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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去生態細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-海洋生態" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海洋生態"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>海洋生態</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海洋生態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-浮游植物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#浮游植物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>浮游植物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-浮游植物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">黑海</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有210種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-210" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">210種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B8%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Амшын Еиқәа – 阿布哈茲文" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амшын Еиқәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈茲文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B_%D0%A8%D3%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Хы ШӀуцӀэ – 阿迪各文" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Хы ШӀуцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="阿迪各文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swartsee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzes Meer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A5%E1%89%81%E1%88%AD_%E1%89%A3%E1%88%95%E1%88%AD" title="ጥቁር ባሕር – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጥቁር ባሕር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euxinus" title="Euxinus – 古英文" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Euxinus" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="البحر الأسود – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البحر الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%A1%DC%90" title="ܝܡܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܝܡܐ ܐܘܟܡܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AD%D9%84" title="لبحر لكحل – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبحر لكحل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="البحر الاسود – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البحر الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কৃষ্ণ সাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negru" title="Mar Negru – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar Negru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="करीया सागर – 阿瓦文" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="करीया सागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_d%C9%99niz" title="Qara dəniz – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara dəniz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="قارا دنیز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا دنیز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" title="Ҡара диңгеҙ – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара диңгеҙ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segara_Cemeng" title="Segara Cemeng – 峇里文" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Segara Cemeng" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="峇里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwoazzes_Meea" title="Schwoazzes Meea – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schwoazzes Meea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jouduoj%C4%97_j%C5%ABra" title="Jouduojė jūra – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jouduojė jūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Itom" title="Dagat Itom – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dagat Itom" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорнае мора – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Чорнае мора – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорнае мора" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Черно море – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черно море" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="কৃষ্ণ সাগর – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষ্ণ সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Du" title="Mor Du – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor Du" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хара тэнгис – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хара тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AC-h%C4%81i" title="Ŭ-hāi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭ-hāi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ӏаьржа хӀорд – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏаьржа хӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="دەریای ڕەش – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەریای ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_neru" title="Mari neru – 科西嘉文" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mari neru" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_de%C3%B1iz" title="Qara deñiz – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qara deñiz" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e" title="Černé moře – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černé moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C3%B4rn%C3%A9_M%C3%B2rze" title="Czôrné Mòrze – 卡舒布文" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Czôrné Mòrze" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81" title="Хура тинĕс – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хура тинĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Du" title="Y Môr Du – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Môr Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortehavet" title="Sortehavet – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sortehavet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzes_Meer" title="Schwarzes Meer – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzes Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryao_Siya" title="Deryao Siya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Deryao Siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carne_m%C3%B3rjo" title="Carne mórjo – 下索布文" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Carne mórjo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαύρη Θάλασσα – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_maro" title="Nigra maro – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_meri" title="Must meri – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsaso_Beltza" title="Itsaso Beltza – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsaso Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_Negru" title="Mari Negru – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mari Negru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="دریای سیاه – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریای سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustameri" title="Mustameri – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustameri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_meri" title="Must meri – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must meri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartahavi%C3%B0" title="Svartahavið – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Svartahavið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Noire" title="Mer Noire – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer Noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_N%C3%AAre" title="Mar Nêre – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mar Nêre" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suart_Sia" title="Suart Sia – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Suart Sia" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_See" title="Swarte See – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte See" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Mhuir_Dhubh" title="An Mhuir Dhubh – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Mhuir Dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_deniz" title="Kara deniz – 加告茲文" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kara deniz" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告茲文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Mhuir_Dhubh" title="A' Mhuir Dhubh – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Mhuir Dhubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A3_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سيأ دریا – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="سيأ دریا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_H%C5%A9" title="Para Hũ – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Para Hũ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="કાળો સમુદ્ર – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાળો સમુદ્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vooir_Ghoo" title="Yn Vooir Ghoo – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vooir Ghoo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BB-h%C3%B3i" title="Vû-hói – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vû-hói" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="הים השחור – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הים השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Corne_morjo" title="Čorne morjo – 上索布文" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čorne morjo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete-tenger" title="Fekete-tenger – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete-tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սև ծով – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սեւ Ծով – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Ծով" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Nigre" title="Mar Nigre – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mar Nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigri_Mare" title="Nigri Mare – 國際文（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nigri Mare" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="國際文（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Nangisit" title="Baybay Nangisit – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay Nangisit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ӏаьржа форд – 印古什文" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏаьржа форд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_maro" title="Nigra maro – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra maro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartahaf" title="Svartahaf – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartahaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Nero" title="Mar Nero – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mar Nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%B5%B7" title="黒海 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Sii" title="Blak Sii – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Sii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xekri_xamsi" title="xekri xamsi – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xekri xamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagara_Ireng" title="Sagara Ireng – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sagara Ireng" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="შავი ზღვა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_te%C5%84iz" title="Qara teńiz – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qara teńiz" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilel_Aberkan" title="Ilel Aberkan – 卡比爾文" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ilel Aberkan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡比爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8B_%D0%A4%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Хы ФӀыцӀэ – 卡巴爾達文" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хы ФӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴爾達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C5%8Bg%CA%8A_K%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Teŋgʊ Kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1dyundyung_Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot" title="A̱dyundyung Kyai A̱sa̱khwot – 卡塔布文" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱dyundyung Kyai A̱sa̱khwot" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawok_Halom" title="Lawok Halom – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Lawok Halom" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7" title="Қара теңіз – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара теңіз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%85" title="សមុទ្រខ្មៅ – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សមុទ្រខ្មៅ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪ್ಪು ಸಮುದ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%ED%95%B4" title="흑해 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Къара тенгиз – 卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къара тенгиз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉柴-包爾卡爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryaya_Re%C5%9F" title="Deryaya Reş – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deryaya Reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Сьӧд саридз – 科米文" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сьӧд саридз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Du" title="Mor Du – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mor Du" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_Euxinus" title="Pontus Euxinus – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pontus Euxinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Preta" title="Mar Preta – 拉迪諾文" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mar Preta" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪諾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwaarzt_Mier" title="Schwaarzt Mier – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schwaarzt Mier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8C%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8" title="ЛухӀи хьхьири – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ЛухӀи хьхьири" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BB" title="ЧӀулав гьуьл – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="ЧӀулав гьуьл" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 干達文" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="干達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Zie" title="Zwarte Zie – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zwarte Zie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A2_Neigro" title="Mâ Neigro – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mâ Neigro" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_Fosch" title="Mer Fosch – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mer Fosch" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negher" title="Mar Negher – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mar Negher" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B3" title="ທະເລດຳ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະເລດຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_j%C5%ABra" title="Juodoji jūra – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_j%C5%ABra" title="Melnā jūra – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="काला सागर – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="काला सागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Равжа иневедь – 莫克沙文" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Равжа иневедь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasina_Mainty" title="Ranomasina Mainty – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasina Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Шем теҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шем теҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Црно Море – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црно Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="കരിങ്കടൽ – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കരിങ്കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Хар тэнгис – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="काळा समुद्र – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा समुद्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6" title="Шим тангыж – 西馬裏文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Шим тангыж" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬裏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Hitam" title="Laut Hitam – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%A7ar_l-Iswed" title="Baħar l-Iswed – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Baħar l-Iswed" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ပင်လယ်နက် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပင်လယ်နက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سیو دریا – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سیو دریا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Niro" title="Mar Niro – 拿波里文" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mar