihongo.svg/80px-Nihongo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nihongo.svg/120px-Nihongo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nihongo.svg/160px-Nihongo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1147" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">The <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> for Japanese (read <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">nihongo</i></span>)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɲihoŋɡo]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/99\/Ja-nihongo.ogg\/Ja-nihongo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-nihongo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Ja-nihongo.ogg/Ja-nihongo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-nihongo.ogg" title="File:Ja-nihongo.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">123 million (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <b>Japanese</b></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Japonic">Proto-Japonic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle Japanese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle Japanese</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern Japanese</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese dialects</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Mixed scripts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Japan (<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a><br />(on <a href="/wiki/Angaur_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Angaur Island">Angaur Island</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: yellowgreen;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ja">ja</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=216">jpn</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jpn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jpn">jpn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nucl1643">nucl1643</a></code>  excluding <a href="/wiki/Hachijo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachijo language">Hachijo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_dialect" title="Tsugaru dialect">Tsugaru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect">Kagoshima</a><br /><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/japa1256">japa1256</a></code>  Japanesic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=45-CAA-a">45-CAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Japanese</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本語</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><i>Nihongo</i></i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ja-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɲihoŋɡo]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/99\/Ja-nihongo.ogg\/Ja-nihongo.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-nihongo.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Ja-nihongo.ogg/Ja-nihongo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-nihongo.ogg" title="File:Ja-nihongo.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)</span> is the principal language of the <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic language family</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a>. It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, the only country where it is the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>, and within the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese diaspora</a> worldwide. </p><p>The Japonic family also includes the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a> and the variously classified <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō language</a>. There have been many <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages" title="Classification of the Japonic languages">attempts to group the Japonic languages</a> with other families such as the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a>, and the now-discredited <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a>, but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. </p><p>Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a> texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> (794–1185), extensive waves of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a> entered the language, affecting the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle Japanese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle Japanese</a> (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of <a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">European loanwords</a>. The basis of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Japanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Japanese">standard dialect</a> moved from the <a href="/wiki/Kansai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansai">Kansai</a> region to the <a href="/wiki/Edo_(Tokyo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo (Tokyo)">Edo</a> region (modern <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern Japanese</a> period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Japan's self-imposed isolation</a> in 1853, the flow of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> from European languages increased significantly, and <a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">words from English roots</a> have proliferated. </p><p>Japanese is an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)#Japanese" title="Mora (linguistics)">mora</a>-timed language with relatively simple <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">pure vowel</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length#Phonemic_vowel_length" title="Vowel length">phonemic vowel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">consonant</a> length, and a lexically significant <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">pitch-accent</a>. Word order is normally <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">particles</a> marking the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical function">grammatical function</a> of words, and sentence structure is <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic–comment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sentence-final_particle" title="Sentence-final particle">Sentence-final particles</a> are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical number</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, and there are no <a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">articles</a>. Verbs are <a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugation">conjugated</a>, primarily for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">voice</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Japanese adjectives</a> are also conjugated. Japanese has <a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">a complex system of honorifics</a>, with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a> combines <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, known as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漢字</span></span>, '<a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> characters')</span>, with two unique <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabaries</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">moraic</a> scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a></i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ひらがな</span></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">平仮名</span></span>, 'simple characters') and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">カタカナ</span></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">片仮名</span></span>, 'partial characters'). <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Latin script</a> (<span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">rōmaji</i></span> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ローマ字</span></span>) is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">numeral system</a> uses mostly <a href="/wiki/Arabic_numerals" title="Arabic numerals">Arabic numerals</a>, but also traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Chinese numerals</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system#History_of_the_Japanese_script" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system § History of the Japanese script</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Japonic_language" title="Proto-Japonic language">Proto-Japonic</a>, the common ancestor of the Japanese and <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a>, is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a>), replacing the languages of the original <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_people" title="Jōmon people">Jōmon</a> inhabitants,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the ancestor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Ainu_language" title="Ainu language">Ainu language</a>. Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparison</a> with the Ryukyuan languages and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese dialects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvigWhitman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaun8BRHTDEACpgPA1_1]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrellesvigWhitman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaun8BRHTDEACpgPA1_1]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Japanese">Old Japanese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Page from the Man'yōshū" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG/220px-Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG/330px-Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG/440px-Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A page from the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dsh%C5%AB" title="Man'yōshū">Man'yōshū</a></i></span>, the oldest anthology of classical <a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Japanese poetry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese writing system</a> was imported to Japan from <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig201011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig201011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest texts were written in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>, although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">kanbun</a></i></span> method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeley199125–31_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeley199125–31-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest text, the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span>, dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, <i>kanbun</i>, and Old Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig201024_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig201024-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in other texts from this period, the Old Japanese sections are written in <a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a>, which uses <i><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a></i> for their phonetic as well as semantic values. </p><p>Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)#Japanese" title="Mora (linguistics)">morae</a>. Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of <i>kanji</i> for each of the morae now pronounced <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">き</span></span> (ki), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ひ</span></span> (hi), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">み</span></span> (mi), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">け</span></span> (ke), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">へ</span></span> (he), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">め</span></span> (me), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">こ</span></span> (ko), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">そ</span></span> (so), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">と</span></span> (to), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">の</span></span> (no), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">も</span></span> (mo), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">よ</span></span> (yo) and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ろ</span></span> (ro).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Kojiki</i></span> has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo<sub>1</sub> and mo<sub>2</sub> apparently was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle Japanese</a>, though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span>, which merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> before the end of the period. </p><p>Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle <i>tsu</i> (superseded by modern <i>no</i>) is preserved in words such as <i>matsuge</i> ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern <i>mieru</i> ("to be visible") and <i>kikoeru</i> ("to be audible") retain a <a href="/wiki/Mediopassive_voice" title="Mediopassive voice">mediopassive</a> suffix -<i>yu(ru)</i> (<i>kikoyu</i> → <i>kikoyuru</i> (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → <i>kikoeru</i> (all verbs with the <i>shimo-nidan</i> conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern Japanese</a>)); and the genitive particle <i>ga</i> remains in intentionally archaic speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Japanese">Early Middle Japanese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle Japanese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Genji Monogatari emaki scroll" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg/220px-Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg/330px-Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg/440px-Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Emaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Emaki">emaki</a> scroll of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji" title="The Tale of Genji">The Tale of Genji</a></i> from the 11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary standard</a> of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a>, which remained in common use until the early 20th century. </p><p>During this time, Japanese underwent numerous <a href="/wiki/Phonological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological">phonological</a> developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Chinese loanwords</a>. These included phonemic length distinction for both <a href="/wiki/Geminate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate consonant">consonants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowels</a>, palatal consonants (e.g. <i>kya</i>) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. <i>kwa</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Closed_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed syllable">closed syllables</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frel_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This had the effect of changing Japanese into a <a href="/wiki/Mora-timed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mora-timed">mora-timed</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-Frel_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frel-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Japanese">Late Middle Japanese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle Japanese</a></div> <p>Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a>, respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> missionaries; and thus there is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the <i><a href="/wiki/Arte_da_Lingoa_de_Iapam" title="Arte da Lingoa de Iapam">Arte da Lingoa de Iapam</a></i>). Among other sound changes, the sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au/</span> merges to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɔː/</span>, in contrast with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> is reintroduced from Chinese; and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/we/</span> merges with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/je/</span>. Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending -<i>te</i> begins to reduce onto the verb (e.g. <i>yonde</i> for earlier <i>yomite</i>), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out (<i>shiroi</i> for earlier <i>shiroki</i>); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. <i>hayaku</i> > <i>hayau</i> > <i>hayɔɔ</i>, where modern Japanese just has <i>hayaku</i>, though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting <i>o-hayō gozaimasu</i> "good morning"; this ending is also seen in <i>o-medetō</i> "congratulations", from <i>medetaku</i>). </p><p>Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include <i>pan</i> ("bread") and <i>tabako</i> ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Japanese">Modern Japanese</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Standard Japanese" redirects here. For other dialects, see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese dialects</a>.