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Хүн — Википедиа нэвтэрхий толь

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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Нэвтрэх</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9:MyTalk" title="Энэ IP хаягаас үйлдсэн засваруудын тухай хэлэлцүүлэг [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Хэлэлцүүлэг</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Гарчиг" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Гарчиг</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">хажуугийн цэсэнд шилжүүлэх</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">хумих</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Эхлэл</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Түүх" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Түүх"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Түүх</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Түүх-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Түүх хэсгийг нээж хаах</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Түүх-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Үүсэл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Үүсэл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Үүсэл</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Үүсэл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Арьстан" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Арьстан"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Арьстан</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Арьстан-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Угсаатан" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Угсаатан"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Угсаатан</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Угсаатан-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Соёл_иргэншил" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Соёл_иргэншил"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Соёл иргэншил</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Соёл_иргэншил-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Хүн_ам_ба_амьдрах_хэв_маяг" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хүн_ам_ба_амьдрах_хэв_маяг"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Хүн ам ба амьдрах хэв маяг</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хүн_ам_ба_амьдрах_хэв_маяг-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Биологи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Биологи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Биологи</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Биологи-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Биологи хэсгийг нээж хаах</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Биологи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Физиологи_ба_генетик" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Физиологи_ба_генетик"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Физиологи ба генетик</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Физиологи_ба_генетик-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Амьдралын_мөчлөг" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Амьдралын_мөчлөг"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Амьдралын мөчлөг</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Амьдралын_мөчлөг-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Сэтгэл_оюун_ухаан" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Сэтгэл_оюун_ухаан"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Сэтгэл оюун ухаан</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Сэтгэл_оюун_ухаан-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Соёл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Соёл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Соёл</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Соёл-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Соёл хэсгийг нээж хаах</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Соёл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Хэл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хэл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Хэл</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хэл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Урлаг,_хөгжим,_уран_зохиол" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Урлаг,_хөгжим,_уран_зохиол"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Урлаг, хөгжим, уран зохиол</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Урлаг,_хөгжим,_уран_зохиол-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Шинжлэх_ухаан_ба_технологи" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Шинжлэх_ухаан_ба_технологи"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Шинжлэх ухаан ба технологи</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Шинжлэх_ухаан_ба_технологи-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Нийгэм,_засгийн_газар_ба_улс_төр" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Нийгэм,_засгийн_газар_ба_улс_төр"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Нийгэм, засгийн газар ба улс төр</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Нийгэм,_засгийн_газар_ба_улс_төр-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дайн" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дайн"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Дайн</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дайн-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Эдийн_засаг_ба_худалдаа" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Эдийн_засаг_ба_худалдаа"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Эдийн засаг ба худалдаа</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Эдийн_засаг_ба_худалдаа-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Эшлэл" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Эшлэл"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Эшлэл</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Эшлэл-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Гадаад_холбоос" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Гадаад_холбоос"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Гадаад холбоос</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Гадаад_холбоос-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Гарчиг" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Гарчигийг нээж хаах" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Гарчигийг нээж хаах</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Хүн</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 221 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-221" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">221 хэлээр</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch" title="Mensch – швейцари-герман" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mensch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцари-герман" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%B0%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%85" title="የሰው ልጅ – амхар" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሰው ልጅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum%C3%A1n" title="Humán – арагон" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Humán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मनुष्य – ангик" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मनुष्य" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангик" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إنسان – араб" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA_%DC%90%DC%A2%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪ ܐܢܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85" title="بنادم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بنادم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9" title="মানুহ – ассам" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মানুহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanu" title="Humanu – астури" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Humanu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астури" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriniw" title="Iriniw – атикамек" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Iriniw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="атикамек" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ГӀадан – авар" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ГӀадан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="авар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88" title="मनई – авадхи" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मनई" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="авадхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaqi" title="Jaqi – аймара" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jaqi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="аймара" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan" title="İnsan – азербайжан" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайжан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اینسان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینسان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Кеше – башкир" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кеше" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башкир" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusa" title="Manusa – бали" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Manusa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="бали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch" title="Mensch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mensch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmuogos" title="Žmuogos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žmuogos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo" title="Tawo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tawo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Чалавек – беларусь" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чалавек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Чалавек – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чалавек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек – болгар" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Човек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8" title="मानुस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मानुस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7" title="মানুষ – бенгал" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মানুষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="འགྲོ་བ་མི། – төвд" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འགྲོ་བ་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="төвд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den" title="Den – бретон" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Den" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek – босни" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čovjek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босни" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alak" title="Alak – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Alak" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%85%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Ухаанта хүн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ухаанта хүн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89sser_hum%C3%A0" title="Ésser humà – каталан" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ésser humà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Nè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Адам – чечень" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Адам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="чечень" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo" title="Tawo – себуано" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tawo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуано" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%A4" title="مرۆڤ – төв курд" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مرۆڤ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="төв курд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omu" title="Omu – корсик" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Omu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="корсик" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clov%C4%9Bk_moudr%C3%BD" title="Člověk moudrý – чех" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Člověk moudrý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Çын – чуваш" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çын" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чуваш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod_dynol" title="Bod dynol – уэльс" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bod dynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="уэльс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske – дани" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Menneske" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninsala" title="Ninsala – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ninsala" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensch" title="Mensch – герман" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mensch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="герман" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merd%C4%B1m" title="Merdım – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Merdım" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81" title="मान्सु – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मान्सु" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Άνθρωπος – грек" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρωπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human – англи" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Human" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="англи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humano" title="Humano – испани" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Humano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inimene" title="Inimene – эстони" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inimene" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстони" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizaki" title="Gizaki – баск" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizaki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – перс" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="перс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihminen" title="Ihminen – фин" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ihminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inemine" title="Inemine – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Inemine" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menniskja" title="Menniskja – фарер" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Menniskja" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарер" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homme_moderne" title="Homme moderne – франц" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homme moderne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="франц" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – хойд фриз" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="хойд фриз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – фриулан" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриулан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minske" title="Minske – баруун фриз" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minske" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="баруун фриз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duine" title="Duine – ирланд" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounit%C3%A9" title="Mounité – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mounité" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_an_duine" title="Mac an duine – шотландын гел" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mac an duine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландын гел" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ser_humano" title="Ser humano – галего" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ser humano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галего" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85" title="آدم – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آدم" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyp%C3%B3ra" title="Yvypóra – гуарани" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvypóra" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="મનુષ્ય – гужарати" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મનુષ્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гужарати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aan_Adam" title="Ɗan Adam – хауса" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ɗan Adam" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%ACn" title="Ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" title="אדם – еврей" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="еврей" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="मनुष्य – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मनुष्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaan" title="Insaan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Insaan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek – хорват" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čovjek" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moun" title="Moun – Гаитийн креол" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Moun" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Гаитийн креол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ember" title="Ember – мажар" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ember" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="мажар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մարդ բանական – армен" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդ բանական" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армен" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esser_human" title="Esser human – интерлингво" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Esser human" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингво" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensia" title="Mensia – ибан" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Mensia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ибан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – индонези" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонези" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad%E1%BB%A5%CC%80" title="Madụ̀ – игбо" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Madụ̀" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="игбо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_(sebbangan)" title="Tao (sebbangan) – илоко" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tao (sebbangan)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Саг – ингуш" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Саг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингуш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo" title="Homo – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B0ur" title="Maður – исланд" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Maður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%84%E1%92%83" title="ᐄᒃ – инуктитут" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐄᒃ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="инуктитут" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%88" title="ヒト – япон" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="япон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuuman" title="Yuuman – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuuman" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/remna" title="remna – ложбан" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="remna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manungsa" title="Manungsa – ява" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manungsa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ява" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ადამიანი – гүрж" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადამიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="гүрж" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insan" title="Insan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Insan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgan" title="Afgan – кабиле" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Afgan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабиле" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tyubishyi" title="A̱tyubishyi – тяп" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱tyubishyi" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="тяп" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntu" title="Muntu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Muntu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Адам – казах" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казах" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F" title="មនុស្ស – кхмер" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មនុស្ស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмер" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5" title="ಮಾನವ – каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%8C" title="사람 – солонгос" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사람" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="солонгос" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Морт – коми-пермяк" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Морт" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="коми-пермяк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اِنسان – кашмир" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмир" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsh" title="Minsh – кёльш" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Minsh" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="кёльш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirov" title="Mirov – курд" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirov" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Морт – коми" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Морт" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="коми" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tus" title="Tus – корн" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tus" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корн" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Киши – киргиз" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Киши" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргиз" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens_humana" title="Gens humana – латин" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gens humana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Инсан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Инсан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кас – лезги" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кас" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезги" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umana" title="Umana – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Umana" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omuntu" title="Omuntu – ганда" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Omuntu" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mins" title="Mins – лимбург" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mins" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбург" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Bse_uman" title="Ëse uman – Лигури" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ëse uman" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Лигури" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsona" title="Porsona – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Porsona" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moto" title="Moto – лингала" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moto" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="лингала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94" title="ມະນຸດ – лаос" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະນຸດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаос" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmogus" title="Žmogus – литва" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmogus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylv%C4%81ks" title="Cylvāks – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Cylvāks" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilv%C4%93ks" title="Cilvēks – латви" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cilvēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латви" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95" title="लोक – май" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लोक" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="май" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menungsa" title="Menungsa – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Menungsa" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Ломанць – мокша" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ломанць" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="мокша" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olombelona" title="Olombelona – малагаси" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olombelona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагаси" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Айдеме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Айдеме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – минангкабау" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек – македон" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Човек" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="മനുഷ്യൻ – малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനുഷ്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%95" title="ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ – манипури" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="манипури" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5" title="मानव – марати" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मानव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="марати" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia – малай" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Manusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bniedem" title="Bniedem – малта" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bniedem" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="малта" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houmano" title="Houmano – меранди" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Houmano" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="меранди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="လူသား – бирм" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူသား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирм" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ломань – эрзя" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ломань" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="эрзя" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85" title="آدم – мазандерани" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آدم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандерани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlacatl" title="Tlacatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsch" title="Minsch – доод герман" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Minsch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="доод герман" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mense" title="Mense – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mense" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="मानिस – балба" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मानिस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="балба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82" title="मनू – невари" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मनू" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="невари" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – нидерланд" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske – норвегийн нинорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Menneske" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвегийн нинорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menneske" title="Menneske – норвегийн букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Menneske" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегийн букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88sser_uman" title="Èsser uman – окситан" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Èsser uman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama" title="Nama – оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Nama" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B7" title="ମଣିଷ – ория" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମଣିଷ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Адæймаг – оссетин" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Адæймаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="оссетин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96" title="ਮਨੁੱਖ – панжаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨੁੱਖ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панжаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau" title="Tau – пампанга" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tau" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hende" title="Hende – папьяменто" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hende" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папьяменто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="मनुस्सो – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मनुस्सो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salan" title="Salan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Salan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%82owiek_rozumny" title="Człowiek rozumny – польш" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Człowiek rozumny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92m" title="Òm – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òm" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humano" title="Humano – португал" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Humano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa" title="Runa – кечуа" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uman" title="Uman – романш" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Uman" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="романш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manush" title="Manush – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Manush" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om" title="Om – румын" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Om" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omu" title="Omu – ароманы" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Omu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="ароманы" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Человек – орос" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Человек" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орос" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="онцлох өгүүлэл"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%83" title="मनुष्यः – санскрит" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मनुष्यः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8h%D0%B8" title="Киhи – саха" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киhи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ – сантали" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umanu" title="Umanu – сицил" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Umanu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицил" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodie" title="Bodie – шотланд" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bodie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотланд" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olmmo%C5%A1" title="Olmmoš – хойд сами" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Olmmoš" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="хойд сами" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Covjek" title="Čovjek – хорватын серб" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čovjek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="хорватын серб" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afgan" title="Afgan – тачелхит" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Afgan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="тачелхит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F" title="මිනිසා – синхала" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිනිසා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="синхала" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" title="Human – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek_rozumn%C3%BD" title="Človek rozumný – словак" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Človek rozumný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Clovek" title="Človek – словени" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Človek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словени" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhu" title="Munhu – шона" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Munhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadyow" title="Dadyow – сомали" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dadyow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njeriu" title="Njeriu – албани" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Njeriu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албани" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Човек – серб" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Човек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusa" title="Manusa – сундан" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manusa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундан" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nniska" title="Människa – швед" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Människa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binadamu" title="Binadamu – свахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="свахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czowjek" title="Czowjek – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czowjek" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/tademaw" title="tademaw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="tademaw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மனிதர் – тамил" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனிதர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/squliq" title="squliq – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="squliq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="మానవుడు – тэлүгү" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మానవుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="тэлүгү" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Инсон – тажик" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Инсон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="тажик" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="มนุษย์ – тай" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มนุษย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam" title="Adam – туркмен" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Adam" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="туркмен" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao" title="Tao – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tao" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inson" title="Inson – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Inson" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan" title="İnsan – турк" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турк" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanhu" title="Vanhu – цонга" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vanhu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="цонга" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Акыллы кеше – татар" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Акыллы кеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татар" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munthu" title="Munthu – тумбула" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Munthu" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="тумбула" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnipa" title="Nnipa – тви" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nnipa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="тви" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85" title="ئادەم – уйгур" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئادەم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="уйгур" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Людина – украин" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Людина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انسان – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انسان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odam" title="Odam – узбек" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Odam" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбек" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ristit" title="Ristit – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ristit" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di" title="Người – вьетнам" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djin_(biyolodjeye)" title="Djin (biyolodjeye) – уоллун" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djin (biyolodjeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="уоллун" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawo" title="Tawo – варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tawo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – хятад, ву хэл" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="хятад, ву хэл" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abantu" title="Abantu – хоса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Abantu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="хоса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ადამიერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადამიერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A9" title="מענטש – иддиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מענטש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="иддиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%E1%BB%8Dn%C3%ACy%C3%A0n" title="Ọmọnìyàn – ёруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọmọnìyàn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ёруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vunz" title="Vunz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vunz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – хятад" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="хятад" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ng" title="Lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA" title="人 – кантон" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuntu" title="Umuntu – зулу" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umuntu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Өөр хэлтэй холбосныг засах" class="wbc-editpage">Холбоос засах</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Нэрний зайнууд"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Өгүүлсэн хуудас [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Өгүүлэл</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Бусад утгыг, «<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BC%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Хүмүүс (салаа утга) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Хүмүүс (салаа утга)</a>»-с харна уу.</div> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align:center; padding:2.5px; width:200px;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:pink;">Хүн<br /><small>Оршин байсан хугацаа: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Плейстоцен (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Плейстоцен</a> - Одоо хүртэл</small> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:PPlaqueB.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Пионер 10 ба Пионер 11 сансрын хөлөг дээр зурагдсан хүнийн зураг"><img alt="Пионер 10 ба Пионер 11 сансрын хөлөг дээр зурагдсан хүнийн зураг" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PPlaqueB.png/200px-PPlaqueB.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PPlaqueB.png/300px-PPlaqueB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/PPlaqueB.png/400px-PPlaqueB.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><br /><small><div style="text-align:center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_10&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Пионер 10 (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Пионер 10</a> ба <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_11&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Пионер 11 (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Пионер 11</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3" title="Сансрын хөлөг">сансрын хөлөг</a> дээр зурагдсан хүнийн зураг</div></small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="background:pink;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Биологийн ангилал">Биологийн ангилал</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td> <table style="margin:0 auto; text-align:left; background:transparent;" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td>Аймаг: </td> <td><span class="kingdom"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Амьтны аймаг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Амьтан</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Хүрээ: </td> <td><span class="phylum"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B2%D1%87%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Хөвчтөн">Хөвчтөн</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Анги: </td> <td><span class="taxoclass"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Хөхтөн">Хөхтөн</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Баг: </td> <td><span class="order"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Приматын баг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Примат</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Овог: </td> <td><span class="family"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Гоминид (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Гоминид</a></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Төрөл (биологи)">Төрөл</a>: </td> <td><span class="genus"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD_(%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BB)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Хүн (төрөл) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Хүн</a></i></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Зүйл">Зүйл</a>: </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><b>Ухаант хүн (H. sapiens)</b></i></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Дэд зүйл: </td> <td><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><b>H. s. sapiens</b></i></span><br /><small></small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr style="background:pink;"> <th>Латин нэр </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><i><b>Homo sapiens sapiens</b></i><br /><small><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Карл Линней">Карл Линней</a>, 1758</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Хүн</b> гэдэг нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Хөхтөн">Хөхтний</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Анги (биологи) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">анги</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Примат (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Приматын</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Баг (биологи) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">баг</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Гоминид (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Гоминидын</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Овог (биологи) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">овогт</a> багтах <i>Хомо сапиенс</i> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Латин хэл">лат.</a>: "ухаант хүн") зүйлийн <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амьтан">амьтан</a> юм <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дэлхий">Дэлхий</a> дээр оршин буй бусад <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Организм">амьд организмтай</a> харьцуулахад хүн нь маш өндөр хөгжсөн <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тархи">тархитай</a> бөгөөд ярих, сэтгэх, өөрийгөө шинжих чадвартай болно. Сэтгэлгээний энэхүү чадвар, хойд хөл дээрээ явдаг, биеийн босоо хөгжилтэй хослон хүн нь бусад зүйл амьтдаас илүүтэйгээр урд мөчөө ашиглан төрөл бүрийн багаж хийх, хэрэглэх боломжтой болжээ. <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="ДНХ">ДНХ</a>-гийн судалгаагаар орчин үеийн хүн нь ойролцоогоор 200,000 жилийн өмнө <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Африк">Африк</a> тивд үүсэн. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, улмаар бусад тивүүд рүү нүүн тархсан байна. 2022 оны байдлаар Дэлхийн хүн ам 8 тэрбумд хүрээд байна. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Түүх"><span id=".D0.A2.D2.AF.D2.AF.D1.85"></span>Түүх</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Түүх" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Түүх"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Үүсэл"><span id=".D2.AE.D2.AF.D1.81.D1.8D.D0.BB"></span>Үүсэл</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Үүсэл" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Үүсэл"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Хүний хувьслын түүхийн судалгаа нь үндсэндээ <i>Homo sapiens</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Зүйл (биологи) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">зүйлийн</a> хувьслын судалгаа байдаг. "Орчин үеийн хүн" нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Биологи">биологийн</a> хувьд дээр дурьдсан зүйлд (<i>Homo sapiens</i>) хамаарах <i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i> дэд зүйл юм. Энэхүү дэд зүйл нь одоо үед оршин байгаа цор ганц дэд зүйл болно. <i>Homo sapiens</i> зүйлийн өөр нэг дэд зүйл нь ойролцоогоор 160,000 жилийн өмнө амьдарч байсан <i>Homo sapiens idaltu</i> бөгөөд мөхсөн байна<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. 130,000 жилийн өмнөх үед хамаарах, орчин үеийн хүнтэй ижил <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Анатоми">анатоми</a> бүхий чулуужсан үлдэгдэл Африкаас олдсон болно. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p><i>Homo sapiens</i>-тэй хамгийн төстэй, одоо оршин буй зүйл амьтад бол Паны төрөлд хамаарах 2 зүйл сармагчин: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Бонобо (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Бонобо</a> (<i>Pan paniscus</i>) ба <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Шимпанзе (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Шимпанзе</a> (<i>Pan paniscus</i>) юм. Эдгээр зүйл амьтад нэг гаралтай бөгөөд гол ялгаа нь "нийгмийн" (сүргийн) зохион байгуулалт болно. Бонобогийн сүргийг эмэгчин нь толгойлдог бол шимпанзегийн сүргийг эрэгчин нь толгойлно. Генийн судалгааны үр дүнгээр эрдэмтэд "6.5 сая жилийн хувьслын дараа, бонобо/шимпанзе ба хүний ялгаа нь хоорондоо төрөл биш хүмүүсийн ялгаанаас 10 дахин их, харин харх ба хулганы ялгаанаас 10 дахин бага болсон" гэсэн дүгнэлтэнд хүрсэн ба энэхүү 2 зүйл сармагчин болон хүний <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил">дезоксирибонуклейн хүчлийн</a> (ДНХ) 95% нь ижил байдагийг тогтоожээ<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Хүний хөгжлийн шугам шимпанзегийнхаас ойролцоогоор 5 сая жилийн өмнө, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Горилла">гориллагийнхаас</a> 8 сая жилийн өмнө салсан байна. </p><p>1990 оноос хойшхи судалгаан дээр тулгуурлан дэвшүүлсэн таамаглалаар бол орчин үеийн хүн нь Африкт үүссэн бөгөөд бусад <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Тив">тивүүд</a> рүү 40,000 жилийн өмнө нүүн шилжсэн байна<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Харин түүнээс өмнөх буюу хэдэн 100,000 жилийн өмнөх эртний хүмүүс байгалийн хатуу ширүүн нөхцөл, элдэв бэрхшээлийг давж чадалгүй үе үе мөхөж байсан гэж үздэг. Иймээс Монголд 800,000 жилийн өмнө болон бусад тивд энэ үед амьдарч байсан эртний хүмүүс орчин үеийн хүний шууд өвөг болж чадахгүй харин орчин үеийн хүн буюу хомо сапиенс л эртний хүний олон салаа салбараас шалгаран тэсэж үлдсэн гэсэн онолыг эрдэмтэд дэмждэг. Гэвч энэ онол одоо хүртэл хүний үүслийг бүрэн тайлбарлаж чадаагүй байна. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Арьстан"><span id=".D0.90.D1.80.D1.8C.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD"></span>Арьстан</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Арьстан" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Арьстан"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Арьсны өнгө (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Арьсны өнгө</a>&#32;ба&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Генетик">Генетик</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Хүмүүс гурван үндсэн арсьтанд хуваагддаг. Эртний хүмүүсийн дунд 40,000 жилийн өмнө арьстны ялгаа гарч <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Монгол төрхтөн">монголоид</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race" class="extiw" title="en:Caucasian race">европоид</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Африк төрхтөн (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">африк төрхтөн</a> гэж хуваагджээ.Зүүн өмнөд Ази, Австрали, Индонези руу нүүсэн монголоид хүмүүсийн бие галбир тэндхийн халуун уур амьсгалд зохицохын тулд хувьсан өөрчлөгдөж австралоид төрхтөн болсон байдаг. </p><p>Монголоид төрхтөн өмнөд, умард салбарт хуваагддаг. Умард салбарт монголчууд ордог бол өмнөд салбарт (Номхон далайн салбар) хятад, япон, солонгосчууд, <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Өмнөд Ази">Өмнөд Азийн</a> монголоид төрхтнүүд, <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Зүүн Өмнөд Ази">Зүүн Өмнөд Азичууд</a> орно. Төв Азид суурьшиж байсан монголоид төрхтний умард салбараас <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Индианчууд (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">индианчууд</a>, Сибирийн зарим ард түмэн Америк тив рүү салан нүүжээ. Аляскаас олдсон говь хийцийн чулуун зэвсэг нь монголчуудын зарим хэсэг энэ нүүдэлд оролцсон болохыг баталдаг. Харин <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Фин-Угор хэл (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Фин-Угорууд</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Сибирийн уугуул угсаатан (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Сибирийн цаатан, анчин ард түмнүүд</a> 10,000-аад мянган жилийн өмнө <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Хойд Ази">Умард Ази</a>, Зүүн Европ, Скандинавын хойг руу нүүн очжээ. Баруун хойд зүгт нүүсэн ихэнх фин-угорууд яваандаа Скандинавын европчууд, орос болон бусад славян үндэстэнтэй холилдон европжуу төрхтэй болжээ. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Y-dna_distribution.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/f/ff/Y-dna_distribution.gif/120px-Y-dna_distribution.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/f/ff/Y-dna_distribution.gif/180px-Y-dna_distribution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/f/ff/Y-dna_distribution.gif/240px-Y-dna_distribution.gif 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Y ДНХ-ийн тархалт-3</figcaption></figure> <p>Америк, Австрали тив, Умард Азиас хэдэн 100,000 жилийн өмнөх хүний олдвор илэрдэггүй. Сибирь,Төв Оросын хойд талын нутаг буюу Уралын нурууны дунд хэсгээс Скандинавын хойг хүртэлх нутгаас олдсон чулуун зэвсэг, эртний хүмүүсийн сууц зэрэг нь Төв Азийнхаас хожуу үеийнх байдаг. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Умард Тунгусууд (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Умард Тунгусууд</a> C3 голлосон гентэйгээрээ монголчуудтай төстэй мэт боловч тэднийг монгол хүнээс амархан ялгаж таниж болдог.Өмнөд тунгусуудын хувьд хятадтай нилээн холилджээ.Умард монголоидуудын умард Сибирийн төрхтөнд буюу палеоази төрхтөнд хамаарагдах <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Юкагир (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">юкагир</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Кеть (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">кеть</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Нивх (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">нивх</a>, самоедь, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Эскимосчууд">эскимосчууд</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" class="extiw" title="en:Haplogroup N-M231">N</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242" class="extiw" title="en:Haplogroup Q-M242">Q</a> давамгайлсан гентэй учир өмнөд Сибирийн төрхтэй Төв Азичуудаас царай төрхөөрөө нилээдгүй ялгаатай.Тэдний бие галбир хүйтэн нөхцөлд амьдрахад зохицон өөрчлөгдсөн байдаг. </p><p>Алтайн угсаатнуудтай гарал нэг фин-угорууд, индианчууд, Сибирийн угсаатнууд эрт цагт Алтайн угсаатнуудын хойд захаар амьдарч байгаад салж нүүжээ. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Казахстан">Казахстаны</a> хойд нутаг, Уулын Алтай, Украин, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Оросын европ дахь хэсэг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Төв Оросын ихэнх буюу зарим нутагт</a> эрт цагт фин-угорууд амьдарч байгаад ихэнх нь түрэг, иран, орос, украинд уусан мөхсөн байдаг. Угорууд Уулын Алтай, умард Казахстан, Баруун Сибирийн өмнөд хэсэгт байсан бололтой. </p><p>Монголоид төрхтний өмнөд салбарт багтдаг төвд, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Балба">Балба</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бутан">Бутан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%85" title="Ладакх">Ладакх</a>, Энэтхэгийн зүүн хойд мужийн ази төрхтэй угсаатнуудыг Өмнөд Азийн дэд бүлэг, япон, солонгос, хятадыг Зүүн Азийн дэд бүлэг, Зүүн Өмнөд Азийн үндэстнүүдийг Зүүн Өмнөд Азийн дэд бүлэг болгон хуваадаг. Зүүн Өмнөд Азийнхан дотроо олон хэлний бүлэгт хуваагдах ба ижил төстэй хэлтэй үндэстнүүд нь адил төстэй төрхтэй байна. Тухайлбал <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7" title="Малайз">Малайз</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Бруней">Бруней</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Индонез">Индонезичууд</a> ойролцоо төрхтэй бол <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6" title="Камбож">Камбож</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Вьетнам">Вьетнам</a> 2 төстэй байдаг. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Sherpa._2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/b/b4/Sherpa._2.jpg/100px-Sherpa._2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/b/b4/Sherpa._2.jpg/150px-Sherpa._2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/b/b4/Sherpa._2.jpg/200px-Sherpa._2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Шерпачууд</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Papuans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/4/4e/Papuans.jpg/60px-Papuans.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/4/4e/Papuans.jpg/90px-Papuans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/4/4e/Papuans.jpg/120px-Papuans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Австралоид хүн-Папуа</figcaption></figure> <p>Эх газрын буюу умард монголоидууд өмнөд монголоидуудаас нуруугаар илүү өндөр, илүү өндөр хамартай, толгойн хэлбэр илүү зууван буюу европжуу, шүд тэгш, хацрын товгор хэсэг нь илүү тод зэрэг <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Антропометри (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">антропометрийн</a> шинжээрээ ялгардаг. Харин өмнөд монголоид хүмүүс нуруу нам, хацар нь тийм ч товгор биш, дорсгор шүдтэй байх нь их байдаг. Тэдний хацар тийм их товгор биш, толгойн хэлбэр умард монголоид хүнээс илүү бөөрөнхий байдаг нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Шар мөрөн">Шар мөрнөөс</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%85_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Хөх мөрөн">Хөх мөрний</a> урд эрэг хүртэлх нутагт байсан монголоид төрхтэй хүмүүс Зүүн Өмнөд Ази руу нүүж тэндхийн уугуул <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Австролоид (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">австролоид</a> төрхтэй хүмүүстэй холилдон уусгаснаас үүдэлтэй юм. Эдгээр австралоид хүмүүсээс <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Папуачууд (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Папуачууд</a> зэрэг цөөн тооны үндэстэн үлджээ. Папуачууд тусгаар тогтносон Папуа Шинэ Гвиней улс байгуулсан ч баруун папуачууд Индонезиэс салан тусгаарлахын төлөө ширүүн зэвсэгт тэмцэл хийсээр байна. Австралоид хүмүүсийн толгойн хэлбэр монголоид төрхтөнүүдээс хамаагүй бөөрөнхий, халуун агаарыг хөргөхөд дасан зохицсон өргөн, навтгар, том хамартай байдаг. Яг ийм шинж тэдэнтэй холилдож өөртөө уусгасан зарим Зүүн Өмнөд Азийн хүмүүс, өмнөд хятадууд, зүүн төвдийн хүн амд маш тодорхой ажиглагддаг. Мөн иймэрхүү төрх солонгос, япон, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Айнү">Айнүчуудад</a> ажиглагддаг. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D2%AF" title="Айнү">Айнүчууд</a> австралоид төрхтэй учир тэднийг Зүүн Өмнөд Азиас нүүж ирсэн гэж үздэг. Умард хятадууд урагш нүүж австралоид төрхтэй хүмүүстэй төдийлөн холилдоогүй тул гавлын хэлбэр нь арай зуувандуу, өмнөд хятадуудаас биеэр арай том байдаг. Хятад, япон, солонгосчуудын генийн сангийн ихэнх хувийг <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-M175" class="extiw" title="en:O-M175">О3</a> гапло бүлэг эзэлдэг. Япон, хятад, солонгосчууд төстэй харагддаг ч ихэнх тохиолдолд тэднийг амархан ялгаж таниж болно. Энэтхэг, Бутан, Балбын монголжуу төрхтнүүд, Төвдүүдийн хувьд австралоидуудтай төдийлөн холилдоогүй тул гавал нь илүү зууван, хамар нь зүүн, зүүн өмнөд азичуудаас илүү өндөр байдаг. Төвд хүний хамар хүйтэн агаарыг хөргөхөд зохицож илүү өндөр болжээ. Генийн мутацийн өөр нэг жишээ бол Германд эрт үед монголоид төрхтний шинжтэй хүмүүс бий болж байгаад буцаад европоид төрхтэй болон хувирсан явдал юм. Бүх монголоид төрхтний их бие урт, хөл богино тул гүйлтийн ба усан спортод хүчтэй өрсөлдөх нь бага байдаг.Европ хүний их бие, хөл тэнцүү тул усан спортод сайн байдаг.Африк хүний их бие богино, хөл урт тул гүйлтийн спортод өндөр амжилт үзүүлдэг. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Newar_humuus,_Balba.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/f/f7/Newar_humuus%2C_Balba.png/130px-Newar_humuus%2C_Balba.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/f/f7/Newar_humuus%2C_Balba.png/195px-Newar_humuus%2C_Balba.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/f/f7/Newar_humuus%2C_Balba.png/260px-Newar_humuus%2C_Balba.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Ази, европ холимог төрхтэй Неварчууд</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Khanty_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Khanty_family.jpg/130px-Khanty_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Khanty_family.jpg/195px-Khanty_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Khanty_family.jpg/260px-Khanty_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Холимог төрхтэй Ханты хүмүүс</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Y-MAP_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/3/3f/Y-MAP_of_India.jpg/140px-Y-MAP_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/3/3f/Y-MAP_of_India.jpg/210px-Y-MAP_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/mn/thumb/3/3f/Y-MAP_of_India.jpg/280px-Y-MAP_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>Энэтхэгчүүдийн ген</figcaption></figure> <p>Энэтхэг, Балбын монголжуу төрхтнүүд европ гаралтай энэтхэгчүүдтэй нилээн холилдсоноороо төвдүүдээс ялгардаг ба тэдний соёл, үндэсний хувцас, царай төрх нь энэтхэгчүүдтэй багагүй төстэй болжээ.Зүүн, Зүүн Өмнөд Азичуудын генийг <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-M175" class="extiw" title="en:O-M175">О</a> гаплогрупп голлон бүрдүүлсэн бол төвд, балба, бутан зэрэг Өмнөд Азийнханд О-с гадна <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_D-M174" class="extiw" title="en:Haplogroup D-M174">DM174</a> гаплогруппийн ген нилээд их байдаг учир Өмнөд Азийн эдгээр үндэстэн хоорондоо нилээн төстэй харагддаг. </p><p>Арьстнууд нь цэврээрээ байхаас гадна арьстнуудын хил залгаа нутагт өөр арьстнууд холилдсоноос <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Холимог арьстан (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">холимог арьстан</a> үүсдэг.