Niro" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="拿波里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_See" title="Swarte See – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swarte See" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwatte_Zee" title="Zwatte Zee – 低地薩克遜文" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zwatte Zee" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低地薩克遜文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण सागर – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कृष्ण सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="कृष्ण सागर – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कृष्ण सागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Zee" title="Zwarte Zee – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Zee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartehavet" title="Svartehavet – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartehavet" title="Svartehavet – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartehavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9the_M%C3%A9" title="Néthe Mé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Néthe Mé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negra" title="Mar Negra – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar Negra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustumeri" title="Mustumeri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mustumeri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Сау денджыз – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау денджыз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲ਼ਾ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_Pretu" title="Laman Pretu – 帕皮阿門托文" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laman Pretu" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿門托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_Czarne" title="Morze Czarne – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze Czarne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_N%C3%A8ir" title="Mar Nèir – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mar Nèir" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DD%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="کاݪا سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاݪا سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Μαύρον Θάλασσα – 旁狄希臘文" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μαύρον Θάλασσα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="旁狄希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="تور سمندر – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yana_hatun_qucha" title="Yana hatun qucha – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yana hatun qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Naira" title="Mar Naira – 羅曼斯文" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Mar Naira" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="羅曼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Deryav" title="Kali Deryav – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kali Deryav" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83" title="Marea Neagră – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarea_Lae" title="Amarea Lae – 羅馬尼亞語系" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Amarea Lae" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞語系" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Gnure" title="Mar Gnure – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mar Gnure" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чёрное море – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрное море" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чорне море – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чорне море" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Хара байҕал – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хара байҕал" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Nieddu" title="Mare Nieddu – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mare Nieddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_N%C3%ACuru" title="Mari Nìuru – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mari Nìuru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ڪارو سمنڊ – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪارو سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crno_more" title="Crno more – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crno more" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierne_more" title="Čierne more – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierne more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crno_morje" title="Črno morje – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črno morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhahari_Tema" title="Bhahari Tema – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhahari Tema" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badda_Madow" title="Badda Madow – 索馬利文" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Badda Madow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索馬利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti_i_Zi" title="Deti i Zi – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti i Zi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Црно море – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црно море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swotte_See" title="Swotte See – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Swotte See" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarta_havet" title="Svarta havet – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svarta havet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_Nyeusi" title="Bahari Nyeusi – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari Nyeusi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கருங்கடல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="నల్ల సముద్రం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నల్ల సముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3" title="Баҳри сиёҳ – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Баҳри сиёҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B3" title="ทะเลดำ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลดำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gara_de%C5%88iz" title="Gara deňiz – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gara deňiz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Itim" title="Dagat Itim – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dagat Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sijo_dyjo" title="Sijo dyjo – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sijo dyjo" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadeniz" title="Karadeniz – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karadeniz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwandle_ra_Ntima" title="Lwandle ra Ntima – 特松加文" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Lwandle ra Ntima" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="特松加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Кара диңгез – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кара диңгез" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Сьӧд зарезь – 沃蒂艾克文" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Сьӧд зарезь" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="沃蒂艾克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%90%DA%AD%D9%89%D8%B2" title="قارا دېڭىز – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قارا دېڭىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Чорне море – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорне море" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="بحیرہ اسود – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ اسود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_dengiz" title="Qora dengiz – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora dengiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Negro" title="Mar Negro – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mar Negro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustmeri" title="Mustmeri – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mustmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_%C4%90en" title="Biển Đen – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Z%C3%AAe" title="Zwarte Zêe – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zwarte Zêe" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A4gamel" title="Blägamel – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Blägamel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noere_Mer" title="Noere