</div> <p>Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese, the <i>de facto</i> standard Japanese had been the <a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect">Kansai dialect</a>, especially that of <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">Japan's self-imposed isolation</a> in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, <i>pasokon</i> (short for "personal computer"), <i>intānetto</i> ("internet"), and <i>kamera</i> ("camera"). Due to the large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕi]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ti]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʑi]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[di]</span>, with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <p>Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, through Japanese annexation of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, as well as partial occupation of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and various Pacific islands,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> locals in <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">those countries</a> learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_diaspora" title="Japanese diaspora">Japanese emigrant communities</a> (the largest of which are to be found in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-IBGE_traça_perfil_dos_imigrantes_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBGE_traça_perfil_dos_imigrantes-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a> data, more than the 1.2 million of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> residents speak Japanese,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (especially in the eastern states), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (especially in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (notably in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="above it says 12.6%; which is it? (September 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Province of Laguna</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3></div> <p>Japanese has no <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official status</a> in Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> of the country. There is a form of the language considered <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standard</a>: <i>hyōjungo</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">標準語</span></span>)</span>, meaning "standard Japanese", or <i>kyōtsūgo</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">共通語</span></span>)</span>, "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meanings of the two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. <i>Hyōjungo</i> or <i>kyōtsūgo</i> is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">明治維新</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">meiji ishin</i></span>, 1868)</span> from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see <a href="/wiki/Yamanote" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamanote">Yamanote</a>). <i>Hyōjungo</i> is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. </p><p>Formerly, standard Japanese in writing<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">文語</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bungo_(Japanese_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungo (Japanese language)">bungo</a></i></span>, "literary language")</span> was different from colloquial language<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">口語</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kogo_(Japanese_language)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kogo (Japanese language) (page does not exist)">kōgo</a></i></span>)</span>. The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. <i>Bungo</i> was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then <i>kōgo</i> gradually extended its influence and the two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. <i>Bungo</i> still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> are still written in <i>bungo</i>, although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). <i>Kōgo</i> is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although <i>bungo</i> grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. </p><p>The 1982 state constitution of <a href="/wiki/Angaur" title="Angaur">Angaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, names Japanese along with <a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a> and English as an official language of the state<sup id="cite_ref-const_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-const-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a> over the island<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese,<sup id="cite_ref-1958_Census_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1958_Census_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home.<sup id="cite_ref-2005census_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005census-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects_and_mutual_intelligibility">Dialects and mutual intelligibility</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese dialects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_dialects-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/220px-Japanese_dialects-en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/330px-Japanese_dialects-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/440px-Japanese_dialects-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>Map of Japanese dialects and Japonic languages</figcaption></figure> <p>Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">pitch accent</a>, inflectional <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>, and particle usage. Some even differ in <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a> inventories, although this is less common. </p><p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>, a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%ABan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyūan languages">Ryūkyūan languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōhoku dialects">Tōhoku dialects</a>) to students from Greater Tokyo were the <a href="/wiki/Kiso,_Nagano_(town)" title="Kiso, Nagano (town)">Kiso</a> dialect (in the deep mountains of <a href="/wiki/Nagano_Prefecture" title="Nagano Prefecture">Nagano Prefecture</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Himi,_Toyama" title="Himi, Toyama">Himi</a> dialect (in <a href="/wiki/Toyama_Prefecture" title="Toyama Prefecture">Toyama Prefecture</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect">Kagoshima dialect</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Katsuyama,_Okayama" title="Katsuyama, Okayama">Maniwa</a> dialect (in <a href="/wiki/Okayama_Prefecture" title="Okayama Prefecture">Okayama Prefecture</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>, which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all <a href="/wiki/Keio_University" title="Keio University">Keio University</a> students who grew up in the <a href="/wiki/Kanto_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanto region">Kanto region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Intelligibility to students from Tokyo and <a href="/wiki/Kanto_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanto region">Kanto region</a> (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Dialect </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyoto City">Kyoto City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cgata,_K%C5%8Dchi" title="Ōgata, Kōchi">Ōgata, Kōchi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatsuta,_Aichi" title="Tatsuta, Aichi">Tatsuta, Aichi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumamoto City">Kumamoto City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osaka_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka City">Osaka City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanagi,_Shimane" title="Kanagi, Shimane">Kanagi, Shimane</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maniwa,_Okayama" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniwa, Okayama">Maniwa, Okayama</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagoshima City">Kagoshima City</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiso,_Nagano_(town)" title="Kiso, Nagano (town)">Kiso, Nagano</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Himi,_Toyama" title="Himi, Toyama">Himi, Toyama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Percentage </th> <td>67.1%</td> <td>45.5%</td> <td>44.5%</td> <td>38.6%</td> <td>26.4%</td> <td>24.8%</td> <td>24.7%</td> <td>17.6%</td> <td>13.3%</td> <td>4.1% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are some <a href="/wiki/Language_island" title="Language island">language islands</a> in mountain villages or isolated islands<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8Djima" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachijōjima">Hachijō-jima island</a>, whose dialects are descended from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a>. Dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Kansai_region" title="Kansai region">Kansai region</a> are spoken or known by many Japanese, and <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> dialect in particular is associated with comedy (see <a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect">Kansai dialect</a>). Dialects of Tōhoku and North <a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_region" title="Kantō region">Kantō</a> are associated with typical farmers. </p><p>The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Amami_Islands" title="Amami Islands">Amami Islands</a> (administratively part of <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture" title="Kagoshima Prefecture">Kagoshima</a>), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a> family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider the Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. </p><p>The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most likely the spoken form of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese language">Classical Japanese</a>, a writing style that was prevalent during the <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a>, but began to decline during the late <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand the languages. <a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese" title="Okinawan Japanese">Okinawan Japanese</a> is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ryukyuan-tongue_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryukyuan-tongue-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages" title="Classification of the Japonic languages">Classification of the Japonic languages</a></div> <p>Japanese is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Japonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Japonic language">Japonic language</a> family, which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>. As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Martine_Irma_Robbeets" class="mw-redirect" title="Martine Irma Robbeets">Martine Irma Robbeets</a>, Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in the world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as <a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Ural%E2%80%93Altaic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural–Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbeets200520_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbeets200520-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, or to <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani199094_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani199094-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or the proposed larger Altaic family, or to various <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian language">Southeast Asian languages</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>. None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbeets2005_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbeets2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2010_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2010-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKindaichiHirano197830–31_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKindaichiHirano197830–31-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other theories view the Japanese language as an early <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as a distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese phonology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="99" data-mwtitle="Ja-botchan_1-1_1-2.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ja-botchan_1-1_1-2.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Ja-botchan_1-1_1-2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/Ja-botchan_1-1_1-2.ogg/Ja-botchan_1-1_1-2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Spoken Japanese</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_vowel_chart_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Japanese_vowel_chart_II.svg/250px-Japanese_vowel_chart_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Japanese_vowel_chart_II.svg/375px-Japanese_vowel_chart_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Japanese_vowel_chart_II.svg/500px-Japanese_vowel_chart_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The vowels of Standard Japanese on a <a href="/wiki/Vowel_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel chart">vowel chart</a>. Adapted from <a href="#CITEREFOkada1999">Okada (1999</a>:117).</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption class="nowrap"> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Japanese has five vowels, and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">rōmaji</a>, a repeated vowel character in <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Donpu" title="Chōonpu">chōonpu</a> succeeding the vowel in <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/Ja-U.oga\/Ja-U.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-U.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Ja-U.oga/Ja-U.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-U.oga" title="File:Ja-U.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)</span> is <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">compressed rather than protruded</a>, or simply unrounded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-<br />palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>  <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span>  <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>  <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span>)  (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></span>)  (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span>  <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span>)  (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span>) </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Special moras </th> <td colspan="7"><a href="#Moraic_nasal"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/N/</span></a>, <a href="#Gemination"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Q/</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some Japanese consonants have several <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>, which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ti/</span> was <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalized</a> and realized phonetically as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕi]</span>, approximately <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chi</i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5a\/Ja-Chi_2.oga\/Ja-Chi_2.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"listen"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ja-Chi 2.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Ja-Chi_2.oga/Ja-Chi_2.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">listen</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-Chi_2.oga" title="File:Ja-Chi 2.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>)</span>; however, now <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ti]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕi]</span> are distinct, as evidenced by words like <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">tī</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tiː]</span> "Western-style tea" and <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">chii</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕii]</span> "social status". </p><p>The "r" of the Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a> <a href="/wiki/Tap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tap consonant">tap</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant">lateral approximant</a>. The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span>, in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant, a glide <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> and either the first part of a <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate consonant</a> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">っ</span></span>/<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ッ</span></span>, represented as Q) or a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology#Moraic_nasal" title="Japanese phonology">moraic nasal</a> in the coda (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ん</span></span>/<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ン</span></span>, represented as N). </p><p>The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilates</a> to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɴ,<span class="wrap"> </span>m,<span class="wrap"> </span>n,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɲ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɰ̃]</span>. Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as the two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> consonant. </p><p>Japanese also includes a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">pitch accent</a>, which is not represented in moraic writing; for example <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[haꜜ.ɕi]</span> ("chopsticks") and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ha.ɕiꜜ]</span> ("bridge") are both spelled <span style="font-weight: normal"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">はし</span></span> (<span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">hashi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span>, and are only differentiated by the tone contour.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese grammar</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentence_structure">Sentence structure</h3></div> <p>Japanese word order is classified as <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>. Unlike many <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, the only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">particles</a> that identify their grammatical functions. </p><p>The basic sentence structure is <a href="/wiki/Topic%E2%80%93comment" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic–comment">topic–comment</a>. For example, <i>Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">こちらは田中さんです</span></span></span>). <i>kochira</i> ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by the particle <i>wa</i>. The verb <i>desu</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a>, commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, <i>Tanaka-san desu</i> is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages, is often called a <a href="/wiki/Topic-prominent_language" title="Topic-prominent language">topic-prominent language</a>, which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence <i>Zō wa hana ga nagai</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">象は鼻が長い</span></span></span>) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is <i>zō</i> "elephant", and the subject is <i>hana</i> "nose". </p><p>Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of a sentence need not be stated and <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a> may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, <i>hana ga nagai</i> would mean "[their] noses are long", while <i>nagai</i> by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: <i>Yatta!