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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_Resolution_of_1777"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Flag Resolution of 1777 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_Resolution_of_1777-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designer_of_the_first_stars_and_stripes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designer_of_the_first_stars_and_stripes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Designer of the first stars and stripes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designer_of_the_first_stars_and_stripes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_flag_acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_flag_acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Later flag acts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_flag_acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-49-_and_50-star_unions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#49-_and_50-star_unions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 49- and 50-star unions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-49-_and_50-star_unions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Flower_Flag"_arrives_in_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Flower_Flag"_arrives_in_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 "Flower Flag" arrives in Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Flower_Flag"_arrives_in_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_and_the_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_and_the_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Civil War and the flag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_and_the_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_progression_of_designs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_progression_of_designs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Historical progression of designs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_progression_of_designs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Symbolism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Symbolism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Color symbolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Specifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Colors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Decoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Display and use </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Display_and_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Display and use subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Display_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flag_etiquette" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_etiquette"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Flag etiquette </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_etiquette-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_on_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_on_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Display on vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_on_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_on_uniforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_on_uniforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Display on uniforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_on_uniforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postage_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Postage stamps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_in_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_in_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Display in museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_in_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_continuous_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_continuous_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Places of continuous display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_continuous_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particular_days_for_display" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particular_days_for_display"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Particular days for display </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particular_days_for_display-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Display_at_half-staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_at_half-staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Display at half-staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_at_half-staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desecration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desecration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Desecration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desecration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flying_a_U.S._flag_upside_down" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flying_a_U.S._flag_upside_down"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Flying a U.S. flag upside down </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flying_a_U.S._flag_upside_down-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folding_for_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folding_for_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Folding for storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folding_for_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_funerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_funerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Use in funerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_funerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_historical_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_historical_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Surviving historical flags </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Surviving_historical_flags-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Surviving historical flags subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Surviving_historical_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revolutionary_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolutionary_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Revolutionary War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolutionary_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 War of 1812 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antebellum_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antebellum_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Antebellum Period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antebellum_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Civil War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Modern day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Related flags </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_future_design_of_the_flag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_future_design_of_the_flag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Possible future design of the flag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_future_design_of_the_flag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_sections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_sections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Article sections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_sections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Associated people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Flag of the United States</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" > 95 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_die_Verenigde_State" title="Vlag van die Verenigde State – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlag van die Verenigde State" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9C%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AB_%E1%88%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%85_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%8B%E1%88%9B" title="የአሜሪካ ሰንደቅ ዓላማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የአሜሪካ ሰንደቅ ዓላማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="علم الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D4%B4%D6%80%D6%85%D5%B7" title="Ամերիկայի Միացեալ Նահանգներու Դրօշ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ամերիկայի Միացեալ Նահանգներու Դրօշ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drap%C3%A9l_des_%C3%88tats-Unis" title="Drapél des Ètats-Unis – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Drapél des Ètats-Unis" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos_d%27Am%C3%A9rica" title="Bandera de los Estaos Xuníos d'América – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bandera de los Estaos Xuníos d'América" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="ABŞ bayrağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="آمریکا بیرلشمیش ایالتلری‌نین بایراغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمریکا بیرلشمیش ایالتلری‌نین بایراغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%C3%A9r_Am%C3%A9rika_Serikat" title="Kobér Amérika Serikat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kobér Amérika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের জাতীয় পতাকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের জাতীয় পতাকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AD-kok_kok-k%C3%AE" title="Bí-kok kok-kî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bí-kok kok-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Сцяг ЗША – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сцяг ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%B3_%D0%97%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Сьцяг Злучаных Штатаў Амэрыкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьцяг Злучаных Штатаў Амэрыкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_kan_Estados_Unidos" title="Bandera kan Estados Unidos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bandera kan Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Национално знаме на САЩ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Национално знаме на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Zastava Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zastava Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banniel_ar_Stado%C3%B9-Unanet" title="Banniel ar Stadoù-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Banniel ar Stadoù-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_dels_Estats_Units" title="Bandera dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bandera dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlajka_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Vlajka Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vlajka Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baner_yr_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Baner yr Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baner yr Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA%27s_flag" title="USA's flag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="USA's flag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagge_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Flagge der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flagge der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_lipp" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide lipp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide lipp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Σημαία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημαία των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Американь коцтось – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Американь коцтось" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Bandera de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandera de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flago_de_Usono" title="Flago de Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flago de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameriketako_Estatu_Batuetako_bandera" title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako bandera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ameriketako Estatu Batuetako bandera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="پرچم ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرچم ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagg_Sambandsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Amerika" title="Flagg Sambandsríkið Amerika – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Flagg Sambandsríkið Amerika" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Drapeau des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drapeau des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagge_fan_de_Feriene_Steaten" title="Flagge fan de Feriene Steaten – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Flagge fan de Feriene Steaten" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratach_St%C3%A1it_Aontaithe_Mheirice%C3%A1" title="Bratach Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bratach Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_dos_Estados_Unidos_de_Am%C3%A9rica" title="Bandeira dos Estados Unidos de América – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bandeira dos Estados Unidos de América" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B8%B0" title="미국의 국기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국의 국기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B7" title="Ամերիկայի Միացյալ Նահանգների դրոշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկայի Միացյալ Նահանգների դրոշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="संयुक्त राज्य का ध्वज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राज्य का ध्वज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Zastava Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zastava Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardo_di_Usa" title="Standardo di Usa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Standardo di Usa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagayway_ti_Estados_Unidos" title="Wagayway ti Estados Unidos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Wagayway ti Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তিলপারাষ্ট্রর ফিরালহান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তিলপারাষ্ট্রর ফিরালহান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Amerika_Serikat" title="Bendera Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bendera Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%92%A5%E1%90%8A%E1%93%95%E1%91%B2%E1%90%85%E1%91%89_%E1%93%B4%E1%90%83%E1%92%BB%E1%92%AA%E1%91%8E" title="ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᐅᑉ ᓴᐃᒻᒪᑎ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᒥᐊᓕᑲᐅᑉ ᓴᐃᒻᒪᑎ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1ni_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Fáni Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fáni Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiera_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Bandiera degli Stati Uniti d'America – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bandiera degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דגל ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגל ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="აშშ-ის დროშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშშ-ის დროშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Америка Құрама Штаттары туы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Америка Құрама Штаттары туы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_DYAy%C3%AA" title="Ala DYAyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ala DYAyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandyera_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Bandyera de los Estados Unidos – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Bandyera de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vexillum_Civitatum_Foederatarum_Americae" title="Vexillum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vexillum Civitatum Foederatarum Americae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikas_Savienoto_Valstu_karogs" title="Amerikas Savienoto Valstu karogs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amerikas Savienoto Valstu karogs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAV_v%C4%97liava" title="JAV vėliava – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JAV vėliava" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_de_la_SUA" title="Bandera de la SUA – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bandera de la SUA" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_di_Stat_Unid_d%27America" title="Bandera di Stat Unid d'America – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bandera di Stat Unid d'America" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok_z%C3%A1szlaja" title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok zászlaja – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok zászlaja" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Знаме на Соединетите Американски Држави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Знаме на Соединетите Американски Држави" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95" title="അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകളുടെ ദേശീയപതാക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമേരിക്കൻ ഐക്യനാടുകളുടെ ദേശീയപതാക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="अमेरिकेचा ध्वज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमेरिकेचा ध्वज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="علم الولايات المتحده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم الولايات المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Bendera Amerika Syarikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bendera Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="АНУ-ын далбаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын далбаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ အလံတော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ အလံတော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlag_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Vlag van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vlag van de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको झण्डा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको झण्डा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="アメリカ合衆国の国旗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国の国旗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAs_flagg" title="USAs flagg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="USAs flagg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_amerikanske_flagget" title="Det amerikanske flagget – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det amerikanske flagget" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_bayrog%CA%BBi" title="AQSh bayrogʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="AQSh bayrogʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%86%DA%88%D8%A7" title="امریکی چنڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امریکی چنڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaga_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Flaga Stanów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flaga Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Bandeira dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bandeira dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQ%C5%9E_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="AQŞ bayrağı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="AQŞ bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapelul_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Drapelul Statelor Unite ale Americii – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drapelul Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Флаг США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флаг США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banner_o_the_Unitit_States" title="Banner o the Unitit States – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Banner o the Unitit States" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamuri_i_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Flamuri i Shteteve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Flamuri i Shteteve të Bashkuara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flag of the United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlajka_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov" title="Vlajka Spojených štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vlajka Spojených štátov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Zastava Združenih držav Amerike – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zastava Združenih držav Amerike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئاڵای ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاڵای ویلایەتە یەکگرتووەکانی ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Застава Сједињених Америчких Држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Застава Сједињених Америчких Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastava_Sjedinjenih_Ameri%C4%8Dkih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Zastava Sjedinjenih Američkih Država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zastava Sjedinjenih Američkih Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_lippu" title="Yhdysvaltain lippu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain lippu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_flagga" title="USA:s flagga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s flagga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watawat_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Watawat ng Estados Unidos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Watawat ng Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="ธงชาติสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธงชาติสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri_bayra%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri bayrağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri bayrağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Прапор Сполучених Штатів Америки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прапор Сполучених Штатів Америки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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navigation-not-searchable">"American Flag" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/American_Flag_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="American Flag (disambiguation)">American Flag (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">United States of America</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the United States of America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg/255px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg/383px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg/510px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">The American flag, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>The Stars and Stripes</li> <li>Red, White, and Blue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Glory" title="Old Glory">Old Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_(flag)" title="Star-Spangled Banner (flag)">The Star-Spangled Banner</a></li> <li>United States (U.S.) flag</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vexillological_symbol" title="Vexillological symbol">Use</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">National flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="National ensign">ensign</a> <a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_111111.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National flag and ensign"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/FIAV_111111.svg/23px-FIAV_111111.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/FIAV_111111.svg/35px-FIAV_111111.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/FIAV_111111.svg/46px-FIAV_111111.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Normal or de jure version of flag, or obverse side"><img alt="Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/23px-FIAV_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/36px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FIAV_normal.svg/46px-FIAV_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="150" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole, then turning the pole 90°"><img alt="Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole, then turning the pole 90°" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg/21px-IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg/32px-IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg/42px-IFIS_Vertical_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="13" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proportion</th><td class="infobox-data">10:19</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Adopted</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>December 3, 1775; 248 years ago (1775-12-03) (<a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Continental Union Flag</a>)</li><li>June 14, 1777; 247 years ago (1777-06-14) (13-star version)</li><li>July 4, 1960; 64 years ago (1960-07-04) (current 50-star version)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design</th><td class="infobox-data">Thirteen horizontal stripes alternating red and white; in the canton, one white star for each state (50 stars as of 1960) arranged in horizontal rows (of alternating numbers of six and five stars per row as of 1960) on a blue field</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background: #DEDEE2; color:inherit;">Pantone</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(Pantone).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/301px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg/399px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, often referred to as the American flag or the U.S. flag, consists of thirteen horizontal stripes, alternating red and white, with a blue rectangle in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_(flag)" title="Canton (flag)">canton</a> bearing fifty small, white, <a href="/wiki/Five-pointed_star" title="Five-pointed star">five-pointed stars</a> arranged in nine offset horizontal rows, where rows of six stars alternate with rows of five stars. The 50 stars on the flag represent the 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a>, and the 13 stripes represent the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">thirteen British colonies</a> that won independence from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The flag was created as an item of military equipment to identity US ships and forts. It evolved gradually during early American history, and was not designed by any one person. The flag was mostly unknown to the American public until 1861, when it exploded in popularity as a symbol of opposition to the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">attack on Fort Sumter</a>. It came to symbolize the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>; Union victory solidified its status as a national flag. Because of the country's emergence as a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> in the 20th century, the flag is now among the most widely recognized symbols in the world. Nicknames for the flag include the Stars and Stripes, <a href="/wiki/Old_Glory" title="Old Glory">Old Glory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_(flag)" title="Star-Spangled Banner (flag)">Star-Spangled Banner</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a> and the holiday <a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a> are dedicated to it. The number of stars on the flag is increased as new states join the United States. The last adjustment was made in 1960, following the admission of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_flag_of_the_United_States" title="Timeline of the flag of the United States">Timeline of the flag of the United States</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">List of flags of the United States</a></div> The current design of the U.S. flag is its 27th; the design of the flag has been modified officially 26 times since 1777. The 48-star flag was in effect for 47 years until the 49-star version became official on July 4, 1959. The 50-star flag was ordered by <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">then president Eisenhower</a> on August 21, 1959, and was adopted in July 1960. It is the longest-used version of the U.S. flag and has been in use for over 64 years.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_flag">First flag</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Grand Union Flag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Hill_Flag_Debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospect Hill Flag Debate">Prospect Hill Flag Debate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931777).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Continental Union Flag, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Grand Union Flag</a>, was used between 1775 and 1777</figcaption></figure> The first official flag resembling the "Stars and Stripes" was the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">ensign</a> (often referred to as the Continental Union Flag, first American flag, Cambridge Flag, and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Grand Union Flag</a>) used between 1775 and 1777. It consisted of 13 red-and-white stripes, with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Great_Britain" title="Flag of Great Britain">Union Flag</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canton_(flag)" title="Canton (flag)">canton</a>. It first appeared on December 3, 1775, when Continental Navy Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a> flew it aboard Captain <a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Esek Hopkins</a>' <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Alfred" title="USS Alfred">Alfred</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Prospect Hill was the location of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s command post during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a> in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. On New Year's Day in 1776, Washington conducted a flag-raising ceremony to raise the morale of the men of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. The standard account features the Continental Union Flag flying, although in 2006, Peter Ansoff advanced a theory that it was actually a British Union Flag instead.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Others, such as Byron DeLear, have argued in favour of the traditional version of events.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Continental Union Flag remained the national flag until June 14, 1777.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> in July 1776, there were no flags with any stars on them; the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> did not adopt flags with "stars, white in a blue field" for another year. It has historically been referred to as the first national flag of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Leepson-7">[7]</a> Often referred to as the Cambridge Flag and Grand Union Flag; the terms domain did not come into use until the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkins1893291-8">[8]</a> Although it has been claimed that the more recent moniker, Grand Union Flag, was first applied to the Continental Union Flag by <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Preble" title="George Henry Preble">G. Henry Preble</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a> book Our Flag;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreble1872part_II-9">[9]</a> the first substantiated use of the name came from Philadelphia resident T. Westcott in 1852 when replying to an inquiry made in <a href="/wiki/Notes_and_Queries" title="Notes and Queries">Notes and Queries</a>, a London periodical, as to the origin of the U.S. flag.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1707).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281707%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, introduced in 1707 and flown at sea in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></figcaption></figure> The flag very closely resembles the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_East_India_Company" title="Flag of the East India Company">East India Company flag</a> of the era. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fawcett_(historian)" title="Charles Fawcett (historian)">Sir Charles Fawcett</a> argued in 1937 that the company flag inspired the design of the U.S. flag.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11">[11]</a> Both flags could easily have been constructed by adding white stripes to a <a href="/wiki/Red_Ensign" title="Red Ensign">red ensign</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/British_ensign#History" title="British ensign">three maritime flags</a> used throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> at the time. However, the East India Company flag could have from nine to 13 stripes and was not allowed to be flown outside the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> once gave a speech endorsing the adoption of the East India Company flag by the <a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>. He said to George Washington, "While the field of your flag must be new in the details of its design, it need not be entirely new in its elements. There is already in use a flag, I refer to the flag of the East India Company."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> This was a way of symbolizing American loyalty to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> as well as the colonies' aspirations to be self-governing, as was the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The theory that the Continental Union Flag was a direct descendant of the East India Company flag has been criticized as lacking written evidence;<a href="#cite_note-i-15">[15]</a> on the other hand, the resemblance to the company flag is obvious, and some of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">founding fathers of the United States</a> were aware of the East India Company's activities and of their free administration of <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">India under Company rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-i-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_Resolution_of_1777">Flag Resolution of 1777</h3></div> On June 14, 1777, the Continental Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Flag_Acts_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Acts (United States)">Flag Resolution</a> which stated: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Day in the United States">Flag Day</a> is now observed on June 14 of each year. While scholars still argue about this, tradition holds that the new flag was first hoisted in June 1777 by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Middlebrook_encampment" title="Middlebrook encampment">Middlebrook encampment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Both the <a href="/wiki/Barry_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry (heraldry)">stripes (barry)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Star_(heraldry)" title="Star (heraldry)">stars (mullets)</a> have precedents in classical heraldry. Mullets were comparatively rare in early modern heraldry. However, an example of mullets representing territorial divisions predating the U.S. flag is the <a href="/wiki/Valais" title="Valais">Valais</a> 1618 coat of arms, where seven mullets stood for <a href="/wiki/Sieben_Zenden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieben Zenden">seven districts</a>. Another widely repeated theory is that the design was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Washington_family" title="Coat of arms of the Washington family">coat of arms of George Washington's family</a>, which includes three red stars over two horizontal red bars on a white field.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Despite the similar visual elements, there is "little evidence"<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> or "no evidence whatsoever"<a href="#cite_note-:2-20">[20]</a> to support the claimed connection with the flag design. The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington, published by the <a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Smith_National_Library_for_the_Study_of_George_Washington" title="Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington">Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>, calls it an "enduring myth" backed by "no discernible evidence."<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The story seems to have originated with the 1876 play Washington: A Drama in Five Acts, by the English poet <a href="/wiki/Martin_Farquhar_Tupper" title="Martin Farquhar Tupper">Martin Farquhar Tupper</a>, and was further popularized through repetition in the children's magazine <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nicholas Magazine">St. Nicholas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-20">[20]</a> The first official U.S. flag flown during battle was on August 3, 1777, at Fort Schuyler (Fort Stanwix) during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a>. Massachusetts reinforcements brought news of the adoption by Congress of the official flag to Fort Schuyler. Soldiers cut up their shirts to make the white stripes; scarlet material to form the red was secured from red flannel petticoats of officers' wives, while material for the blue union was secured from Capt. Abraham Swartwout's blue cloth coat. A voucher is extant that Congress paid Capt. Swartwout of Dutchess County for his coat for the flag.<a href="#cite_note-google-22">[22]</a> The 1777 resolution was probably meant to define a <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a>. In the late 18th century, the notion of a <a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">national flag</a> did not yet exist or was only nascent. The flag resolution appears between other resolutions from the Marine Committee. On May 10, 1779, Secretary of the Board of War <a href="/wiki/Richard_Peters_(Continental_Congress)" title="Richard Peters (Continental Congress)">Richard Peters</a> expressed concern that "it is not yet settled what is the Standard of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, the term "Standard" referred to a national standard for the Army of the United States. Each regiment was to carry the national standard in addition to its regimental standard. The national standard was not a reference to the national or naval flag.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement, number of points, nor orientation for the stars and the arrangement or whether the flag had to have seven red stripes and six white ones or vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-auto-25">[25]</a> The appearance was up to the maker of the flag. Some flag makers arranged the stars into one big star, in a circle or in rows and some replaced a state's star with its initial.<a href="#cite_note-Lane-26">[26]</a> One arrangement features 13 five-pointed stars arranged in a circle, with the stars arranged pointing outwards from the circle (as opposed to up), the <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a>. Experts have dated the earliest known example of this flag to be 1792 in a painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Despite the 1777 resolution, the early years of American independence featured many different, hand-crafted flags. As late as 1779, Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Manley_(naval_officer)" title="John Manley (naval officer)">John Manley</a> believed that the United States "had no national colors" so each ship flew whatever flag pleased the captain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreble1880284-28">[28]</a> Some of the early flags included blue stripes<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> as well as red and white. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, in an October 3, 1778, letter to <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a>, described the American flag as consisting of "13 stripes, alternately red, white, and blue, a small square in the upper angle, next to the flagstaff, is a blue field, with 13 white stars, denoting a new Constellation."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> John Paul Jones used a variety of 13-star flags on his U.S. Navy ships including the well-documented 1779 flags of the Serapis and the Alliance. The <a href="/wiki/Serapis_flag" title="Serapis flag">Serapis flag</a> had three rows of eight-pointed stars with red, white, and blue stripes. However, the flag for the Alliance had five rows of eight-pointed stars with 13 red and white stripes, and the white stripes were on the outer edges.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Both flags were documented by the Dutch government in October 1779, making them two of the earliest known flags of 13 stars.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designer_of_the_first_stars_and_stripes">Designer of the first stars and stripes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/220px-Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/330px-Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/440px-Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Francis Hopkinson's flag for the U.S., an interpretation, with 13 six-pointed stars arranged in five rows<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/220px-Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/330px-Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg/440px-Hopkinson_Flag_of_the_United_States_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Hopkinson Flag for the U.S. Navy, an interpretation<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, a naval flag designer and a signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, designed a flag in 1777<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> while he was the chairman of the Continental Navy Board's Middle Department, sometime between his appointment to that position in November 1776 and the time that the flag resolution was adopted in June 1777. The Navy Board was under the Continental Marine Committee.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Not only did Hopkinson claim that he designed the U.S. flag, but he also claimed that he designed a flag for the U.S. Navy. Hopkinson was the only person to have made such a claim during his own life when he sent a letter and several bills to Congress for his work. These claims are documented in the <a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a> and George Hasting's biography of Hopkinson. Hopkinson initially wrote a letter to Congress, via the Continental Board of Admiralty, on May 25, 1780.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In this letter, he asked for a "Quarter Cask of the Public Wine" as payment for designing the U.S. flag, the seal for the Admiralty Board, the seal for the Treasury Board, Continental currency, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a>, and other devices. However, in three subsequent bills to Congress, Hopkinson asked to be paid in cash, but he did not list his U.S. flag design. Instead, he asked to be paid for designing the "great Naval Flag of the United States" in the first bill; the "Naval Flag of the United States" in the second bill; and "the Naval Flag of the States" in the third, along with the other items. The flag references were generic terms for the naval ensign that Hopkinson had designed: a flag of seven red stripes and six white ones. The predominance of red stripes made the naval flag more visible against the sky on a ship at sea. By contrast, Hopkinson's flag for the United States had seven white stripes and six red ones – in reality, six red stripes laid on a white background.<a href="#cite_note-Williams,_pp._7-9-38">[38]</a> Hopkinson's sketches have not been found, but we can make these conclusions because Hopkinson incorporated different stripe arrangements in the Admiralty (naval) Seal that he designed in the Spring of 1780 and the Great Seal of the United States that he proposed at the same time. His Admiralty Seal had seven red stripes;<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> whereas his second U.S. Seal proposal had seven white ones.<a href="#cite_note-Patterson-40">[40]</a> Remnants of Hopkinson's U.S. flag of seven white stripes can be found in the Great Seal of the United States and the President's seal.<a href="#cite_note-Williams,_pp._7-9-38">[38]</a> The stripe arrangement would have been consistent with other flags of the period that had seven stripes below the canton, or blue area with stars. For example, two of the earliest known examples of Stars and Stripes flags were painted by a Dutch artist who witnessed the arrival of Navy Lieutenant John Paul Jones' squadron in Texel, The Netherlands, in 1779. The two flags have seven stripes below the canton.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> When Hopkinson was chairman of the Navy Board, his position was like that of today's Secretary of the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The payment was not made, most likely, because other people had contributed to designing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal of the United States</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and because it was determined he already received a salary as a member of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> This contradicts the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a>, which suggests that she sewed the first Stars and Stripes flag at the request of the government in the Spring of 1776.<a href="#cite_note-fcic-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On 10 May 1779, a letter from the War Board to George Washington stated that there was still no design established for a national standard, on which to base regimental standards, but also referenced flag requirements given to the board by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">General von Steuben</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Furlong117-48">[48]</a> On 3 September, Richard Peters submitted to Washington "Drafts of a Standard" and asked for his "Ideas of the Plan of the Standard," adding that the War Board preferred a design they viewed as "a variant for the Marine Flag." Washington agreed that he preferred "the standard, with the Union and Emblems in the center."<a href="#cite_note-Furlong117-48">[48]</a> The drafts are lost to history but are likely to be similar to the first <a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Jack of the United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Furlong117-48">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betsy_Ross_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/220px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/330px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/440px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption> 13-star <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross</a> variant</figcaption></figure> The origin of the stars and stripes design has been muddled by a story disseminated by the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal">apocryphal</a> story credits <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a> for sewing <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">one of the first flags</a> from a pencil sketch handed to her by George Washington. No such evidence exists either in George Washington's diaries or the Continental Congress's records. Indeed, nearly a century passed before Ross's grandson, William Canby, first publicly suggested the story in 1870.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> By her family's own admission, Ross ran an upholstery business, and she had never made a flag as of the supposed visit in June 1776.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Furthermore, her grandson admitted that his own search through the Journals of Congress and other official records failed to find corroborating evidence for his grandmother's story.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Preble" title="George Henry Preble">George Henry Preble</a> states in his 1882 text that no combined stars and stripes flag was in common use prior to June 1777,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreble1880244-52">[52]</a> and that no one knows who designed the 1777 flag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreble1880256-53">[53]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Laurel_Thatcher_Ulrich" title="Laurel Thatcher Ulrich">Laurel Thatcher Ulrich</a> argues that there was no "first flag" worth arguing over.<a href="#cite_note-common-54">[54]</a> Researchers accept that the United States flag evolved, and did not have one design. Marla Miller writes, "The flag, like the Revolution it represents, was the work of many hands."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The family of <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Young_(flag_maker)" title="Rebecca Young (flag maker)">Rebecca Young</a> claimed that she sewed the first flag.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Young's daughter was <a href="/wiki/Mary_Young_Pickersgill" title="Mary Young Pickersgill">Mary Pickersgill</a>, who made the <a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Star-Spangled Banner Flag">Star-Spangled Banner Flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-NMAH-making-58">[58]</a> She was assisted by Grace Wisher, a 13-year-old African American girl.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_flag_acts">Later flag acts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flag_Acts" title="Flag Acts">Flag Acts</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1795%E2%80%931818).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">15-star, 15-stripe <a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Star-Spangled Banner Flag">Star-Spangled Banner Flag</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1912-1959).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 48-star flag was in use from 1912 to 1959, the second longest-used U.S. flag. The current U.S. flag is the longest-used flag, having surpassed the 1912 version in 2007.</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_historical_flags-United_States_of_America.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/US_historical_flags-United_States_of_America.jpg/220px-US_historical_flags-United_States_of_America.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/US_historical_flags-United_States_of_America.jpg/330px-US_historical_flags-United_States_of_America.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/US_historical_flags-United_States_of_America.jpg/440px-US_historical_flags-United_States_of_America.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1433" /></a><figcaption>Oil painting depicting the 39 historical U.S. flags.</figcaption></figure> In 1795, the number of stars and stripes was increased from 13 to 15 (to reflect the entry of Vermont and Kentucky as states of the Union). For a time the flag was not changed when subsequent states were admitted, probably because it was thought that this would cause too much clutter. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key" title="Francis Scott Key">Francis Scott Key</a> to write "Defence of Fort M'Henry", later known as "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>", which is now the American <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>. The flag is currently on display in the exhibition "The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem" at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> in a two-story display chamber that protects the flag while it is on view.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-60">[60]</a> On April 4, 1818, a plan was passed by Congress at the suggestion of U.S. Naval Captain <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Reid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel C. Reid">Samuel C. Reid</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> in which the flag was changed to have 20 stars, with a new star to be added when each new state was admitted, but the number of stripes would be reduced to 13 so as to honor the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">original colonies</a>. The act specified that new flag designs should become official on the first July 4 (<a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day (US)">Independence Day</a>) following the admission of one or more new states.<a href="#cite_note-stockholm-62">[62]</a> In 1912, the 48-star flag was adopted. This was the first time that a flag act specified an official arrangement of the stars in the canton, namely six rows of eight stars each, where each star would point upward.<a href="#cite_note-stockholm-62">[62]</a> The U.S. Army and U.S. Navy, however, had already been using standardized designs. Throughout the 19th century, different star patterns, both rectangular and circular, had been abundant in civilian use.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1960, the current 50-star flag was adopted, incorporating the most recent change, from 49 stars to 50, when the present design was chosen, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in January 1959 had prompted the debut of a short-lived 49-star flag.<a href="#cite_note-stockholm-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="49-_and_50-star_unions">49- and 50-star unions</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Us_flag_with_eagle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Us_flag_with_eagle.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="340" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. flag with gold fringe and a gold eagle on top of the flag pole</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more than 1,500 designs were submitted to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. Although some were 49-star versions, the vast majority were 50-star proposals. At least three of these designs were identical to the present design of the 50-star flag.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> At the time, credit was given by the executive department to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Institute_of_Heraldry" title="United States Army Institute of Heraldry">United States Army Institute of Heraldry</a> for the design.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 49- and 50-star flags were each flown for the first time at <a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a> on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a>, in 1959 and 1960 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-fnrasmussentbs-64">[64]</a> A popular myth is that an Ohio teenager and later mayor of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon,_Ohio" title="Napoleon, Ohio">Napoleon, Ohio</a>, named Robert G. Heft had designed the 50-star flag, but this was debunked by <a href="/wiki/Alec_Nevala-Lee" title="Alec Nevala-Lee">Alec Nevala-Lee</a> in his investigative article "False Flag" on June 30, 2022. Before the publication of said article the myth had been cited as fact in numerous sources, including Wikipedia.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> On July 4, 2007, the 50-star flag became the version of the flag in the longest use, surpassing the 48-star flag that was used from 1912 to 1959.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Flower_Flag"_arrives_in_Asia">"Flower Flag" arrives in Asia</h3></div> The U.S. flag was brought to the city of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> (Guǎngzhōu) in China in 1784 by the merchant ship <a href="/wiki/Empress_of_China_(1783)" title="Empress of China (1783)">Empress of China</a>, which carried a cargo of <a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Preble-67">[67]</a> There it gained the designation "Flower Flag" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%97%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:花旗">花旗</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: huāqí; <a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Cantonese Yale</a>: fākeì).<a href="#cite_note-Tappan-68">[68]</a> According to a pseudonymous account first published in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Courier" title="Boston Courier">Boston Courier</a> and later retold by author and U.S. naval officer <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Preble" title="George Henry Preble">George H. Preble</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">When the thirteen stripes and stars first appeared at Canton, much curiosity was excited among the people. News was circulated that a strange ship had arrived from the further end of the world, bearing a flag "as beautiful as a flower". Every body went to see the kwa kee chuen [花旗船; Fākeìsyùhn], or "flower flagship". This name at once established itself in the language, and America is now called the kwa kee kwoh [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%97%97%E5%9C%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:花旗國">花旗國</a>; Fākeìgwok], the "flower flag country"—and an American, kwa kee kwoh yin [花旗國人; Fākeìgwokyàhn]—"flower flag countryman"—a more complimentary designation than that of "red headed barbarian"—the name first bestowed upon the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></blockquote> In the above quote, the Chinese words are written phonetically based on spoken <a href="/wiki/Standard_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Cantonese">Cantonese</a>. The names given were common usage in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-ChiDict-71">[71]</a> Chinese now refer to the United States as Měiguó from Mandarin (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:美国">美国</a>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 美國). Měi is short for Měilìjiān (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 美利坚; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 美利堅, <a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching" title="Phono-semantic matching">phono-semantic matching</a> of "American") and "guó" means "country", so this name is unrelated to the flag. However, the "flower flag" terminology persists in some places today: for example, <a href="/wiki/American_ginseng" title="American ginseng">American ginseng</a> is called flower flag ginseng (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 花旗参; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 花旗參) in Chinese, and <a href="/wiki/Citibank" title="Citibank">Citibank</a>, which opened a branch in China in 1902, is known as Flower Flag Bank (花旗银行).<a href="#cite_note-ChiDict-71">[71]</a> Similarly, Vietnamese also uses the borrowed term from Chinese with <a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary">Sino-Vietnamese</a> reading for the United States, as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3#Vietnamese" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hoa Kỳ">Hoa Kỳ</a> from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style>花旗 ("Flower Flag"). Even though the United States is also called nước Mỹ (or simpler Mỹ) colloquially in Vietnamese before the name Měiguó was popular amongst Chinese, Hoa Kỳ is always recognized as the formal name for the United States with the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese state</a> officially designates it as Hợp chúng quốc Hoa Kỳ (<a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798">合眾國花旗, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'United states of the Flower Flag').<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> By that, in Vietnam, the U.S. is also nicknamed xứ Cờ Hoa ("land of Flower Flag") based on the Hoa Kỳ designation.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Additionally, the seal of Shanghai Municipal Council in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a> from 1869 included the U.S. flag as part of the top left-hand shield near the flag of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">U.K.</a>, as the U.S. participated in the creation of this enclave in the Chinese city of Shanghai. It is also included in the badge of the Gulangyu Municipal Police in the <a href="/wiki/Gulangyu" title="Gulangyu">International Settlement of Gulangyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> presented a U.S. flag and <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> during <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">his visit to China</a> in 1972. They are now on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_China" title="National Museum of China">National Museum of China</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The U.S. flag took its first trip around the world in 1787–1790 on board the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Rediviva" title="Columbia Rediviva">Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tappan-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Driver" class="mw-redirect" title="William Driver">William Driver</a>, who coined the phrase "Old Glory", took the U.S. flag around the world in 1831–32.<a href="#cite_note-Tappan-68">[68]</a> The flag attracted the notice of the Japanese when an oversized version was carried to <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> by the steamer Great Republic as part of a round-the-world journey in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_the_flag">Civil War and the flag</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Banner_in_the_Sky_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Our_Banner_in_the_Sky_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg/220px-Our_Banner_in_the_Sky_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Our_Banner_in_the_Sky_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg/330px-Our_Banner_in_the_Sky_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Our_Banner_in_the_Sky_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg/440px-Our_Banner_in_the_Sky_by_Frederic_Edwin_Church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="2640" /></a><figcaption>Our Banner in the Sky (1861) by <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Frederic Edwin Church</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, the American flag was rarely seen outside of military forts, government buildings and ships. This changed following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> in 1861. The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_Flag" title="Fort Sumter Flag">flag</a> flying over the fort was allowed to leave with the Union troops as they surrendered. It was taken across <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Northern</a> cities, which spurred a wave of "Flagmania". The Stars and Stripes, which had had no real place in the public conscious, suddenly became a part of the national identity. The flag became a symbol of the Union, and the sale of flags exploded at this time. Historian <a href="/wiki/Adam_Goodheart" title="Adam Goodheart">Adam Goodheart</a> wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For the first time American flags were mass-produced rather than individually stitched and even so, manufacturers could not keep up with demand. As the long winter of 1861 turned into spring, that old flag meant something new. The abstraction of the Union cause was transfigured into a physical thing: strips of cloth that millions of people would fight for, and many thousands die for.