Mer – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Noere Mer" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Dagat" title="Itom nga Dagat – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Dagat" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulwandle_olumnyama" title="Ulwandle olumnyama – 科薩文" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ulwandle olumnyama" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科薩文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="უჩა ზუღა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שווארצער ים – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שווארצער ים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_D%C3%BAd%C3%BA" title="Òkun Dúdú – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun Dúdú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haijhaek" title="Haijhaek – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haijhaek" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="黑海" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CD%98-h%C3%A1i" title="O͘-hái – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="O͘-hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="關於內容頁嘅討論 (無呢版)[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&oldid=2184137" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&id=2184137&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25BB%2591%25E6%25B5%25B7"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%25BB%2591%25E6%25B5%25B7"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_-_%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_-_Karadeniz_-_Marea_Neagr%C4%83" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_map-zh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Black_Sea_map-zh.png/220px-Black_Sea_map-zh.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Black_Sea_map-zh.png/330px-Black_Sea_map-zh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Black_Sea_map-zh.png/440px-Black_Sea_map-zh.png 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption>黑海地圖</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morzeczarne1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Morzeczarne1.jpg/220px-Morzeczarne1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Morzeczarne1.jpg/330px-Morzeczarne1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Morzeczarne1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2009783">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PL_road_sign_A-30.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PL_road_sign_A-30.svg/40px-PL_road_sign_A-30.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PL_road_sign_A-30.svg/60px-PL_road_sign_A-30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PL_road_sign_A-30.svg/80px-PL_road_sign_A-30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>呢篇文用過<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="機械翻譯">機械翻譯</a>（machine translation），或者會譯出一啲古怪用字。</b><br /><small>好似：因呢、其佢、目嘅...…可以喺呢篇文嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talk:黑海 (無呢版)">討論頁</a>傾吓。</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>黑海</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/黑海/#yue"><span>hak<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> hoi<span class="Jpingtone">2</span></span></a></span>）係<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="歐亞大陸">歐亞大陸</a>嘅一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內海 (無呢版)">內海</a>，面積有約42.4萬<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C" title="平方公里">平方公里</a>咁大。黑海同<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>之間有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="土耳其海峽">土耳其海峽</a>連住。流入黑海嘅主要<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3" title="河">河</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%99%E6%B2%B3" title="多瑙河">多瑙河</a>。沿海國家有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="保加利亞">保加利亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="羅馬尼亞">羅馬尼亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="烏克蘭">烏克蘭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E" title="格魯吉亞">格魯吉亞</a>，而沿海重要城市有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡">伊斯坦堡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF" title="布爾加斯">布爾加斯</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦爾納 (無呢版)">瓦爾納</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%AF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康斯坦察 (無呢版)">康斯坦察</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%96%E7%88%BE%E6%81%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圖爾恰 (無呢版)">圖爾恰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%96%E5%BE%B7%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="敖德薩">敖德薩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="塞瓦斯托波爾">塞瓦斯托波爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%B1" title="巴統">巴統</a>等等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名"><span id=".E5.90.8D"></span>名</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 名"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>黑海個名係由外文譯過嚟，至於點解係黑，有認為係因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="航海家 (無呢版)">航海家</a>認為佢<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="海水">水</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2" title="色">色</a>黑過地中海。另一個講法係同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%89%B2" title="五色">五色</a>有關，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97" title="北">北方</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6" title="玄武">玄武</a>，即係其實係｢北海｣，指<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>以北<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。呢個名嘅文字記載唔早過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="十三世紀 (無呢版)">十三世紀</a>，但係有證據喺更早嘅年代已經出現。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地圖位置"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E5.9C.96.E4.BD.8D.E7.BD.AE"></span>地圖位置</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 地圖位置"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="center" style="border: 0; background: transparent; clear:both;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="center"><div class="noviewer thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:752px"><div style="position:relative;width:750px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="亞洲主要地理"><img alt="亞洲主要地理" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/750px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="667" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/1125px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:64.306%;left:70.986%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="臺灣海峽"><img alt="臺灣海峽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><span style="padding:1px;float:right"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="臺灣海峽"><span title="臺灣海峽" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">臺<br />灣 <br />海 <br />峽</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:12.852%;left:79.47%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="白令海"><img alt="白令海" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><span style="padding:1px;float:right"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%B5%B7" title="白令海"><span title="白令海" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: 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style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;right:5px;text-align:right"><span style="padding:1px;float:right"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93" title="北海道"><span title="北海道" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">北海道</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:50.28%;left:4.179%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="紅海"><img alt="紅海" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E6%B5%B7" title="紅海"><span title="紅海" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">紅海</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:51.888%;left:66.29%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="華北平原"><img alt="華北平原" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em;text-align:center"><span style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%8C%97%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="華北平原"><span title="華北平原" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">華北<br />平原</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:49.309%;left:61.442%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="黃河"><img alt="黃河" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3" title="黃河"><span