</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">やった!</span></span></span>) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below), a single adjective can be a complete sentence: <i>Urayamashii!</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">羨ましい!</span></span></span>) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". </p><p>While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate the out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, <i>oshiete moratta</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">教えてもらった</span></span></span>) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, <i>oshiete ageta</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">教えてあげた</span></span></span>) (literally, "explaining gave" with a benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Japanese "pronouns"</a> also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: </p> <blockquote><p>The amazed he ran down the street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun)</p></blockquote> <p>But one <i>can</i> grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">驚いた彼は道を走っていった。</span></span></span><br /> Transliteration: <i>Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta.</i> (grammatically correct) </p> </div></blockquote> <p>This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as <i>kimi</i> "you" (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">君</span></span></span> "lord"), <i>anata</i> "you" (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">あなた</span></span></span> "that side, yonder"), and <i>boku</i> "I" (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">僕</span></span></span> "servant"). This is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish <i>usted</i> (contracted from <i>vuestra merced</i>, "your (<a href="/wiki/Majestic_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Majestic plural">majestic plural</a>) grace") or Portuguese <i>você</i> (from <i>vossa mercê</i>). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. </p><p>The choice of words used as pronouns is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as <i>watashi</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">私</span></span></span>, literally "private") or <i>watakushi</i> (also <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">私</span></span></span>, hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word <i>ore</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">俺</span></span></span> "oneself", "myself") or <i>boku</i>. Similarly, different words such as <i>anata</i>, <i>kimi</i>, and <i>omae</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">お前</span></span></span>, more formally <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">御前</span></span></span> "the one before me") may refer to a listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. </p><p>Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it is appropriate to use <i>sensei</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">先生</span></span></span>, "teacher"), but inappropriate to use <i>anata</i>. This is because <i>anata</i> is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inflection_and_conjugation">Inflection and conjugation</h3></div> <p>Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun <i>hon</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">本</span></span></span>) may refer to a single book or several books; <i>hito</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">人</span></span></span>) can mean "person" or "people", and <i>ki</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">木</span></span></span>) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">counter word</a>) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">人人</span></span></span>, <i>hitobito</i>, usually written with an iteration mark as <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">人々</span></span></span>). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus <i>Tanaka-san</i> usually means <i>Mx Tanaka</i>. Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through the addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as <i>-tachi</i>, but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as <i>Tanaka-san-tachi</i> may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as <i>hitobito</i> "people" and <i>wareware</i> "we/us", while the word <i>tomodachi</i> "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. </p><p>Verbs are <a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugations" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugations">conjugated</a> to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the <i>-te iru</i> form indicates a continuous (or progressive) <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>, similar to the suffix <i>ing</i> in English. For others that represent a change of state, the <i>-te iru</i> form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, <i>kite iru</i> means "They have come (and are still here)", but <i>tabete iru</i> means "They are eating". </p><p>Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have the same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle <i>-ka</i> is added. For example, <i>ii desu</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">いいです</span></span></span>) "It is OK" becomes <i>ii desu-ka</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">いいですか。</span></span></span>) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle <i>-no</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">の</span></span></span>) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: <i>Dōshite konai-no?</i> "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning the topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: <i>Kore wa?</i> "(What about) this?"; <i>O-namae wa?</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">お名前は？</span></span></span>) "(What's your) name?". </p><p>Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, <i>Pan o taberu</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">パンを食べる。</span></span></span>) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes <i>Pan o tabenai</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">パンを食べない。</span></span></span>) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are <i>i</i>-adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. <i>Pan o tabenakatta</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">パンを食べなかった。</span></span></span>) "I did not eat bread". </p><p>The so-called <i>-te</i> verb form is used for a variety of purposes: either progressive or perfect aspect (see above); combining verbs in a temporal sequence (<i>Asagohan o tabete sugu dekakeru</i> "I'll eat breakfast and leave at once"), simple commands, conditional statements and permissions (<i>Dekakete-mo ii?</i> "May I go out?"), etc. </p><p>The word <i>da</i> (plain), <i>desu</i> (polite) is the <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)#Japanese" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> verb. It corresponds approximately to the English <i>be</i>, but often takes on other roles, including a marker for tense, when the verb is conjugated into its past form <i>datta</i> (plain), <i>deshita</i> (polite). This comes into use because only <i>i</i>-adjectives and verbs can carry tense in Japanese. Two additional common verbs are used to indicate existence ("there is") or, in some contexts, property: <i>aru</i> (negative <i>nai</i>) and <i>iru</i> (negative <i>inai</i>), for inanimate and animate things, respectively. For example, <i>Neko ga iru</i> "There's a cat", <i>Ii kangae-ga nai</i> "[I] haven't got a good idea". </p><p>The verb "to do" (<i>suru</i>, polite form <i>shimasu</i>) is often used to make verbs from nouns (<i>ryōri suru</i> "to cook", <i>benkyō suru</i> "to study", etc.) and has been productive in creating modern slang words. Japanese also has a huge number of compound verbs to express concepts that are described in English using a verb and an adverbial particle (e.g. <i>tobidasu</i> "to fly out, to flee", from <i>tobu</i> "to fly, to jump" + <i>dasu</i> "to put out, to emit"). </p><p>There are three types of adjectives (see <a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Japanese adjectives</a>): </p> <ol><li><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">形容詞</span></span></span> <i>keiyōshi</i>, or <i>i</i> adjectives, which have a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugations" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugations">conjugating</a> ending <i>i</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">い</span></span></span>) (such as <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">暑い</span></span></span> <i>atsui</i> "to be hot") which can become past (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">暑かった</span></span></span> <i>atsukatta</i> "it was hot"), or negative (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">暑くない</span></span></span> <i>atsuku nai</i> "it is not hot"). <i>nai</i> is also an <i>i</i> adjective, which can become past (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">暑くなかった</span></span></span> <i>atsuku nakatta</i> "it was not hot"). <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">暑い日</span></span></span> <i>atsui hi</i> "a hot day".</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">形容動詞</span></span></span> <i>keiyōdōshi</i>, or <i>na</i> adjectives, which are followed by a form of the <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a>, usually <i>na</i>. For example, <i>hen</i> (strange) <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">変な人</span></span></span> <i>hen na hito</i> "a strange person".</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">連体詞</span></span></span> <i>rentaishi</i>, also called true adjectives, such as <i>ano</i> "that" <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">あの山</span></span></span> <i>ano yama</i> "that mountain".</dd></dl></li></ol> <p>Both <i>keiyōshi</i> and <i>keiyōdōshi</i> may <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> sentences. For example, </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ご飯が熱い。</span></span></span> <i>Gohan ga atsui.</i> "The rice is hot."<br /> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">彼は変だ。</span></span></span> <i>Kare wa hen da.</i> "He's strange." </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Both inflect, though they do not show the full range of conjugation found in true verbs. The <i>rentaishi</i> in Modern Japanese are few in number, and unlike the other words, are limited to directly modifying nouns. They never predicate sentences. Examples include <i>ookina</i> "big", <i>kono</i> "this", <i>iwayuru</i> "so-called" and <i>taishita</i> "amazing". </p><p>Both <i>keiyōdōshi</i> and <i>keiyōshi</i> form <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, by following with <i>ni</i> in the case of <i>keiyōdōshi</i>: </p> <blockquote><p><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">変になる</span></span></span> <i>hen ni naru</i> "become strange",</p></blockquote> <p>and by changing <i>i</i> to <i>ku</i> in the case of <i>keiyōshi</i>: </p> <blockquote><p><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">熱くなる</span></span></span> <i>atsuku naru</i> "become hot".</p></blockquote> <p>The grammatical function of nouns is indicated by <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">particles</a>. These include for example: </p> <ul><li><b><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">が</span></span></span> <i>ga</i></b> for the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>彼が</b>やった。</span></span></span><i><b>Kare ga</b> yatta.</i> "He did it."</dd></dl> <ul><li><b><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">に</span></span></span> <i>ni</i></b> for the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>田中さんに</b>あげて下さい。</span></span></span> <i><b>Tanaka-san ni</b> agete kudasai</i> "Please give it <b>to Mx Tanaka</b>."</dd></dl> <p>It is also used for the <a href="/wiki/Lative" class="mw-redirect" title="Lative">lative</a> case, indicating a motion to a location. </p> <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>日本に</b>行きたい。</span></span></span> <i><b>Nihon ni</b> ikitai</i> "I want to go <b>to Japan</b>."</dd></dl> <ul><li>However, <b>へ <i>e</i></b> is more commonly used for the lative case.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>パーティーへ</b>行かないか。</span></span></span> <i><b>pātī e</b> ikanai ka?</i> "Won't you go <b>to the party</b>?"</dd></dl> <ul><li><b><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">の</span></span></span> <i>no</i></b> for the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or nominalizing phrases.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>私の</b>カメラ。</span></span></span> <b>watashi no</b> kamera "<b>my</b> camera"</dd> <dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">スキーに行く<b>の</b>が好きです。</span></span></span> <i>Sukī-ni iku <b>no</b> ga suki desu</i> "(I) like go<b>ing</b> skiing."</dd></dl> <ul><li><b><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">を</span></span></span> <i>o</i></b> for the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>何を</b>食べますか。</span></span></span> <i><b>Nani o</b> tabemasu ka?</i> "<b>What</b> will (you) eat?"</dd></dl> <ul><li><b><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">は</span></span></span> <i>wa</i></b> for the topic. It can co-exist with the case markers listed above, and it overrides <i>ga</i> and (in most cases) <i>o</i>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>私は</b>寿司がいいです。</span></span></span> <i><b>Watashi wa</b> sushi ga ii desu.</i> (literally) "<b>As for me</b>, sushi is good." The nominative marker <i>ga</i> after <i>watashi</i> is hidden under <i>wa</i>.</dd></dl> <p>Note: The subtle difference between <i><b>wa</b></i> and <i><b>ga</b></i> in Japanese cannot be derived from the English language as such, because the distinction between sentence topic and subject is not made there. While <i>wa</i> indicates the topic, which the rest of the sentence describes or acts upon, it carries the implication that the subject indicated by <i>wa</i> is not unique, or may be part of a larger group. </p> <blockquote><p><i>Ikeda-san <b>wa</b> yonjū-ni sai da.</i> "As for Mx Ikeda, they are forty-two years old." Others in the group may also be of that age.</p></blockquote> <p>Absence of <i>wa</i> often means the subject is the <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a> of the sentence. </p> <blockquote><p><i>Ikeda-san <b>ga</b> yonjū-ni sai da.</i> "It is Mx Ikeda who is forty-two years old." This is a reply to an implicit or explicit question, such as "who in this group is forty-two years old?"</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politeness">Politeness</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech in Japanese</a></div> <p>Japanese has an extensive grammatical system to express politeness and formality. This reflects the hierarchical nature of Japanese society.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese language can express differing levels of social status. The differences in social position are determined by a variety of factors including job, age, experience, or even psychological state (e.g., a person asking a favour tends to do so politely). The person in the lower position is expected to use a polite form of speech, whereas the other person might use a plainer form. Strangers will also speak to each other politely. Japanese children rarely use polite speech until they are teens, at which point they are expected to begin speaking in a more adult manner. <i>See <a href="/wiki/Uchi-soto" class="mw-redirect" title="Uchi-soto">uchi-soto</a></i>. </p><p>Whereas <i>teineigo</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">丁寧語</span></span></span>) (polite language) is commonly an <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflectional</a> system, <i>sonkeigo</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">尊敬語</span></span></span>) (respectful language) and <i>kenjōgo</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">謙譲語</span></span></span>) (humble language) often employ many special honorific and humble alternate verbs: <i>iku</i> "go" becomes <i>ikimasu</i> in polite form, but is replaced by <i>irassharu</i> in honorific speech and <i>ukagau</i> or <i>mairu</i> in humble speech. </p><p>The difference between honorific and humble speech is particularly pronounced in the Japanese language. Humble language is used to talk about oneself or one's own group (company, family) whilst honorific language is mostly used when describing the interlocutor and their group. For example, the <i>-san</i> suffix ("Mr", "Mrs", "Miss", or "Mx") is an example of honorific language. It is not used to talk about oneself or when talking about someone from one's company to an external person, since the company is the speaker's in-group. When speaking directly to one's superior in one's company or when speaking with other employees within one's company about a superior, a Japanese person will use vocabulary and inflections of the honorific register to refer to the in-group superior and their speech and actions. When speaking to a person from another company (i.e., a member of an out-group), however, a Japanese person will use the plain or the humble register to refer to the speech and actions of their in-group superiors. In short, the register used in Japanese to refer to the person, speech, or actions of any particular individual varies depending on the relationship (either in-group or out-group) between the speaker and listener, as well as depending on the relative status of the speaker, listener, and third-person referents. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> in the Japanese language may be made polite by the addition of <i>o-</i> or <i>go-</i> as a prefix. <i>o-</i> is generally used for words of native Japanese origin, whereas <i>go-</i> is affixed to words of Chinese derivation. In some cases, the prefix has become a fixed part of the word, and is included even in regular speech, such as <i>gohan</i> 'cooked rice; meal.' Such a construction often indicates deference to either the item's owner or to the object itself. For example, the word <i>tomodachi</i> 'friend,' would become <i>o-tomodachi</i> when referring to the friend of someone of higher status (though mothers often use this form to refer to their children's friends). On the other hand, a polite speaker may sometimes refer to <i>mizu</i> 'water' as <i>o-mizu</i> to show politeness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">Yamato kotoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Gairaigo</a></div> <p>There are three main sources of words in the Japanese language: the <i>yamato kotoba</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大和言葉</span></span></span>) or <i>wago</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和語</span></span></span>); <i>kango</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漢語</span></span></span>); and <i>gairaigo</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">外来語</span></span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original language of Japan, or at least the original language of a certain population that was ancestral to a significant portion of the historical and present Japanese nation, was the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">yamato kotoba</a></i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大和言葉</span></span></span> or infrequently <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大和詞</span></span></span>, i.e. "<a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a> words"), which in scholarly contexts is sometimes referred to as <i>wago</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">和語</span></span></span> or rarely <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">倭語</span></span></span>, i.e. the "<a href="/wiki/Wa_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wa (Japan)">Wa</a> language"). In addition to words from this original language, present-day Japanese includes a number of words that were either borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> or constructed from Chinese roots following Chinese patterns. These words, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">kango</a></i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">漢語</span></span></span>), entered the language from the 5th century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> onwards by contact with Chinese culture. According to the <i>Shinsen Kokugo Jiten</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">新選国語辞典</span></span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionary" title="Japanese dictionary">Japanese dictionary</a>, <i>kango</i> comprise 49.1% of the total vocabulary, <i>wago</i> make up 33.8%, other foreign words or <i><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">gairaigo</a></i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">外来語</span></span></span>) account for 8.8%, and the remaining 8.3% constitute hybridized words or <i>konshugo</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">混種語</span></span></span>) that draw elements from more than one language.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also a great number of words of <a href="/wiki/Mimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimetic">mimetic</a> origin in Japanese, with Japanese having a rich collection of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">sound symbolism</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a> for physical sounds, and more <a href="/wiki/Abstraction" title="Abstraction">abstract</a> words. A small number of words have come into Japanese from the <a href="/wiki/Ainu_language" title="Ainu language">Ainu language</a>. <i>Tonakai</i> (<a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>), <i>rakko</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sea_otter" title="Sea otter">sea otter</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Shishamo" title="Shishamo">shishamo</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Smelts" class="mw-redirect" title="Smelts">smelt</a>, a type of fish) are well-known examples of words of Ainu origin. </p><p>Words of different origins occupy different <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> in Japanese. Like Latin-derived words in English, <i>kango</i> words are typically perceived as somewhat formal or academic compared to equivalent Yamato words. Indeed, it is generally fair to say that an English word derived from Latin/French roots typically corresponds to a Sino-Japanese word in Japanese, whereas an <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Anglo-Saxon word</a> would best be translated by a Yamato equivalent. </p><p>Incorporating vocabulary from <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a>, <i>gairaigo</i>, began with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese words of Portuguese origin">borrowings from Portuguese</a> in the 16th century, followed by words from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> during Japan's <a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">long isolation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> and the reopening of Japan in the 19th century, words were borrowed from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Today most borrowings are from English. </p><p>In the Meiji era, the Japanese also coined many neologisms using Chinese roots and morphology to translate European concepts;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> these are known as <a href="/wiki/Wasei_kango" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasei kango">wasei kango</a> (Japanese-made Chinese words). Many of these were then imported into Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese via their kanji in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">seiji</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">政治</span></span>, "politics")</span>, and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kagaku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">化学</span></span>, "chemistry")</span> are words derived from Chinese roots that were first created and used by the Japanese, and only later borrowed into Chinese and other East Asian languages. As a result, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese share a large common corpus of vocabulary in the same way many Greek- and Latin-derived words – both inherited or borrowed into European languages, or modern coinages from Greek or Latin roots – are shared among modern European languages – see <a href="/wiki/Classical_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical compound">classical compound</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the past few decades, <i><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">wasei-eigo</a></i> ("made-in-Japan English") has become a prominent phenomenon. Words such as <i>wanpatān</i> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ワンパターン</span></span></span> (< <i>one</i> + <i>pattern</i>, "to be in a rut", "to have a one-track mind") and <i>sukinshippu</i> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">スキンシップ</span></span></span> (< <i>skin</i> + <i>-ship</i>, "physical contact"), although coined by compounding English roots, are nonsensical in most non-Japanese contexts; exceptions exist in nearby languages such as Korean however, which often use words such as <i>skinship</i> and <i>rimokon</i> (remote control) in the same way as in Japanese. </p><p>The popularity of many Japanese cultural exports has made some native Japanese words familiar in English, including <i><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">emoji</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Futon" title="Futon">futon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiku" title="Haiku">haiku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">karaoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">ninja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">origami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">rickshaw</a></i> (from <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">人力車</span></span></span> <i>jinrikisha</i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayonara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sayonara (disambiguation)">sayonara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudoku" title="Sudoku">Sudoku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">sumo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tycoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycoon">tycoon</a></i>. See <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Japanese_origin" title="List of English words of Japanese origin">list of English words of Japanese origin</a> for more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calligraphy" title="Category:Calligraphy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KeitenAijin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/150px-KeitenAijin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/225px-KeitenAijin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KeitenAijin.jpg/300px-KeitenAijin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4188" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By script</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_calligraphy" title="Turkish calligraphy">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_calligraphy" title="Indian calligraphy">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calligraphy" title="Tibetan calligraphy">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_calligraphy" title="Serbian calligraphy">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyaz_(Cyrillic_calligraphy)" title="Vyaz (Cyrillic calligraphy)">Vyaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calligraphy" title="Georgian calligraphy">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Hanzi</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calligraphy" title="Vietnamese calligraphy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calligraphy" title="Mongolian calligraphy">Mongolian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <p>Literacy was introduced to Japan in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese writing system">Chinese writing system</a>, by way of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> before the 5th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using this script, the Japanese king <a href="/wiki/Five_kings_of_Wa" title="Five kings of Wa">Bu</a> presented a petition to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun_of_Liu_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shun of Liu Song">Emperor Shun of Liu Song</a> in AD 478.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the ruin of Baekje, Japan invited scholars from China to learn more of the Chinese writing system. Japanese emperors gave an official rank to Chinese scholars (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">続守言/薩弘恪</span></span>/<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">袁晋卿</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and spread the use of Chinese characters during the 7th and 8th centuries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg/220px-Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg/330px-Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg/440px-Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>Table of Kana (including <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Don" title="Yōon">Youon</a>): <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a> top, <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a> in the center and Romanized equivalents at the bottom</figcaption></figure> <p>At first, the Japanese wrote in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>, with Japanese names represented by characters used for their meanings and not their sounds. Later, during the 7th century AD, the Chinese-sounding phoneme principle was used to write pure Japanese poetry and prose, but some Japanese words were still written with characters for their meaning and not the original Chinese sound. This was the beginning of Japanese as a written language in its own right. By this time, the Japanese language was already very distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of this mixed style is the <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kojiki" title="Kojiki">Kojiki</a></i></span>, which was written in AD 712. Japanese writers then started to use Chinese characters to write Japanese in a style known as <i>man'yōgana</i>, a syllabic script which used Chinese characters for their sounds in order to transcribe the words of Japanese speech mora by mora. </p><p>Over time, a writing system evolved. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>) were used to write either words borrowed from Chinese, or Japanese words with the same or similar meanings. Chinese characters were also used to write grammatical elements; these were simplified, and eventually became two moraic scripts: <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> which were developed based on <a href="/wiki/Manyogana" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyogana">Manyogana</a>. Some scholars claim that Manyogana originated from Baekje, but this hypothesis is denied by mainstream Japanese scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hiragana and katakana were first simplified from kanji, and hiragana, emerging somewhere around the 9th century,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was mainly used by women. Hiragana was seen as an informal language, whereas katakana and kanji were considered more formal and were typically used by men and in official settings. However, because of hiragana's accessibility, more and more people began using it. Eventually, by the 10th century, hiragana was used by everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Japanese is written in a mixture of three main systems: kanji, characters of Chinese origin used to represent both Chinese <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> into Japanese and a number of native Japanese <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a>; and two <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabaries</a>: hiragana and katakana. The <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (or <i>rōmaji</i> in Japanese) is used to a certain extent, such as for imported acronyms and to transcribe Japanese names and in other instances where non-Japanese speakers need to know how to pronounce a word (such as "ramen" at a restaurant). Arabic numerals are much more common than the kanji numerals when used in counting, but kanji numerals are still used in compounds, such as <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">統一</span></span></span> <i>tōitsu</i> ("unification"). </p><p>Historically, attempts to limit the number of kanji in use commenced in the mid-19th century, but government did not intervene until after Japan's defeat in the Second World War. During the post-war occupation (and influenced by the views of some U.S. officials), various schemes including the complete abolition of kanji and exclusive use of rōmaji were considered. The <i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji">jōyō kanji</a></i> ("common use kanji"), originally called <i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Tōyō kanji">tōyō kanji</a></i> (kanji for general use) scheme arose as a compromise solution. </p><p>Japanese students begin to learn kanji from their first year at elementary school. A guideline created by the Japanese Ministry of Education, the list of <i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji" title="Kyōiku kanji">kyōiku kanji</a></i> ("education kanji", a subset of <i><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji">jōyō kanji</a></i>), specifies the 1,006 simple characters a child is to learn by the end of sixth grade. Children continue to study another 1,130 characters in junior high school, covering in total 2,136 <i>jōyō kanji</i>. The official list of <i>jōyō kanji</i> has been revised several times, but the total number of officially sanctioned characters has remained largely unchanged. </p><p>As for kanji for personal names, the circumstances are somewhat complicated. <i>Jōyō kanji</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jinmeiyō kanji">jinmeiyō kanji</a></i> (an appendix of additional characters for names) are approved for registering personal names. Names containing unapproved characters are denied registration. However, as with the list of <i>jōyō kanji</i>, criteria for inclusion were often arbitrary and led to many common and popular characters being disapproved for use. Under popular pressure and following a court decision holding the exclusion of common characters unlawful, the list of <i>jinmeiyō kanji</i> was substantially extended from 92 in 1951 (the year it was first decreed) to 983 in 2004. Furthermore, families whose names are not on these lists were permitted to continue using the older forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiragana">Hiragana</h3></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></i> are used for words without kanji representation, for words no longer written in kanji, for replacement of rare kanji that may be unfamiliar to intended readers, and also following kanji to show conjugational endings. Because of the way verbs (and adjectives) in Japanese are <a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugations" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugations">conjugated</a>, kanji alone cannot fully convey Japanese tense and mood, as kanji cannot be subject to variation when written without losing their meaning. For this reason, hiragana are appended to kanji to show verb and adjective conjugations. Hiragana used in this way are called <a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">okurigana</a>. Hiragana can also be written in a superscript called <a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">furigana</a> above or beside a kanji to show the proper reading. This is done to facilitate learning, as well as to clarify particularly old or obscure (or sometimes invented) readings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Katakana">Katakana</h3></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></i>, like hiragana, constitute a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>; katakana are primarily used to write foreign words, plant and animal names, and for emphasis. For example, "Australia" has been adapted as <i>Ōsutoraria</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">オーストラリア</span></span></span>), and "supermarket" has been adapted and shortened into <i>sūpā</i> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">スーパー</span></span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_in_the_Japanese_language">Gender in the Japanese language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences in Japanese</a></div> <p>Depending on the speakers’ gender, different linguistic features might be used.