Үүний жишээ бол <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Тураноид арьстан (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">тураноид арьстан</a> буюу түрэг угсааны татар, чуваш, узбек, уйгур, туркмен, кавказийн түрэгүүд, ихэнх фин-угорууд мөн Индо-монголоидууд буюу европжуу энэтхэгчүүдтэй холилдсон Энэтхэг, Балбын монголоид төрхтэй үндэстнүүд болно. </p><p>Хүн төрөлхтөн түүхийн цаг хугацааны туршид өөрсдийгөө <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Арьсны өнгө (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">арьсны өнгө</a>өр, мөн тодорхой <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Угсаатан">угсаатны бүлгүүдээр</a> ангилж ирсэн байна. Арьсны өнгөөр хүмүүсийг ангилах нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Биологийн ангилал">биологийн хувьд зөв ангилал</a> эсэх нь одоо хүртэл маргаантай байгаа болно<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Арьсны өнгөөр ангилахын үндэс нь харагдах байдал ба удам гаралтай холбоотой, тодруулбал хүний арьсны өнгө, нүүрний төрхтэй холбоотой болно. </p><p>Одоо тогтоогдсон <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Генетик">генетикийн</a> болон <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Археологи">археологийн</a> баталгаанууд дээр тулгуурлан орчин цагийн хүн нь Зүүн <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Африк">Африкаас</a> гаралтай гэж үзэж байна<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Хэдийгээр бусад <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амьтан">амьтдынхыг</a> бодвол хүний гений дараалал нь харьцангуй нэгэн төрлийн байдаг боловч (<i>homogeneous</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-REGWG_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REGWG-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, Африк тив дэх хүмүүсийн <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">ген</a> нь бусад тивийн хүмүүсийнхтэй харьцуулахад генетикийн хувьд хамгийн олон төрлийнх (<i>genetically diverse</i>) байдаг<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Генийн гажигуудын дийлэнх нь "нэг өнгийн арьсны бүлэг" бүхий хүмүүс дотор илрэх ба харин "өөр арьсны өнгө бүхий бүлгүүдэд" нийт генийн гажигийн дөнгөж 5-15% тохиолддогийг тогтоосон байна<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Уг асуудал хамгийн маргаантай судалгааны чиглэлийн нэг гэж тооцогдож байна<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Угсаатан"><span id=".D0.A3.D0.B3.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BD"></span>Угсаатан</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Угсаатан" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Угсаатан"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Угсаатан">Угсаатан</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Угсаатан">угсаатны бүлэг</a> нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэл шинжлэл">хэл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Соёл">соёл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Гарал угсаа">гарал угсаа</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Үндэстэн">үндэстэн</a>, газар нутагтай салшгүй холбоотой болно. Ураг төрлийн холбоо угсаатны үндэс болно. </p><p>Ойролцоогоор 6,000 жилийн өмнө эртний өвөг угсаатнууд задрах үед одоогийн бие даасан угсаатан үүсчээ.Энэ үед Алтайн өвөг угсаатнаас монгол, түрэг, тунгусууд , эртний европчуудаас <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_people" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic people">герман</a>, кельтүүд, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo_-_Aryan_peoples" class="extiw" title="en:Indo - Aryan peoples">аричууд</a> (иран, энэтхэгчүүд), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs" class="extiw" title="en:Slavs">славянчууд</a> тус тус бие даан гарчээ.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family" class="extiw" title="en:Language family">Хэлний язгуур</a> нь үндэстнүүдийн гарлыг тодорхойлдог. Угсаатны хамгийн эртний бөгөөд жижиг бүлэг болох овог нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Балар эртний үе">балар эртний үед</a> үүссэн ба хүй нэгдлийн байгуулал задарч анхны төр улс байгуулагдаж байх үед овгууд нийлж аймаг бүрдүүлэх болжээ.Дараад нь олон тооны аймгууд нь нэгдэн нийлсэнээр угсаатны арай томоохон бүлэг болох ястан бүрэлдэн бий болсон бөгөөд нэг гаралтай ястнууд үндэстнийг бүрэлдүүлдэг. </p><p>Эрт цагт одоогоос хавьгүй олон угсаатан байсан ч зарим нь өөр үндэстэнтэй холилдон мөхжээ. Ингэж мөхсөн үндэстнүүд бол арабд ууссан эртний <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Вавилон">вавилон</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" class="extiw" title="en:Akkadian Empire">аккад</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer" class="extiw" title="en:Sumer">шумерчууд</a>, туркжсэн <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites" class="extiw" title="en:Hittites">хетт</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luwian_language" class="extiw" title="en:Luwian language">лувийчууд</a> зэрэг <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Turkey" class="extiw" title="en:History of Turkey">Анатолийн хойгийн эртний угсаатнууд</a>, ромчууд болон <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples" class="extiw" title="en:Germanic peoples">герман угсааны</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks" class="extiw" title="en:Franks">франкчуудад</a> ууссан <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauls" class="extiw" title="en:Gauls">галлчууд</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_extinct_indigenous_peoples_of_Russia" class="extiw" title="en:List of extinct indigenous peoples of Russia">оросд ууссан</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chud" class="extiw" title="en:Chud">чудь</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merya#Merya" class="extiw" title="en:Merya">мерья</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroma" class="extiw" title="en:Muroma">муром</a> зэрэг зүүн европд байсан <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Finno-Ugric languages">фин-угорууд</a> болно.Харин <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copts" class="extiw" title="en:Copts">коптууд</a> буюу эртний египетүүд арабд бүрэн уусалгүй үлджээ.Коптууд эртний Египет улсын үед илүү африк төрхтэй байсан ч одоо нилээн араб төрхтэй болжээ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Соёл_иргэншил"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BE.D1.91.D0.BB_.D0.B8.D1.80.D0.B3.D1.8D.D0.BD.D1.88.D0.B8.D0.BB"></span>Соёл иргэншил</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Соёл иргэншил" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Соёл иргэншил"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/250px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/375px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg/500px-04-09-12-Schaupfl%C3%BCgen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG_1232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Газар тариалан нь суурин соёл, иргэншлийн үндэс болсон байна.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%85" title="Дэлхийн түүх">Дэлхийн түүх</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Орчин үеийн <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Антропологи">антропологийн</a> шинжлэх ухааны баримтлалаар бол <i>Homo sapiens</i> нь Африкийн саваннад, 200,000 жилийн өмнө <i>Homo erectus</i>-с үүссэн бөгөөд, 40,000 жилийн өмнө <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Еврази">Еврази</a> ба <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Далайн орнууд">Номхон далайн орнууд</a> уруу, 10,000 жилийн өмнө <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Америк">Америк</a> тив рүү нүүдэллэн суурьшжээ<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Энэ <i>Homo sapiens</i>-ууд <i>Homo erectus</i>-с үүссэн бусад зүйлүүдийнхээ (Жишээлбэл <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i> - энэ зүйл нь Евразид 2 саяас илүү жилийн өмнө нүүн ирж суурьшсан) байрыг эзэлсэн байна. </p><p>Ойролцоогоор 10,000 жилийн өмнө хүртэл хүмүүс нь жижиг отгийн хэлбэрээр (одоо хүртэл амьдралын энэ хэлбэр байгаа), ан агнаж амьдарч байсан байна. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Шинэ чулуун зэвсгийн үе">Шинэ чулуун зэвсгийн үеэс</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Газар тариалан (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">газар тариалан</a> эрхлэх болсноор суурин амьдралын эх тавигдаж, амьтан гаршуулан, зарим <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Металл">металлуудыг</a> ашиглаж эхэлжээ. Улмаар худалдаа, нийгмийн харилцаа үүсэж, тосгон байгуулагдан, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Ойрх Дорнод">Ойрх Дорнод</a> зэрэг бүс нутагт анхны иргэншил бий болжээ. </p><p>Ойролцоогоор 6,000 жилийн өмнө, прото-улсууд болох <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Месопотами">Месопотами</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Эртний Египет">Эртний Египет</a> үүсч, цэрэг, арми, удирдагч, төрийн байгуулалт бий болов. 2,000–3,000 жилийн өмнө <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Перс">Перс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хятад">Хятад</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ром">Ромын</a> зэрэг эзэнт гүрнүүд бүрэлдэн тогтож, ойр орчмын жижиг улсуудыг өөртөө нэгтгэлээ. Мөн энэ үед шашны анхны урсгалууд үүссэн байна. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Дундад зуун">Дундад зууны</a> сүүлээр технологийн болон оюуны их үсрэлт гарч, нийгэм, эдийн засаг, шинжлэх ухаан зэрэг бүх салбарууд эрчимтэй хөгжив. Үүний дараагаар газарзүйн, 17-р зуунд шинжлэх ухааны их нээлтүүд хийгдэж, 18 ба 19-р зуун аж үйлдвэрийн хувьсгал гэж нэрлэгдсэн дэвшил гарчээ. Энэ үед төмөр зам, автомашин зэрэг тээврийн хэрэгсэл зохиогдож, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81" title="Нүүрс">нүүрс</a> ашиглан цахилгаан эрчим хүч гаргаж авав. Төрийн байгуулалтын олон янзын хэлбэрүүд энэ үед үүссэн болно. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Хүн_ам_ба_амьдрах_хэв_маяг"><span id=".D0.A5.D2.AF.D0.BD_.D0.B0.D0.BC_.D0.B1.D0.B0_.D0.B0.D0.BC.D1.8C.D0.B4.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.85_.D1.85.D1.8D.D0.B2_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.8F.D0.B3"></span>Хүн ам ба амьдрах хэв маяг</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Хүн ам ба амьдрах хэв маяг" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Хүн ам ба амьдрах хэв маяг"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Fromvictoriapeakatnight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fromvictoriapeakatnight.jpg/275px-Fromvictoriapeakatnight.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fromvictoriapeakatnight.jpg/413px-Fromvictoriapeakatnight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Fromvictoriapeakatnight.jpg/550px-Fromvictoriapeakatnight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Хүн төрөлхтөн нь амьдран буй орчноо өөрчлөн зохион байгуулах замаар тулгамдсан асуудлуудыг (жишээлбэл, өндөр барилга барих замаар хүн амын нягтралаас үүсэх асуудлыг) шийдвэрлэнэ. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Хонконг">Хонконг</a> хот.</figcaption></figure> <p>Хүний түүхийн эхэн үед хүмүүс нь ус болон бусад төрлийн байгалийн баялаг (газар тарилан эрхэлж болохуйц тал, ангаар баялаг ой гэх мэт), <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D1%80_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Уур амьсгал">уур амьсгалын</a> нөхцөлөөс ихээхэн хамаарч байжээ. Орчин үеийн технологийн дэвшил нь хүмүүст бүх төрлийн уур амьсгалын нөхцөлд амьдрах боломжийг олгож, сүүлийн хэдхэн арван жилийн дотор хүмүүс <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Антарктид">Антарктид</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Далай">далайн</a> ёроол, сансрыг судалж, тэнд богино хугацаагаар амьдарч байна. Дэлхийн хүн амын тоо 8 тэрбумаас давсан ба 61% нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Ази">Ази</a>, 14% нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Америк">Америк</a>, 13% нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Африк">Африк</a>, 12% нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Европ">Европ</a>, 0.5% нь Номхон далайн орнуудад амьдарч байна. </p><p>Антарктид ба задгай сансарт амьдрах нь маш үнэтэй, удаан хугацаагаар байх боломжгүй бөгөөд одоогийн байдлаар тун цөөхөн хүн задгай сансарт гарсан байна. 1969, 1972 онд 2 хүн <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сар">Саран</a> дээр очсон бөгөөд бусад <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Гариг">гариг</a> дээр зөвхөн хүний гараар бүтээгдсэн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Робот (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">роботууд</a> хүрсэн болно. </p><p>1800 - 2000 оны хооронд Дэлхийн хүн ам 1 тэрбумаас 6 тэрбум болж нэмэгдэв. 2004 оны байдлаар 2.5 тэрбум хүн <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Хот">хот сууринд</a> амьдарч байгаа бөгөөд энэ тоо цаашид өснө гэж тооцож байна. Суурин газрын хүн ам нэмэгдсэнээр төрөл бүрийн бохирдол, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%82_%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Гэмт хэрэг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">гэмт хэрэг</a> ихсэх хандлагатай байна<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Хүмүүс хүрээлэн буй байгаль орчиндоо ихээхэн хэмжээгээр нөлөөлж байна. Сүүлийн үед хурцаар тавигдаж буй асуудал бол <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Дэлхийн дулаарал">дэлхийн цаг уурын өөрчлөлт</a> юм<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Эрдэмтэд одоогийн байгаа хурдаар цаг уурын өөрчлөлт явагдвал, 21-р зуунд Дэлхийн <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Амьтан">амьтны</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Зүйл (биологи) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">зүйлийн</a> бүрдлийн талаас илүү нь мөхөх болно гэж тооцож байна<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Биологи"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8"></span>Биологи</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Биологи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Биологи"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Skeleton_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Skeleton_diagram.svg/200px-Skeleton_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Skeleton_diagram.svg/300px-Skeleton_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Skeleton_diagram.svg/400px-Skeleton_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Эрэгтэй хүний <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%8F%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Араг яс (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">араг ясны</a> диаграмм (эртний зураг)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Хүний биологи (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Хүний биологи</a></i></div></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Физиологи_ба_генетик"><span id=".D0.A4.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8_.D0.B1.D0.B0_.