<a href="#cite_note-goodheart-1861-76">[76]</a></blockquote> In the Civil War, the flag was allowed to be carried into battle, reversing the 1847 regulation which prohibited this. (During the American Revolutionary War and <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> the army was not officially sanctioned to carry the United States flag into battle. It was not until 1834 that the artillery was allowed to carry the American flag; the army would be granted to do the same in 1841. However, in 1847, in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">war with Mexico</a>, the flag was limited to camp use and not allowed to be brought into battle.)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Some wanted to remove the stars of the states which had seceded but <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was opposed, believing it would give legitimacy to the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_progression_of_designs">Historical progression of designs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">History of the flags of the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union</a></div> In the following table depicting the 28 various designs of the United States flag, the star patterns for the flags are merely the usual patterns, often associated with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. Canton designs, prior to the proclamation of the 48-star flag, had no official arrangement of the stars. Furthermore, the exact colors of the flag were not standardized until 1934.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc;"> <th>Number of stars </th> <th>Number of stripes </th> <th class="unsortable">Design(s) </th> <th class="unsortable" width="15%">Arrangement of stars </th> <th class="unsortable">States represented by new stars </th> <th>Dates in use </th> <th>Duration </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>0</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931777).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281776%E2%80%931777%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Continental Union Flag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> represented by stripes, no stars</td> <td>December 3, 1775<a href="#cite_note-leepson-81">[81]</a> – June 14, 1777 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1+1⁄2 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>13</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1777%E2%80%931795).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hopkinson_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hopkinson_Flag.svg/84px-Hopkinson_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hopkinson_Flag.svg/126px-Hopkinson_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Hopkinson_Flag.svg/168px-Hopkinson_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:John_Trumbull%27s_Depiction_of_the_Flag_of_the_USA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/John_Trumbull%27s_Depiction_of_the_Flag_of_the_USA.svg/84px-John_Trumbull%27s_Depiction_of_the_Flag_of_the_USA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/John_Trumbull%27s_Depiction_of_the_Flag_of_the_USA.svg/126px-John_Trumbull%27s_Depiction_of_the_Flag_of_the_USA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/John_Trumbull%27s_Depiction_of_the_Flag_of_the_USA.svg/168px-John_Trumbull%27s_Depiction_of_the_Flag_of_the_USA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="1219" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Betsy_Ross_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/84px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/126px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Betsy_Ross_flag.svg/168px-Betsy_Ross_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cowpens_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cowpens_Flag.svg/84px-Cowpens_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cowpens_Flag.svg/126px-Cowpens_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cowpens_Flag.svg/168px-Cowpens_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(4-5-4_pattern).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_the_United_States_%284-5-4_pattern%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%284-5-4_pattern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_the_United_States_%284-5-4_pattern%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%284-5-4_pattern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Flag_of_the_United_States_%284-5-4_pattern%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%284-5-4_pattern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="768" /></a> </td> <td>Various: 3–2–3–2–3 or Square or Circle or 4–5–4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></td> <td>June 14, 1777 – May 1, 1795 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">18 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>15</td> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1795-1818).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1795%E2%80%931818).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td>5 rows of 3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></td> <td>May 1, 1795 – July 3, 1818 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">23 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>20</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1818-1819).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281818-1819%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281818-1819%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281818-1819%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281818-1819%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281818-1819%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281818-1819%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:US_20_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_20_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg/84px-US_20_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_20_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg/126px-US_20_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_20_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg/168px-US_20_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>4 rows of 5 or <a href="/wiki/Pentagram" title="Pentagram">Pentagram</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a></td> <td>July 4, 1818 – July 3, 1819 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1 year </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>21</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1819%E2%80%931820).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281819%E2%80%931820%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281819%E2%80%931820%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281819%E2%80%931820%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281819%E2%80%931820%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281819%E2%80%931820%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281819%E2%80%931820%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>5–4–6–6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></td> <td>July 4, 1819 – July 3, 1820 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1 year </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>23</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1820%E2%80%931822).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281820%E2%80%931822%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281820%E2%80%931822%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281820%E2%80%931822%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281820%E2%80%931822%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281820%E2%80%931822%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281820%E2%80%931822%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>6–5–6–6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></td> <td>July 4, 1820 – July 3, 1822 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>24</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1822-1836).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281822-1836%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>4 rows of 6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></td> <td>July 4, 1822 – July 3, 1836 1831 term "Old Glory" coined </td> <td style="text-align:left;">14 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>25</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1836%E2%80%931837).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281836%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(25_stars,_linear_pattern).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_linear_pattern%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_linear_pattern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_linear_pattern%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_linear_pattern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_linear_pattern%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_linear_pattern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(25_stars,_staggered_pattern).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_staggered_pattern%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_staggered_pattern%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_staggered_pattern%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_staggered_pattern%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_staggered_pattern%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2825_stars%2C_staggered_pattern%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td>6–5–7–7 or 5 rows of 5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></td> <td>July 4, 1836 – July 3, 1837 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1 year </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>26</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1837%E2%80%931845).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281837%E2%80%931845%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:US_26_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/US_26_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg/84px-US_26_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/US_26_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg/126px-US_26_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/US_26_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg/168px-US_26_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>7–6–6–7 or Inverted pentagram with large star in center</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></td> <td>July 4, 1837 – July 3, 1845 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">8 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>27</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1845%E2%80%931846).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>7–6–7–7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td> <td>July 4, 1845 – July 3, 1846 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1 year </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>28</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1846%E2%80%931847).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>4 rows of 7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td> <td>July 4, 1846 – July 3, 1847 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1 year </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>29</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1847%E2%80%931848).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281847%E2%80%931848%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281847%E2%80%931848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281847%E2%80%931848%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281847%E2%80%931848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281847%E2%80%931848%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281847%E2%80%931848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:US_29_Star_Diamond_Pattern_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/US_29_Star_Diamond_Pattern_Flag.svg/84px-US_29_Star_Diamond_Pattern_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/US_29_Star_Diamond_Pattern_Flag.svg/126px-US_29_Star_Diamond_Pattern_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/US_29_Star_Diamond_Pattern_Flag.svg/168px-US_29_Star_Diamond_Pattern_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>8–7–6–8 or Diamond pattern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></td> <td>July 4, 1847 – July 3, 1848 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1 year </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>30</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1848%E2%80%931851).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281848%E2%80%931851%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>5 rows of 6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></td> <td>July 4, 1848 – July 3, 1851 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">3 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>31</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1851%E2%80%931858).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281851%E2%80%931858%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>7–5–6–6–7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td>July 4, 1851 – July 3, 1858 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">7 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>32</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1858%E2%80%931859).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>7–6–6–6–7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a></td> <td>July 4, 1858 – July 3, 1859 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1 year </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>33</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1859%E2%80%931861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281859%E2%80%931861%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281859%E2%80%931861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281859%E2%80%931861%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281859%E2%80%931861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281859%E2%80%931861%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281859%E2%80%931861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:US_33_Star_Fort_Sumter_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/US_33_Star_Fort_Sumter_Flag.svg/84px-US_33_Star_Fort_Sumter_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/US_33_Star_Fort_Sumter_Flag.svg/126px-US_33_Star_Fort_Sumter_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/US_33_Star_Fort_Sumter_Flag.svg/168px-US_33_Star_Fort_Sumter_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:US_33_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/US_33_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg/84px-US_33_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/US_33_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg/126px-US_33_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/US_33_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg/168px-US_33_Star_GreatStar_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:US_33_Star_Flag_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_33_Star_Flag_2.svg/84px-US_33_Star_Flag_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_33_Star_Flag_2.svg/126px-US_33_Star_Flag_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/US_33_Star_Flag_2.svg/168px-US_33_Star_Flag_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>7–7–5–7–7 or Various patterns</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></td> <td>July 4, 1859 – July 3, 1861 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>34</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1861-1863).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_(1861%E2%80%931863).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281861%E2%80%931863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="539" /></a></td> <td>7–7–6–7–7 or Circle pattern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></td> <td>July 4, 1861 – July 3, 1863 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>35</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1863-1865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_(1863%E2%80%931865).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_of_America_%281863%E2%80%931865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="539" /></a></td> <td>5 rows of 7 or Circle pattern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></td> <td>July 4, 1863 – July 3, 1865 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>36</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931867).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281865%E2%80%931867%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:US_36_Star_Wagon_Wheel_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/US_36_Star_Wagon_Wheel_Flag.svg/84px-US_36_Star_Wagon_Wheel_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/US_36_Star_Wagon_Wheel_Flag.svg/126px-US_36_Star_Wagon_Wheel_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/US_36_Star_Wagon_Wheel_Flag.svg/168px-US_36_Star_Wagon_Wheel_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>8–6–8–6–8 or Wagon wheel pattern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></td> <td>July 4, 1865 – July 3, 1867 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">2 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>37</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1867%E2%80%931877).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867%E2%80%931877%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1867-1877).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281867-1877%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1330" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:US_37_Star_Medallion_Centennial_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/US_37_Star_Medallion_Centennial_Flag.svg/84px-US_37_Star_Medallion_Centennial_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/US_37_Star_Medallion_Centennial_Flag.svg/126px-US_37_Star_Medallion_Centennial_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/US_37_Star_Medallion_Centennial_Flag.svg/168px-US_37_Star_Medallion_Centennial_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>7–8–7–8–7 or 8–7–7–7–8 or Two concentric rings</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></td> <td>July 4, 1867 – July 3, 1877 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">10 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>38</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1877%E2%80%931890).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281877%E2%80%931890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:US_38_Star_Flag_concentric_circles.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_38_Star_Flag_concentric_circles.svg/84px-US_38_Star_Flag_concentric_circles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_38_Star_Flag_concentric_circles.svg/126px-US_38_Star_Flag_concentric_circles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/US_38_Star_Flag_concentric_circles.svg/168px-US_38_Star_Flag_concentric_circles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>7–8–8–8–7 or Circle pattern</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td> <td>July 4, 1877 – July 3, 1890 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">13 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>43</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1890%E2%80%931891).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281890%E2%80%931891%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>8–7–7–7–7–7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a></td> <td>July 4, 1890 – July 3, 1891 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1 year </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>44</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1891%E2%80%931896).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281891%E2%80%931896%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>8–7–7–7–7–8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></td> <td>July 4, 1891 – July 3, 1896 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">5 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>45</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1896%E2%80%931908).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281896%E2%80%931908%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>8–7–8–7–8–7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></td> <td>July 4, 1896 – July 3, 1908 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">12 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>46</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1908%E2%80%931912).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281908%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>8–7–8–8–7–8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td> <td>July 4, 1908 – July 3, 1912 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">4 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>48</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(1912-1959).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>6 rows of 8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td> <td>July 4, 1912 – July 3, 1959 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">47 years </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>49</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:US_flag_49_stars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_flag_49_stars.svg/84px-US_flag_49_stars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_flag_49_stars.svg/126px-US_flag_49_stars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/US_flag_49_stars.svg/168px-US_flag_49_stars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>7 rows of 7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></td> <td>July 4, 1959 – July 3, 1960 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">1 year </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>50</td> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(DoS_ECA_Color_Standard).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg/84px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg/126px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg/168px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%28DoS_ECA_Color_Standard%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td>6–5–6–5–6–5–6–5–6 (5 rows of 6 alternating with 4 rows of 5) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></td> <td>July 4, 1960 – present </td> <td style="text-align:left;">64 years </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2></div> The flag of the United States is the nation's most widely recognized symbol.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Within the United States, flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences. The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows, and on clothing ornamentation such as badges and lapel pins. Owing to the United States's emergence as a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a> in the 20th century, the flag is among the most widely recognized symbols in the world, and is used to represent the United States.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The flag has become a powerful symbol of <a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Americanism</a>, and is flown on many occasions, with giant outdoor flags used by retail outlets to draw customers. Reverence for the flag has at times reached <a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">religion-like fervor</a>: in 1919 <a href="/wiki/William_Norman_Guthrie" title="William Norman Guthrie">William Norman Guthrie</a>'s book The Religion of Old Glory discussed "the cult of the flag"<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and formally proposed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vexillolatry" class="extiw" title="wikt:vexillolatry"> vexillolatry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Despite a number of attempts to ban the practice, <a href="/wiki/Flag_desecration" title="Flag desecration">desecration of the flag</a> remains protected as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a> under the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>. Scholars have noted the irony that "[t]he flag is so revered because it represents the land of the free, and that freedom includes the ability to use or abuse that flag in protest".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Comparing practice worldwide, Testi noted in 2010 that the United States was not unique in adoring its banner, for the flags of Scandinavian countries are also "beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_symbolism">Color symbolism</h3></div> When the flag was officially adopted in 1777, the colors of red, white and blue were not given an official meaning. However, when <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a>, Secretary of the Continental Congress, presented a proposed <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States">U.S. seal</a> in 1782, he explained its center section in this way: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The colours of the pales are those used in the flag of the United States of America; White signifies purity and innocence, Red, hardiness & valor, and Blue, the colour of the Chief signifies vigilance, perseverance & justice.<a href="#cite_note-Greenstein-89">[89]</a></blockquote> These meanings have broadly been accepted as official, with some variation,<a href="#cite_note-Greenstein-89">[89]</a> but there are other extant interpretations as well: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a> said of the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_Flag" title="Fort Sumter Flag">Fort Sumter Flag</a> upon its 1865 return to the fort, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The stars that redeem the night from darkness, and the beams of red light that beautify the morning, have been united upon its folds. As long as the sun endures, or the stars, may it wave over a nation neither enslaved nor enslaving.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></blockquote></li> <li>In 1986, president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> gave his own interpretation, saying, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The colors of our flag signify the qualities of the human spirit we Americans cherish. Red for courage and readiness to sacrifice; white for pure intentions and high ideals; and blue for vigilance and justice."<a href="#cite_note-Greenstein-89">[89]</a></blockquote></li> <li>An interpretation attributed to George Washington claims that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We take the stars from heaven, the red from our mother country, separating it by white stripes, thus showing that we have separated from her, and the white stripes shall go down to posterity, representing our liberty.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></blockquote></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specifications">Specifications</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_specification.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of the flag's design"><img alt="Diagram of the flag's design" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_United_States_specification.svg/450px-Flag_of_the_United_States_specification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_United_States_specification.svg/675px-Flag_of_the_United_States_specification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_the_United_States_specification.svg/900px-Flag_of_the_United_States_specification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="900" /></a> The basic design of the current flag is specified by <a href="/wiki/Title_4_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 4 of the United States Code">4 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/4/1">§ 1</a> (1947): "The flag of the United States shall be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; and the union of the flag shall be forty-eight stars, white in a blue field." <a href="/wiki/Title_4_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 4 of the United States Code">4 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/4/2">§ 2</a> outlines the addition of new stars to represent new states, with no distinction made for the shape, size, or arrangement of the stars. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_10834" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 10834">Executive Order 10834</a> (1959) specifies a 50-star design for use after Hawaii was added as a state, and Federal Specification DDD-F-416F (2005) provides additional details about the production of physical flags for use by <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal agencies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <ul><li>Hoist (height) of the flag: A = 1.0</li> <li>Fly (width) of the flag: B = 1.9<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li>Hoist (height) of the canton ("union"): C = 0.5385 (A × 7/13, spanning seven stripes)</li> <li>Fly (width) of the canton: D = 0.76 (B × 2/5, two-fifths of the flag width)</li> <li>E = F = 0.0538 (C/10, one-tenth of the height of the canton)</li> <li>G = H = 0.0633 (D/12, one twelfth of the width of the canton)</li> <li>Diameter of star: K = 0.0616 (approximately L × 4/5, four-fifths of the stripe width)</li> <li>Width of stripe: L = 0.0769 (A/13, one thirteenth of the flag height)</li></ul> The executive order establishing these specifications directly governs only flags made for or by the federal government, but it is also used as the definition of the flag in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Flag_Code" title="United States Flag Code">Flag Code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In practice, most U.S. national flags available for sale to the public follow the federal star arrangement, but have a different width-to-height ratio; common sizes are 2 × 3 ft. or 4 × 6 ft. (flag ratio 1.5), 2.5 × 4 ft. or 5 × 8 ft. (1.6), or 3 × 5 ft. or 6 × 10 ft. (1.667). Even flags flown over the U.S. Capitol for sale to the public through Representatives or Senators are provided in these sizes.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Flags that are made to the prescribed 1.9 ratio are often referred to as "G-spec" (for "government specification") flags. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colors">Colors</h3></div> Federal Specification DDD-F-416F specifies the exact red, white, and blue colors to be used for physical flags procured by federal agencies with reference to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Color_Reference_of_America" title="Standard Color Reference of America">Standard Color Reference of America</a>, 10th edition, a set of dyed silk fabric samples produced by <a href="/wiki/The_Color_Association_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="The Color Association of the United States">The Color Association of the United States</a>. The colors are "White", No. 70001; "Old Glory Red", No. 70180; and "Old Glory Blue", No. 70075. <a href="/wiki/CIE_1931_color_space" title="CIE 1931 color space">CIE coordinates</a> for the colors of the 9th edition of the Standard Color Reference were carefully measured and cross-checked by color scientists from the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Bureau of Standards">National Bureau of Standards</a> in 1946, with the resulting coordinates adopted as a formal specification.