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical <a href="/wiki/Lect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lect">lect</a> used by females is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">joseigo</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%9E#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:女性語">女性語</a></span></span>)</span> and the one used by males is called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">danseigo</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%9E#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:男性語">男性語</a></span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Joseigo</i> and <i>danseigo</i> are different in various ways, including <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">first-person pronouns</a> (such as <i>watashi</i> or <i>atashi</i> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%A7%81#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:私">私</a></span></span> for women and <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">boku</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%83%95#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:僕">僕</a></span></span>)</span> for men) and sentence-final particles (such as <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">wa</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:わ">わ</a></span></span>)</span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">na no</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:なの">なの</a></span></span>)</span>, or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kashira</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%8B%E3%81%97%E3%82%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:かしら">かしら</a></span></span>)</span> for <i>joseigo</i>, or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">zo</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:ぞ">ぞ</a></span></span>)</span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">da</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:だ">だ</a></span></span>)</span>, or <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">yo</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:よ">よ</a></span></span>)</span> for <i>danseigo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to these specific differences, expressions and pitch can also be different.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>joseigo</i> is more gentle, polite, refined, indirect, modest, and exclamatory, and often accompanied by raised pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kogal_slang">Kogal slang</h3></div> <p>In the 1990s, the traditional feminine speech patterns and stereotyped behaviors were challenged, and a popular culture of “naughty” teenage girls emerged, called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">kogyaru</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:コギャル">コギャル</a></span></span>)</span>, sometimes referenced in English-language materials as “kogal”.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their rebellious behaviors, deviant language usage, the particular make-up called <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ganguro</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ガングロ">ガングロ</a></span></span>)</span>, and the fashion became objects of focus in the mainstream media.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although kogal slang was not appreciated by older generations, the <i>kogyaru</i> continued to create terms and expressions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kogal culture also changed Japanese norms of gender and the Japanese language.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-native_study">Non-native study</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese language education">Japanese language education</a></div> <p>Many major universities throughout the world provide Japanese language courses, and a number of secondary and even primary schools worldwide offer courses in the language. This is a significant increase from before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; in 1940, only 65 Americans not <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">of Japanese descent</a> were able to read, write and understand the language.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>International interest in the Japanese language dates from the 19th century but has become more prevalent following Japan's economic bubble of the 1980s and the global popularity of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_popular_culture" title="Japanese popular culture">Japanese popular culture</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>) since the 1990s. As of 2015, more than 3.6 million people studied the language worldwide, primarily in East and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_as_Foreign_Language_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_as_Foreign_Language-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly one million Chinese, 745,000 Indonesians, 556,000 South Koreans and 357,000 Australians studied Japanese in lower and higher educational institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_as_Foreign_Language_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_as_Foreign_Language-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2012 and 2015, considerable growth of learners originated in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (20.5%), <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> (34.1%), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (38.7%) and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (54.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-Japanese_as_Foreign_Language_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Japanese_as_Foreign_Language-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese government provides standardized tests to measure spoken and written comprehension of Japanese for second language learners; the most prominent is the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Language_Proficiency_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Language Proficiency Test">Japanese Language Proficiency Test</a> (JLPT), which features five levels of exams. The JLPT is offered twice a year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2></div> <p>Article 1 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i> in Japanese: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-jpn-Art1.ogg" title="File:Universal Declaration of Human Rights-jpn-Art1.ogg">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="20" data-mwtitle="Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-jpn-Art1.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-jpn-Art1.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-jpn-Art1.ogg/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-jpn-Art1.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Recording of the first article of the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Japanese.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">すべて</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Subete</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">の</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">no</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">人間</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ningen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">は、</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wa,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">生まれながら</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">umarenagara</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">に</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">して</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">shite</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">自由</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jiyū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">で</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">あり、</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ari,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">かつ、</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">katsu,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">尊厳</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">songen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">と</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">権利</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kenri</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">と</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">に</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">ついて</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tsuite</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">平等</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">byōdō</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">で</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">ある。</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aru.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">人間</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Ningen</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">は、</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wa,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">理性</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">risei</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">と</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">良心</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ryōshin</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">と</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">を</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">授けられて</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sazukerarete</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">おり、</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ori,</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">互い</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tagai</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">に</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ni</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">同胞</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dōhō</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">の</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">no</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">精神</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">seishin</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">を</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">o</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">もって</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">motte</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">行動</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kōdō</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">しなければ</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">shinakereba</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="ja" style="margin: 0px;">ならない。</p><p lang="ja-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">naranai.</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;"><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p></div><p style="display: none;">すべての人間は、生まれながらにして自由であり、かつ、尊厳と権利とについて平等である。人間は、理性と良心とを授けられており、互いに同胞の精神をもって行動しなければならない。</p><p style="display: none;">Subete no ningen wa, umarenagara ni shite jiyū de ari, katsu, songen to kenri to ni tsuite byōdō de aru. Ningen wa, risei to ryōshin to o sazukerarete ori, tagai ni dōhō no seishin o motte kōdō shinakereba naranai.</p><p style="clear: left;">All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aizuchi" title="Aizuchi">Aizuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese dictionaries">Japanese dictionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_exonyms" title="Japanese exonyms">Japanese exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language_and_computers" title="Japanese language and computers">Japanese language and computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_profanity" title="Japanese profanity">Japanese profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign Language family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanesepod101.com" title="Japanesepod101.com">Japanesepod101.com</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Japanese language">Japanese words</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_derivations" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Japanese derivations">words derived from Japanese in other languages</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, Wikipedia's sibling project</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese language">Classical Japanese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization of Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">Rendaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yojijukugo" title="Yojijukugo">Yojijukugo</a></li> <li>Other: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam" title="History of writing in Vietnam">History of writing in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Song" title="Book of Song">Book of Song</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">順帝昇明二年，倭王武遣使上表曰：封國偏遠，作藩于外，自昔祖禰，躬擐甲冑，跋渉山川，不遑寧處。東征毛人五十國，西服衆夷六十六國，渡平海北九十五國，王道融泰，廓土遐畿，累葉朝宗，不愆于歳。臣雖下愚，忝胤先緒，驅率所統，歸崇天極，道逕百濟，裝治船舫，而句驪無道，圖欲見吞，掠抄邊隸，虔劉不已，毎致稽滯，以失良風。雖曰進路，或通或不。臣亡考濟實忿寇讎，壅塞天路，控弦百萬，義聲感激，方欲大舉，奄喪父兄，使垂成之功，不獲一簣。居在諒闇，不動兵甲，是以偃息未捷。至今欲練甲治兵，申父兄之志，義士虎賁，文武效功，白刃交前，亦所不顧。若以帝德覆載，摧此強敵，克靖方難，無替前功。竊自假開府儀同三司，其餘咸各假授，以勸忠節。詔除武使持節督倭、新羅、任那、加羅、秦韓六國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭國王。至齊建元中，及梁武帝時，并來朝貢。</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_shoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon shoki">Nihon shoki</a> Chapter 30:<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">持統五年九月己巳朔壬申。賜音博士大唐続守言。薩弘恪。書博士百済末士善信、銀人二十両。</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nihon_shoki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon shoki">Nihon shoki</a> Chapter 30:<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">持統六年十二月辛酉朔甲戌。賜音博士続守言。薩弘恪水田人四町</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shoku_Nihongi" title="Shoku Nihongi">Shoku Nihongi</a> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">宝亀九年十二月庚寅。玄蕃頭従五位上袁晋卿賜姓清村宿禰。晋卿唐人也。天平七年随我朝使帰朝。時年十八九。学得文選爾雅音。為大学音博士。於後。歴大学頭安房守。</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jpn">Japanese</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWade2011" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (4 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/world/asia/04language.html">"Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/world/asia/04language.html">the original</a></span> on 2022-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Finding+on+Dialects+Casts+New+Light+on+the+Origins+of+the+Japanese+People&rft.date=2011-05-04&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F04%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F04language.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrellesvigWhitman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaun8BRHTDEACpgPA1_1]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvigWhitman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaun8BRHTDEACpgPA1_1]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrellesvigWhitman2008">Frellesvig & Whitman 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aun8BRHTDEAC&pg=PA1">1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig201011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig201011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrellesvig2010">Frellesvig 2010</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeeley199125–31-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeeley199125–31_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeeley1991">Seeley 1991</a>, pp. 25–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig201024-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrellesvig201024_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrellesvig2010">Frellesvig 2010</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shinkichi Hashimoto (February 3, 1918)「国語仮名遣研究史上の一発見―石塚龍麿の仮名遣奥山路について」『帝国文学』26–11(1949)『文字及び仮名遣の研究(橋本進吉博士著作集第3冊)』(岩波書店)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frel-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frel_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frel_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrellesvig2010">Frellesvig 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1FcAgiAC9IC&pg=PA184">184</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabrune2012" class="citation book cs1">Labrune, Laurence (2012). "Consonants". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545834.001.0001/acprof-9780199545834"><i>The Phonology of Japanese</i></a>. The Phonology of the World's Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199545834.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545834.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954583-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954583-4"><bdi>978-0-19-954583-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181824/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545834.001.0001/acprof-9780199545834">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Consonants&rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Japanese&rft.series=The+Phonology+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.pages=89-91&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199545834.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954583-4&rft.aulast=Labrune&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199545834.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199545834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miura, Akira, <i>English in Japanese</i>, Weatherhill, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2013" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Kathleen Currie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cla-acl/actes2013/Hall-2013.pdf">"Documenting phonological change: A comparison of two Japanese phonemic splits"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Luo, Shan (ed.). <i>Proceedings of the 2013 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212034227/http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cla-acl/actes2013/Hall-2013.