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA"></span>Физиологи ба генетик</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Физиологи ба генетик" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Физиологи ба генетик"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Хүний анатоми (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Хүний анатоми</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Насанд хүрсэн хүний дундаж өндөр 1.5 - 1.8 м байна<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Хүн бусад приматуудтай харьцуулахад бараг үсгүй мэт боловч, толгой, суга, умдаг орчимдоо ихээхэн, бусад биеэрээ богино, зөөлөн, тачир үстэй болно<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B3%D3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Хүний арьсны өнгө (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Хүний арьсны өнгө</a> хар хүрнээс, цагаан шаргал хүртэл, үсний өнгө цайвар шараас, хүрэн, улаан хүртэл байх боловч ихэнх тохиолдолд хар өнгөтэй байна<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Арьсны өнгө нь газарзүйн байрлалаас хамааран өөрчлөгдөх ба ерөнхий тохиолдолд <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Нар">нарны</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%82_%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%B0" title="Хэт ягаан туяа">хэт ягаан туяаны</a> эрчимжилттэй хамааралтай байдаг байна. Мөн хүний арьс нь нарны хэт ягаан туяа ихэссэн үед өнгөө өөрчлөх чадвартай байна<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Насанд хүрсэн хүн өдөрт дунджаар 7-8 цаг, харин хүүхэд 9-10 цаг унтана. </p><p>Хүний хуваагдаж буй эс болгон 23 хос <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромосом">хромосомтой</a> байна. Үүний 22 хос нь <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Автосом (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">автосом</a>, үлдэх нэг хос нь хүйс тодорхойлдог хромосом юм. Сүүлийн үеийн судалгаагаар хүнд ойролцоогоор 20,000-25,000 <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">ген</a> байдаг гэж тооцоод байгаа ба бусад хөхтөн амьтадтай адил хүн нь хүйс тодорхойлох XY системтэй байна. Өөрөөр хэлбэл, эмэгтэй хүн хүйс тодорхойлох ХХ, эрэгтэй хүн XY хромосомтой байна. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg/220px-Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg/330px-Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg/440px-Tubal_Pregnancy_with_embryo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>5 долоо хоногтой хүний <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%AE%D1%80_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B2%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Үр хөврөл (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">үр хөврөл</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Амьдралын_мөчлөг"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BC.D1.8C.D0.B4.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8B.D0.BD_.D0.BC.D3.A9.D1.87.D0.BB.D3.A9.D0.B3"></span>Амьдралын мөчлөг</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Амьдралын мөчлөг" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Амьдралын мөчлөг"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Хүний амьдралын мөчлөг нь бусад хөхтөн амьтдынхтай адил. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Бэлгийн хурьцал (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Бэлгийн хурьцлаар</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Эр бэлгийн эс">эр бэлгийн эс</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D3%A8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Өндгөн эс (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">өндгөн эстэй</a> нэгдэн үр тогтоно. Энэхүү үр тогтсон өндгөн эсийг зигот гэх ба эмэгтэй хүн ойролцоогоор 38 долоо хоногийн турш жирэмслэнэ. Энэ хугацаанд хүний үр хөврөл бүрэн торнино. Улмаар шинэ хүүхэд эхээс төрнө. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Two_young_girls_at_Camp_Christmas_Seals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Two_young_girls_at_Camp_Christmas_Seals.jpg/250px-Two_young_girls_at_Camp_Christmas_Seals.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Two_young_girls_at_Camp_Christmas_Seals.jpg/375px-Two_young_girls_at_Camp_Christmas_Seals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Two_young_girls_at_Camp_Christmas_Seals.jpg/500px-Two_young_girls_at_Camp_Christmas_Seals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Бага насны охид</figcaption></figure> <p>Бусад зүйлийн амьтадтай харьцуулахад хүний төрөлт нь эрсдэл өндөртэй, учир нь хүүхдийн толгой, эхийн <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Аарцаг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">аарцагны</a> ясны хэмжээнээс том байдаг байна<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Шинэ төрж буй хүүхэд ойролцоогоор 3 – 4 кг, 50 – 60 см урттай байна<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Хүүхэд цаашид өссөөр, 12 - 15 настайдаа бэлгийн хувьд боловсрох ба охид 18 нас, хөвгүүд 21 нас хүртлээ өснө. Хүний дундаж наслалт Дэлхийн орон бүрд харилцан адилгүй байна. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Хонконг">Хонконгт</a> эмэгтэй хүний дундаж наслалт 84.8, эрэгтэй хүнийх 78.9 байдаг бол <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Эсватини">Эсватинид</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Дархлалын олдмол хомсдол">дархлалын олдмол хомсдол</a>-ын халдвараас болоод дөнгөж 31.3 байна<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Европ">Европт</a> 5 хүн тутмын нэг нь, харин <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Африк">Африкт</a> 20 хүн тутмын нэг нь 60-аас дээш настай байдаг<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AE%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="НҮБ">НҮБ</a>-ийн 2002 оны судалгаагаар <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дэлхий">Дэлхий</a> дээр 100-гаас дээш настай 210,000 хүн байна<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Дэлхийн хэмжээнд 60-аас дээш настай 100 эмэгтэй тутамд мөн насны 81 эрэгтэй ноогддог байна. Хүн нас барсны дараа өөр амьдрал байдаг эсэх нь маргаантай асуулт бөгөөд оршуулах ёслол нь үхлийн дараах амьдралтай холбоотой үүссэн зан үйл юм. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Сэтгэл_оюун_ухаан"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.8D.D1.82.D0.B3.D1.8D.D0.BB_.D0.BE.D1.8E.D1.83.D0.BD_.D1.83.D1.85.D0.B0.D0.B0.D0.BD"></span>Сэтгэл оюун ухаан</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Сэтгэл оюун ухаан" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Сэтгэл оюун ухаан"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тархи">Тархи</a>&#32;ба&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оюун ухаан">Оюун ухаан</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Тархи">Тархи</a> нь хүний <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Төв мэдрэлийн систем (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">төв мэдрэлийн системийн</a> төв юм. Тархи нь "доод" буюу автоном үйлдлүүд болох амьсгалах, хооллох зэрэг үйлдлүүдийг удирдахаас гадна, мөн "дээд" буюу ухамсрын үйлдлүүд болох <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Сэтгэн бодох (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">бодох</a>, хийсвэрлэх зэрэг үйлдлүүдийг удирдана<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Эдгээр ухамсрын буюу танин мэдэхүйн үйлдлүүд нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оюун ухаан">оюун ухаантай</a> холбоотой ба үүнээс урган гарах шинж чанаруудыг сэтгэлзүй судлана. </p><p>Хүний тархи нь дээд буюу ухамсрын үйлдлүүдийг хийх илүү чадамжтайгаараа бүх зүйл амьтдаас ялгарна. Амьтад зөвхөн зөн совингоороо хамгийн энгийн зүйлсийг багаж болгон хэрэглэдэг бол хүн төрөлхтөн цаг хугацааны туршид багаж хэрэгслээ улам боловсронгуй болгон сайжруулсаар ирсэн байна. Хамгийн эртний хүмүүсийн хэрэглэж байсан багаж хүртэл бусад зүйл амьтдын хэрэглэдгээс хамаагүй боловсронгуй байжээ<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Соёл"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.BE.D1.91.D0.BB"></span>Соёл</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Соёл" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Соёл"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" width="308" style="float:right; border:1px solid gray; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%; margin:0 0 .5em 1em;"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;text-align:right;"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand"><a class="external text" href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Social_Infobox/Human&amp;action=edit">edit</a></small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#0F0; text-align:center;">Хүний нийгмийн талаарх тоо баримтууд </th></tr> <tr> <td>Дэлхийн хүн ам </td> <td>7,960,500,000 (2022 оны 8 сар) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Нягтшил (Дэлхийн дундаж) </td> <td>нийт талбайн км&#178; тутамд 12.7 хүн<br />хуурай газрын км&#178; тутамд 43.6 хүн </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Том төвлөрлүүд (хот) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Токио">Токио</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мехико">Мехико</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Сан-Паулу">Сан-Паулу</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81-%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Буэнос-Айрес">Буэнос-Айрес</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="Истанбул">Истанбул</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Жакарта">Жакарта</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Шанхай">Шанхай</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Хон Конг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Хон Конг</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Манила">Манила</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Каир">Каир</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Нью Йорк">Нью Йорк</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Лос Анжелес (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Лос Анжелес</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D2%AF%D0%BB" title="Сөүл">Сөүл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мумбай">Мумбай</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва">Москва</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Лондон">Лондон</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Парис">Парис</a> <br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="top">Хамгийн түгээмэл хэрэглэгддэг хэлнүүд (2000 оныхоор) </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хятад хэл">Хятад</a> 1.12 тэрбум<br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Англи хэл">Англи</a> 480 сая<br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Испани хэл">Испани</a> 320 сая<br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Орос хэл">Орос</a> 285 сая<br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Франц хэл">Франц</a> 265 сая<br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Хинди">Хинди</a> 250 сая<br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Араб хэл">Араб</a> 221 сая </td></tr> <tr id="cite_ref-41" class="cite-bracket"> <td style="textof circulating">Гол мөнгөн дэвсгэртүүд </td> <td style="text-align: left;"> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Америк доллар">Америк доллар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Евро">евро</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Иен">иен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Фунт стерлинг">фунт стерлинг</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Рупи (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">рупи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Австрали доллар">Австрали доллар</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Рубль (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">рубль</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Канад доллар (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Канад доллар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Юан">юан</a> болон бусад </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Дэлхийн <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%85%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Дотоодын нийт бүтээгдэхүүн">ДНБ</a> </td> <td>$36,356,240 сая <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Америк доллар">америк доллар</a><br /> (нэг хүнд $5,797 ам.дол.) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Соёл">Соёл</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Соёл">Соёл</a> гэдэгт нийгмийн социал бүлгийн оюун, сэтгэлгээ, итгэл бишрэлтэй холбоотой бүлэг зүйлийг хамруулан ойлгох ба үүнд, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Урлаг">урлаг</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Уран зохиол">уран зохиол</a>, амьдралын хэв маяг, уламжлал, зан заншил, итгэл бишрэл зэрэг багтана. Хүний биологи ба хүний шинж чанар, соёл нь хоорондоо нягт холбоотой байна. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Хэл"><span id=".D0.A5.D1.8D.D0.BB"></span>Хэл</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Хэл" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Хэл"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэл">Хэл</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Үзэл бодол, сэтгэгдлээ хүн нь хэл яриа, бичгээр дамжуулан илэрхийлнэ. Энэ бол хүний нэгэн онцгой чадвар бөгөөд хэл яриа нь хүмүүсийн харилцааны цөм болно. </p><p>Анхны бичгийн системийг ойролцоогоор 5000 жилийн өмнө зохиосон бөгөөд энэ бол соёлын хувьсгалын үндсэн шат байв. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэл шинжлэл">Хэл шинжлэл</a> нь хэлний бүтэц, өөр хэлнүүдийн харилцан уялдааг судалдаг ухаан юм. Дэлхий дээр ойролцоогоор 6000 орчим хэл хэрэглэгдэж байна гэсэн тооцоо байдаг. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Lorenzo_Lippi_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lorenzo_Lippi_001.jpg/170px-Lorenzo_Lippi_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lorenzo_Lippi_001.jpg/255px-Lorenzo_Lippi_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lorenzo_Lippi_001.jpg/340px-Lorenzo_Lippi_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2397" /></a><figcaption><i>Allegory of Music</i>. Хөгжмийн нот бичиж буй эмэгтэй, Лоренц Липпи, 1594 он</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Урлаг,_хөгжим,_уран_зохиол"><span id=".D0.A3.D1.80.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.B3.2C_.D1.85.D3.A9.D0.B3.D0.B6.D0.B8.D0.BC.2C_.D1.83.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.B7.D0.BE.D1.85.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BB"></span>Урлаг, хөгжим, уран зохиол</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Урлаг, хөгжим, уран зохиол" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Урлаг, хөгжим, уран зохиол"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Урлаг">Урлаг</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Хөгжим">Хөгжим</a>,&#32;ба&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Уран зохиол">Уран зохиол</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Урлагийн бүтээл нь хүний түүхийн эхнээс эхлэн одоог хүртэл оршин байгаа ба урлаг нь хүнийг бусад зүйл амьтдаас ялгадаг нэг гол түлхүүр шинж юм. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Хөгжим">Хөгжим</a> нь хүнд заяасан байгалийн зөн бөгөөд ритм, зохимж, аялгуу гэсэн хорондоо холбоотой 3 зүйлээс бүрдэнэ. Хөгжмийн олон төрлийн урсгал байна. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Уран зохиол">Уран зохиол</a> нь ихэнх тохиолдолд хэн нэгний зохиосон бичгийн болон аман хэлбэрийн бүтээл ба <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Өгүүллэг">өгүүллэг</a> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B6" title="Тууж">тууж</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Шүлэг">шүлэг</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Яруу найраг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">яруу найраг</a>, драм зэрэг багтана. Уран зохиолын төрөлд <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Тууль (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">тууль</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Домог">домог</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Үлгэр (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">үлгэр</a> зэрэг мөн багтана. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Шинжлэх_ухаан_ба_технологи"><span id=".D0.A8.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.B6.D0.BB.D1.8D.D1.85_.D1.83.D1.85.D0.B0.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D0.B1.D0.B0_.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.85.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8"></span>Шинжлэх ухаан ба технологи</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Шинжлэх ухаан ба технологи" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Шинжлэх ухаан ба технологи"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шинжлэх ухаан">Шинжлэх ухаан</a>&#32;ба&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Технологи">Технологи</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%85_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шинжлэх ухаан">Шинжлэх ухаан</a> гэдэг нь орчлон дэлхийн тухай, зохион байгуулалтанд оруулсан мэдлэгийн цогц, харин <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Технологи">технологи</a> гэдэгт хүн төрөлхтөн өөрийн хэрэгцээнд зориулан бүтээсэн бүх зүйлийг хамруулна. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Astronaut-in-space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Astronaut-in-space.jpg/250px-Astronaut-in-space.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Astronaut-in-space.jpg/375px-Astronaut-in-space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Astronaut-in-space.jpg/500px-Astronaut-in-space.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2997" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Сансар судлал">Сансар судлал</a> нь хүн төрөлхтөнд шинэ боломж олгож байна</figcaption></figure><p> Хүн төрөлхтний <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Соёл">соёлуудын</a> нийтлэг болон ялгаатай талууд нь тэдгээр хүмүүсийн бүтээсэн бол хэрэглэж буй зүйлсээр илрэнэ. <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Археологи">Археологи</a> нь өнгөрсөн түүхийн хугацаанд оршин байсан соёлуудыг судлана. Эртний хүмүүс <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Чулуун зэвсэг">чулуун зэвсэг</a>, вааран эдлэл, гоёл чимэглэлийн зүйлсүүдийг бүтээж, хэрэглэж байсан ба эдгээр нь цаг хугацаа болон тодорхой бүс нутгуудын хувьд өөр хоорондоо ялгаатай байдаг байна. </p><p>Технологийн дэвшлээр соёлын нэг түвшнээс нөгөө түвшин рүү шилжинэ. Жишээлбэл <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Газар тариалан (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">газар тариалан</a> нь анх салангид, цөөн хэдэн газарт үүссэн боловч маш богино хугацаанд тархаж, хүн төрөлхтний амьдралын үндсэн хэлбэр болсон. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Зэр зэвсэг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Зэр зэвсэг</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80" title="Архитектур">архитектур</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Төмөрлөгийн үйлдвэрлэл (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">төмөрлөгийн үйлдвэрлэлд</a> гарсан дэвшил мөн адил богино хугацаанд хурдацтай дэлгэрсэн байдаг. </p><p>Эдгээр технологи нь аман хэлбэрээр тархсан ба технологийн нэгэн төрөл болох <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Бичиг үсэг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">бичиг үсэг</a> нь бүс нутгуудын хооронд <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Мэдээлэл">мэдээлэл</a> дамжих боломжийг асар ихээр нэмэгдүүлэв. </p><p>Дээр дурьдсан дэвшлүүд нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Иргэншил">иргэншил</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Хот">хотжилт</a> үүсэх боломжийг бүрдүүлж, аажмаар энэ нь шинэ технологи бий болгох, дэлгэрүүлэх, боловсронгуй болгох тодорхой бүтцүүдийг үүсэхэд нөлөөлөв. Одоо шинжлэх ухаан нь хүн төрөлхтний соёлын үндсэн цөм болоод байна. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Нийгэм,_засгийн_газар_ба_улс_төр"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B8.D0.B9.D0.B3.D1.8D.D0.BC.2C_.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B3.D0.B8.D0.B9.D0.BD_.D0.B3.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.80_.D0.B1.D0.B0_.D1.83.D0.BB.D1.81_.D1.82.D3.A9.D1.80"></span>Нийгэм, засгийн газар ба улс төр</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Нийгэм, засгийн газар ба улс төр" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Нийгэм, засгийн газар ба улс төр"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg/220px-United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg/330px-United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/United_Nations_HQ_-_New_York_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Нью-Йорк хот дахь <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AE%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="НҮБ">НҮБ</a>-ийн байр. Уг байгууллага нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Дэлхий">Дэлхий</a> дээрх улс төрийн хамгийн том байгууллагуудын нэг юм.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Нийгэм">Нийгэм</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Засгийн газар">Засгийн газар</a>,&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Улс төр">Улс төр</a>,&#32;ба&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Төр">Төр</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Нийгэм">Нийгэм</a> гэдэг нь хүмүүсийн харилцаанаас урган гарсан зохион байгуулалт бүхий нийлмэл системийг хэлнэ. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Төр">Төр</a> нь тодорхой газар нутгийн хүрээн дэх, зохион байгуулалттай улс төрийн нэгдлийг хэлнэ. Төр нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Засгийн газар">засгийн газартай</a>, өөрийн газар нутгийн хүрээнд хэмжээлшгүй эрхтэй байна. </p><p>Засгийн газрыг улс төрийн утгаар нь <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Хууль">хууль</a> тогтоох, түүнийг мөрдүүлэх зорилготой, шатлан захирах бүтэц бүхий байгууллага гэж тодорхойлж болно. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Улс төр">Улс төрийн бодлого</a> нь нийгмийн бүлэг дэх шийдвэрээр дамжин явагдах процесс юм. Ерөнхий тохиолдолд үүнийг засгийн газрын шинж чанарыг тодорхойлоход хэрэглэх боловч, мөн хамтын ажиллагаа, акедемик, байгууллын хүрээнд хэрэглэж болно. </p><p>Дээрхи дурьдсан зүйлс нь эдийн засагтай нягт холбогдоно. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/220px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/330px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/440px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Япон">Японы</a> Нагасаки, Хирошима хот дээр хаяасан <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%BC%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Атомын бөмбөг (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">атомын бөмбөг</a> нь 120,000 гаруй хүний амь нас сүйтгэсэн байна.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Дайн"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B0.D0.B9.D0.BD"></span>Дайн</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Дайн" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Дайн"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дайн">Дайн</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Дайн">Дайн</a> нь бүлэг хүмүүс, улс, тодорхой бүтцүүдийн хоорондын том хэмжээний зөрчил бөгөөд зөрчилдөгч талууд, хоорондоо <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Галт зэвсэг">галт зэвсэг</a> хэрэглэн <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хүчирхийлэл">хүчирхийлэл</a> үйлдэх явдлаар илрэнэ. 20-р зуунд 167-188 сая хүн дайнд амь үрэгдсэн байна<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Дайн нь хэдий асар их хэмжээний сүйрэл, гамшиг дагуулдаг боловч, нөгөө талаас <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Технологи">технологийн</a> дэвшлийг түргэтгэдэг байна. Эм зүй, байршил тогтоох, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Металлург">металлург</a>, бөөнөөр үйлдвэрлэх, цөмийн технологи, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Пуужин (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">пуужин</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Компьютер">компьютер</a> зэргийн хөгжилд дайн тодорхой нөлөө үзүүлсэн байна. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Эдийн_засаг_ба_худалдаа"><span id=".D0.AD.D0.B4.D0.B8.D0.B9.D0.BD_.D0.B7.D0.B0.D1.81.D0.B0.D0.B3_.D0.B1.D0.B0_.D1.85.D1.83.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B0"></span>Эдийн засаг ба худалдаа</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Эдийн засаг ба худалдаа" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Эдийн засаг ба худалдаа"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Market-Chichicastenango.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Market-Chichicastenango.jpg/230px-Market-Chichicastenango.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Market-Chichicastenango.jpg/345px-Market-Chichicastenango.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Market-Chichicastenango.jpg/460px-Market-Chichicastenango.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гватемал">Гватемалийн</a> зах дээр хүмүүс худалдаа хийж байна</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Үндсэн өгүүлэл: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Худалдаа">Худалдаа</a>&#32;ба&#32;<a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Эдийн засаг">Эдийн засаг</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Худалдаа гэдэг нь бараа бүтээгдэхүүн, үйлчилгээг солилцох үйл явц буюу эдийн засгийн нэг төрөл юм. Үндсэн механизмыг нь зах зээл гэж нэрлэнэ. Худалдааны анхны хэлбэр нь бараа солилцоо байсан байна. Орчин үеийн худалдаа бол хэлцэл, мөнгөн солилцоон дээр тулгуурлана. Цаасан мөнгө, хожим зээлийг нэвтрүүлснээр худалдааг хялбархан хийх боломжтой болов. </p><p>Эдийн засаг нь нийгмийн шинжлэх ухааны нэг салбар бөгөөд бараа, үйлчилгээний үйлдвэрлэл, түгээлт, худалдаа, хэрэглээ зэргийг судлана. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Эшлэл"><span id=".D0.AD.D1.88.D0.BB.D1.8D.D0.BB"></span>Эшлэл</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Эшлэл" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Эшлэл"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r791159">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r793951">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoodman_M,_Tagle_D,_Fitch_D,_Bailey_W,_Czelusniak_J,_Koop_B,_Benson_P,_Slightom_J1990" class="citation journal cs1">Goodman M, Tagle D, Fitch D, Bailey W, Czelusniak J, Koop B, Benson P, Slightom J (1990). "Primate evolution at the DNA level and a classification of hominoids". <i>J Mol Evol</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 260–6. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2109087?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2109087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&amp;rft.atitle=Primate+evolution+at+the+DNA+level+and+a+classification+of+hominoids&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=260-6&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.au=Goodman+M%2C+Tagle+D%2C+Fitch+D%2C+Bailey+W%2C+Czelusniak+J%2C+Koop+B%2C+Benson+P%2C+Slightom+J&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_journal" title="Загвар:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/classification/Hominidae.html">"Hominidae Classification"</a>. <i>Animal Diversity Web @ UMich</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Татаж авсан: <span class="nowrap">2006-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web+%40+UMich&amp;rft.atitle=Hominidae+Classification&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu%2Fsite%2Faccounts%2Fclassification%2FHominidae.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015030431/http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/sap.htm">"The Smithsonian Institution, Human Origins Program"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/sap.htm">the original</a> on 2007-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Татаж авсан: <span class="nowrap">2007-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Smithsonian+Institution%2C+Human+Origins+Program&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnh.si.edu%2Fanthro%2Fhumanorigins%2Fha%2Fsap.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/projects/human/#">Human evolution: the fossil evidence in 3D</a>, by Philip L. Walker and Edward H. Hagen, Dept of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, retrieved <a href="/w/index.php?title=April_5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="April 5 (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">April 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005" class="mw-redirect" title="2005">2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015030431/http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/sap.htm">Human Ancestors Hall: <i>Homo Sapiens</i></a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Цахим архивчлал (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Memento</a> 15. Аравдугаар сар 2007 <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Цахим архив">цахим архивт</a></i>)<span style="display:none;"></span> - URL retrieved <a href="/w/index.php?title=October_13&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="October 13 (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">October 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006" class="mw-redirect" title="2006">2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFAlemseged_Z,_Coppens_Y,_Geraads_D2002" class="citation journal cs1">Alemseged Z, Coppens Y, Geraads D (2002). "Hominid cranium from Omo: Description and taxonomy of Omo-323-1976-896". <i>Am J Phys Anthropol</i>. <b>117</b> (2): 103–12. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11815945?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11815945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Am+J+Phys+Anthropol&amp;rft.atitle=Hominid+cranium+from+Omo%3A+Description+and+taxonomy+of+Omo-323-1976-896&amp;rft.volume=117&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=103-12&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.au=Alemseged+Z%2C+Coppens+Y%2C+Geraads+D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_journal" title="Загвар:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frans_de_Waal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frans de Waal (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Frans de Waal</a>, <i>Bonobo</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9:BookSources/0520205359" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-20535-9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.2think.org/bonobo.shtml">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFBritten_RJ2002" class="citation journal cs1">Britten RJ (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/21/13633">"Divergence between samples of chimpanzee and human DNA sequences is 5%, counting indels"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>99</b> (21): 13633–5. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12368483?