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> These colors form the standard for cloth, and there is no perfect way to convert them to <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> for display on screen or <a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a> for printing. The "relative" coordinates in the following table were found by scaling the luminous reflectance relative to the flag's white. <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Federal Specification DDD-F-416F cloth color specifications<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; padding-left:.7em; padding-right:.7em">Name </th> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="6">Absolute </th> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="12">Relative </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="width:3em; min-width:3em"> </th> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/CIELAB" class="mw-redirect" title="CIELAB">CIELAB</a> D65 </th> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:3em; min-width:3em"> </th> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a> </th> <th style="text-align:center" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">GRACoL 2006</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center">L*</th> <th style="text-align:center">a*</th> <th style="text-align:center">b* </th> <th style="text-align:center">H</th> <th style="text-align:center">V/C </th> <th style="text-align:center">R</th> <th style="text-align:center">G</th> <th style="text-align:center">B</th> <th style="text-align:center">8-bit hex </th> <th style="text-align:center">C</th> <th style="text-align:center">M</th> <th style="text-align:center">Y</th> <th style="text-align:center">K </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">White </td> <td style="background:#e3ded4" title="#E3DED4"> </td> <td>88.7</td> <td>−0.2</td> <td>5.4 </td> <td style="text-align:left">2.5Y</td> <td style="text-align:left">8.8/0.7 </td> <td style="background:#fff" title="#FFFFFF"> </td> <td>1.000</td> <td>1.000</td> <td>1.000</td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#FFFFFF</code> </td> <td>.000</td> <td>.000</td> <td>.000</td> <td>.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Old Glory Red </td> <td style="background:#9b1c2c" title="#9B1C2C"> </td> <td>33.9</td> <td>51.2</td> <td>24.7 </td> <td style="text-align:left">5.5R</td> <td style="text-align:left">3.3/11.1 </td> <td style="background:#b22234" title="#B22234"> </td> <td>.698</td> <td>.132</td> <td>.203</td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#B22234</code> </td> <td>.196</td> <td>1.000</td> <td>.757</td> <td>.118 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Old Glory Blue </td> <td style="background:#33335f" title="#33335F"> </td> <td>23.2</td> <td>13.1</td> <td>−26.4 </td> <td style="text-align:left">8.2PB</td> <td style="text-align:left">2.3/6.1 </td> <td style="background:#3c3b6e" title="#3C3B6E"> </td> <td>.234</td> <td>.233</td> <td>.430</td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#3C3B6E</code> </td> <td>.886</td> <td>.851</td> <td>.243</td> <td>.122 </td></tr></tbody></table> As with the design, the official colors are only officially required for flags produced for the U.S. federal government, and other colors are often used for mass-market flags, printed reproductions, and other products intended to evoke flag colors. The practice of using <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">more saturated</a> colors than the official cloth is not new. As Taylor, Knoche, and Granville wrote in 1950: "The color of the official wool bunting [of the blue field] is a very dark blue, but printed reproductions of the flag, as well as merchandise supposed to match the flag, present the color as a deep blue much brighter than the official wool."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Sometimes, <a href="/wiki/Pantone_Matching_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantone Matching System">Pantone Matching System</a> (PMS) alternatives to the dyed fabric colors are recommended by US government agencies for use in websites or printed documents. One set was given on the website of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Embassy,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Embassy, London">U.S. embassy in London</a> as early as 1996; the website of the U.S. embassy in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> claimed in 2001 that those had been suggested by Pantone, and that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">U.S. Government Printing Office</a> preferred a different set. A third red was suggested by a <a href="/wiki/California_Military_Department" title="California Military Department">California Military Department</a> document in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 2001, the Texas legislature specified that the colors of the Texas flag should be "(1) the same colors used in the United States flag; and (2) defined as numbers 193 (red) and 281 (dark blue) of the Pantone Matching System."<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The current internal style guide of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Educational_and_Cultural_Affairs" title="Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs">Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs</a> specifies PMS 282C blue and PMS 193C red, and gives RGB and CMYK conversions generated by <a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eca_flag_standards-101">[101]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs style guidelines<a href="#cite_note-eca_flag_standards-101">[101]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">Pantone Identifier </th> <th rowspan="2" style="width:3em; min-width:3em"> </th> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center">RGB </th> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center">CMYK </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center">R</th> <th style="text-align:center">G</th> <th style="text-align:center">B</th> <th style="text-align:center">8-bit hex </th> <th style="text-align:center">C</th> <th style="text-align:center">M</th> <th style="text-align:center">Y</th> <th style="text-align:center">K </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">White </td> <td style="background:#fff" title="#FFFFFF"> </td> <td>1.00</td> <td>1.00</td> <td>1.00</td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#FFFFFF</code> </td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">PMS 193C </td> <td style="background:#b31942" title="#B31942"> </td> <td>0.72</td> <td>0.10</td> <td>0.26</td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#B31942</code> </td> <td>0.00</td> <td>1.00</td> <td>0.66</td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">PMS 282C </td> <td style="background:#0a3161" title="#0A3161"> </td> <td>0.04</td> <td>0.19</td> <td>0.38</td> <td><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">#0A3161</code> </td> <td>1.00</td> <td>0.68</td> <td>0.00</td> <td>0.54 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decoration">Decoration</h3></div> Traditionally, the flag may be decorated with golden <a href="/wiki/Fringe_(trim)" title="Fringe (trim)">fringe</a> surrounding the perimeter of the flag as long as it does not deface the flag proper. Ceremonial displays of the flag, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parades</a> or on indoor posts, often use fringe to enhance the flag's appearance. Traditionally, the Army and Air Force use a fringed flag for parades, <a href="/wiki/Colour_guard" title="Colour guard">color guard</a> and indoor display, while the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard use a fringeless flag for all occasions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first recorded use of fringe on a flag dates from 1835, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a> used it officially in 1895. No specific law governs the legality of fringe. Still, a 1925 opinion of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">attorney general</a> addresses the use of fringe (and the number of stars) "... is at the discretion of the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy ..." as quoted from a footnote in previous volumes of <a href="/wiki/Title_4_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 4 of the United States Code">Title 4 of the United States Code</a> law books. This opinion is a source for claims that a flag with fringe is a military ensign rather than a civilian. However, according to the Army <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Heraldry">Institute of Heraldry</a>, which has official custody of U.S. flag designs and makes any change ordered, there are no implications of symbolism in using fringe.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Individuals associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">sovereign citizen movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">tax protester conspiracy arguments</a> have claimed, based on the military usage, that the presence of a fringed flag in a civilian courtroom changes the nature or jurisdiction of the court.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-104">[104]</a> Federal and state courts have rejected this contention.<a href="#cite_note-:0-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-state-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Display_and_use">Display and use</h2></div> The flag is customarily flown year-round at most public buildings, and it is not unusual to find private houses flying full-size (3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m)) flags. Some private use is year-round, but becomes widespread on civic holidays like <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Veterans Day (United States)">Veterans Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidents' Day (United States)">Presidents' Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Day in the United States">Flag Day</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Day (US)">Independence Day</a>. On Memorial Day, it is common to place small flags by war memorials and next to the graves of U.S. war veterans. Also, on Memorial Day, it is common to fly the flag at half staff until noon to remember those who lost their lives fighting in U.S. wars. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An American flag on the U.S. embassy in Warsaw during a German air raid in September 1939"><img alt="An American flag on the U.S. embassy in Warsaw during a German air raid in September 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939.jpg/111px-American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939.jpg/167px-American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939.jpg/223px-American_Embassy_in_Warsaw_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An American flag on the U.S. embassy in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> during a German air raid in <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">September 1939</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:VAB_aerial_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The NASA Vehicle Assembly Building in 1977. The VAB has the largest U.S. flag ever used on a building, with the Bicentennial Star opposite the flag."><img alt="The NASA Vehicle Assembly Building in 1977. The VAB has the largest U.S. flag ever used on a building, with the Bicentennial Star opposite the flag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/VAB_aerial_1977.jpg/180px-VAB_aerial_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/VAB_aerial_1977.jpg/270px-VAB_aerial_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/VAB_aerial_1977.jpg/360px-VAB_aerial_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The NASA <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> in 1977. The VAB has the largest U.S. flag ever used on a building, with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial Star</a> opposite the flag.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Graves_at_Arlington_on_Memorial_Day.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gravestones at Arlington National Cemetery decorated with U.S. flags on Memorial Day."><img alt="Gravestones at Arlington National Cemetery decorated with U.S. flags on Memorial Day." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Graves_at_Arlington_on_Memorial_Day.JPG/127px-Graves_at_Arlington_on_Memorial_Day.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Graves_at_Arlington_on_Memorial_Day.JPG/191px-Graves_at_Arlington_on_Memorial_Day.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Graves_at_Arlington_on_Memorial_Day.JPG/255px-Graves_at_Arlington_on_Memorial_Day.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="3029" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gravestones at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> decorated with U.S. flags on Memorial Day.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_Dumpster.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A dumpster in Chicago painted to resemble the American flag."><img alt="A dumpster in Chicago painted to resemble the American flag." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_Dumpster.JPG/180px-Flag_Dumpster.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_Dumpster.JPG/270px-Flag_Dumpster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_Dumpster.JPG/360px-Flag_Dumpster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Dumpster" title="Dumpster">dumpster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> painted to resemble the American flag.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NFL_Wild_Card_Game_Packers_at_Cardinals.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A large flag displayed during the singing of The Star-Spangled Banner prior to the start of an NFL game."><img alt="A large flag displayed during the singing of The Star-Spangled Banner prior to the start of an NFL game." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NFL_Wild_Card_Game_Packers_at_Cardinals.JPG/180px-NFL_Wild_Card_Game_Packers_at_Cardinals.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NFL_Wild_Card_Game_Packers_at_Cardinals.JPG/270px-NFL_Wild_Card_Game_Packers_at_Cardinals.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/NFL_Wild_Card_Game_Packers_at_Cardinals.JPG/360px-NFL_Wild_Card_Game_Packers_at_Cardinals.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="1781" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large flag displayed during the singing of <a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a> prior to the start of an <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> game.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flag_etiquette">Flag etiquette</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Flag_Code" title="United States Flag Code">United States Flag Code</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertical_United_States_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vertical_United_States_Flag.svg/100px-Vertical_United_States_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vertical_United_States_Flag.svg/150px-Vertical_United_States_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vertical_United_States_Flag.svg/200px-Vertical_United_States_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>The proper stationary vertical display. The union (blue box of stars) should always be in the upper-left corner.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tattered_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tattered_Flag.jpg/170px-Tattered_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tattered_Flag.jpg/255px-Tattered_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tattered_Flag.jpg/340px-Tattered_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="2602" /></a><figcaption>A tattered flag at Spokane Valley Police Headquarters, <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_030915-N-8726C-007_lowers_a_tattered_ensign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_Navy_030915-N-8726C-007_lowers_a_tattered_ensign.jpg/220px-US_Navy_030915-N-8726C-007_lowers_a_tattered_ensign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_Navy_030915-N-8726C-007_lowers_a_tattered_ensign.jpg/330px-US_Navy_030915-N-8726C-007_lowers_a_tattered_ensign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/US_Navy_030915-N-8726C-007_lowers_a_tattered_ensign.jpg/440px-US_Navy_030915-N-8726C-007_lowers_a_tattered_ensign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2198" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A proper and respectful manner of disposing of a damaged flag is a ceremonial burning (as seen here at <a href="/wiki/Misawa_Air_Base" title="Misawa Air Base">Misawa Air Base</a>)</figcaption></figure> The United States Flag Code outlines certain guidelines for the flag's use, display, and disposal. For example, the flag should never be <a href="/wiki/Flag_dipping" title="Flag dipping">dipped</a> to any person or thing, unless it is the <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensign</a> responding to a salute from a ship of a foreign nation. This tradition may come from the <a href="/wiki/1908_Summer_Olympics" title="1908 Summer Olympics">1908 Summer Olympics</a> in London, where countries were asked to dip their flag to <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a>: the American flag bearer did not. Team captain <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheridan" title="Martin Sheridan">Martin Sheridan</a> is famously quoted as saying, "this flag dips to no earthly king", though the true provenance of this quotation is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The flag should never be allowed to touch the ground and should be illuminated if flown at night. The flag should be repaired or replaced if the edges become tattered through wear. When a flag is so tattered that it can no longer serve as a symbol of the United States, it should be destroyed in a dignified manner, preferably by burning.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The American Legion and other organizations regularly conduct flag retirement ceremonies, often on Flag Day, June 14. (The <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> recommends that modern nylon or polyester flags be recycled instead of burned due to hazardous gases produced when such materials are burned.)<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Flag_Code" title="United States Flag Code">Flag Code</a> prohibits using the flag "for any advertising purpose" and also states that the flag "should not be embroidered, printed, or otherwise impressed on such articles as cushions, handkerchiefs, napkins, boxes, or anything intended to be discarded after temporary use".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Both of these codes are generally ignored, almost always without comment. Section 8, entitled "Respect For Flag", states in part: "The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery", and "No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform". Section 3 of the Flag Code<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> defines "the flag" as anything "by which the average person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the United States of America". An additional provision that is frequently violated at sporting events is part (c) "The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and free."<a href="#cite_note-What_does_it_mean_to_disrespect_the_U.S._Flag?-113">[113]</a> Although the Flag Code is U.S. federal law, there is no penalty for a private citizen or group failing to comply with the Flag Code, and it is not widely enforced—punitive enforcement would conflict with the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Passage of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration Amendment</a> would overrule the legal precedent that has been established. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_on_vehicles">Display on vehicles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:9121_Truck_with_Backwards_Flag_Sticker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/9121_Truck_with_Backwards_Flag_Sticker.jpg/220px-9121_Truck_with_Backwards_Flag_Sticker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/9121_Truck_with_Backwards_Flag_Sticker.jpg/330px-9121_Truck_with_Backwards_Flag_Sticker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/9121_Truck_with_Backwards_Flag_Sticker.jpg/440px-9121_Truck_with_Backwards_Flag_Sticker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Truck with sticker showing the flag as if moving forward with the truck</figcaption></figure> When the flag is affixed to the right side of a vehicle of any kind (e.g., cars, boats, planes, any physical object that moves), it should be oriented so that the canton is towards the front of the vehicle, as if the flag were streaming backward from its hoist as the vehicle moves forward. Therefore, U.S. flag <a href="/wiki/Decal" title="Decal">decals</a> on the right sides of vehicles may appear to be reversed, with the union to the observer's right instead of left as more commonly seen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The flag has been displayed on every U.S. spacecraft designed for crewed flight starting from <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">John Glenn's Friendship 7 flight</a> in 1962, including <a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command/Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command/Service Module">Apollo Command/Service Module</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> The flag also appeared on the <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a> first stage of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> launch vehicle used for Apollo. Nevertheless, Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo were launched and landed vertically instead of horizontally as the Space Shuttle did on its landing approach, so the streaming convention was not followed. These flags were oriented with the stripes running horizontally, perpendicular to the direction of flight. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_on_uniforms">Display on uniforms</h3></div> On some U.S. military uniforms, flag patches are worn on the right shoulder, following the vehicle convention with the union toward the front. This rule dates back to the Army's early history when mounted cavalry and infantry units would designate a standard-bearer who carried the Colors into battle. As he charged, his forward motion caused the flag to stream back. Since the Stars and Stripes are mounted with the canton closest to the pole, that section stayed to the right, while the stripes flew to the left.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Several U.S. military uniforms, such as flight suits worn by members of the United States Air Force and Navy, have the flag patch on the left shoulder.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-navytimes-118">[118]</a> Other organizations that wear flag patches on their uniforms can have the flag facing in either direction. The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_charter" title="Congressional charter">congressional charter</a> of the Boy Scouts of America stipulates that <a href="/wiki/Uniform_and_insignia_of_the_Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Uniform and insignia of the Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scout uniforms</a> should not imitate U.S. military uniforms; consequently, the flags are displayed on the right shoulder with the stripes facing front, the reverse of the military style.<a href="#cite_note-scouting-119">[119]</a> Law enforcement officers often wear a small flag patch, either on a shoulder or above a shirt pocket. Every U.S. <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> since the crew of <a href="/wiki/Gemini_4" title="Gemini 4">Gemini 4</a> has worn the flag on the left shoulder of his or her <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suit</a>, except for the crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a>, whose flags were worn on the right shoulder. In this case, the canton was on the left. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amflagurban.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A subdued-color flag patch, similar to the style worn on the United States Army's ACU uniform. The patch is customarily worn reversed on the right upper sleeve."><img alt="A subdued-color flag patch, similar to the style worn on the United States Army's ACU uniform. The patch is customarily worn reversed on the right upper sleeve." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amflagurban.jpg/180px-Amflagurban.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amflagurban.jpg/270px-Amflagurban.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Amflagurban.jpg/360px-Amflagurban.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="588" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A subdued-color <a href="/wiki/Flag_patch" title="Flag patch">flag patch</a>, similar to the style worn on the United States Army's <a href="/wiki/ACU_uniform" class="mw-redirect" title="ACU uniform">ACU uniform</a>. The patch is customarily worn reversed on the right upper sleeve.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the United States on American astronaut Neil Armstrong's space suit"><img alt="Flag of the United States on American astronaut Neil Armstrong's space suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg/128px-Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg/192px-Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg/256px-Neil_Armstrong_pose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="4125" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag of the United States on American astronaut <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>'s space suit</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:160803-N-RY232-012_-_United_States_Navy_Working_Uniform_(NWU)_Type_III_U.S._flag_patch.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Patch with the union to the front, as seen on a Navy uniform."><img alt="Patch with the union to the front, as seen on a Navy uniform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/160803-N-RY232-012_-_United_States_Navy_Working_Uniform_%28NWU%29_Type_III_U.S._flag_patch.png/180px-160803-N-RY232-012_-_United_States_Navy_Working_Uniform_%28NWU%29_Type_III_U.S._flag_patch.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/160803-N-RY232-012_-_United_States_Navy_Working_Uniform_%28NWU%29_Type_III_U.S._flag_patch.png/270px-160803-N-RY232-012_-_United_States_Navy_Working_Uniform_%28NWU%29_Type_III_U.S._flag_patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/160803-N-RY232-012_-_United_States_Navy_Working_Uniform_%28NWU%29_Type_III_U.S._flag_patch.png/360px-160803-N-RY232-012_-_United_States_Navy_Working_Uniform_%28NWU%29_Type_III_U.S._flag_patch.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="699" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Patch with the union to the front, as seen on a <a href="/wiki/Navy_Working_Uniform" title="Navy Working Uniform">Navy uniform</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Flags_green_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US_Flags_green_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-US_Flags_green_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US_Flags_green_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-US_Flags_green_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/US_Flags_green_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-US_Flags_green_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1628" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>Flags depicted on U.S. postage stamp issues</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_W._Bush_Star-Spangled_Banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the Star-spangled-banner flag in the National Museum of American History, being observed By George W. bush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/George_W._Bush_Star-Spangled_Banner.jpg/220px-George_W._Bush_Star-Spangled_Banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/George_W._Bush_Star-Spangled_Banner.jpg/330px-George_W._Bush_Star-Spangled_Banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/George_W._Bush_Star-Spangled_Banner.jpg/440px-George_W._Bush_Star-Spangled_Banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Image of the <a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_(flag)" title="Star-Spangled Banner (flag)">Star-Spangled Banner flag</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>, being observed by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></figcaption></figure> The flag did not appear on U.S. postal stamp issues until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains#Aftermath" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a> Issue was released in 1926, depicting the flag with a circle of 13 stars. The 48-star flag first appeared on the General <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pulaski" title="Casimir Pulaski">Casimir Pulaski</a> issue of 1931, though in a <a href="/wiki/File:General_Pulaski_1931_Issue-2c.jpg" title="File:General Pulaski 1931 Issue-2c.jpg">small monochrome depiction</a>. The first U.S. postage stamp to feature the flag as the sole subject was issued July 4, 1957, <a href="/wiki/Scott_catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott catalog">Scott catalog</a> number 1094.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Since then, the flag has frequently appeared on U.S. stamps. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_in_museums">Display in museums</h3></div> In 1907 Eben Appleton, New York stockbroker and grandson of Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/George_Armistead" title="George Armistead">George Armistead</a> (the commander of Fort McHenry during the 1814 bombardment), loaned the <a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Star-Spangled Banner Flag">Star-Spangled Banner Flag</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. In 1912 he converted the loan into a gift. Appleton donated the flag with the wish that it would always be on view to the public. In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> determined that the <a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Star-Spangled Banner Flag">Star-Spangled Banner Flag</a> required further conservation treatment to remain on public display. In 1998 teams of museum conservators, curators, and other specialists helped move the flag from its home in the Museum's Flag Hall into a new conservation laboratory. Following the reopening of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> on November 21, 2008, the flag is now on display in a special exhibition, "The Star-Spangled Banner: The Flag That Inspired the National Anthem," where it rests at a 10-degree angle in dim light for conservation purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_continuous_display">Places of continuous display</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_(Iwo_Jima_Monument)_near_Washington_DC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_%28Iwo_Jima_Monument%29_near_Washington_DC.jpg/220px-US_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_%28Iwo_Jima_Monument%29_near_Washington_DC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_%28Iwo_Jima_Monument%29_near_Washington_DC.jpg/330px-US_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_%28Iwo_Jima_Monument%29_near_Washington_DC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/US_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_%28Iwo_Jima_Monument%29_near_Washington_DC.jpg/440px-US_Marine_Corps_War_Memorial_%28Iwo_Jima_Monument%29_near_Washington_DC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_War_Memorial" title="Marine Corps War Memorial">Marine Corps War Memorial</a>, Arlington, Virginia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._flags_on_the_National_Mall,_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/U.S._flags_on_the_National_Mall%2C_2007.jpg/220px-U.S._flags_on_the_National_Mall%2C_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/U.S._flags_on_the_National_Mall%2C_2007.jpg/330px-U.S._flags_on_the_National_Mall%2C_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/U.S._flags_on_the_National_Mall%2C_2007.jpg/440px-U.S._flags_on_the_National_Mall%2C_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Flags covering the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag,_rover,_LM,_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg/220px-AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg/330px-AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg/440px-AS15-88-11866_-_Apollo_15_flag%2C_rover%2C_LM%2C_Irwin_-_restoration1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3953" data-file-height="3953" /></a><figcaption>Astronaut <a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a> salutes the flag during the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> lunar mission</figcaption></figure> U.S. flags are displayed continuously at certain locations by presidential proclamation, acts of Congress, and custom. <ul><li>Replicas of the <a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Star-Spangled Banner Flag">Star-Spangled Banner Flag</a> (15 stars, 15 stripes) are flown at two sites in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_House_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag House Square">Flag House Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_War_Memorial" title="Marine Corps War Memorial">Marine Corps War Memorial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Battle_Green" title="Lexington Battle Green">Battle Green</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Massachusetts" title="Lexington, Massachusetts">Lexington, Massachusetts</a>, site of the first shots fired in the Revolution<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li> <li>Fifty U.S. flags are displayed continuously at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>, Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li>At continuously open <a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">U.S. Customs and Border Protection</a> Ports of Entry.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li>A Civil War era flag (for the year 1863) flies above <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Gettysburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Gettysburg)">Pennsylvania Hall</a> (Old Dorm) at <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_College" title="Gettysburg College">Gettysburg College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> This building, occupied by both sides at various points of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, served as a lookout and battlefield hospital.</li> <li>Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_National_Historical_Park" title="Valley Forge National Historical Park">Valley Forge NHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge,_Pennsylvania" title="Valley Forge, Pennsylvania">Valley Forge</a>, Pennsylvania<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></li> <li>By custom, at the <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> home, birthplace, and grave of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key" title="Francis Scott Key">Francis Scott Key</a>; at the <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, Massachusetts war memorial; at the <a href="/wiki/Taos_Plaza" title="Taos Plaza">plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos</a>, New Mexico (since 1861); at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> (since 1918); and at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Moriah_Cemetery_(South_Dakota)" title="Mount Moriah Cemetery (South Dakota)">Mount Moriah Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood, South Dakota</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark Liberty International Airport</a>'s Terminal A, Gate 17 (2001–2021)<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston_Logan_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Logan Airport">Boston Logan Airport</a>'s Terminal B, Gate 32, and Terminal C, Gate 19 in memoriam of the events of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slover_Mountain" title="Slover Mountain">Slover Mountain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colton_Liberty_Flag" title="Colton Liberty Flag">Colton Liberty Flag</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Colton,_California" title="Colton, California">Colton, California</a>. July 4, 1917, to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1952 & 1997 to 2012.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>At the ceremonial <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> as one of the 12 flags representing the signatory countries of the original Antarctic Treaty.</li> <li>On the Moon: six crewed missions successfully landed at various locations and each had a flag raised at the site. Exhaust gases when the Ascent Stage launched to return the astronauts to <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command/Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command/Service Module">their Command Module Columbia</a> for return to Earth blew over the flag the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> mission had placed.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particular_days_for_display">Particular days for display</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYorkStockExchangeWallStreetManhattan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NewYorkStockExchangeWallStreetManhattan.jpg/170px-NewYorkStockExchangeWallStreetManhattan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NewYorkStockExchangeWallStreetManhattan.jpg/255px-NewYorkStockExchangeWallStreetManhattan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/NewYorkStockExchangeWallStreetManhattan.jpg/340px-NewYorkStockExchangeWallStreetManhattan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> at Christmas time</figcaption></figure> The flag should especially be displayed at full staff on the following days:<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <ul><li>January: 1 (<a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>), third Monday of the month (<a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a>), and 20 (<a href="/wiki/Inauguration_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Inauguration Day">Inauguration Day</a>, once every four years, which, by tradition, is postponed to the 21st if the 20th falls on a Sunday)</li> <li>February: 12 (<a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>'s birthday) and the third Monday (legally known as <a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Birthday" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington's Birthday">Washington's Birthday</a> but more often called <a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Presidents' Day</a>)</li> <li>March–April: <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> (date varies)</li> <li>May: Second Sunday (<a href="/wiki/Mother%27s_Day" title="Mother's Day">Mother's Day</a>), third Saturday (<a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day#United_States" title="Armed Forces Day">Armed Forces Day</a>), and last Monday (<a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a>; half-staff until noon)</li> <li>June: 14 (<a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a>), third Sunday (<a href="/wiki/Father%27s_Day_(United_States)" title="Father's Day (United States)">Father's Day</a>)</li> <li>July: 4 (<a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a>)</li> <li>September: First Monday (<a href="/wiki/Labor_Day" title="Labor Day">Labor Day</a>), 17 (<a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a>), and last Sunday (Gold Star Mother's Day)<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>October: Second Monday (<a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a>) and 27 (<a href="/wiki/Navy_Day#United_States" title="Navy Day">Navy Day</a>)</li> <li>November: 11 (<a href="/wiki/Veterans_Day" title="Veterans Day">Veterans Day</a>) and fourth Thursday (<a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a>)</li> <li>December: 25 (<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a>)</li> <li>and such other days as may be proclaimed by the president of the United States; the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by date of statehood">birthdays of states</a> (date of admission); and on state holidays.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_at_half-staff">Display at half-staff</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flight_93_gate_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flight_93_gate_flag.jpg/220px-Flight_93_gate_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flight_93_gate_flag.jpg/330px-Flight_93_gate_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flight_93_gate_flag.jpg/440px-Flight_93_gate_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An American flag now flies over Gate 17 of Terminal A at <a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark Liberty International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>, departure gate of <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93" title="United Airlines Flight 93">United Airlines Flight 93</a> on <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a>.</figcaption></figure> The flag is displayed at half-staff (<a href="/wiki/Half-mast" title="Half-mast">half-mast</a> in naval usage) as a sign of respect or mourning. Nationwide, this action is proclaimed by the president; statewide or territory-wide, the proclamation is made by the governor. In addition, there is no prohibition against municipal governments, private businesses, or citizens flying the flag at half-staff as a local sign of respect and mourning. However, many flag enthusiasts feel this type of practice has somewhat diminished the meaning of the original intent of lowering the flag to honor those who held high positions in federal or state offices. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> issued the first proclamation on March 1, 1954, standardizing the dates and periods for flying the flag at half-staff from all federal buildings, grounds, and naval vessels; other congressional resolutions and presidential proclamations ensued. However, they are only guidelines to all other entities: typically followed at state and local government facilities and encouraged of private businesses and citizens.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To properly fly the flag at half-staff, one should first briefly hoist it top of the staff, then lower it to the half-staff position, halfway between the top and bottom of the staff. Similarly, when the flag is to be lowered from half-staff, it should be first briefly hoisted to the top of the staff.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Federal statutes provide that the flag should be flown at half-staff on the following dates: <ul><li>May 15: <a href="/wiki/Peace_Officers_Memorial_Day" title="Peace Officers Memorial Day">Peace Officers Memorial Day</a> (unless it is the third Saturday in May, <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Day" title="Armed Forces Day">Armed Forces Day</a>, then full-staff)<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>Last Monday in May: <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> (until noon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Day" title="Patriot Day">Patriot Day</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>First Sunday in October: Start of <a href="/wiki/Fire_Prevention_Week" title="Fire Prevention Week">Fire Prevention Week</a>, in honor of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li>December 7: National <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a> Remembrance Day<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li>For 30 days: Death of a president or former president</li> <li>For 10 days: Death of a vice president, Supreme Court chief justice/retired chief justice, or speaker of the House of Representatives.</li> <li>From death until the day of interment: Supreme Court associate justice, member of the Cabinet, former vice president, president pro tempore of the Senate, or the majority and minority leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives. Also, for federal facilities within a state or territory, for the governor.</li> <li>On the day after the death: Senators, members of Congress, territorial delegates, or the resident commissioner of the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desecration">Desecration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_flag_burning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_flag_burning.jpg/170px-US_flag_burning.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_flag_burning.jpg/255px-US_flag_burning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/US_flag_burning.jpg/340px-US_flag_burning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>U.S. flag being burned in protest on the eve of the 2008 election</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flag_desecration#United_States" title="Flag desecration">Flag desecration § United States</a></div> The flag of the United States is sometimes burned as a cultural or political statement, in protest of the policies of the U.S. government, or for other reasons, both within the U.S. and abroad. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Johnson" title="Texas v. Johnson">Texas v. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_491" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 491">491</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/491/397/">397</a> (1989), and reaffirmed in <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Eichman" title="United States v. Eichman">U.S. v. Eichman</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_496" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 496">496</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/496/310/">310</a> (1990), has ruled that due to the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, it is unconstitutional for a government (whether federal, state, or municipal) to prohibit the desecration of a flag, due to its status as "<a href="/wiki/Symbolic_speech" title="Symbolic speech">symbolic speech</a>." However, <a href="/wiki/Content-neutral_restrictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-neutral restrictions">content-neutral restrictions</a> may still be imposed to regulate the time, place, and manner of such expression. If the flag that was burned was someone else's property (as it was in the Johnson case, since Johnson had stolen the flag from a Texas bank's flagpole), the offender could be charged with petty larceny, or with destruction of private property, or possibly both. Desecration of a flag representing a minority group may also be charged as a <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crime</a> in some jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flying_a_U.S._flag_upside_down">Flying a U.S. flag upside down</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Distress_signal#Inverted_flags" title="Distress signal">Distress signal § Inverted flags</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Floyd_Protests,_Miami,_June_12_(50000817432).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/George_Floyd_Protests%2C_Miami%2C_June_12_%2850000817432%29.jpg/220px-George_Floyd_Protests%2C_Miami%2C_June_12_%2850000817432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/George_Floyd_Protests%2C_Miami%2C_June_12_%2850000817432%29.jpg/330px-George_Floyd_Protests%2C_Miami%2C_June_12_%2850000817432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/George_Floyd_Protests%2C_Miami%2C_June_12_%2850000817432%29.jpg/440px-George_Floyd_Protests%2C_Miami%2C_June_12_%2850000817432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5923" data-file-height="3954" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> with upside down U.S. flags</figcaption></figure> The original meaning of displaying a U.S. flag upside down is "a signal of dire distress in instances of extreme danger to life or property."<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> More recently, it has been used by extension to make a statement about distress in civic, political, or other areas.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> It is most often meant as political protest, and is usually interpreted as such. The musical group <a href="/wiki/Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Rage Against the Machine">Rage Against the Machine</a>, a group known for songs expressing <a href="/wiki/Political_views_and_activism_of_Rage_Against_the_Machine" title="Political views and activism of Rage Against the Machine">revolutionary political views</a>, displayed two upside-down American flags from their amplifiers on the April 13, 1996 episode of <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Live" title="Saturday Night Live">Saturday Night Live</a>. This was intended to indicate protest about the host, billionaire businessman <a href="/wiki/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes">Steve Forbes</a>. The flags were ripped down by stagehands about 20 seconds before the group's performance of "<a href="/wiki/Bulls_on_Parade" title="Bulls on Parade">Bulls on Parade</a>". Afterward, show officials asked band members to leave the building as they were waiting in their dressing room to perform "<a href="/wiki/Bullet_in_the_Head_(song)" title="Bullet in the Head (song)">Bullet in the Head</a>" later in the show.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Flying flags upside down has been used as a sign of protest against U.S. presidents.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In 2020, as <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">protests</a> spread across the U.S. demanding an end to police brutality, some U.S. citizens chose to fly their flags upside down as part of the protests.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 2020–21, some individuals in the "<a href="/wiki/Stop_the_Steal" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop the Steal">Stop the Steal</a>" movement flew upside down flags to protest the 2020 presidential election amid <a href="/wiki/Big_lie#Donald_Trump's_lies_of_a_stolen_election" title="Big lie">false claims</a> it was rigged against <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>. Such a flag was flown at the home of Supreme Court justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The upside-down flag was frequently flown in response to Trump's <a href="/wiki/Prosecution_of_Donald_Trump_in_New_York" title="Prosecution of Donald Trump in New York">conviction of 34 felonies</a> by right-wing supporters of the former president.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folding_for_storage">Folding for storage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fold-us-flag-animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Fold-us-flag-animated.gif/220px-Fold-us-flag-animated.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Fold-us-flag-animated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption>Folding the U.S. flag</figcaption></figure> Though not part of the official Flag Code, according to military custom[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">according to whom?</a>], flags should be folded into a triangular shape when not in use. To properly fold the flag: <ol><li>Begin by holding it waist-high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground.</li> <li>Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars, holding the bottom and top edges securely.</li> <li>Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside.</li> <li>Make a rectangular fold then a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag, starting the fold from the left side over to the right.</li> <li>Turn the outer end point inward, parallel to the open edge, to form a second triangle.</li> <li>The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner (usually thirteen triangular folds, as shown at right). On the final fold, any remnant that does not neatly fold into a triangle (or in the case of exactly even folds, the last triangle) is tucked into the previous fold.</li> <li>When the flag is completely folded, only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible.</li></ol> There is also no specific meaning for each fold of the flag. However, there are scripts read by non-government organizations and also by the Air Force that are used during the flag folding ceremony. These scripts range from historical timelines of the flag to religious themes.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_funerals">Use in funerals</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_funeral.jpg/220px-Flag_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_funeral.jpg/330px-Flag_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_funeral.jpg/440px-Flag_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>A flag prepared for presentation to the next of kin</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, the flag of the United States plays a role in <a href="/wiki/Military_funeral" title="Military funeral">military funerals</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ANC-157">[157]</a> and occasionally in funerals of other civil servants (such as law enforcement officers, fire fighters, and U.S. presidents). A burial flag is draped over the deceased's casket as a <a href="/wiki/Pall_(cloth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pall (cloth)">pall</a> during services. Just prior to the casket being lowered into the ground, the flag is ceremonially folded and presented to the deceased's next of kin as a token of respect.<a href="#cite_note-VANG-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_historical_flags">Surviving historical flags</h2></div> This is a list of surviving flags that have been displayed at or otherwise associated with notable historical battles or events. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_War">Revolutionary War</h3></div> <ul><li>Forster Flag (1775) – Historians believe the Manchester Company of the First Essex County Militia Regiment carried this flag during the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a> on April 19, 1775. The militia unit was activated but was not involved in the day's fighting. This flag is historic because it is the oldest surviving flag depicting the 13 colonies. This flag may have been a British ensign flag that had its Union Jack removed and replaced with 13 white stripes before or after the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a>. The slight variation in the canton area suggests something else might have been sewn into place before.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The flag gets its name from Samuel Forster, a First Lieutenant in the Manchester Company. He took possession of the flag, and his descendants passed it down until donating it to the American Flag Heritage Foundation in 1975, two hundred years later.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> In April 2014, the foundation sold the flag at auction.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></li> <li>Westmoreland Flag (1775?) – Flag used by the 1st Battalion of <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania">Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania</a>. In 1774 the town of Hanna, the county seat of Westmoreland County, began preparations for a conflict with the mother country as tensions between the two sides began to heat up. The town decided in May 1775, following the battles of Lexington and Concord, to create two battalions. The town sheriff, John Proctor, would have command over the 1st, and the unit would see action at Trenton and Princeton. Due to the flag's remarkable condition, it is speculated that it never flew in many battles, if at all. The flag is said to have been made in the fall of 1775 from a standard British red ensign. This flag is one of two surviving revolutionary flags that feature a coiled rattlesnake, along with the flag of the United Company of the Train of Artillery. After the war in 1810, Alexander Craig, a captain in the 2nd battalion, was given the flag. It would stay with the Craig family until donated to the Pennsylvania State Library in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandywine_flag" title="Brandywine flag">Brandywine Flag</a> (1777) – This flag is stated in most research as being the flag of the 7th Pennsylvania Regiment. However, the <a href="/wiki/Independence_National_Historical_Park" title="Independence National Historical Park">Independence National Historical Park</a>, which currently owns the flag, states it is the flag of the Chester County Militia.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The flags gets its name for being used at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a> which took place on September 11, 1777, less than three months after the passage of the first <a href="/wiki/Flag_Acts" title="Flag Acts">flag act</a> making it one of the earliest stars and stripes.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a></li> <li>Dansey Flag (1777) – Flag used by a Delaware militia early in the war. Before the Battle of Brandywine, a soldier with the British 33rd Regiment of foote named William Dansey captured the militia's flag during a skirmish in Newark, Delaware. Dansey would take the flag back to England as a war trophy. It would remain in his family until 1927, after being auctioned off to the Delaware Historical Society. This flag would have been one of the earliest to use 13 stripes to represent the united colonies. Another interesting note about this flag is that it was most likely a Division color instead of being used by one militia regiment.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a></li> <li>First Pennsylvania Rifles Flag (1776?) – Battle colors for the First Pennsylvania Regiment This regiment, also known as the First Pennsylvania Rifles, was formed in 1775 following an act passed by the Continental Congress calling for ten companies of marksmen. The regiment would participate in many significant battles during the Revolution, such as the siege of Boston, Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and Monmouth. They would be dissolved in November 1783 following the treaty of Paris. The earliest mention of this flag was mentioned in a 1776 letter by one of its soldiers. The flag would be with the unit until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li>Third New York Regiment Flag (1779) – The Third New York was formed in 1775 on five-month enlistments that expired later that year. In 1776 however, the regiment would be re-established twice, once in January and the other in December. During the war, the Third New York saw action in Canada, White Plains, and New York, during which it participated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">defense of Fort Stanwix</a>. In 1780 the soldiers of the third were transferred over to the 1st New York Regiment. While not the most famous of regiments in turns of battles fought, it does leave behind a legacy that can be seen in the flag of New York. In 1778 New York adopted a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_York" title="Coat of arms of New York">coat of arms</a> for the state. The following year, the regiment's colonel <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gansevoort" title="Peter Gansevoort">Peter Gansevoort</a> gifted the unit a blue regimental flag bearing the newly adopted arms. This flag would serve as the basis of the current <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of New York (state)">flag of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_(flag)" title="Star-Spangled Banner (flag)">Star Spangled Banner Flag</a> (1814) – Flag that flew over <a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a> during a British bombardment in the War of 1812. This flag is depicted by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key" title="Francis Scott Key">Francis Scott Key</a> in the song "Star-Spangled Banner" which would later become the national anthem of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Details : 30 x 34 ft. (Currently) 15 horizontal stripes alternating red and white stripes 14 stars (one missing) Stars arranged in a staggered 3-3-3-3-3 pattern</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antebellum_Period">Antebellum Period</h3></div> <ul><li>Fillmore Flag — A historic <a href="/wiki/Bennington_flag" title="Bennington flag">Bennington flag</a> currently maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Bennington_Museum" title="Bennington Museum">Bennington Museum</a>, held to be an heirloom from president <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>'s family. Though it is sometimes taken to be an authentic artifact of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Battle of Bennington</a>, curators date it no earlier than the 19th century based on its construction. The Bennington Museum estimates it was made sometime between 1812 and 1820, though one estimate places it as late as 1876.<a href="#cite_note-Bennington-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Glory" title="Old Glory">Old Glory Flag</a> – This flag was the first American Flag to be given the name "Old Glory". The flag was made in 1824 and was a gift to William Driver, a sea captain, by his mother. He named the flag 'Old Glory' and took it with him during his time at sea. In 1861 the flag's original stars were replaced with 34 new ones, and an anchor was added to the corner of the canton. During the Civil war, Driver hid his flag until Nashville became under union hands, to which he flew the flag above the Tennessee capitol building.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li> <li>Matthew Perry Expedition Flag (1853) – On July 14, 1853, this flag was raised over <a href="/wiki/Uraga,_Kanagawa" title="Uraga, Kanagawa">Uraga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Perry_Expedition" title="Perry Expedition">Perry Expedition</a>, in doing so it became the first American Flag to officially fly in mainland Japan. In 1855 it was presented to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">US Naval Academy</a>. In 1913 it received a linen backing during preservation treatments by <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Fowler" title="Amelia Fowler">Amelia Fowler</a>, who would also work on restoring the Star-Spangled Banner. Nearly a century after its historic voyage to Japan, in 1945, the flag once again returned and was present at the formal <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> on board the <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS Missouri</a> on September 2, 1945. Owing to its condition, it had to be presented on its reverse side. As of 2021, the U.S. Naval Academy possesses the flag.