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Documenting+phonological+change%3A+A+comparison+of+two+Japanese+phonemic+splits&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2013+Annual+Conference+of+the+Canadian+Linguistic+Association&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Currie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomes.chass.utoronto.ca%2F~cla-acl%2Factes2013%2FHall-2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Japanese is listed as one of the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Angaur" title="Angaur">Angaur</a> state, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PW">Ethnologe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071001180034/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PW">Archived</a> 2007-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/palau/">CIA World Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203032225/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/palau/">Archived</a> 2021-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). However, very few Japanese speakers were recorded in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.int/prism/country/pw/stats/PalauStats/Publication/2005CENSUS.pdf">2005 census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216045724/http://www.spc.int/prism/country/pw/stats/PalauStats/Publication/2005CENSUS.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-02-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBGE_traça_perfil_dos_imigrantes-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IBGE_traça_perfil_dos_imigrantes_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119132009/http://madeinjapan.uol.com.br/2008/06/21/ibge-traca-perfil-dos-imigrantes/">"IBGE traça perfil dos imigrantes – Imigração – Made in Japan"</a>. Madeinjapan.uol.com.br. 2008-06-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madeinjapan.uol.com.br/2008/06/21/ibge-traca-perfil-dos-imigrantes/">the original</a> on 2012-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBGE+tra%C3%A7a+perfil+dos+imigrantes+%E2%80%93+Imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+%E2%80%93+Made+in+Japan&rft.pub=Madeinjapan.uol.com.br&rft.date=2008-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadeinjapan.uol.com.br%2F2008%2F06%2F21%2Fibge-traca-perfil-dos-imigrantes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212035921/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:041&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en">"American FactFinder"</a>. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:041;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:041&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en">the original</a> on 2020-02-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder&rft.pub=Factfinder.census.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FIPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-geo_id%3D01000US%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%26-qr_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%26-reg%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201%3A041%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR%3A041%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T%3A041%3BACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR%3A041%26-ds_name%3DACS_2005_EST_G00_%26-_lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mla.org/map_data_results&mode=lang_tops&SRVY_YEAR=2000&lang_id=723">"Japanese – Source Census 2000, Summary File 3, STP 258"</a>. Mla.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121221175921/http://www.mla.org/map_data_results%26mode%3Dlang_tops%26SRVY_YEAR%3D2000%26lang_id%3D723">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+%E2%80%93+Source+Census+2000%2C+Summary+File+3%2C+STP+258&rft.pub=Mla.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fmap_data_results%26mode%3Dlang_tops%26SRVY_YEAR%3D2000%26lang_id%3D723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=933&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">"Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table"</a>. 2.statcan.ca. 2010-06-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011834/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=CMA&Code=933&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnocultural+Portrait+of+Canada+%E2%80%93+Data+table&rft.pub=2.statcan.ca&rft.date=2010-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2006%2Fdp-pd%2Fhlt%2F97-562%2Fpages%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo%3DCMA%26Code%3D933%26Data%3DCount%26Table%3D2%26StartRec%3D1%26Sort%3D3%26Display%3DAll%26CSDFilter%3D5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701194655/https://www.census.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Census+2000+Summary+File+1+%28SF+1%29+100-Percent+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mfCzrbOn80C&q=Japanese+immigrants+to+Davao&pg=PA157">The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia – Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114063046/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mfCzrbOn80C&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157#v=onepage&q=Japanese%20immigrants%20to%20Davao">Archived</a> 2020-01-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2014-06-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141019011022/http://www.seapots.com/home/index.php/production-centers-pottery-groups/philippines">Archived</a> October 19, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701082957/http://www.philippinealmanac.com/2010/07/528/the-cultural-influences-of-india-china-arabia-and-japan.html">Archived</a> July 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm"><bdi lang="ja">法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225073508/http://houseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp/column/column068.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E5%88%B6%E5%9F%B7%E5%8B%99%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8C%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E3%81%A8%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%BB%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%80%8D&rft.pub=Legislative+Bureau+of+the+House+of+Councillors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhouseikyoku.sangiin.go.jp%2Fcolumn%2Fcolumn068.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock" class="citation web cs1">Bullock, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/pitch-accent.html">"What is Japanese pitch accent?"</a>. Ben Bullock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702173008/http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/pitch-accent.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Japanese+pitch+accent%3F&rft.pub=Ben+Bullock&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sljfaq.org%2Fafaq%2Fpitch-accent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulvers2006" class="citation web cs1">Pulvers, Roger (2006-05-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/05/23/language/opening-up-to-difference-the-dialect-dialectic/">"Opening up to difference: The dialect dialectic"</a>. <i>The Japan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617135203/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2006/05/23/language/opening-up-to-difference-the-dialect-dialectic/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Opening+up+to+difference%3A+The+dialect+dialectic&rft.date=2006-05-23&rft.aulast=Pulvers&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2006%2F05%2F23%2Flanguage%2Fopening-up-to-difference-the-dialect-dialectic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-const-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-const_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificdigitallibrary.org/cgi-bin/pdl?e=d-000off-pdl--00-2--0--010-TE--4-------0-1l--10en-50---20-text-Japanese--00-3-1-00bySR-0-0-000utfZz-8-00&d=HASHa4b7077d472c4cdb9c8ddf.10&p=text">"Constitution of the State of Angaur"</a>. Pacific Digital Library. Article XII. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063100/http://www.pacificdigitallibrary.org/cgi-bin/pdl?e=d-000off-pdl--00-2--0--010-TE--4-------0-1l--10en-50---20-text-Japanese--00-3-1-00bySR-0-0-000utfZz-8-00&d=HASHa4b7077d472c4cdb9c8ddf.10&p=text">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2014</span>. <q>The traditional Palauan language, particularly the dialect spoken by the people of Angaur State, shall be the language of the State of Angaur. Palauan, English and Japanese shall be the official languages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+State+of+Angaur&rft.pages=Article+XII&rft.pub=Pacific+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificdigitallibrary.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpdl%3Fe%3Dd-000off-pdl--00-2--0--010-TE--4-------0-1l--10en-50---20-text-Japanese--00-3-1-00bySR-0-0-000utfZz-8-00%26d%3DHASHa4b7077d472c4cdb9c8ddf.10%26p%3Dtext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongImamuraTmodrang2013" class="citation report cs1">Long, Daniel; Imamura, Keisuke; Tmodrang, Masaharu (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ninjal.ac.jp/research/cr-project/project/a/creole/files/creole_Palau.pdf">The Japanese Language in Palau</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Tokyo, Japan: National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. pp. 85–86<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Language+in+Palau&rft.place=Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=National+Institute+for+Japanese+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Imamura%2C+Keisuke&rft.au=Tmodrang%2C+Masaharu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninjal.ac.jp%2Fresearch%2Fcr-project%2Fproject%2Fa%2Fcreole%2Ffiles%2Fcreole_Palau.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1958_Census_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1958_Census_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacificweb.org/DOCS/cnmi/1958%20Census/1958%20Census%20tables.pdf">"1958 Census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Office of the High Commissioner<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1958+Census+of+the+Trust+Territory+of+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=The+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacificweb.org%2FDOCS%2Fcnmi%2F1958%2520Census%2F1958%2520Census%2520tables.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2005census-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2005census_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaugov.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2005-Census-of-Population-Housing.pdf">"2005 Census of Population & Housing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bureau of Budget & Planning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140424211256/http://palaugov.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2005-Census-of-Population-Housing.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2005+Census+of+Population+%26+Housing&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Budget+%26+Planning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaugov.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F10%2F2005-Census-of-Population-Housing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dialect_Intelligibility_1967_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamagiwa1967" class="citation journal cs1">Yamagiwa, Joseph K. (1967). "On Dialect Intelligibility in Japan". <i>Anthropological Linguistics</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 4, 5, 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.atitle=On+Dialect+Intelligibility+in+Japan&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4%2C+5%2C+18&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Yamagiwa&rft.aufirst=Joseph+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the comments of George Kizaki in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuky2015" class="citation news cs1">Stuky, Natalie-Kyoko (8 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/from-internment-camp-to-macarthur-s-aide.html">"Exclusive: From Internment Camp to MacArthur's Aide in Rebuilding Japan"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018091714/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/from-internment-camp-to-macarthur-s-aide.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+From+Internment+Camp+to+MacArthur%27s+Aide+in+Rebuilding+Japan&rft.date=2015-08-08&rft.aulast=Stuky&rft.aufirst=Natalie-Kyoko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F08%2F08%2Ffrom-internment-camp-to-macarthur-s-aide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulmas1989" class="citation book cs1">Coulmas, Florian (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languageadaptati0000unse/page/106"><i>Language Adaptation</i></a>. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/languageadaptati0000unse/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36255-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36255-9"><bdi>978-0-521-36255-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Adaptation&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36255-9&rft.aulast=Coulmas&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flanguageadaptati0000unse%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryukyuan-tongue-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ryukyuan-tongue_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Heinrich2014" class="citation web cs1">Patrick Heinrich (25 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107141707/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2014/08/25/voices/use-lose-theres-stake-language-reviving-ryukyuan-tongues/">"Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues"</a>. The Japan Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2014/08/25/voices/use-lose-theres-stake-language-reviving-ryukyuan-tongues/">the original</a> on 2019-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Use+them+or+lose+them%3A+There%27s+more+at+stake+than+language+in+reviving+Ryukyuan+tongues&rft.pub=The+Japan+Times&rft.date=2014-08-25&rft.au=Patrick+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fcommunity%2F2014%2F08%2F25%2Fvoices%2Fuse-lose-theres-stake-language-reviving-ryukyuan-tongues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindaichi2011" class="citation book cs1">Kindaichi, Haruhiko (2011-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAbRAgAAQBAJ&q=japanese+isolated+language&pg=PT17"><i>Japanese Language: Learn the Fascinating History and Evolution of the Language Along With Many Useful Japanese Grammar Points</i></a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0266-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-0266-8"><bdi>978-1-4629-0266-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115024826/https://books.google.com/books?id=dAbRAgAAQBAJ&q=japanese+isolated+language&pg=PT17">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Language%3A+Learn+the+Fascinating+History+and+Evolution+of+the+Language+Along+With+Many+Useful+Japanese+Grammar+Points&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2011-12-20&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-0266-8&rft.aulast=Kindaichi&rft.aufirst=Haruhiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdAbRAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Djapanese%2Bisolated%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPT17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbeets200520-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbeets200520_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobbeets2005">Robbeets 2005</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani199094-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani199094_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShibatani1990">Shibatani 1990</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbeets2005-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobbeets2005_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobbeets2005">Robbeets 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2008" class="citation book cs1">Vovin, Alexander (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19253123">"Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system"</a>. <i>Proto-Japanese</i>. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. Vol. 294. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 141–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fcilt.294.11vov">10.1075/cilt.294.11vov</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4809-1"><bdi>978-90-272-4809-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-0763">0304-0763</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327115347/https://www.academia.edu/19253123">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-Japanese+beyond+the+accent+system&rft.btitle=Proto-Japanese&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Current+Issues+in+Linguistic+Theory&rft.pages=141-156&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0304-0763&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fcilt.294.11vov&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4809-1&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19253123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVovin2010-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVovin2010_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVovin2010">Vovin 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKindaichiHirano197830–31-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKindaichiHirano197830–31_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKindaichiHirano1978">Kindaichi & Hirano 1978</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShibatani1990_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShibatani1990">Shibatani 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320915864">"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015825/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320915864">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=Austronesian+influence+and+Transeurasian+ancestry+in+Japanese%3A+A+case+of+farming%2Flanguage+dispersal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320915864&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Kumar1996" class="citation web cs1">Ann Kumar (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/kumar1996does.pdf">"Does Japanese have an Austronesian stratum?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103064933/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/kumar1996does.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1954) <i>Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite</i> ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), <i>Gengo kenkyu</i> (<i>Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan</i>), Vols. 26/27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShunpei_Mizuno2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shunpei Mizuno, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_MMbNwAACAAJ"><bdi lang="ja">韓国人の日本偽史―日本人はビックリ!