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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lectures_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Lectures on the Philosophy of History – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lectures on the Philosophy of History" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="درس‌های فلسفه تاریخ – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درس‌های فلسفه تاریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelegeri_de_filozofie_a_istoriei" title="Prelegeri de filozofie a istoriei – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prelegeri de filozofie a istoriei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Лекции по философии истории – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лекции по философии истории" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg/390px-G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/G.W.F._Hegel_%28by_Sichling%2C_after_Sebbers%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>G.W. Hegel</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Lezingen over de filosofie van de geschiedenis</b></i> (Duitse titel: <i>Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Weltgeschichte</i>) is een belangrijk werk van de Duitse filosoof <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>, oorspronkelijk gepresenteerd in de vorm van een reeks lezingen aan de <a href="/wiki/Humboldtuniversiteit_te_Berlijn" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldtuniversiteit te Berlijn">Universiteit van Berlijn</a> in <a href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</a>, <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> en <a href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</a>. Hij zet hierin zijn <a href="/wiki/Geschiedfilosofie" title="Geschiedfilosofie">geschiedfilosofie</a> uiteen, waarbij de wereldgeschiedenis beschouwd wordt als een rationeel, op vooruitgang gericht proces, geleid door de wereldgeest (<i>Weltgeist</i>). Gedurende zijn professoraat in <a href="/wiki/Berlijn" title="Berlijn">Berlijn</a> bleef Hegel de tekst voortdurend reviseren en hij werd pas zes jaar na zijn dood in <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a> gepubliceerd. </p><p>Als <a href="/wiki/Filosoof" title="Filosoof">filosoof</a> maakte Hegel deel uit van het <a href="/wiki/Duits_idealisme" title="Duits idealisme">Duits idealisme</a>, dat het geest-lichaam-<a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">dualisme</a> van <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> dacht te kunnen opheffen door te stellen dat alles geest was. Deze opvatting doordrenkt ook Hegels denken over de <a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis" title="Geschiedenis">geschiedenis</a>, die hij op een speculatieve filosofische wijze beschouwt. <a href="/wiki/Materie" title="Materie">Materie</a> is in deze zienswijze een vorm van geest, doordat de <i>Weltgeist</i> bewust een oppositie schept (de materie) om zichzelf te kunnen doorschouwen en verder te kunnen evolueren naar absolute <a href="/wiki/Vrijheid_(filosofie)" title="Vrijheid (filosofie)">vrijheid</a>. Het klinkt heel abstract en Hegel houdt dit voor het grootste deel van het werk vol. De vrijheid die de koers van de geschiedenis uiteindelijk tot doel heeft, is ook niet meteen de individuele menselijke vrijheid. Zelf zegt Hegel hierover dat wereldgeschiedenis als de slachtbank is waar zich alles afspeelt voor het grotere doel. Hij bedoelt hiermee dat de ontwikkelingsgang naar vrijheid in de eerste plaats de drang is van die met <a href="/wiki/Rede" title="Rede">rede</a> begaafde Wereldgeest of -ziel, die erg gelijkt op of gestuurd wordt door een christelijke God. Die vooruitgang gaat echter niet soepel of vanzelf, maar gaat altijd gepaard met strijd. Wanneer in de geschiedenis een bepaald niveau is bereikt, zal dit slechts tijdelijk zijn en komt er oppositie en een nieuwe strijd die dan weer leidt tot een nieuwe synthese. Het is een vorm van <a href="/wiki/Dialectiek" title="Dialectiek">dialectisch</a> denken, waarbij telkens een (voorlopige) synthese volgt op de strijd van tegengestelden. Op die manier verloopt ook de geschiedenis van de beschaving van de mensheid. Hegel denkt hier heel <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrisme" title="Eurocentrisme">eurocentrisch</a> over. De eerste, oostelijke beschavingen vormden staten geleid door <a href="/wiki/Despoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Despoot">despoten</a>, tot ze uiteindelijk leidden tot de westelijke <a href="/wiki/Democratie" title="Democratie">democratische</a> staten zoals <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a>. Hier wordt duidelijk wat Hegel bedoelt met de onvermijdelijke slachtbank die voorafgaat aan omwentelingen die de mensheid een stap verder brengen naar (meer) vrijheid. Op die manier worden de bloedige periodes uit de <a href="/wiki/Franse_Revolutie" title="Franse Revolutie">Franse</a> en <a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" title="Amerikaanse Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog">Amerikaanse Revolutie</a> gerationaliseerd als noodzakelijk voor het bereiken van een hoger niveau van vrijheid. </p><p>De <i>Weltgeist</i> beoogt om zich in zijn missie in een concrete vorm te realiseren. Daarbij is de massa van individuele menselijke passies en belangen de primaire kracht in het actualiseren van de Geest. Op die manier functioneren historische personen als <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> als een katalysator die de passies van de massa's mobiliseren op cruciale momenten in de geschiedenis. Deze personen zijn vaak egoïstisch en hebzuchtig, maar om wat voor reden ook vallen hun passies samen met de volgende stap in de ontplooiing van de Geest. </p> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><div style="margin-top:-16px"></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnen">Bronnen</h2></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Hegel, Georg</span>: <i>The Philosophy of History</i>, Britannica, Great Books, third edition, 1992</li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Burns, Robert M.</span> en <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Rayment-Pickard, Hugh</span> : <i>Philosophies of History, From Enlightment tot Postmodernity</i>, Blackwell Publishers 2007, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780631212379" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-631-21237-9</a></li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Lemon, Michael C.</span>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.be/books?id=pA6Oi8VL7b8C&pg=PP1&dq=Philosophy+of+history&client=firefox-a&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Philosophy of history: a guide for students (Google Books)</a></i></li> <li>Encyclopædia Britannica 15th Edition: <i>Philosophy of History</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/history/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: <i>Philosophy of History</i></a></li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Sweet, William</span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.be/books?id=vjtv_AOBJ4MC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Philosophy+of+history&lr=&client=firefox-a&cd=11#v=onepage&q=&f=false">The philosophy of history: a re-examination (Google Books)</a></i></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lezingen_over_de_filosofie_van_de_geschiedenis&oldid=65834935">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lezingen_over_de_filosofie_van_de_geschiedenis&oldid=65834935</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Werk_van_Hegel" title="Categorie:Werk van Hegel">Werk van Hegel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedfilosofie" title="Categorie:Geschiedfilosofie">Geschiedfilosofie</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina%27s_die_ISBN_magische_links_gebruiken" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken">Wikipedia:Pagina's die ISBN magische links gebruiken</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 11 sep 2023 om 11:27.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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