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_Flag" title="Fort Sumter Flag">Fort Sumter Flag</a> (1861) – During the bombardment of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> in April 1861, the flagpole was hit by artillery fire. The flag was raised again from a makeshift pole and was taken down after the Union garrison surrendered. The terms of surrender allowed the U.S. artillery to fire a salute for the flag. The flag was taken by the departing commander of the fort and was displayed to the public on a tour of the northern states. From this point, private citizens' display of the United States flag became much more common. Four years after the flag was lowered at Fort Sumter, it flew over the fort again on April 14, 1865, following the Confederate surrender. Later that day, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li>Abraham Lincoln Assassination Flag (1865) – Flag that was placed under the head of President Abraham Lincoln following his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">fatal shooting</a> while he was still in the presidential box.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3></div> <ul><li>Little Big Horn Guidon – Guidon used by the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th U.S. Cavalry</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of Little Big Horn</a> in 1876. The battle is infamous, for all U.S. cavalry troops engaged in battle were killed, including Lt. Col <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George A. Custer</a>. Sgt. Ferdinand Culbertson discovered this flag under the body of one of the slain soldiers. In 2010, this flag was sold for $2.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima Flag</a> (1945) – American flag that was raised above <a href="/wiki/Mount_Suribachi" title="Mount Suribachi">Mount Suribachi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a> in WW2. The photo of this flag being raised by U.S. Marines was captured in the 1945 Pulitzer Prize-winning photo <a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3></div> <ul><li>Freedom 7 Flag (1961) – This American Flag flew on the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Freedom 7</a> mission to space, becoming the first American flag to leave the Earth's atmosphere. The flag was a last-minute addition after a local student council president asked a reporter if this flag could be taken on board. The reporter took it to the head of the NASA space task group, to which he agreed. In 1995, the flag was again taken to space to commemorate the <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">100th American crewed space mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_day">Modern day</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_at_Ground_Zero" title="Raising the Flag at Ground Zero">9/11 Flag</a> (2001) – Flag is believed to have been from a <a href="/wiki/Yacht" title="Yacht">yacht</a> called Star of America owned by Shirley Dreifus and her late husband Spiros E. Kopelakis. The yacht and its flag were docked in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> on the morning of 9/11. The flag was later found by three members of the New York Fire Department, George Johnson, Billy Eisengrein, and Dan McWilliams, who raised it over the rubble on a tilted flag pole (thought to be from the grounds of the Marriot hotel). This was captured in a photograph taken by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Franklin" title="Thomas E. Franklin">Thomas Franklin</a>, who worked for the New Jersey–based newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Record_(North_Jersey)" title="The Record (North Jersey)">The Record</a>. The photograph soon made its way to the Associated Press, and from there, it became shown worldwide on many newspapers' front pages. The photo has been compared to Joe Rosenthal's WW2 "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima". Lori Ginker and Ricky Flores captured other photos of the same event from different angles. Shortly after the famous photograph was taken, the flag disappeared. Another flag, thought to be the real one, was toured around the country, but it was later found that the size of this flag was not the same as the one in the photograph. The one in the photo was 3x5, while the one the city possessed was larger. The flag would remain missing for nearly 15 years until a man named Brian turned an American flag into a fire station along with its halyard. Investigators determined that his flag was genuine after comparing dust samples and event photographs.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> Today the <a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">9/11 Memorial Museum</a> possesses the flag.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_flags">Related flags</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcode_American_Flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Barcode_American_Flag.png/200px-Barcode_American_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Barcode_American_Flag.png/300px-Barcode_American_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Barcode_American_Flag.png/400px-Barcode_American_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A QR code flag that links to <a href="/wiki/USA.gov" title="USA.gov">USA.gov</a></figcaption></figure> The U.S. flag has inspired many other flags for regions, political movements, and cultural groups, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Flag_families#Stars_and_Stripes" title="Flag families">stars and stripes flag family.</a> The other national flags belonging to this family are: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chile" title="Flag of Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba" title="Flag of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liberia" title="Flag of Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Togo" title="Flag of Togo">Togo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Uruguay" title="Flag of Uruguay">Uruguay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bikini_Atoll" title="Flag of Bikini Atoll">flag of Bikini Atoll</a> is symbolic of the islanders' belief that a great debt is still owed to the people of Bikini because in 1954 the United States government detonated a <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermonuclear bomb">thermonuclear bomb</a> on the island as part of the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bravo" title="Castle Bravo">Castle Bravo</a> test.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Republic of the United States of Brazil</a> briefly used a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">flag</a> inspired by the U.S. flag between 15 and 19 November 1889, proposed by the lawyer <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Barbosa" title="Ruy Barbosa">Ruy Barbosa</a>. The flag had 13 green and yellow stripes, as well as a blue square with 21 white stars for the canton. The flag was vetoed by the then provisional president <a href="/wiki/Marshal_(Brazil)" title="Marshal (Brazil)">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Deodoro_da_Fonseca" title="Deodoro da Fonseca">Deodoro da Fonseca</a> citing concerns that it looked too similar to the American flag.<a href="#cite_note-Seysell-187">[187]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liberia" title="Flag of Liberia">flag of Liberia</a> bears a close resemblance, showing the origin of the country in <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a> from North America and primarily the United States.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The Liberian flag has 11 similar red and white stripes, which stand for the 11 signers of the <a href="/wiki/Liberian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Liberian Declaration of Independence">Liberian Declaration of Independence</a>, as well as a blue square with only a single large white star for the canton. The flag is the only current flag in the world modeled after and resembling the American flag, as Liberia is the only nation in the world that was founded, colonized, established, and controlled by settlers who were free people of color and formerly enslaved people from the United States and the Caribbean aided and supported by the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> beginning in 1822.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></li> <li>Despite <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> having no historical connections with the U.S., the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">flag of Malaysia</a> greatly resembles the U.S. flag. Some theories posit that the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_East_India_Company" title="Flag of the East India Company">flag</a> of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> influenced both the Malaysian and U.S. flag.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11">[11]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_El_Salvador" title="Flag of El Salvador">flag of El Salvador</a> from 1865 to 1912. El Salvador's flag at that time was based on the flag of the United States, with a field of alternating blue and white stripes and a red canton containing white stars.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brittany" title="Flag of Brittany">flag of Brittany</a> was inspired in part by the American flag.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Flag of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">flag of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus</a>, an unrecognized state that existed from 1917 to 1922, during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, was divided into seven horizontal stripes that altered between green and white. In the right top corner was placed a blue <a href="/wiki/Canton_(flag)" title="Canton (flag)">canton</a> with seven five-pointed yellow stars. Six of those were placed in two horizontal rows, each containing three stars. Next to them, on the right, was placed another star, in the middle of the height of two rows. The stars were slightly sued to the left. The seven stars and seven stripes represented the seven regions of the country.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_future_design_of_the_flag">Possible future design of the flag</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">51st state</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_(51_stars).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2851_stars%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2851_stars%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2851_stars%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2851_stars%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2851_stars%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2851_stars%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>An artist's rendering of one possible design for a 51-star flag, with stars arranged in a 9–8–9–8–9–8 pattern.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Possible_52-star_U.S._flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Possible_52-star_U.S._flag.svg/220px-Possible_52-star_U.S._flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Possible_52-star_U.S._flag.svg/330px-Possible_52-star_U.S._flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Possible_52-star_U.S._flag.svg/440px-Possible_52-star_U.S._flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>An artist's rendering of a possible design for a 52-star flag, with stars arranged in a 7–6–7–6–7–6–7–6 pattern, such as might accommodate the admission of two additional states into the Union</figcaption></figure> If a new U.S. state were to <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">be admitted</a>, it would require a new design of the flag to accommodate an additional star for a 51st state.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> 51-star flags have been designed and used as a symbol by supporters of statehood in various jurisdictions. According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Institute_of_Heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry">U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry</a>, the United States flag never becomes obsolete. Any approved American flag may continue to be used and displayed until no longer serviceable.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensign_of_the_United_States" title="Ensign of the United States">Ensign of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)" title="Flag Day (United States)">Flag Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Flags of the Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Flags of the United States Armed Forces">Flags of the United States Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states_and_territories" title="Flags of the U.S. states and territories">Flags of the U.S. states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_Flag" title="Fort Sumter Flag">Fort Sumter Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">List of flags of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in the United States">Nationalism in the United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_sections">Article sections</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit colors">Colors, standards and guidons § United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_desecration#United_States" title="Flag desecration">Flag desecration § United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_people">Associated people</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Robert Anderson</a> (1805–1871), lowered the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter_Flag" title="Fort Sumter Flag">Fort Sumter Flag</a>, which became a national symbol, and he a hero</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Francis Bellamy</a> (1855–1931), creator of the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Franklin" title="Thomas E. Franklin">Thomas E. Franklin</a> (1966–present), photographer of Ground Zero Spirit, better known as <a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_at_Ground_Zero" title="Raising the Flag at Ground Zero">Raising the Flag at Ground Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden" title="Christopher Gadsden">Christopher Gadsden</a> (1724–1805), after whom the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_flag" title="Gadsden flag">Gadsden flag</a> is named</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a> (1737–1791), designed the U.S. flag in 1777</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a> (born 1930), painter of <a href="/wiki/Flag_(painting)" title="Flag (painting)">Flag</a> (1954–55), inspired by a dream of the flag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Pollitt" title="Katha Pollitt">Katha Pollitt</a> (1949–present), author of a controversial essay on post-9/11 America and her refusal to fly a U.S. flag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Preble" class="mw-redirect" title="George Preble">George Preble</a> (1816–1885), author of History of the American Flag (1872) and photographer of the Fort McHenry flag</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rosenthal" title="Joe Rosenthal">Joe Rosenthal</a> (1911–2006), photographer of <a href="/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima" title="Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima">Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a> (1752–1836), said to have sewn the first U.S. flag in a popular legend, and after whom the <a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a> is named</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarner1998" class="citation web cs1">Warner, John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-105sdoc13/pdf/CDOC-105sdoc13.pdf">"Senate Concurrent Resolution 61"</a> (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090506040024/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-105sdoc13/pdf/CDOC-105sdoc13.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved April 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+Concurrent+Resolution+61&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FCDOC-105sdoc13%2Fpdf%2FCDOC-105sdoc13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreufert" class="citation web cs1">Streufert, Duane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usflag.org/history/the50starflag.html">"A website dedicated to the Flag of the United States of America – The 50 Star Flag"</a>. USFlag.org. Retrieved September 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+website+dedicated+to+the+Flag+of+the+United+States+of+America+%E2%80%93+The+50+Star+Flag&rft.pub=USFlag.org&rft.aulast=Streufert&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usflag.org%2Fhistory%2Fthe50starflag.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1905/july/administration-continental-navy-american-revolution">"The Administration of the Continental Navy of the American Revolution"</a>. U.S. Naval Institute. July 1, 1905. 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Raven: A Journal of Vexillology. 13: 77–100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fraven2006134">10.5840/raven2006134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-0043">1071-0043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raven%3A+A+Journal+of+Vexillology&rft.atitle=The+Flag+on+Prospect+Hill&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=77-100&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fraven2006134&rft.issn=1071-0043&rft.aulast=Ansoff&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pdcnet.org%2Fraven%2Fcontent%2Fraven_2006_0013_0077_0100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLear2014" class="citation journal cs1">DeLear, Byron (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nava.org/digital-library/raven/Raven_v21_2014_p019-070.pdf">"Revisiting the Flag at Prospect Hill: Grand Union or Just British?"</a> (PDF). Raven: A Journal of Vexillology. 21: 19–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fraven2014213">10.5840/raven2014213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-0043">1071-0043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raven%3A+A+Journal+of+Vexillology&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Flag+at+Prospect+Hill%3A+Grand+Union+or+Just+British%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=19-70&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fraven2014213&rft.issn=1071-0043&rft.aulast=DeLear&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnava.org%2Fdigital-library%2Fraven%2FRaven_v21_2014_p019-070.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Committee_on_Printing1989" class="citation book cs1">Joint Committee on Printing, United States Congress (1989). Our Flag. H. Doc. 100-247. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Flag&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=H.+Doc.+100-247&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Joint+Committee+on+Printing&rft.aufirst=United+States+Congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leepson-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Leepson_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeepson2004" class="citation book cs1">Leepson, Marc (2004). 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History's Lost Moments: The Stories Your Teacher Never Told You. Vol. 5. Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1490744698" title="Special:BookSources/978-1490744698"><bdi>978-1490744698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Exposing+the+Origins+of+Old+Glory%27s+stripes&rft.btitle=History%27s+Lost+Moments%3A+The+Stories+Your+Teacher+Never+Told+You&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1490744698&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-i-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-i_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/onmyplate/saltires-and-stars-stripes/">"Saltires and Stars & Stripes"</a>. 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American Memory – Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Memory+%E2%80%93+Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=A+Century+of+Lawmaking+for+a+New+Nation%3A+U.S.+Congressional+Documents+and+Debates%2C+1774%E2%80%931875&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dlljc%26fileName%3D008%2Flljc008.db%26recNum%3D90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Guenter (1990). </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204220959/http://www.selbyabbey.org.uk/washington_link.htm">"Washington Window"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.selbyabbey.org.uk/washington_link.htm">the original</a> on February 4, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington+Window&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.selbyabbey.org.uk%2Fwashington_link.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVile2018" class="citation book cs1">Vile, John R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WUFvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA342">The American Flag: An Encyclopedia of the Stars and Stripes in U.S. History, Culture, and Law</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5789-8"><bdi>978-1-4408-5789-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Flag%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Stars+and+Stripes+in+U.S.+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Law&rft.pages=342&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5789-8&rft.aulast=Vile&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWUFvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeepson2007" class="citation book cs1">Leepson, Marc (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WeUCGbaOgKQC&pg=PT147">"Chapter Ten: The Hundredth Anniversary"</a>. Flag: An American Biography. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-0647-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-0647-0"><bdi>978-1-4299-0647-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Ten%3A+The+Hundredth+Anniversary&rft.btitle=Flag%3A+An+American+Biography&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-0647-0&rft.aulast=Leepson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWeUCGbaOgKQC%26pg%3DPT147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapps" class="citation web cs1">Capps, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/coat-of-arms/">"Coat of Arms"</a>. The Digital Encyclopedia of George Washington. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Digital+Encyclopedia+of+George+Washington&rft.atitle=Coat+of+Arms&rft.aulast=Capps&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigitalhistory%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fcoat-of-arms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-22"><a href="#cite_ref-google_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnellMack2004" class="citation book cs1">Connell, R.W.; Mack, W.P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wvKiBiWKrzMC">Naval Ceremonies, Customs, and Traditions</a>. Naval Institute Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-330-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-330-5"><bdi>978-1-55750-330-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Ceremonies%2C+Customs%2C+and+Traditions&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-330-5&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft.au=Mack%2C+W.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwvKiBiWKrzMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Mastai, 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlongMcCandless1981" class="citation book cs1">Furlong, Rear Admiral William Rea; McCandless, Commodore Byron (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soproudlywehailh00furl">So Proudly We Hail</a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soproudlywehailh00furl/page/115">115</a>–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Proudly+We+Hail&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=115-116&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Furlong&rft.aufirst=Rear+Admiral+William+Rea&rft.au=McCandless%2C+Commodore+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoproudlywehailh00furl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-25"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Earl P. Jr. (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flagguys.com/pdf/NAVANews_2012_no216.pdf">"Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags?"</a> (PDF). NAVA News (216): 7–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083443/http://www.flagguys.com/pdf/NAVANews_2012_no216.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NAVA+News&rft.atitle=Did+Francis+Hopkinson+Design+Two+Flags%3F&rft.issue=216&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Earl+P.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flagguys.com%2Fpdf%2FNAVANews_2012_no216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lane-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Lane_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2011" class="citation web cs1">Lane, Megan (November 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-15634606">"Five hidden messages in the American flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. Retrieved October 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Five+hidden+messages+in+the+American+flag&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-15634606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1973" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Grace Rogers (1973). Thirteen-Star Flags. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen-Star+Flags&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Grace+Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreble1880284-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreble1880284_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPreble1880">Preble 1880</a>, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1973" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Grace Rogers (1973). Thirteen-Star Flags. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 9 (in paper), pp. 21/80 (in pdf). <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.639.8200">10.1.1.639.8200</a>. <q>In 1792, Trumbull painted thirteen stars in a circle in his General George Washington at Trenton in the Yale University Art Gallery. In his unfinished rendition of the Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, dates not established, the circle of stars is suggested and one star shows six points while the thirteen stripes are red, white, and blue. How accurately the artist depicted the star design that he saw is not known. At times, he may have offered a poetic version of the flag he was interpreting which was later copied by the flag maker. The flag sheets and the artists do not agree.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen-Star+Flags&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=9+%28in+paper%29%2C+pp.+21%2F80+%28in+pdf%29&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.639.8200%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Grace+Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1973" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Grace Rogers (1973). Thirteen-Star Flags. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteen-Star+Flags&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Grace+Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Furlong, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoeller1992" class="citation book cs1">Moeller, Henry W (1992). Unfurling the History of the Stars and Stripes. Mattituck, NY: Amereon House. pp. 25–26, color plates 5A, 5B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfurling+the+History+of+the+Stars+and+Stripes&rft.place=Mattituck%2C+NY&rft.pages=25-26%2C+color+plates+5A%2C+5B&rft.pub=Amereon+House&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Moeller&rft.aufirst=Henry+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Earl P. Jr. (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flagguys.com/pdf/NAVANews_2012_no216.pdf">"Did Francis Hopkinson Design Two Flags?"</a> (PDF). NAVA News (216): 7–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306083443/http://www.flagguys.com/pdf/NAVANews_2012_no216.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NAVA+News&rft.atitle=Did+Francis+Hopkinson+Design+Two+Flags%3F&rft.issue=216&rft.pages=7-9&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Earl+P.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flagguys.com%2Fpdf%2FNAVANews_2012_no216.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Williams (2012), p.7. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess2008" class="citation book cs1">Hess, Debra (2008). The American Flag. 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Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives. 20 (1): 47–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prologue%3A+Quarterly+of+the+National+Archives&rft.atitle=The+%27Fancy+Work%27+of+Francis+Hopkinson%3A+Did+He+Design+the+Stars+and+Stripes%3F&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-48&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Earl+P.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc01845))">"Journals of the Continental Congress – Friday, October 27, 1780"</a>. Library of Congress. 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Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soproudlywehailh00furl/page/98">98</a>–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-448-4"><bdi>978-0-87474-448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Proudly+We+Hail+%3A+The+History+of+the+United+States+Flag&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=98-101&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87474-448-4&rft.au=Furlong%2C+William+Rea&rft.au=McCandless%2C+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoproudlywehailh00furl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fcic-46"><a href="#cite_ref-fcic_46-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/misc/ourflag/history1.htm">Federal Citizen Information Center: The History of the Stars and Stripes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903224200/http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/misc/ourflag/history1.htm">Archived</a> September 3, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Philadelphia: Ferris and Leach. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse_j3m2/page/48">48</a>, 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+American+flag&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=48%2C+103&rft.pub=Ferris+and+Leach&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Canby&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Balderston%2C+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionofameri0000unse_j3m2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanby" class="citation web cs1">Canby, William J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/betsy/more/canby.htm">"The History of the Flag of the United States: A Paper read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (March 1870)"</a>. Independence Hall Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220070301/http://www.ushistory.org/betsy/more/canby.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2015. 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New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8297-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8297-5"><bdi>978-0-8050-8297-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Betsy+Ross+and+the+Making+of+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company%2C+LLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-8297-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Marla+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780805082975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaun" class="citation journal cs1">Schaun, George and Virginia. "Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill". The Greenberry Series on Maryland. 