</bdi></a> (in Japanese). 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Japan Foundation. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107021017/https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/project/japanese/survey/result/dl/survey_2015/Report_all_e.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210316050452/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Funiversal-declaration-of-human-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frenette, Brad. "Around the world in 80 megabytes: Ipod as tour guide: The popularity of travel podcasts", <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i>, 2006-05-13, p. WP14.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bloch, Bernard (1946). Studies in colloquial Japanese I: Inflection. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, <i>66</i>, pp. 97–130.</li> <li>Bloch, Bernard (1946). Studies in colloquial Japanese II: Syntax. <i>Language</i>, <i>22</i>, pp. 200–248.</li> <li>Chafe, William L. (1976). Giveness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In C. Li (Ed.), <i>Subject and topic</i> (pp. 25–56). New York: Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-447350-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-447350-4">0-12-447350-4</a>.</li> <li>Dalby, Andrew. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.credoreference.com/entry/dictlang/japanese">"Japanese"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327115349/https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/dictlang/japanese/0">Archived</a> 2022-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>Dictionary of Languages: the Definitive Reference to More than 400 Languages.</i> New York: Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11568-1">978-0-231-11568-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11569-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11569-8">978-0-231-11569-8</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/474656178">474656178</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrellesvig2010" class="citation book cs1">Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v1FcAgiAC9IC&pg=PA184"><i>A history of the Japanese language</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65320-6"><bdi>978-0-521-65320-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327115347/https://books.google.com/books?id=v1FcAgiAC9IC&pg=PA184">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Japanese+language&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65320-6&rft.aulast=Frellesvig&rft.aufirst=Bjarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv1FcAgiAC9IC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrellesvigWhitman2008" class="citation book cs1">Frellesvig, B.; Whitman, J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aun8BRHTDEAC"><i>Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects</i></a>. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science / 4. John Benjamins Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4809-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4809-1"><bdi>978-90-272-4809-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327115348/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aun8BRHTDEAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto-Japanese%3A+Issues+and+Prospects&rft.series=Amsterdam+studies+in+the+theory+and+history+of+linguistic+science+%2F+4&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4809-1&rft.aulast=Frellesvig&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Whitman%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daun8BRHTDEAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindaichiHirano1978" class="citation book cs1">Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Hirano, Umeyo (1978). <i>The Japanese Language</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tuttle_Publishing" title="Tuttle Publishing">Tuttle Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1579-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8048-1579-6"><bdi>978-0-8048-1579-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Language&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-8048-1579-6&rft.aulast=Kindaichi&rft.aufirst=Haruhiko&rft.au=Hirano%2C+Umeyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kuno, Susumu (1973). <i>The structure of the Japanese language</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-11049-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-11049-0">0-262-11049-0</a>.</li> <li>Kuno, Susumu. (1976). "Subject, theme, and the speaker's empathy: A re-examination of relativization phenomena", in Charles N. Li (Ed.), <i>Subject and topic</i> (pp. 417–444). New York: Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-447350-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-447350-4">0-12-447350-4</a>.</li> <li>McClain, Yoko Matsuoka. (1981). <i>Handbook of modern Japanese grammar:</i> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">口語日本文法便覧</span></span></span> [<i>Kōgo Nihon bumpō</i>]. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-590-00570-0" title="Special:BookSources/4-590-00570-0">4-590-00570-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89346-149-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-89346-149-0">0-89346-149-0</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Roy (1967). <i>The Japanese language</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</li> <li>Miller, Roy (1980). <i>Origins of the Japanese language: Lectures in Japan during the academic year, 1977–78</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-95766-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-95766-2">0-295-95766-2</a>.</li> <li>Mizutani, Osamu; & Mizutani, Nobuko (1987). <i>How to be polite in Japanese:</i> <span class="t_nihongo_kanji"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">日本語の敬語</span></span></span> [<i>Nihongo no keigo</i>]. Tokyo: <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7890-0338-8" title="Special:BookSources/4-7890-0338-8">4-7890-0338-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbeets2005" class="citation book cs1">Robbeets, Martine Irma (2005). <i>Is Japanese Related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic?</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05247-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05247-4"><bdi>978-3-447-05247-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Japanese+Related+to+Korean%2C+Tungusic%2C+Mongolic+and+Turkic%3F&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05247-4&rft.aulast=Robbeets&rft.aufirst=Martine+Irma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkada1999" class="citation book cs1">Okada, Hideo (1999). "Japanese". <i>Handbook of the International Phonetic Association</i>. 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Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09081-1"><bdi>978-90-04-09081-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Writing+in+Japan&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09081-1&rft.aulast=Seeley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shibamoto, Janet S. (1985). <i>Japanese women's language</i>. New York: Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-640030-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-640030-X">0-12-640030-X</a>. Graduate Level</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibatani1990" class="citation book cs1">Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). <i>The languages of Japan</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36070-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36070-6"><bdi>0-521-36070-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+languages+of+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-36070-6&rft.aulast=Shibatani&rft.aufirst=Masayoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36918-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36918-5">0-521-36918-5</a> (pbk).</li> <li>Tsujimura, Natsuko (1996). <i>An introduction to Japanese linguistics</i>. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19855-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19855-5">0-631-19855-5</a> (hbk); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19856-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19856-3">0-631-19856-3</a> (pbk). Upper Level Textbooks</li> <li>Tsujimura, Natsuko (Ed.) (1999). <i>The handbook of Japanese linguistics</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20504-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20504-7">0-631-20504-7</a>. Readings/Anthologies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Vovin, Alexander</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=um8O1bp-86EC"><i>Korea-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3278-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-3278-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200823112705/https://books.google.com/books?id=um8O1bp-86EC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea-Japonica%3A+A+Re-Evaluation+of+a+Common+Genetic+Origin&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3278-0&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dum8O1bp-86EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_Lange,_Christopher_Noss1903" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf Lange, Christopher Noss (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BmwwAQAAMAAJ"><i>A Text-book of Colloquial Japanese</i></a> (English ed.). The Kaneko Press, North Japan College, Sendai: Methodist Publishing House<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Text-book+of+Colloquial+Japanese&rft.place=The+Kaneko+Press%2C+North+Japan+College%2C+Sendai&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Methodist+Publishing+House&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Rudolf+Lange%2C+Christopher+Noss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBmwwAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_Lange1903" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf Lange (1903). Christopher Noss (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhVCAAAAIAAJ"><i>A text-book of colloquial Japanese: based on the Lehrbuch der japanischen umgangssprache by Dr. Rudolf Lange</i></a> (revised English ed.). Tokyo: Methodist publishing house<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+text-book+of+colloquial+Japanese%3A+based+on+the+Lehrbuch+der+japanischen+umgangssprache+by+Dr.+Rudolf+Lange&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=revised+English&rft.pub=Methodist+publishing+house&rft.date=1903&rft.au=Rudolf+Lange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhVCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_Lange1907" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf Lange (1907). Christopher Noss (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SkYAAAAYAAJ"><i>A text-book of colloquial Japanese</i></a> (revised English ed.). Tokyo: Methodist publishing house<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+text-book+of+colloquial+Japanese&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.edition=revised+English&rft.pub=Methodist+publishing+house&rft.date=1907&rft.au=Rudolf+Lange&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6SkYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Elmo_Martin" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Elmo Martin">Martin, Samuel E.</a> (1975). <i>A reference grammar of Japanese</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01813-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01813-4"><bdi>0-300-01813-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+reference+grammar+of+Japanese&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-300-01813-4&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Samuel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vovin, Alexander (2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language". <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.277">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Japanese+Language&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.277&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/jpnet/articles/JapaneseLanguage.html">"Japanese Language"</a>. MIT<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Language&rft.pub=MIT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fjpnet%2Farticles%2FJapaneseLanguage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJapanese+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ninjal.ac.jp/english/">National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102154433/http://tangorin.com/handbook">Japanese Language Student's Handbook</a> (archived 2 January 2010)</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Japanese</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_language" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Japanese language">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/21px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/42px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ja:">Japanese edition</a></b> of Wikipedia</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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.mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_language" title="Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_language" title="Template talk:Japanese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earlier forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Eastern</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_dialects" title="Hokkaido dialects">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect" title="Tōhoku dialect"><b>Tōhoku</b></a> <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanbu_dialect" title="Nanbu dialect">Nanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_dialect" title="Tsugaru dialect">Tsugaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_dialect" title="Akita dialect">Akita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesen_dialect" title="Kesen dialect">Kesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairiku_dialect" title="Nairiku dialect">Nairiku</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō dialect"><b>Kantō</b></a> <ul><li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunma_dialect" title="Gunma dialect">Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_dialect" title="Kanagawa dialect">Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_dialect" title="Ibaraki dialect">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochigi_dialect" title="Tochigi dialect">Tochigi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Izu_Archipelago_dialects" title="Northern Izu Archipelago dialects">Northern Izu Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai%E2%80%93T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai–Tōsan dialect"><b>Tōkai–Tōsan</b></a> <ul><li>Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_dialect" title="Shizuoka dialect">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_dialect" title="Narada dialect">Narada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Echigo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_dialect" title="Nagaoka dialect">Nagaoka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gifu-Aichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_dialect" title="Nagoya dialect">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikawa_dialect" title="Mikawa dialect">Mikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_dialect" title="Mino dialect">Mino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hida_dialect" title="Hida dialect">Hida</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Western</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuriku dialect"><b>Hokuriku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_dialect" title="Kaga dialect">Kaga</a> <ul><li>Kanazawa</li> <li>Shiramine</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect"><b>Kansai</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaji_dialect" title="Awaji dialect">Awaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Banshū dialect">Banshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_dialect" title="Kishū dialect">Kishū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyoshino_dialect" title="Okuyoshino dialect">Okuyoshino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_dialect" title="Shikoku dialect"><b>Shikoku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_dialect" title="Iyo dialect">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_dialect" title="Tosa dialect">Tosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanuki_dialect" title="Sanuki dialect">Sanuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūgoku dialect"><b>Chūgoku</b></a> <ul><li>San'yō <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingo_dialect" title="Bingo dialect">Bingo</a></li></ul></li> <li>East San'in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Inshū dialect">Inshū</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpaku_dialect" title="Umpaku dialect"><b>Umpaku</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects"><b>Kyūshū</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnichi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōnichi dialect"><b>Hōnichi</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_dialect" title="Ōita dialect">Ōita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiku_dialect" title="Hichiku dialect"><b>Hichiku</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikuzen_dialect" title="Chikuzen dialect">Chikuzen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata_dialect" title="Hakata dialect">Hakata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_dialect" title="Kumamoto dialect">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_dialect" title="Nagasaki dialect">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_dialect" title="Saga dialect">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_dialect" title="Tsushima dialect">Tsushima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect"><b>Satsugū</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><b>Other</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_Japanese" title="Amami Japanese">Amami Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese" title="Okinawan Japanese">Okinawan Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese-based_creole_languages" title="Japanese-based creole languages">Pidgins and creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_English" title="Bamboo English">Bamboo