title="黃河" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">黃河</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:51.9%;left:70.847%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="黃海"><img alt="黃海" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B5%B7" title="黃海"><span title="黃海" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">黃海</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:29.805%;left:14.907%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="黑海"><img alt="黑海" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em;text-align:center"><span style="padding:1px"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span title="黑海" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">黑海</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:62.919%;left:43.306%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="喜馬拉雅山"><img alt="喜馬拉雅山" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" title="喜馬拉雅山"><span title="喜馬拉雅山" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">喜馬拉雅山</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:59.416%;left:35.524%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="印度大  平原"><img alt="印度大  平原" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="印度大平原"><span title="印度大平原/印度河─恆河平原/中央平原" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap; line-height: 9pt">印度大<span style="padding-left: 1em;"> </span><br />平原</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:51.984%;left:32.921%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="興都古舒"><img alt="興都古舒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;top:-0.75em;left:5px;text-align:left"><span style="padding:1px;float:left"><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%88%E9%83%BD%E5%8F%A4%E8%88%92%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="興都古舒山"><span title="興都古舒山" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">興都古舒</span></a></span></div></div><div style="position:absolute;top:63.601%;left:71.917%"><div style="position:absolute;left:-4px;top:-4px;line-height:0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="臺灣"><img alt="臺灣" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div style="font-size:90%;line-height:110%;position:absolute;width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em;text-align:center"><span style="padding:1px"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣島"><span title="臺灣島" style="font-size: 9pt; font-family: gulim, arial; color: black; white-space: nowrap;">臺灣</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" title="File:Asia laea relief location map.jpg"> </a></div><span style="float: right"><div class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="background:none; padding:0; font-weight:normal;; font-size:xx-small;">此格： <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="Template:亞洲主要地理"><span title="睇呢個模" style="">去睇</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="Template talk:亞洲主要地理"><span title="討論呢個模" style="">討論</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86&action=edit"><span title="編輯呢個模" style=";">編輯</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86&action=history"><span title="睇呢個模嘅歷史" style=";">歷史</span></a></div></span><span style="font-size: 9pt"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="亞洲">亞洲</a>主要地理</span></div></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="水文學"><span id=".E6.B0.B4.E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8"></span>水文學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 水文學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/300px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/450px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg/600px-The_Danube_Spills_into_the_Black_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1865" /></a><figcaption>由呢幅<a href="/w/index.php?title=SeaWiFS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SeaWiFS (無呢版)">SeaWiFS</a>嘅圖可以睇到海面複雜嘅洋流互動。</figcaption></figure> <p>黑海係世界上最大嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E5%88%86%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永分層 (無呢版)">永分層</a>水體。<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>深層水冇同接觸大氣獲得氧氣嘅表層水混合。結果就係超過九成嘅黑海深層水係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%BA%E6%B0%A7%E6%B0%B4%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缺氧水體 (無呢版)">缺氧水體</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Exploring_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exploring-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>黑海嘅環流模式主要受盆地地形同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="河流">河流</a>入水量控制，導致垂直結構層化嚴重。由於呢種極度分層嘅特性，佢被歸類為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3#鹽楔" title="河口">鹽楔型河口</a>。 </p><p>經<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博斯普魯斯海峽 (無呢版)">博斯普魯斯海峽</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E9%81%94%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="達達尼爾海峽">達達尼爾海峽</a>從<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>流入嘅水，鹽度同密度都高過流出去嘅水，形成咗經典嘅河口環流。即係話，密度較大嘅地中海水喺盆地底部流入，而較淡嘅黑海表層水就喺近表面位置流入<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="馬爾馬拉海">馬爾馬拉海</a>。根據Gregg（2002）嘅研究，流出量係每秒16,000立方米或者每年大約500立方公里，流入量係每秒11,000立方米或者每年大約350立方公里。<sup id="cite_ref-Gregg_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>可以估計出以下嘅水量收支：<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:%E4%BB%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:仮リンク (無呢版)">Template:仮リンク</a> </p> <ul><li>入水量：每年900立方公里 <ul><li>河流總入水量：每年370立方公里<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>降水量：每年180立方公里<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Sea_Commission_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea_Commission-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>博斯普魯斯海峽入水量：每年350立方公里<sup id="cite_ref-Gregg_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>出水量：每年900立方公里 <ul><li>蒸發量：每年400立方公里（自1970年代起大幅減少）<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Sea_Commission_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Sea_Commission-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>博斯普魯斯海峽出水量：每年500立方公里<sup id="cite_ref-Gregg_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>博斯普魯斯海峽南部門檻位於現今海平面以下36.5米（博斯普魯斯海峽最淺橫截面嘅最深處，喺<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%91%AA%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%87%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多瑪巴切皇宮 (無呢版)">多瑪巴切皇宮</a>前面），濕截面面積大約38,000平方米。<sup id="cite_ref-Gregg_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gregg-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>入流同出流嘅平均速度大約係每秒0.3至0.4米，但喺某啲地方會有更高嘅流速，引起顯著嘅湍流同垂直剪切。呢啲現象容許兩層水進行湍流混合。<sup id="cite_ref-Talley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>表層水喺離開黑海時<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E7%94%A8%E9%B9%BD%E5%BA%A6%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實用鹽度單位 (無呢版)">實用鹽度單位</a>（PSU）為17，到達地中海時鹽度增加到34 PSU。同樣，鹽度為38.5 PSU嘅地中海入流水喺到達黑海時鹽度會降低到約34 PSU。<sup id="cite_ref-Talley_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>平均表面環流係<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B%E5%BC%8F%E6%97%8B%E8%BD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣旋式旋轉 (無呢版)">氣旋式</a>；黑海周圍嘅水喺盆地範圍內形成一個沿陸架邊緣嘅環流，稱為邊緣流。邊緣流嘅最大流速大約係每秒50-100厘米。喺呢個大環流入面，仲有兩個較細嘅氣旋式環流，分別喺盆地嘅東部同西部運作。<sup id="cite_ref-Talley_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>東部同西部環流喺冬季係組織良好嘅系統，但喺夏季同秋季會分散成一系列相互連接嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A6%E6%B5%81%EF%BC%88%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渦流（流體動力學） (無呢版)">渦流</a>。喺呢啲較暖嘅季節，周邊流嘅中尺度活動變得更加明顯，而且會受年際變化嘅影響。 </p><p>喺邊緣流之外，由於沿岸地區嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%87%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上升流 (無呢版)">上升流</a>同「風旋度」機制，形成咗好多準永久性嘅近岸渦流。呢啲特徵嘅年內強度受季節性大氣同河流變化嘅控制。喺春季，巴統渦流會喺海嘅東南角形成。<sup id="cite_ref-Korotaev_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korotaev-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺表層水之下<span style="display:inline-block;position:relative;margin:-0.1em 0.05em 0 0.05em;bottom:0.1em">—<span style="margin-left:-0.1em">—</span></span>大約50到100米<span style="display:inline-block;position:relative;margin:-0.1em 0.05em 0 0.05em;bottom:0.1em">—<span style="margin-left:-0.1em">—</span></span>有一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B9%BD%E8%BA%8D%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鹽躍層 (無呢版)">鹽躍層</a>，佢喺冷中間層（CIL）停止。呢層由冷而鹹嘅表層水組成，係由於冬季局部大氣冷卻同河流入水減少而形成。佢係冬季表層混合層嘅殘留。