5. Annapolis, MD: Greenberry Publications: 356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Greenberry+Series+on+Maryland&rft.atitle=Historical+Portrait+of+Mrs.+Mary+Young+Pickersgill&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=356&rft.aulast=Schaun&rft.aufirst=George+and+Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlong,_William_ReaMcCandless,_Byron1981" class="citation book cs1">Furlong, William Rea; McCandless, Byron (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soproudlywehailh00furl">So Proudly We Hail : The History of the United States Flag</a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soproudlywehailh00furl/page/137">137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-448-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87474-448-4"><bdi>978-0-87474-448-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Proudly+We+Hail+%3A+The+History+of+the+United+States+Flag&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87474-448-4&rft.au=Furlong%2C+William+Rea&rft.au=McCandless%2C+Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoproudlywehailh00furl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMAH-making-58"><a href="#cite_ref-NMAH-making_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/starspangledbanner/making-the-flag.aspx">"The Star-Spangled Banner: Making the Flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Retrieved October 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Star-Spangled+Banner%3A+Making+the+Flag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fstarspangledbanner%2Fmaking-the-flag.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuen2014" class="citation web cs1">Yuen, Helen and Asantewa Boakyewa (May 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/blog/2014/05/the-african-american-girl-who-helped-make-the-star-spangled-banner.html">"The African American girl who helped make the Star-Spangled Banner"</a>. O Say Can You See?. Smithsonian. Retrieved October 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=O+Say+Can+You+See%3F&rft.atitle=The+African+American+girl+who+helped+make+the+Star-Spangled+Banner&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.aulast=Yuen&rft.aufirst=Helen+and+Asantewa+Boakyewa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fblog%2F2014%2F05%2Fthe-african-american-girl-who-helped-make-the-star-spangled-banner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amhistory.si.edu/starspangledbanner/">"The Star-Spangled Banner Online Exhibition"</a>. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved April 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Star-Spangled+Banner+Online+Exhibition&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History%2C+Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famhistory.si.edu%2Fstarspangledbanner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Government1861" class="citation book cs1">United States Government (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_documents&docid=f:sd013.105.pdf">Our Flag</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. S. Doc 105-013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Flag&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1861&rft.au=United+States+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrwebgate.access.gpo.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetdoc.cgi%3Fdbname%3D105_cong_documents%26docid%3Df%3Asd013.105.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stockholm-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stockholm_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stockholm_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stockholm_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Embassy_Stockholm2005" class="citation web cs1">United States Embassy Stockholm (October 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225142325/http://stockholm.usembassy.gov/usflag/flaghist.html">"United States Flag History"</a>. United States Embassy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stockholm.usembassy.gov/usflag/flaghist.html">the original</a> on February 25, 2008. Retrieved February 3, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Embassy&rft.atitle=United+States+Flag+History&rft.date=2005-10-05&rft.au=United+States+Embassy+Stockholm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstockholm.usembassy.gov%2Fusflag%2Fflaghist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> These designs are in the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Presidential_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower Presidential Center">Eisenhower Presidential Archives</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a>, Kansas. Only a small fraction of them have ever been published. </li> <li id="cite_note-fnrasmussentbs-64"><a href="#cite_ref-fnrasmussentbs_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen" class="citation news cs1">Rasmussen, Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621033842/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2010-07-02/news/bs-md-backstory-1960-flag-20100702_1_48-star-flag-blue-canton-fort-mchenry">"A half-century ago, new 50-star American flag debuted in Baltimore"</a>. The Baltimore Sun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/bs-md-backstory-1960-flag-20100702,0,1768337,full.story">the original</a> on June 21, 2017. Retrieved June 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=A+half-century+ago%2C+new+50-star+American+flag+debuted+in+Baltimore&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fmaryland%2Fbs-md-backstory-1960-flag-20100702%2C0%2C1768337%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevala-Lee2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Nevala-Lee" title="Alec Nevala-Lee">Nevala-Lee, Alec</a> (June 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2022/06/american-flag-history-scam-designer-robert-heft-50-stars.html">"False Flag"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=False+Flag&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft.aulast=Nevala-Lee&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2022%2F06%2Famerican-flag-history-scam-designer-robert-heft-50-stars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitution" class="citation web cs1">Institution, Smithsonian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/spotlight/flag-day/flag-facts">"Facts about the United States Flag"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved May 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Facts+about+the+United+States+Flag&rft.aulast=Institution&rft.aufirst=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fspotlight%2Fflag-day%2Fflag-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preble-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Preble_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreble1880" class="citation book cs1">Preble, George Henry (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyflagunit00prebgoog">History of the Flag of the United States of America</a> (second revised ed.). Boston: A. Williams and Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyflagunit00prebgoog/page/n353">298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Flag+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=298&rft.edition=second+revised&rft.pub=A.+Williams+and+Co&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Preble&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryflagunit00prebgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tappan-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tappan_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tappan_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tappan_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch1917" class="citation book cs1">March, Eva (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ltAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92">The Little Book of the Flag</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Book+of+the+Flag&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ltAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Curiosa Sinica". Boston Courier. June 15, 1843.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Courier&rft.atitle=Curiosa+Sinica&rft.date=1843-06-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEQ9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA222">"Chinese Etymologies"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kendall%27s_Expositor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendall's Expositor (page does not exist)">Kendall's Expositor</a>. Vol. 3, no. 14. Washington, D.C.: William Greer. June 27, 1843. p. 222 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kendall%27s+Expositor&rft.atitle=Chinese+Etymologies&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=222&rft.date=1843-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEQ9AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChiDict-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChiDict_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChiDict_71-1">b</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddictbasic&wdqb=花旗&wdrst=0&wddmtm=1&wdeac=1">Chinese English Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426060048/http://www.mdbg.net/chindict/chindict.php?page=worddictbasic&wdqb=%E8%8A%B1%E6%97%97&wdrst=0&wddmtm=1&wdeac=1">Archived</a> April 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Olsen, Kay Melchisedech, Chinese Immigrants: 1850–1900 (2001), p. 7. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=190">Philadelphia's Chinatown: An Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080624040601/http://www.hsp.org/default.aspx?id=190">Archived</a> June 24, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", The Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Leonard, George, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgeleonard.com/angelisland.html">The Beginnings of Chinese Literature in America: the Angel Island Poems</a>". [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhương_Lan2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Phương Lan (July 10, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baochinhphu.vn/news-10210789.htm">"Bộ Ngoại giao: Đề nghị thống nhất sử dụng tên gọi "Hợp chúng quốc Hoa Kỳ""</a> [<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Vietnam)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Vietnam)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>: Request to unify the use of the name "Hợp chúng quốc Hoa Kỳ"]. Viet Nam Government Portal (in Vietnamese). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vietnam" title="Government of Vietnam">Government of Vietnam</a>. Retrieved September 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Viet+Nam+Government+Portal&rft.atitle=B%E1%BB%99+Ngo%E1%BA%A1i+giao%3A+%C4%90%E1%BB%81+ngh%E1%BB%8B+th%E1%BB%91ng+nh%E1%BA%A5t+s%E1%BB%AD+d%E1%BB%A5ng+t%C3%AAn+g%E1%BB%8Di+%22H%E1%BB%A3p+ch%C3%BAng+qu%E1%BB%91c+Hoa+K%E1%BB%B3%22&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft.au=Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+Lan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaochinhphu.vn%2Fnews-10210789.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐ" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Đ, N.C.T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baodanang.vn/channel/5433/201905/xu-co-hoa-3175705/">"Xứ Cờ Hoa"</a> [Land of Flag Flower?]. Đà Nẵng Online (in Vietnamese). Retrieved September 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C4%90%C3%A0+N%E1%BA%B5ng+Online&rft.atitle=X%E1%BB%A9+C%E1%BB%9D+Hoa&rft.aulast=%C4%90&rft.aufirst=N.C.T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbaodanang.vn%2Fchannel%2F5433%2F201905%2Fxu-co-hoa-3175705%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotw.info/flags/cn-kul.html">International Settlement of Kulangsu (Gulangyu, China)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.american.edu/heintze/flag.htm">American Flag Raised Over Buddhist Temple in Japan on July 4, 1872</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202052331/http://www.american.edu/heintze/flag.htm">Archived</a> February 2, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodheart-1861-76"><a href="#cite_ref-goodheart-1861_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodheart2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Goodheart" title="Adam Goodheart">Goodheart, Adam</a> (2011). "Prologue". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adamgoodheart.com/">1861: The Civil War Awakening</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59666-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59666-6"><bdi>978-0-307-59666-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 31, 2015 – via adamgoodheart.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prologue&rft.btitle=1861%3A+The+Civil+War+Awakening&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59666-6&rft.aulast=Goodheart&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adamgoodheart.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The American Flag : Two Centuries of Concord and Conflict. VZ Publications. 2006. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Flag+%3A+Two+Centuries+of+Concord+and+Conflict&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=VZ+Publications&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeepson2005" class="citation book cs1">Leepson, Marc (2005). Flag : An American Biography. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dunne_Books" title="Thomas Dunne Books">Thomas Dunne Books</a>. pp. 94–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flag+%3A+An+American+Biography&rft.pages=94-109&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Leepson&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> (For alternate versions of the flag of the United States, see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/us-ststr.html">Stars of the U.S. Flag page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050222201438/https://www.fotw.info/flags/us-ststr.html">Archived</a> February 22, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a> website.) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution of the United States</a></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.si.edu/spotlight/flag-day/flag-facts">"Facts about the United States Flag"</a>. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved April 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+the+United+States+Flag&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.si.edu%2Fspotlight%2Fflag-day%2Fflag-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leepson-81"><a href="#cite_ref-leepson_81-0">^</a> Leepson, Marc. (2005). Flag: An American Biography. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmhistorymuseum.org/blog/2011/09/the-officially-unofficial-kind-of-illegal-47-star-flag-comes-in-for-repairs/">"The Officially Unofficial Kind of Illegal 47-Star Flag Comes in for Repairs"</a>. September 8, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818080058/https://www.nmhistorymuseum.org/blog/2011/09/the-officially-unofficial-kind-of-illegal-47-star-flag-comes-in-for-repairs/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved June 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Officially+Unofficial+Kind+of+Illegal+47-Star+Flag+Comes+in+for+Repairs&rft.date=2011-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmhistorymuseum.org%2Fblog%2F2011%2F09%2Fthe-officially-unofficial-kind-of-illegal-47-star-flag-comes-in-for-repairs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarmo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Marmo, Jennifer (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=kaleidoscope#:~:text=Henry%20Ward%20Beecher-,%E2%80%9CThe%20most%20universally%20recognizable%20symbol%20of%20American%20government%E2%80%9D%20is%20the,adopted%20as%20America's%20new%20flag">"The American flag and the body: How the flag and the body create an American meaning"</a>. Kaleidoscope: A Graduate Journal of Qualitative Communication Research. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kaleidoscope%3A+A+Graduate+Journal+of+Qualitative+Communication+Research&rft.atitle=The+American+flag+and+the+body%3A+How+the+flag+and+the+body+create+an+American+meaning&rft.volume=9&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Marmo&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopensiuc.lib.siu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1016%26context%3Dkaleidoscope%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHenry%2520Ward%2520Beecher-%2C%25E2%2580%259CThe%2520most%2520universally%2520recognizable%2520symbol%2520of%2520American%2520government%25E2%2580%259D%2520is%2520the%2Cadopted%2520as%2520America%27s%2520new%2520flag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libertyflags.com/blogs/default-blog/what-the-american-flag-symbolizes-around-the-world">"What the American Flag Symbolizes Around The World"</a>. December 28, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+the+American+Flag+Symbolizes+Around+The+World&rft.date=2018-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibertyflags.com%2Fblogs%2Fdefault-blog%2Fwhat-the-american-flag-symbolizes-around-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Norman_Guthrie" title="William Norman Guthrie">Guthrie, William Norman</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73469">The Religion of Old Glory</a> (reprint ed.). New York: George H. Doran Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73469/page/n274">370</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1178236354" title="Special:BookSources/978-1178236354"><bdi>978-1178236354</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+Old+Glory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=370&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=George+H.+Doran+Company&rft.date=1919&rft.isbn=978-1178236354&rft.aulast=Guthrie&rft.aufirst=William+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.73469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDIrAQAAIAAJ">The Flag Bulletin</a>. Vol. 23. Winchester, Massachusetts: Flag Research Center. 1984. p. 107. Retrieved April 27, 2018. <q>[...] a formal book-length proposal for vexillolatry was made by William Norman Guthrie in his The Religion of Old Glory (New York: Doran, l9l9).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flag+Bulletin&rft.place=Winchester%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Flag+Research+Center&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDIrAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://time.com/3907444/flag-supreme-court-history/">[2]</a> This Is Why It's Legal to Burn the American Flag </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Arnaldo Testi, Capture the Flag: The Stars and Stripes in American History (New York University Press, 2010), p. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8322-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-8322-1">978-0-8147-8322-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenstein-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenstein_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenstein_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenstein_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenstein2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Greenstein, Nicole (July 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swampland.time.com/2013/07/04/why-the-u-s-flag-is-red-white-and-blue/">"Why the U.S. Flag is Red, White and Blue"</a>. Time – via time.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Why+the+U.S.+Flag+is+Red%2C+White+and+Blue&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.aulast=Greenstein&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswampland.time.com%2F2013%2F07%2F04%2Fwhy-the-u-s-flag-is-red-white-and-blue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicer1885" class="citation book cs1">Spicer, William Arnold (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8E_AAAAYAAJ&dq=sun&pg=PA50">The Flag Replaced on Sumter</a>. Providence Press Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/747737536">747737536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flag+Replaced+on+Sumter&rft.pub=Providence+Press+Company&rft.date=1885&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F747737536&rft.aulast=Spicer&rft.aufirst=William+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8E_AAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dsun%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelfair_Marriott_Minton1929" class="citation journal cs1">Telfair Marriott Minton (April 1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44220286">"The Origin of the American Flag"</a>. Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 8 (32). Society for Army Historical Research: 114–120. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44220286">44220286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+American+Flag&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=114-120&rft.date=1929-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44220286%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Telfair+Marriott+Minton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44220286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Services_Administration" title="General Services Administration">General Services Administration</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514200019/https://assist.daps.dla.mil/quicksearch/basic_profile.cfm?ident_number=52554">Federal Specification DDD-F-416F</a>: Flag, National, United States of America and Flag, <a href="/wiki/Jack_of_the_United_States" title="Jack of the United States">Union Jack</a>". March 31, 2005. PDF <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://everyspec.com/FED_SPECS/F/DDD-F-416F_49205/">available from everyspec.com</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> The flag ratio (B/A in the diagram) is not absolutely fixed. Although the diagram in Executive Order 10834 gives a ratio of 1.9, earlier in the order is a list of flag sizes authorized for executive agencies. This list permits eleven specific flag sizes (specified by height and width) for such agencies: 20.00 × 38.00; 10.00 × 19.00; 8.95 × 17.00; 7.00 × 11.00; 5.00 × 9.50; 4.33 × 5.50; 3.50 × 6.65; 3.00 × 4.00; 3.00 × 5.70; 2.37 × 4.50; and 1.32 × 2.50. Eight of these sizes conform to the 1.9 ratio, within a small rounding error (less than 0.01). However, three of the authorized sizes vary significantly: 1.57 (for 7.00 × 11.00), 1.27 (for 4.33 × 5.50) and 1.33 (for 3.00 × 4.00). </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Executive_Order_10834" class="extiw" title="s:Executive Order 10834">Ex. Ord. No. 10834</a>, August 21, 1959, 24 F.R. 6865 (governing flags "manufactured or purchased for the use of executive agencies", Section 22). Section 32 explains that, "As used in this order, the term 'executive agencies' means the executive departments and independent establishments in the executive branch of the Government, including wholly owned Government corporations.",<a href="/wiki/Title_4_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 4 of the United States Code">4 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/4/5">§ 5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Architect of the Capitol: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aoc.gov/sites/default/files/flagform.pdf">"Flag Request Form"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428060620/https://www.aoc.gov/sites/default/files/flagform.pdf">Archived</a> April 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on July 1st, 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimannJuddKeegan1946" class="citation journal cs1">Reimann, Genevieve; <a href="/wiki/Deane_B._Judd" title="Deane B. Judd">Judd, Deane B.</a>; Keegan, Harry J. (1946). "Spectrophotometric and Colorimetric Determination of the Colors of the TCCA Standard Color Cards". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 36 (3): 128–159. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1946JOSA...36..128R">1946JOSA...36..128R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FJOSA.36.000128">10.1364/JOSA.36.000128</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21023091">21023091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Optical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Spectrophotometric+and+Colorimetric+Determination+of+the+Colors+of+the+TCCA+Standard+Color+Cards&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=128-159&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21023091&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FJOSA.36.000128&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1946JOSA...36..128R&rft.aulast=Reimann&rft.aufirst=Genevieve&rft.au=Judd%2C+Deane+B.&rft.au=Keegan%2C+Harry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> In the 9th edition of the Standard Color Card of America, "White", "Old Glory Red", and "Old Glory Blue" were, respectively, Cable No. 70001, Cable No. 70180, and Cable No. 70075. The Munsell renotation coordinates for these were taken directly from the Reimann et al. paper, the CIELAB D65 coordinates were found by converting the xyY values in that paper to be relative to CIE Illuminant D65 from Illuminant C using the CAT02 chromatic adaptation transform, and relative to a perfect diffuse reflector as white. The "relative" values in the table were found by taking Cable No. 70001's luminosity to be that of the white point and were converted to D65 or D50 also using the CAT02 transformation. The values for CMYK were found by converting from the CIELAB D50 values using the Adobe CMM and the GRACoL 2006 ICC profile in Adobe Photoshop. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Helen Taylor, Lucille Knoche, and Walter Granville, eds. (1950), <a href="/wiki/Descriptive_Color_Names_Dictionary" title="Descriptive Color Names Dictionary">Descriptive Color Names Dictionary</a>. Container Corporation of America. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19971014170401/http://www.usembassy.org.uk/rcflags.html">In 1996, "U.S. Flag Facts"</a> at the website of the U.S. embassy in London listed the colors red PMS 193 and blue PMS 282 (presumably PMS solid coated colors). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021016055710/http://www.usembassy.org.uk/rcflags.html">By October 2002</a>, these had changed to red PMS 193 and blue PMS 281. These latter PMS equivalents are listed on many websites including various other U.S. Government organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Corporation" title="Millennium Challenge Corporation">Millennium Challenge Corporation</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcc.gov/mcc/press/branding/branding-mcc/index.shtml">website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100522114622/http://www.mcc.gov/mcc/press/branding/branding-mcc/index.shtml">Archived</a> May 22, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/us.html">"United States of America"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100713191619/http://www.fotw.us/flags/us.html">Archived</a> July 13, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a>. The website of the U.S. Embassy in Stockholm instead lists PMS 186 and PMS 288 as the colors specified by the U.S. Government Printing Office: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041021021046/http://stockholm.usembassy.gov/usflag/colors.html">"Colors of the U.S. Flag"</a>. United States Embassy Stockholm. November 2001. The <a href="/wiki/California_Military_Department" title="California Military Department">Military Department</a> of the <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">State of California</a> suggested PMS 200 for red in a 2002 document, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.militarymuseum.org/Flags_Over_Ca.pdf">"Flags over California, a history and guide"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/GV/htm/GV.3100.htm#3100.002">The Government Code; Title 11. State Symbols and Honors; Subtitle A; Chapter 3100</a>. Statutes.legis.state.tx.us. Retrieved on May 27, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-eca_flag_standards-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eca_flag_standards_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eca_flag_standards_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/eca_design_guide.pdf">ECA Design Guidelines</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Educational_and_Cultural_Affairs" title="Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs">Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs</a> Office of Public Affairs and Strategic Communications. January 2017. 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Retrieved November 7, 2024. <q>There is no record of an Act of Congress or Executive Order which either prescribes or prohibits the addition of fringe, nor is there any indication that any symbolism was ever associated with it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+Heraldry%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.atitle=FAQs+-+U.S.+Flag+Etiquette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftioh.army.mil%2FFAQs%2FFaqs.aspx%3FSectionID%3D101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2012" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Winston (December 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/12/30/sovereign-citizens-are-a-sometimes-violent-fringe-group-rejecting-all-government">"Sovereign Citizens Are a Sometimes Violent Fringe Group Rejecting All Government"</a>. 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Mo.</a> 1997), which discusses various court opinions denying any significance related to trim used on a flag. </li> <li id="cite_note-state-106"><a href="#cite_ref-state_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.courts.state.co.us/Courts/Court_of_Appeals/opinion/2010/08CA2664.pdf">"state.co.us: "Colorado Court of Appeals – Order Order Affirmed: Colorado v Drew" (Munsinger) 13 May 2010"</a> (PDF). courts.state.co.us. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011723/http://www.courts.state.co.us/Courts/Court_of_Appeals/opinion/2010/08CA2664.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2014. 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Threads of History: Americana Recorded on Cloth 1775 to the Present. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979.</li> <li>Grace Rogers Cooper. Thirteen-star Flags: Keys to Identification. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1973.</li> <li>David D. Crouthers. Flags of American History. Hammond, 1978.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLear2014" class="citation journal cs1">DeLear, Byron (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nava.org/digital-library/raven/Raven_v21_2014_p019-070.pdf">"Revisiting the Flag at Prospect Hill: Grand Union or Just British?"</a> (PDF). Raven: A Journal of Vexillology. 21: 19–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fraven2014213">10.5840/raven2014213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1071-0043">1071-0043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raven%3A+A+Journal+of+Vexillology&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Flag+at+Prospect+Hill%3A+Grand+Union+or+Just+British%3F&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=19-70&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fraven2014213&rft.issn=1071-0043&rft.aulast=DeLear&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnava.org%2Fdigital-library%2Fraven%2FRaven_v21_2014_p019-070.