English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_loanwords_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese loanwords in Hawaii">Hawaiian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chinese" title="Pseudo-Chinese">Pseudo-Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Pidgin_Japanese" title="Yokohama Pidgin Japanese">Yokohama Pidgin Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">grammar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Script reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_stroke_count" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kanji by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kanji radicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency" title="List of kanji radicals by frequency">by frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_stroke_count" title="List of kanji radicals by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuji" title="Kokuji">Kokuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryakuji" title="Ryakuji">Ryakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">Ateji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_ligature" title="Kana ligature">Kana ligature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazukai" title="Kanazukai">Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography" title="Historical kana orthography">Historical kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">Modern kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddai_Tokushu_Kanazukai" title="Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai">Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">Yotsugana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-JP" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC-JP</a></li></ul></li> <li>ISO/IEC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>JIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">0211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_(Unicode_block)" title="Katakana (Unicode block)">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions" title="Katakana Phonetic Extensions">Katakana Phonetic Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">EIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_shinjitai" title="Extended shinjitai">Extended shinjitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Half/Full</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grammar and<br />vocabulary</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugation">Verb conjugations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Godan and ichidan verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_possessives" title="Japanese possessives">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_marker" title="Topic marker">Topic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Counter words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">Native words (<i>yamato kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Loan words (<i>gairaigo</i>)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin">from Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin">from Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-kango" title="Wasei-kango">Wasei-kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">Court lady language (<i>nyōbō kotoba</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuwarigo" title="Yakuwarigo">Role language (<i>yakuwarigo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionary" title="Japanese dictionary">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">Rendaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">Sound symbolism</a></li> <li>Kanji pronunciation sources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go-on" title="Go-on">Go-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Kan-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" title="Tō-on">Tō-on</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro rōmaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_the_Japanese_language_in_Esperanto" title="Transcription of the Japanese language in Esperanto">In Esperanto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_writers" title="List of Japanese writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">Speculative fiction writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_Japanese_texts" title="List of classical Japanese texts">texts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japonic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japonic_languages" title="Template:Japonic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japonic_languages" title="Template talk:Japonic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japonic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japonic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japonic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japanese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_dialects-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/160px-Japanese_dialects-en.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/240px-Japanese_dialects-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Japanese_dialects-en.png/320px-Japanese_dialects-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amami_languages" title="Amami languages">Amami</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_dialect_cluster" title="Okinoerabu dialect cluster">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Okinawan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami (Northern Okinawan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miyakoan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyakoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Yaeyama_languages" title="Macro-Yaeyama languages">Macro-Yaeyama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Japonic">Proto-Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Japonic" title="Peninsular Japonic">Peninsular Japonic</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamna#Language" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Japan" title="Template:Languages of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Languages of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Variants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_language" title="Ainu language">Hokkaido Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyako_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyako language">Miyako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoochew_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoochew Chinese">Hoochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_in_Japan" title="Esperanto in Japan">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zainichi_Korean_language" title="Zainichi Korean language">Zainichi Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Ainu_language" title="Sakhalin Ainu language">Sakhalin Ainu</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuril_Ainu_language" title="Kuril Ainu language">Kuril Ainu</a> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Creole languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Nihonshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amami_Oshima_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amami Oshima Sign Language">Amami Oshima Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japan_topics" title="Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japan_topics" title="Template talk:Japan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Japan-related_articles" title="Index of Japan-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Japan" title="Outline of Japan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Eras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_clans" title="Japanese clans">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shoguns" title="List of shoguns">Shoguns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Japan" title="List of wars involving Japan">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Japan" title="History of education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_foreign_relations" title="History of Japanese foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_period" title="Asuka period">Asuka period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taih%C5%8D_Code" title="Taihō Code">Taihō Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asuka_Kiyomihara_Code" title="Asuka Kiyomihara Code">Asuka Kiyomihara Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuh%C5%8D_period" title="Hakuhō period">Hakuhō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taika_Reform" title="Taika Reform">Taika Reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monmu_period" title="Monmu period">Monmu period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genpei_War" title="Genpei War">Genpei War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Mongol invasions of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_War" title="Genkō War">Genkō War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmu_Restoration" title="Kenmu Restoration">Kenmu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromachi_period" title="Muromachi period">Muromachi period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Ashikaga shogunate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period" title="Nanboku-chō period">Nanboku-chō period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cnin_War" title="Ōnin War">Ōnin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azuchi%E2%80%93Momoyama_period" title="Azuchi–Momoyama period">Azuchi–Momoyama period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Elders" title="Council of Five Elders">Council of Five Elders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Imperial Constitution (1890–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Government of Meiji Japan">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_oligarchy" title="Meiji oligarchy">Meiji oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_han_system" title="Abolition of the han system">Abolition of the han system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a> (noble)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">1923 Great Kantō earthquake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwar_Japan" title="Postwar Japan">Postwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_economic_miracle" title="Japanese economic miracle">Economic miracle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heisei_era" title="Heisei era">Heisei era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanshin_earthquake" title="Great Hanshin earthquake">Great Hanshin earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiwa_era" title="Reiwa era">Reiwa era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Japanese_imperial_transition" title="2019 Japanese imperial transition">2019 imperial transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Japan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Japan">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Japan" title="Geography of Japan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_addressing_system" title="Japanese addressing system">Addresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Japan" title="Cities of Japan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Japan" title="Districts of Japan">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Japan" title="List of earthquakes in Japan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Japan" title="Environmental issues in Japan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Japan" title="List of extreme points of Japan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Japan" title="List of islands of Japan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Japan" title="List of lakes of Japan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Japan" title="Prefectures of Japan">Prefectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Japan" title="List of regions of Japan">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Japan" title="List of rivers of Japan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Japan" title="List of towns in Japan">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Japan" title="List of villages in Japan">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Japan" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Japan">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Japan" title="Politics of Japan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Japan" title="Elections in Japan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Japan" title="List of emperors of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Japan" title="Human rights in Japan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ rights in Japan">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Japan" title="Judicial system of Japan">Judiciary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Japan">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Japan" title="Law of Japan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Japan" title="Law enforcement in Japan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Councillors" title="House of Councillors">House of Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Diet_of_Japan" title="List of members of the Diet of Japan">List of members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Japan" title="List of political parties in Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Self-Defense_Forces" title="Japan Self-Defense Forces">Self-Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Ground_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Ground Self-Defense Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Air Self-Defense Force">Air</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Japan" title="Government of Japan">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_cabinets" title="List of Japanese cabinets">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_and_fiscal_policy_of_Japan" title="Monetary and fiscal policy of Japan">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Japan" title="Foreign policy of Japan">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministries_of_Japan" title="Ministries of Japan">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Japan" title="List of prime ministers of Japan">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Japan">Deputy Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture,_forestry,_and_fishing_in_Japan" title="Agriculture, forestry, and fishing in Japan">Agriculture, forestry, fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Japan" title="Bank of Japan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_market_of_Japan" title="Labor market of Japan">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Japan" title="Manufacturing in Japan">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Japan" title="Energy in Japan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Japan" title="Science and technology in Japan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Japan" title="Communications in Japan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Japan" title="Transport in Japan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">Yen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Japan" title="Category:Society of Japan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-monarchism_in_Japan" title="Anti-monarchism in Japan">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Japan" title="Censorship in Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Japan" title="Crime in Japan">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Japan" title="Demographics of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Japan" title="Education in Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Japan" title="Etiquette in Japan">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Japan" title="Gambling in Japan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Japan" title="Health in Japan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Japan" title="Housing in Japan">Housing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Japan" title="Homelessness in Japan">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Languages</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_prefectures_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Japanese prefectures by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Japan" title="Pornography in Japan">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Japan" title="Prostitution in Japan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Japan" title="Sex trafficking in Japan">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Japan" title="Sexual minorities in Japan">Sexual minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> / <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Japan" title="Cinema of Japan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S (genre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_wine" title="Japanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals" title="Japanese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisha" title="Geisha">Geisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Japanese_games" title="List of traditional Japanese games">Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikikomori" title="Hikikomori">Hikikomori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanami" title="Hanami">Hanami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henohenomoheji" title="Henohenomoheji">Henohenomoheji</a></li> <li>Icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irezumi" title="Irezumi">Irezumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawaii" title="Kawaii">Kawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_culture_in_Japan" title="LGBTQ culture in Japan">LGBTQ culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Japan" title="Mass media in Japan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Japan" title="National symbols of Japan">National symbols</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No-pan_kissa" title="No-pan kissa">No-pan kissa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">Onsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Japan">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">Tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan" title="Theatre of Japan">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/16px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/24px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/981565/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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