<sup id="cite_ref-Talley_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>CIL嘅底部由一個主要嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E8%BA%8D%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="密度躍層 (無呢版)">密度躍層</a>標記，大約喺100至200米深，呢個密度差異係深層水隔離嘅主要機制。 [[ファイル:OrduCoast.jpg|thumb|<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%9D%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧爾杜 (無呢版)">奧爾杜</a>嘅黑海海岸]] </p><p>密度躍層之下係深層水體，呢度嘅鹽度增加到22.3 PSU，溫度升高到大約8.9°C。<sup id="cite_ref-Talley_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>水化學環境由有氧轉變為無氧，因為細菌分解沉降嘅生物質會用盡所有嘅游離氧。微弱嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地熱 (無呢版)">地熱</a>加熱同長<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%AF%E7%95%99%E6%99%82%E9%96%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滯留時間 (無呢版)">滯留時間</a>會形成一個好厚嘅對流底層。<sup id="cite_ref-Korotaev_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korotaev-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑海海底河流 (無呢版)">黑海海底河流</a>係一股特別鹹嘅水流，佢經過博斯普魯斯海峽，沿住黑海海床流動。呢條河流嘅發現喺2010年8月1號公布，係由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="利茲大學 (無呢版)">利茲大學</a>嘅科學家發現嘅，係首次發現嘅同類型河流。<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>呢條海底河流源於鹹水經博斯普魯斯海峽從地中海流入鹽度較低嘅黑海。<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="水文化學"><span id=".E6.B0.B4.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8"></span>水文化學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 水文化學"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由於海底水層缺氧，令到有機物質，包括人類活動嘅產物好似船體，都可以保存得好好。喺高表面生產力嘅時期，短暫嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%BB%E8%8F%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藻華 (無呢版)">藻華</a>會形成富有機物嘅層，稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑泥 (無呢版)">黑泥</a>。科學家報告話，每年都會有一次<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%AE%E6%B8%B8%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浮游植物 (無呢版)">浮游植物</a>嘅藻華，呢啲情況可以喺NASA好多野嘅圖像見到。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 由於黑海有呢啲特徵，所以對<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋考古學 (無呢版)">海洋考古學</a>有興趣，因為喺缺氧層中發現咗狀態保存得好好嘅古代沉船，例如位於土耳其<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E8%AB%BE%E6%99%AE" title="錫諾普">錫諾普</a>海岸缺氧層嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a>沉船<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8C%AB%E8%AB%BE%E6%99%AED&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="錫諾普D (無呢版)">錫諾普D</a>。 </p><p>模擬顯示，如果有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小行星撞擊 (無呢版)">小行星撞擊</a>黑海，釋放出嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AB" title="硫化氫">硫化氫</a>雲會對黑海沿岸嘅居民健康甚至生命構成威脅。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>有孤立嘅報告話，黑海喺雷暴期間有火光出現，可能係閃電點燃咗由海底滲出嘅可燃氣體。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生態"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.85.8B"></span>生態</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 生態"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="海洋生態"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E6.B4.8B.E7.94.9F.E6.85.8B"></span>海洋生態</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 海洋生態"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">睇埋：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E9%AD%9A%E9%A1%9E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑海魚類列表 (無呢版)">黑海魚類列表</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POTI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/POTI.JPG/220px-POTI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/POTI.JPG/330px-POTI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/POTI.JPG/440px-POTI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>位於喬治亞<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%AD%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波季 (無呢版)">波季</a>嘅港口</figcaption></figure> <p>黑海擁有一個活躍同動態嘅海洋生態系統，主要係由適應<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B9%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="鹹淡水">鹹淡水</a>、富含養分嘅物種主導。好似所有海洋食物鏈咁，黑海亦都有唔同嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%9A" title="營養級">營養級</a>，當中包括自養藻類，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E8%97%BB" title="矽藻">矽藻</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A6%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渦鞭毛藻 (無呢版)">渦鞭毛藻</a>，佢哋係基本嘅生產者。流經歐亞大陸同中歐嘅河川系統將大量沉積物同溶解嘅養分引入黑海，但呢啲養分嘅分佈受到物理化學分層嘅影響，而物理化學分層又係由季節性地理發展所決定。<sup id="cite_ref-Oguz99_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oguz99-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>喺冬天，強風會促使對流翻轉同養分上升，而炎熱嘅夏季氣溫會導致顯著嘅垂直分層，形成一層溫暖嘅淺層混合層。<sup id="cite_ref-Oguz_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oguz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 日照時長同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E7%85%A7%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日照量 (無呢版)">日照量</a>亦都控制住<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%8F%E5%85%89%E5%B1%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="透光層 (無呢版)">透光層</a>嘅深度。喺底層水域，養分供應有限，因為缺氧嘅底層水係<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="氨">氨</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="硝酸鹽">硝酸鹽</a>形態嘅減少之源。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%95%E6%A3%B2%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="底棲區 (無呢版)">底棲區</a>亦都喺黑海嘅養分循環中扮演住重要角色，化能合成生物同缺氧嘅地球化學途徑回收咗啲養分，佢哋可以被上升到透光層，增加生產力。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>總體上，黑海嘅生物多樣性大約係地中海嘅三分之一，並且受到自然同人為入侵，或者「地中海化」嘅影響。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="浮游植物"><span id=".E6.B5.AE.E6.B8.B8.E6.A4.8D.E7.89.A9"></span>浮游植物</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 浮游植物"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg/300px-Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg/450px-Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg/600px-Black_Sea_Nasa_May_25_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>2004年，黑海中嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%AE%E6%B8%B8%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="浮游植物 (無呢版)">浮游植物</a>爆發同沉積物形成咗明亮嘅藍色漩渦。</figcaption></figure> <p>黑海中主要嘅浮游植物群包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A6%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渦鞭毛藻 (無呢版)">渦鞭毛藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E8%97%BB" title="矽藻">矽藻</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%83%E7%9F%B3%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="球石藻 (無呢版)">球石藻</a>同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8D%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藍細菌 (無呢版)">藍細菌</a>。通常，浮游植物嘅年度發展周期係由春季時期大量嘅矽藻同渦鞭毛藻主導，夏季期間喺季節性溫躍層以下係一個較弱嘅混合群落發展，然後喺秋季表面密集增產。<sup id="cite_ref-Oguz_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oguz-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 呢種生產模式喺春季末同夏季期間會出現<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emiliania_huxleyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emiliania huxleyi (無呢版)">Emiliania huxleyi</a></i> 爆發。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%A6%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渦鞭毛藻 (無呢版)">渦鞭毛藻</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>渦鞭毛藻嘅年分佈係由春季末同夏季期間喺次表層水域長時間爆發所定義。喺十一月，次表層浮游植物生產同表面生產結合，因為水團同<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞硝酸鹽 (無呢版)">亞硝酸鹽</a>等養分嘅垂直混合。<sup id="cite_ref-Oguz99_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oguz99-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 黑海中主要爆發嘅渦鞭毛藻物種係<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%B8%E7%94%B2%E8%97%BB%E5%B1%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="裸甲藻屬 (無呢版)">裸甲藻屬</a></i> sp.<sup id="cite_ref-Eker-Develi,_E_2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eker-Develi,_E_2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根據估算，黑海嘅魚類總數超過 180 種，喺呢啲魚類入面，19 種係只喺黑海生存嘅原生物種。黑海嘅魚類大多數都係淡水魚，佢哋喺海水嘅影響下演化成為咸水魚。有啲魚類，例如 <a href="/wiki/%E9%AF%A1%E9%AD%9A" title="鯡魚">鯡魚</a> 和 <a href="/wiki/%E9%AF%BD%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="鯽魚">鯽魚</a>，係由北方嘅淡水環境入侵黑海。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 參考資料"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2020813">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karatay, Osman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/38654895/Black_Sea-libre.pdf">"On the origins of the name for the 'Black Sea'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of historical geography</i> (英文). <b>37</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺2024年9月19號搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+historical+geography&rft.atitle=On+the+origins+of+the+name+for+the+%E2%80%98Black+Sea%E2%80%99&rft.volume=37&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Karatay&rft.aufirst=Osman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F38654895%2FBlack_Sea-libre.