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12368483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&amp;rft.atitle=Divergence+between+samples+of+chimpanzee+and+human+DNA+sequences+is+5%25%2C+counting+indels&amp;rft.volume=99&amp;rft.issue=21&amp;rft.pages=13633-5&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.au=Britten+RJ&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F99%2F21%2F13633&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFWildman_D,_Uddin_M,_Liu_G,_Grossman_L,_Goodman_M2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wildman D, Uddin M, Liu G, Grossman L, Goodman M (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/12/7181">"Implications of natural selection in shaping 99.4% nonsynonymous DNA identity between humans and chimpanzees: enlarging genus Homo"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</i>. <b>100</b> (12): 7181–8. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12766228?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12766228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&amp;rft.atitle=Implications+of+natural+selection+in+shaping+99.4%25+nonsynonymous+DNA+identity+between+humans+and+chimpanzees%3A+enlarging+genus+Homo.&amp;rft.volume=100&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=7181-8&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.au=Wildman+D%2C+Uddin+M%2C+Liu+G%2C+Grossman+L%2C+Goodman+M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F100%2F12%2F7181&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_journal" title="Загвар:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFRuvolo_M1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ruvolo M (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/14/3/248">"Molecular phylogeny of the hominoids: inferences from multiple independent DNA sequence data sets"</a>. <i>Mol Biol Evol</i>. <b>14</b> (3): 248–65. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9066793?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9066793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Mol+Biol+Evol&amp;rft.atitle=Molecular+phylogeny+of+the+hominoids%3A+inferences+from+multiple+independent+DNA+sequence+data+sets.&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=248-65&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.au=Ruvolo+M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbe.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F14%2F3%2F248&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eswaran, Vinayak, Harpending, Henry &amp; Rogers, Alan R. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WJS-4G3SC6X-1/2/aae7c2810f0d87628e228363c0e1bd66">Genomics refutes an exclusively African origin of humans</a></i>, Journal of Human Evolution, In Press, Corrected Proof, retrieved <a href="/w/index.php?title=May_6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="May 6 (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">May 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005" class="mw-redirect" title="2005">2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_C,_Dunston_G2004" class="citation journal cs1">Royal C, Dunston G (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1454.html">"Changing the paradigm from 'race' to human genome variation"</a>. <i>Nat Genet</i>. <b>36</b> (11 Suppl): S5-7. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1454">10.1038/ng1454</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15508004">15508004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Nat+Genet&amp;rft.atitle=Changing+the+paradigm+from+%27race%27+to+human+genome+variation.&amp;rft.volume=36&amp;rft.issue=11+Suppl&amp;rft.pages=S5-7&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fng1454&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15508004&amp;rft.au=Royal+C%2C+Dunston+G&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fng%2Fjournal%2Fv36%2Fn11s%2Ffull%2Fng1454.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFHua_Liu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hua Liu; et&#160;al. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJHG/journal/issues/v79n2/43550/43550.html">"A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>79</b>: 230–237.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&amp;rft.atitle=A+Geographically+Explicit+Genetic+Model+of+Worldwide+Human-Settlement+History&amp;rft.volume=79&amp;rft.pages=230-237&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.au=Hua+Liu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2FAJHG%2Fjournal%2Fissues%2Fv79n2%2F43550%2F43550.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_journal" title="Загвар:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Explicit use of et al. in: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;author=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B6:CS1_errors#explicit_et_al" title="Тусламж:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REGWG-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-REGWG_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916004305/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1275602">The Use of Racial, Ethnic, and Ancestral Categories in Human Genetics Research</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Цахим архивчлал (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Memento</a> 16. Есдүгээр сар 2019 </i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Цахим архив">цахим архивт</a><i>)<span style="display:none;"></span></i> by Race, Ethnicity, and Genetics Working Group. <i>Am J Hum Genet.</i> 2005 <b>77</b>(4): 519–532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201172350/http://www.fiu.edu/~biology/pcb5665/RACEgen.pdf">DECONSTRUCTING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENETICS AND RACE</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Цахим архивчлал (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Memento</a> 1. Арванхоёрдугаар сар 2007 </i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Цахим архив">цахим архивт</a><i>)<span style="display:none;"></span></i> Michael Bamshad, Stephen Wooding, Benjamin A. Salisbury and J. Claiborne Stephens. <i>Nature Genetics</i> (2004) <b>5</b>:598-609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1438.html">Implications of biogeography of human populations for 'race' and medicine</a></i> by Sarah A Tishkoff &amp; Kenneth K Kidd. <i>Nature Genetics</i> <b>36</b>, S21 - S27 (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/v36/n11s/full/ng1435.html">Genetic variation, classification and 'race'</a></i> by Lynn B Jorde &amp; Stephen P Wooding. <i>Nature Genetics' <b>36</b>, S28 - S33 (2004)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFJorde_L,_Watkins_W,_Bamshad_M,_Dixon_M,_Ricker_C,_Seielstad_M,_Batzer_M2000" class="citation journal cs1">Jorde L, Watkins W, Bamshad M, Dixon M, Ricker C, Seielstad M, Batzer M (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916004305/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1288178/?tool=pubmed">"The distribution of human genetic diversity: a comparison of mitochondrial, autosomal, and Y-chromosome data"</a>. <i>Am J Hum Genet</i>. <b>66</b> (3): 979–88. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F302825">10.1086/302825</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10712212">10712212</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=10712212">the original</a> on 2019-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Татаж авсан: <span class="nowrap">2008-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Am+J+Hum+Genet&amp;rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+human+genetic+diversity%3A+a+comparison+of+mitochondrial%2C+autosomal%2C+and+Y-chromosome+data.&amp;rft.volume=66&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=979-88&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F302825&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10712212&amp;rft.au=Jorde+L%2C+Watkins+W%2C+Bamshad+M%2C+Dixon+M%2C+Ricker+C%2C+Seielstad+M%2C+Batzer+M&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D10712212&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80:Cite_journal" title="Загвар:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Ангилал:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190916004305/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1275602/?tool=pubmed">"The use of racial, ethnic, and ancestral categories in human genetics research"</a>. <i>Am J Hum Genet</i>. <b>77</b> (4): 519–32. 2005. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16175499">16175499</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&amp;pubmedid=16175499">the original</a> on 2019-09-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Татаж авсан: <span class="nowrap">2008-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Am+J+Hum+Genet&amp;rft.atitle=The+use+of+racial%2C+ethnic%2C+and+ancestral+categories+in+human+genetics+research.&amp;rft.volume=77&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=519-32&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16175499&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D16175499&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards_A2003" class="citation journal cs1">Edwards A (2003). 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(2004). <i>Conceptualizing human variation</i>: <b>Nature Genetics</b> 36, S17 - S20 (2004) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fng1455">10.1038/ng1455</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Templeton, Alan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogweb.ucla.edu/ep/Templeton_02.html">"Out of Africa again and again"</a> <i>Nature</i> 416: 45 - 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/usrv98.htm">Urban, Suburban, and Rural Victimization, 1993-98</a> U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics,. Accessed 29 Oct 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617020742/http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/007.htm">"www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/007.htm"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/007.htm">the original</a> on 2016-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Татаж авсан: <span class="nowrap">2007-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=www.grida.no%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg1%2F007.htm&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grida.no%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg1%2F007.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304110611/http://atlas.aaas.org/index.php?sub=foreword">Foreword</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Цахим архивчлал (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Memento</a> 4. Гуравдугаар сар 2008 <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Цахим архив">цахим архивт</a></i>)<span style="display:none;"></span>. <i>AAAS Atlas of Population &amp; Environment</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E._O._Wilson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="E. O. Wilson (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Wilson, E.O.</a> (2002). <i>in The Future of Life</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r793951"><cite id="CITEREFde_Beer_H2004" class="citation journal cs1">de Beer H (2004). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://childinfo.org/areas/birthweight/">the original</a> on 2008-05-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Татаж авсан: <span class="nowrap">2007-05-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Low+Birthweight&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchildinfo.org%2Fareas%2Fbirthweight%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmn.wikipedia.org%3A%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/">"Human Development Report 2006,"</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Development_Programme&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations Development Programme (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">United Nations Development Programme</a>, pp. 363-366, <a href="/w/index.php?title=November_9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="November 9 (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">November 9</a> <a href="/wiki/2006" class="mw-redirect" title="2006">2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912045414/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Цахим архивчлал (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Memento</a> 12. Есдүгээр сар 2009 <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Цахим архив">цахим архивт</a></i>)<span style="display:none;"></span>, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, retrieved <a href="/w/index.php?title=April_2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="April 2 (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">April 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005" class="mw-redirect" title="2005">2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/ageing/note5713.doc.htm">U.N. Statistics on Population Ageing</a>, United Nations press release, February 28, 2002, retrieved April 2, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wnet/brain/3d/index.html">3-D Brain Anatomy</a>, <i>The Secret Life of the Brain</i>, Public Broadcasting Service, retrieved <a href="/w/index.php?title=April_3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="April 3 (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">April 3</a> <a href="/wiki/2005" class="mw-redirect" title="2005">2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Sagan&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Sagan (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Sagan, Carl</a> (1978). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Dragons_of_Eden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Dragons of Eden (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">The Dragons of Eden</a></i>. A Ballantine Book. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9:BookSources/0345346297" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-345-34629-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm">http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, Niall. "The Next War of the World." Foreign Affairs, Sep/Oct 2006</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Гадаад_холбоос"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B0.D0.B4.D0.B0.D0.B0.D0.B4_.D1.85.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B1.D0.BE.D0.BE.D1.81"></span>Гадаад холбоос</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Хэсгийг засварлах: Гадаад холбоос" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D2%AF%D0%BD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Гадаад холбоос"><span>кодоор засварлах</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709125530/http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/biology/humanevolution/sapiens.html">MNSU</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110528014013/http://www.archaeologyinfo.com/homosapiens.htm">Archaeology Info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikinfo.org/wiki.php?title=Human">Human article</a> at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikinfo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikinfo (ийм хуудас байхгүй)">Wikinfo</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.breitbart.com/article.php?id=070824121653.65mgd37f">Chororapithecus abyssinicus</a> Possible human-orangutan split 20 million years ago. 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