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Louise Lawrence Devine. The Story of Our Flag. Rand McNally, 1960.</li> <li>William Rea Furlong, <a href="/wiki/Byron_McCandless" title="Byron McCandless">Byron McCandless</a>, and Harold D. Langley. So Proudly We Hail: The History of the United States Flag. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.</li> <li>Scot M. Guenter, The American Flag, 1777–1924: Cultural Shifts from Creation to Codification. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3075209">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 1990. online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524163641/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=3075209">Archived</a> May 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>George E. Hastings. The Life and Works of Francis Hopkinson. University of Chicago Press, 1926.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1893" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Albert C. (September 30, 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_school-journal_1893-09-30_47_12">"Historic American Flags"</a>. The School Journal. XLVII (12) – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+School+Journal&rft.atitle=Historic+American+Flags&rft.volume=XLVII&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1893-09-30&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Albert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_school-journal_1893-09-30_47_12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kevin Keim & Peter Keim. A Grand Old Flag: A History of the United States through its Flags. DK Publishing. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2847-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2847-5">978-0-7566-2847-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217060007/http://www.marcleepson.com/flagbiography/index.html">Flag: An American Biography</a>. Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2005.</li> <li>David Roger Manwaring. Render Unto Caesar: The Flag-Salute Controversy. University of Chicago Press, 1962.</li> <li>Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D'Otrange Mastai. The Stars and the Stripes: The American Flag as Art and as History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present. Knopf, 1973.</li> <li>Henry W. Moeller, Ph.D. "Two Early American Ensigns on the Pennsylvania State Arms." NAVA News, Issue 173, Jan.–Mar. 2002.</li> <li>Milo Milton Quaife. The Flag of the United States. 1942.</li> <li>Milo Milton Quaife, Melvin J. Weig, and Roy Applebaum. The History of the United States Flag, from the Revolution to the Present, Including a Guide to Its Use and Display. Harper, 1961.</li> <li>Richard S. Patterson and Richardson Dougall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheEagleAndTheShield">The Eagle and the Shield: A History of the Great Seal of the United States</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978 [1976 i.e. 1978].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreble1872" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Preble" title="George Henry Preble">Preble, George Henry</a> (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourflagoriginpro00prebrich">Our Flag</a>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Munsell" title="Joel Munsell">Joel Munsell</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/09026595">09026595</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/990016">990016</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7159532M">7159532M</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Flag&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=Joel+Munsell&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7159532M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F09026595&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F990016&rft.aulast=Preble&rft.aufirst=George+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourflagoriginpro00prebrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Albert M. Rosenblatt. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2723&context=law_lawreview">Flag Desecration Statutes: History and Analysis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811141921/http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2723&context=law_lawreview">Archived</a> August 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Washington University Law Quarterly 1972: 193–237.</li> <li>George and Virginia Schaun. "Historical Portrait of Mrs. Mary Young Pickersgill." The Greenberry Series on Maryland, Greenberry Publications. Volume 5.</li> <li>Leonard A. Stevens. Salute! The Case of The Bible vs. The Flag. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1973.</li> <li>Arnaldo Testi. Capture the Flag: The Stars and Stripes in American History (New York University Press; 2010) 192 pages. A European perspective on the symbolism and political, social, and cultural significance of the flag.</li> <li>Earl P. Williams Jr. " NAVA News, Issue 216, Oct.–Dec. 2012.</li> <li>Paul M. Zall. "Comical Spirit of Seventy-Six: The Humor of Francis Hopkinson." The Huntington Library, 1976.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130214222233/http://fa.statebuy.state.gov/Content/documents/style_guide_public_hi.pdf">"Identity and Marking Standards"</a> (PDF). Office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State. June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fa.statebuy.state.gov/Content/documents/style_guide_public_hi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 14, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Marking+Standards&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffa.statebuy.state.gov%2FContent%2Fdocuments%2Fstyle_guide_public_hi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlag+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Flag of the United States at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Stars_and_Stripes" class="extiw" title="wikt:Stars and Stripes">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Flags_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Flags of the United States">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="q:Flag of the United States">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fotw.info/flags/us.html">United States</a> at <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmah/flag.htm">Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Facts About the United States Flag</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/4/chapter-1">Text</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Flag_Code" title="United States Flag Code">United States Flag Code</a> (chap. 1 of Title 4 of the United States Code)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/codification/executive-order/10834.html">Executive Order No. 10798</a>, with specifications and regulations for the current flag</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/1942/index.html">July 1942: United We Stand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511164748/http://americanhistory.si.edu/1942/index.html">Archived</a> May 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> online exhibition highlighting some 500 magazines featuring the American flag on their cover during World War II</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_state_flags" title="Template:US state flags"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_state_flags" title="Template talk:US state flags"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_U.S._state_flags" title="Timeline of U.S. state flags">Timeline of U.S. state flags</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em; text-align:right;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alabama" title="Flag of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Alaska" title="Flag of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Arizona" title="Flag of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Arkansas" title="Flag of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_California" title="Flag of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colorado" title="Flag of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Connecticut" title="Flag of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Delaware" title="Flag of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Florida" title="Flag of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hawaii" title="Flag of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indiana" title="Flag of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iowa" title="Flag of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kansas" title="Flag of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kentucky" title="Flag of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Louisiana" title="Flag of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Maine" title="Flag of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Maryland" title="Flag of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Massachusetts" title="Flag of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Michigan" title="Flag of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Minnesota" title="Flag of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mississippi" title="Flag of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Missouri" title="Flag of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montana" title="Flag of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nebraska" title="Flag of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nevada" title="Flag of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Mexico" title="Flag of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of New York (state)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Carolina" title="Flag of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Dakota" title="Flag of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ohio" title="Flag of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Oklahoma" title="Flag of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Oregon" title="Flag of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pennsylvania" title="Flag of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Rhode_Island" title="Flag of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Carolina" title="Flag of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Dakota" title="Flag of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tennessee" title="Flag of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Utah" title="Flag of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vermont" title="Flag of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Washington_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_West_Virginia" title="Flag of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wisconsin" title="Flag of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wyoming" title="Flag of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Flag of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_American_Samoa" title="Flag of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guam" title="Flag of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Flag of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em; text-align:right;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Associated states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Flag of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Palau" title="Flag of Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the United States">Tribal nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cherokee_Nation" title="Flag of the Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Hopi_Tribe" title="Flag of the Hopi Tribe">Hopi Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Iroquois_Confederacy" title="Flag of the Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Navajo_Nation" title="Flag of the Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states_and_territories#Unofficial_flags_of_atolls,_reefs,_and_other_islands" title="Flags of the U.S. states and territories">Unofficial flags of the USMOI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Historic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba" title="Flag of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Philippines (Commonwealth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_California#History" title="Flag of California">California (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Maine_(1901%E2%80%931909)" title="Flag of Maine (1901–1909)">Maine (1901–1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_and_flag_of_the_Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Seal and flag of the Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Texas (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Flag of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Administration_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands" title="United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands (1950–1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Green_Mountain_Boys" title="Flag of the Green Mountain Boys">Vermont (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Blue_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonnie Blue Flag">West Florida (Republic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_state_flags" title="Category:United States state flags">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Template talk:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_official_United_States_national_symbols" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of official United States national symbols"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States" title="Great Seal of the United States">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">Bald eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_(tree)" title="General Grant (tree)">General Grant (tree)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Creed" title="American Creed">American Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mottos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">In God We Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_pluribus_unum" title="E pluribus unum">E pluribus unum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novus_ordo_seclorum" title="Novus ordo seclorum">Novus ordo seclorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annuit_c%C5%93ptis" title="Annuit cœptis">Annuit cœptis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful" title="America the Beautiful">America the Beautiful</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Columbia,_the_Gem_of_the_Ocean" title="Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean">Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Stars_and_Stripes_Forever" title="The Stars and Stripes Forever">The Stars and Stripes Forever</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail_to_the_Chief" title="Hail to the Chief">Hail to the Chief</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hail,_Columbia" title="Hail, Columbia">Hail, Columbia</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/America_(My_Country,_%27Tis_of_Thee)" class="mw-redirect" title="America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)">America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_America" title="God Bless America">God Bless America</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Lift Every Voice and Sing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Army_Goes_Rolling_Along" title="The Army Goes Rolling Along">The Army Goes Rolling Along</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Anchors_Aweigh" title="Anchors Aweigh">Anchors Aweigh</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Marines%27_Hymn" title="Marines' Hymn">Marines' Hymn</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Fidelis_(march)" title="Semper Fidelis (march)">Semper Fidelis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_U.S._Air_Force_(song)" title="The U.S. Air Force (song)">The Air Force Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Paratus_(march)" title="Semper Paratus (march)">Semper Paratus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Semper_Supra_(march)" title="Semper Supra (march)">Semper Supra</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/National_Emblem" title="National Emblem">National Emblem March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post_(march)" title="The Washington Post (march)">The Washington Post March</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/You%27re_a_Grand_Old_Flag" title="You're a Grand Old Flag">You're a Grand Old Flag</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_Land_Is_Your_Land" title="This Land Is Your Land">This Land Is Your Land</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_of_Freedom" title="Battle Cry of Freedom">Battle Cry of Freedom</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="&quot;Six_flags_over_Texas&quot;" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Six_flags_of_Texas" title="Template:Six flags of Texas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Six_flags_of_Texas" title="Template talk:Six flags of Texas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Six_flags_of_Texas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Six flags of Texas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="&quot;Six_flags_over_Texas&quot;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">"<a href="/wiki/Six_flags_over_Texas" title="Six flags over Texas">Six flags over Texas</a>"</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/23px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/35px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg/45px-Pavillon_royal_de_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">French Texas</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Spanish Texas</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexican Texas</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate States</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flags_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flags_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_North_America" title="Flags of North America">Flags of North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Flag of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Bahamas" title="Flag of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Barbados" title="Flag of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Belize" title="Flag of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Costa_Rica" title="Flag of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba" title="Flag of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dominica" title="Flag of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Flag of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_El_Salvador" title="Flag of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Grenada" title="Flag of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guatemala" title="Flag of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Honduras" title="Flag of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nicaragua" title="Flag of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Panama" title="Flag of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Flag of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Flag of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Anguilla" title="Flag of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Aruba" title="Flag of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bermuda" title="Flag of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bonaire" title="Flag of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Flag of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Flag of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Flag of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greenland" title="Flag of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guadeloupe" title="Flag of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Martinique" title="Flag of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montserrat" title="Flag of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Flag of the Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Flag of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Flag of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sint_Maarten" title="Flag of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Flag of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_flags_and_coats_of_arms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_flags" title="Template:National flags"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_flags" title="Template talk:National flags"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_flags" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National flags"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_flags_and_coats_of_arms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">National flags</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">coats of arms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National flags</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_flags_of_sovereign_states" title="List of national flags of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_of_dependent_territories" title="Gallery of flags of dependent territories">Dependent territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_national_flags" title="Timeline of national flags">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National coats of arms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_sovereign_states" title="Armorial of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_dependent_territories" title="Armorial of dependent territories">Dependent territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/14px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/22px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/29px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Flags_of_the_World" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_topic" title="Template:World topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_topic" title="Template talk:World topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Flags_of_the_World" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the World">Flags of the World</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Albania">Albania</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Algeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Algeria (page does not exist)">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Angola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Angola (page does not exist)">Angola</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Argentina">Argentina</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Austria">Austria</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Bangladesh (page does not exist)">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Belarus">Belarus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Belgium">Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Benin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Benin (page does not exist)">Benin</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Botswana (page does not exist)">Botswana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Burkina_Faso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Burkina Faso (page does not exist)">Burkina Faso</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Burundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Burundi (page does not exist)">Burundi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Cameroon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Cameroon (page does not exist)">Cameroon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Cape_Verde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Cape Verde (page does not exist)">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Central_African_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Central African Republic (page does not exist)">Central African Republic</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Chad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Chad (page does not exist)">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Chile (page does not exist)">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of China">China</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Colombia (page does not exist)">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Denmark">Denmark</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Djibouti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Djibouti (page does not exist)">Djibouti</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Egypt">Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Equatorial_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Equatorial Guinea (page does not exist)">Equatorial Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Eritrea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Eritrea (page does not exist)">Eritrea</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Eswatini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Eswatini (page does not exist)">Eswatini</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Ethiopia (page does not exist)">Ethiopia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Fiji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Fiji (page does not exist)">Fiji</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of France">France</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Gabon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Gabon (page does not exist)">Gabon</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Gambia (page does not exist)">Gambia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Georgia (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Ghana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Ghana (page does not exist)">Ghana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Greece">Greece</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Guinea (page does not exist)">Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Guyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Guyana (page does not exist)">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Honduras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Honduras (page does not exist)">Honduras</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Hungary">Hungary</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of India">India</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Iraq">Iraq</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Kenya (page does not exist)">Kenya</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Lesotho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Lesotho (page does not exist)">Lesotho</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Liberia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Liberia (page does not exist)">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Libya">Libya</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Malawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Malawi (page does not exist)">Malawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Mali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Mali (page does not exist)">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Mauritania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Mauritania (page does not exist)">Mauritania</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Mauritius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Mauritius (page does not exist)">Mauritius</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Namibia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Namibia (page does not exist)">Namibia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Niger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Niger (page does not exist)">Niger</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Nigeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Nigeria (page does not exist)">Nigeria</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of North Korea (page does not exist)">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Norway">Norway</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Paraguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Paraguay (page does not exist)">Paraguay</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Portugal">Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of the Republic of the Congo (page does not exist)">Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Rwanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Rwanda (page does not exist)">Rwanda</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Senegal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Senegal (page does not exist)">Senegal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Serbia">Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Seychelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Seychelles (page does not exist)">Seychelles</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Sierra_Leone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Sierra Leone (page does not exist)">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Somalia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Somalia (page does not exist)">Somalia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of South Korea (page does not exist)">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Sudan (page does not exist)">Sudan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Sweden">Sweden</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Taiwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Taiwan (page does not exist)">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Tanzania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Tanzania (page does not exist)">Tanzania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Togo (page does not exist)">Togo</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Tonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Tonga (page does not exist)">Tonga</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Trinidad and Tobago (page does not exist)">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Tunisia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Tunisia (page does not exist)">Tunisia</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Turkey (page does not 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class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Vanuatu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Vanuatu (page does not exist)">Vanuatu</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Vatican_City&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Vatican City (page does not exist)">Vatican City</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Venezuela&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Venezuela (page does not exist)">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Vietnam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Vietnam (page does not exist)">Vietnam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flags_of_Zambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flags of Zambia (page does not exist)">Zambia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/26px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg/34px-Azure%2C_a_bend_Or.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Heraldry" title="Portal:Heraldry">Heraldry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div 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