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meromictic">"Meromictic"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2014搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meromictic&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmeromictic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exploring-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Exploring_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616115917/http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/blacksea/research/index.html">"Exploring Ancient Mysteries: A Black Sea Journey"</a>. University of Delaware. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/blacksea/research/index.html">原著</a>喺June 16, 2013歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2014搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+Ancient+Mysteries%3A+A+Black+Sea+Journey&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceoe.udel.edu%2Fblacksea%2Fresearch%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregg-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gregg_4-3">4.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregg, M. C., and E. Özsoy (2002), "Flow, water mass changes, and hydraulics in the Bosporus", <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i> 107(C3), 3016, <span class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%A2%BC%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%B6%E8%AD%98%E5%88%A5%E8%99%9F" title="數碼物件識別號">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JC000485">10.1029/2000JC000485</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129185025/http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_publ-SOE2009-CH1B.asp">"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1B"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_publ-SOE2009-CH1B.asp">原著</a>喺January 29, 2020歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2020搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Black+Sea+Commission%2C+State+of+Environment+Report+2001%E2%80%932006%2F7%2C+Chap.+1B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksea-commission.org%2F_publ-SOE2009-CH1B.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_Sea_Commission-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_Commission_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Black_Sea_Commission_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129202054/http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_publ-SOE2009-CH1A.asp">"Black Sea Commission, State of Environment Report 2001–2006/7, Chap. 1A"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksea-commission.org/_publ-SOE2009-CH1A.asp">原著</a>喺January 29, 2020歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2020搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Black+Sea+Commission%2C+State+of+Environment+Report+2001%E2%80%932006%2F7%2C+Chap.+1A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blacksea-commission.org%2F_publ-SOE2009-CH1A.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talley-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Talley_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Talley_7-1">7.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Talley_7-2">7.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Talley_7-3">7.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Talley_7-4">7.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Descriptive Physical Oceanography</i>. Talley, Pickard, Emery, Swift.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korotaev-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Korotaev_8-0">8.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Korotaev_8-1">8.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFKorotaev2003" class="citation journal cs1">Korotaev, G. (2003). "Seasonal, interannual, and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>108</b> (C4): 3122. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JGRC..108.3122K">2003JGRC..108.3122K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002JC001508">10.1029/2002JC001508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Seasonal%2C+interannual%2C+and+mesoscale+variability+of+the+Black+Sea+upper+layer+circulation+derived+from+altimeter+data&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=C4&rft.pages=3122&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002JC001508&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JGRC..108.3122K&rft.aulast=Korotaev&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gray_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gray_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFGray2010" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Richard (August 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100802165402/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/7920006/Undersea-river-discovered-flowing-on-sea-bed.html">"Undersea river discovered flowing on sea bed"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Daily_Telegraph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Daily Telegraph (無呢版)">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/7920006/Undersea-river-discovered-flowing-on-sea-bed.html">原著</a>喺August 2, 2010歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">. 喺<span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2010搵到</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Undersea+river+discovered+flowing+on+sea+bed&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fearth%2Fenvironment%2F7920006%2FUndersea-river-discovered-flowing-on-sea-bed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=3669">黑海變成藍綠色</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028221745/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/natural_hazards_v2.php3?img_id=3669">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期2008年10月28號，. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 喺2006年12月2號查閱。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFSchuilingCathcartBadescuIsvoranu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schuiling, Roelof Dirk; Cathcart, Richard B.; Badescu, Viorel; Isvoranu, Dragos; Pelinovsky, Efim (2006)。<span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈小行星撞擊黑海。溺斃定係窒息而死？〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>小</span><span class="zit3">行星撞擊黑海。溺斃定係窒息而死？</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span>。<i>Natural Hazards</i>。<b>40</b> (2): 327–338。<a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11069-006-0017-7">10.1007/s11069-006-0017-7</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=S2CID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S2CID (identifier) (無呢版)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129038790">129038790</a>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Natural+Hazards&rft.atitle=%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E3%80%82%E6%BA%BA%E6%96%83%E5%AE%9A%E4%BF%82%E7%AA%92%E6%81%AF%E8%80%8C%E6%AD%BB%EF%BC%9F&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=327-338&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11069-006-0017-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129038790%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schuiling&rft.aufirst=Roelof+Dirk&rft.au=Cathcart%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Badescu%2C+Viorel&rft.au=Isvoranu%2C+Dragos&rft.au=Pelinovsky%2C+Efim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01654/EGU2007-J-01654.pdf"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈小行星撞擊黑海：海嘯同有毒氣體排放〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>小</span><span class="zit3">行星撞擊黑海：海嘯同有毒氣體排放</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>。<i>www.cosis.net</i>。原先內容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01654/EGU2007-J-01654.pdf">歸檔</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺2022-10-09。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cosis.net&rft.atitle=%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%EF%BC%9A%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF%E5%90%8C%E6%9C%89%E6%AF%92%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cosis.net%2Fabstracts%2FEGU2007%2F01654%2FEGU2007-J-01654.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oguz99-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oguz99_13-0">13.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oguz99_13-1">13.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFOguz,_T.H._W._Ducklow1999" class="citation journal cs1">Oguz, T.; H. W. Ducklow; 等 (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061730/http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/Oguz/PDFs/oguz_etal_DSR99.pdf">"A physical-biochemical model of plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the Black Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Deep-Sea Research Part I</i>. <b>46</b> (4): 597–636. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999DSRI...46..597O">1999DSRI...46..597O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0967-0637%2898%2900074-0">10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00074-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/oguz/PDFs/oguz_etal_DSR99.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺April 26, 2012歸檔.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep-Sea+Research+Part+I&rft.atitle=A+physical-biochemical+model+of+plankton+productivity+and+nitrogen+cycling+in+the+Black+Sea&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=597-636&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0967-0637%2898%2900074-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999DSRI...46..597O&rft.au=Oguz%2C+T.&rft.au=H.+W.+Ducklow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ims.metu.edu.tr%2Fcv%2Foguz%2FPDFs%2Foguz_etal_DSR99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oguz-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oguz_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Oguz_14-1">14.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFOguz,_T.A._Merico2006" class="citation journal cs1">Oguz, T. & A. Merico (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061804/http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/oguz/PDFs/JMS_EHUX_article.pdf">"Factors controlling the summer Emiliania huxleyi bloom in the Black Sea: A modeling study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Marine Systems</i>. <b>59</b> (3–4): 173–188. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JMS....59..173O">2006JMS....59..173O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmarsys.2005.08.002">10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.08.002</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/oguz/PDFs/JMS_EHUX_article.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺April 26, 2012歸檔.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marine+Systems&rft.atitle=Factors+controlling+the+summer+Emiliania+huxleyi+bloom+in+the+Black+Sea%3A+A+modeling+study&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=173-188&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmarsys.2005.08.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JMS....59..173O&rft.au=Oguz%2C+T.&rft.au=A.+Merico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ims.metu.edu.tr%2Fcv%2Foguz%2FPDFs%2FJMS_EHUX_article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich,_J.C._Dinkel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Friedrich, J.; C. Dinkel; 等 (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004001522/http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Fri2002d.pdf">"Benthic Nutrient Cycling and Diagenetic Pathways in the North-western Black Sea"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《河口、沿海與大陸棚科學》"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E3%80%81%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E8%88%87%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%A3%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河口、沿海與大陸棚科學 (無呢版)"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>河</span><span class="zit3">口、沿海與大陸棚科學</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></a></span>. <b>54</b> (3): 369–383. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ECSS...54..369F">2002ECSS...54..369F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fecss.2000.0653">10.1006/ecss.2000.0653</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epic.awi.de/Publications/Fri2002d.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺October 4, 2011歸檔.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E3%80%81%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E8%88%87%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%A3%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Benthic+Nutrient+Cycling+and+Diagenetic+Pathways+in+the+North-western+Black+Sea&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=369-383&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fecss.2000.0653&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002ECSS...54..369F&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+J.&rft.au=C.+Dinkel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepic.awi.de%2FPublications%2FFri2002d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackmeditjournal.org/pdf/Vol%2017%20(3)%20%20pdf%205.pdf">阻礙黑海動物群自然地中海化進程的機制</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812054605/http://www.blackmeditjournal.org/pdf/Vol%2017%20(3)%20%20pdf%205.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期August 12, 2017，. (pdf). 2017年9月6日查閱</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Selifonova, P.J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acta-zoologica-bulgarica.eu/downloads/acta-zoologica-bulgarica/2011/63-1-077-084.pdf">船隻壓艙水係黑海東北部浮游橈足動物群地中海化嘅主要因素 (橈足類)</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">互聯網檔案館</a>嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020090426/http://www.acta-zoologica-bulgarica.eu/downloads/acta-zoologica-bulgarica/2011/63-1-077-084.pdf">歸檔</a>，歸檔日期October 20, 2017，. (pdf). 2017年9月6日查閱</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFEker,_E.L._Georgieva1999" class="citation journal cs1">Eker, E.; L. Georgieva; 等 (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426061841/http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/kideys/EkerICES.pdf">"Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ICES Journal of Marine Science</i>. <b>56</b>: 15–22. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ICJMS..56...15E">1999ICJMS..56...15E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fjmsc.1999.0604">10.1006/jmsc.1999.0604</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (identifier) (無呢版)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/11511%2F32054">11511/32054</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ims.metu.edu.tr/cv/kideys/EkerICES.pdf">原著</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>喺April 26, 2012歸檔.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ICES+Journal+of+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Phytoplankton+distribution+in+the+western+and+eastern+Black+Sea+in+spring+and+autumn+1995&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=15-22&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11511%2F32054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fjmsc.1999.0604&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ICJMS..56...15E&rft.au=Eker%2C+E.&rft.au=L.+Georgieva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ims.metu.edu.tr%2Fcv%2Fkideys%2FEkerICES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eker-Develi,_E_2003-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Eker-Develi,_E_2003_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREFEker-Develi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Eker-Develi, E. (2003). "Distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Black Sea in summer 1996, spring and autumn 1998". <i>Journal of Marine Systems</i>. <b>39</b> (3–4): 203–211. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (identifier) (無呢版)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JMS....39..203E">2003JMS....39..203E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0924-7963%2803%2900031-9">10.1016/S0924-7963(03)00031-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marine+Systems&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+phytoplankton+in+the+southern+Black+Sea+in+summer+1996%2C+spring+and+autumn+1998&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=203-211&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0924-7963%2803%2900031-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003JMS....39..203E&rft.aulast=Eker-Develi&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">由「<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=黑海&oldid=2184137">https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=黑海&oldid=2184137</a>」收</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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