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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legend of the Gargouille</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legend_of_the_Gargouille-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Animal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gargoyle</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84" title="غرغول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرغول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B2" title="গাৰ্গয়্‌ল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গাৰ্গয়্‌ল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarqoyl" title="Qarqoyl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qarqoyl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Гаргулья – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаргулья" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Водоливник – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водоливник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoul" title="Gargoul – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gargoul" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A0rgola" title="Gàrgola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gàrgola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrli%C4%8D" title="Chrlič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chrlič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoil" title="Gargoil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gargoil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoil" title="Gargoil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gargoil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserspeier" title="Wasserspeier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserspeier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vees%C3%BCliti" title="Veesüliti – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veesüliti" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%B9%CE%BB" title="Γκαργκόιλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκαργκόιλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1rgola" title="Gárgola – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gárgola" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargojlo" title="Gargojlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gargojlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garguila" title="Garguila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garguila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آب‌پران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب‌پران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargouille" title="Gargouille – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gargouille" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gearg%C3%A1il" title="Geargáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Geargáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1rgola_(arquitectura)" title="Gárgola (arquitectura) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gárgola (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%AC%B4%EA%B9%83%EB%8F%8C" title="이무깃돌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이무깃돌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodoriga" title="Vodoriga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodoriga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufsagr%C3%BDla" title="Ufsagrýla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ufsagrýla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargolla" title="Gargolla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gargolla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C" title="גרגויל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרגויל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Чөртөн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чөртөн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waassersp%C3%A4izer" title="Waasserspäizer – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Waasserspäizer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADzk%C3%B6p%C5%91" title="Vízköpő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vízköpő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterspuwer" title="Waterspuwer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterspuwer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B4%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB" title="ガーゴイル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガーゴイル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannkaster" title="Vannkaster – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vannkaster" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargo%C3%BBle" title="Gargoûle – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gargoûle" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzygacz" title="Rzygacz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzygacz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1rgula" title="Gárgula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gárgula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargui" title="Gargui – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gargui" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Гаргулья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаргулья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catusu" title="Catusu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Catusu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gargoyle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrli%C4%8D" title="Chrlič – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chrlič" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruhalnik_(arhitektura)" title="Bruhalnik (arhitektura) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bruhalnik (arhitektura)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BB" title="Гаргојл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гаргојл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoili" title="Gargoili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gargoili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vattenkastare" title="Vattenkastare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattenkastare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ปนาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปนาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C3%B6rten" title="Çörten – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çörten" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гаргуйль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаргуйль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woaterspuger" title="Woaterspuger – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Woaterspuger" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%BC%8F" title="雨漏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雨漏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q215194#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the statues on buildings. For the monster, see <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyle (monster)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gargoyle (disambiguation)">Gargoyle (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG/220px-Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG/330px-Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG/440px-Notre-Dame_Rzygacze.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="3004" /></a><figcaption>Gargoyles of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayuntamiento,_Tallin,_Estonia,_2012-08-05,_DD_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ayuntamiento%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_05.JPG/220px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ayuntamiento%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_05.JPG/330px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ayuntamiento%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_05.JPG/440px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Tallin%2C_Estonia%2C_2012-08-05%2C_DD_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1565" /></a><figcaption>Dragon-headed gargoyle of the <a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Town_Hall" title="Tallinn Town Hall">Tallinn Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gargoyle_Wawel_Cathedral_01_AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gargoyle_Wawel_Cathedral_01_AB.jpg/220px-Gargoyle_Wawel_Cathedral_01_AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gargoyle_Wawel_Cathedral_01_AB.jpg/330px-Gargoyle_Wawel_Cathedral_01_AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Gargoyle_Wawel_Cathedral_01_AB.jpg/440px-Gargoyle_Wawel_Cathedral_01_AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>Gargoyle of the Vasa Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Wawel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wawel">Wawel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, and specifically <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, a <b>gargoyle</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a carved or formed <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">grotesque</a><sup id="cite_ref-Benton_1997_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–8">: 6–8 </span></sup> with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building, thereby preventing it from running down <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> walls and eroding the <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">mortar</a> between. Architects often used multiple gargoyles on a building to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof to minimize potential damage from rainstorms. A trough is cut in the back of the gargoyle and rainwater typically exits through the open mouth. Gargoyles are usually elongated fantastical animals because their length determines how far water is directed from the wall. When <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> were used, <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(watercourse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueduct (watercourse)">aqueducts</a> were sometimes cut into the buttress to divert water over the aisle walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Wonderopolis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wonderopolis-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term originates from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <i>gargouille,</i> which in English is likely to mean "throat" or is otherwise known as the "gullet";<sup id="cite_ref-Hargreaves_1990_p._51_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargreaves_1990_p._51-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-American_Heritage_Dictionary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Heritage_Dictionary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cf. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>gurgulio, gula, gargula</i> ("gullet"or "throat") and similar words derived from the root <i>gar,</i> "to swallow", which represented the gurgling sound of water (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> <i>garganta,</i> "throat"; <i>gárgola,</i> "gargoyle"). It is also connected to the French verb <i>gargariser,</i> which shares a Latin root with the verb "gargle"<sup id="cite_ref-Benton_1997_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is likely imitative in origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> word for gargoyle is <i>doccione</i> or <i>gronda sporgente,</i> an architecturally precise phrase which means "protruding gutter". Italian also uses <i>gargolla</i> or <i>garguglia</i>, when it has a grotesque shape. </p><p>When not constructed as a waterspout and only serving an ornamental or artistic function, the technical term for such a sculpture is a <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">grotesque</a>, chimera, or <a href="/wiki/Boss_(architecture)" title="Boss (architecture)">boss</a>. There are also regional variations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hunky_punk" title="Hunky punk">hunky punk</a>. Just as with <a href="/wiki/Boss_(architecture)" title="Boss (architecture)">bosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grotesque_(architecture)" title="Grotesque (architecture)">chimeras</a>, gargoyles are said to protect what they guard, such as a church, from any evil or harmful spirits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legend_of_the_Gargouille">Legend of the Gargouille</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legend of the Gargouille"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyle (monster)</a></div> <p>A French legend that sprang up around the name of <a href="/wiki/Romanus_of_Rouen" title="Romanus of Rouen">St. Romanus</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Romain</i>; <a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 631–641 AD</span>), the former chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a> who was made <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rouen">bishop of Rouen</a>, relates how he delivered the country around Rouen from a monster called <i>Gargouille</i> or <i>Goji</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butler_Thurston_Attwater_1956_p._183_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butler_Thurston_Attwater_1956_p._183-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herbermann_Pace_Pallen_Shahan_1913_p._209_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbermann_Pace_Pallen_Shahan_1913_p._209-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Gargouille is said to have been the typical dragon with bat-like wings, a long neck, and the ability to breathe fire from its mouth. Multiple versions of the story are given, either that St. Romanus subdued the creature with a crucifix, or he captured the creature with the help of the only volunteer, a condemned man. In each, the monster is led back to Rouen and burned, but its head and neck would not burn due to being tempered by its own fire breath. The head was then mounted on the walls of the newly built church to scare off evil spirits, and used for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Cipa_2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cipa_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In commemoration of St. Romain, the Archbishops of Rouen were granted the right to set a prisoner free on the day that the <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> of the saint was carried in procession (see details at <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hodder_1881_p._46_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodder_1881_p._46-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-British_Archaeological_Association_1939_p._361_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_Archaeological_Association_1939_p._361-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>gargoyle</i> is most often applied to <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> work, but throughout all ages, some means of water diversion, when not conveyed in gutters, was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> architecture, gargoyles showed little variation, typically in the form of a lion's head.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_Engelbach_1930_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_Engelbach_1930-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar lion-mouthed water spouts were also seen on <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Greek temples</a>, carved or modelled in the <a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">marble</a> or <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> <a href="/wiki/Cymatium" title="Cymatium">cymatium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cornice_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornice (architecture)">cornice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dinsmoor_Anderson_1950_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinsmoor_Anderson_1950-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An excellent example of this are the 39 remaining lion-headed water spouts on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The Temple of Zeus is a pile of rubble. It has no remaining water spouts on it. Explain. (April 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Originally, it had 102 gargoyles or spouts, but due to the heavy weight (they were crafted from marble), many snapped off and had to be replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-Willemsen_1959_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willemsen_1959-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swaddling_1980_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swaddling_1980-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many medieval cathedrals included gargoyles and chimeras.<sup id="cite_ref-Fudgé_2016_p._91_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fudgé_2016_p._91-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to French architect and author <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, himself one of the great producers of gargoyles in the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-Hourihane_2012_p._642_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hourihane_2012_p._642-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earliest known medieval gargoyles appear on <a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a> (c. 1200–1220).<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstock_2016_p._248_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstock_2016_p._248-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the more famous examples is the gargoyles of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Notre-Dame de Paris</a>. Although most have grotesque features, the term gargoyle has come to include all types of images. Some gargoyles were depicted as monks, or combinations of real animals and people, many of which were humorous. Unusual animal mixtures, or chimeras, did not act as rainspouts and are more properly called grotesques. They serve as ornamentation but are now popularly called gargoyles. </p><p>Both ornamented and unornamented waterspouts projecting from roofs at parapet level were a common device used to shed rainwater from buildings until the early 18th century. From that time, more and more buildings used drainpipes to carry the water from the <a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">guttering</a> roof to the ground and only very few buildings using gargoyles were constructed. This was because some people found them frightening, and sometimes heavy ones fell off, causing damage. In 1724, the London Building Act passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> made the use of downpipes compulsory in all new construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Holy_Horrors_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holy_Horrors-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plasencia_Cathedral_2020_-_gargoyle_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Plasencia_Cathedral_2020_-_gargoyle_detail.jpg/220px-Plasencia_Cathedral_2020_-_gargoyle_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Plasencia_Cathedral_2020_-_gargoyle_detail.jpg/330px-Plasencia_Cathedral_2020_-_gargoyle_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Plasencia_Cathedral_2020_-_gargoyle_detail.jpg/440px-Plasencia_Cathedral_2020_-_gargoyle_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4696" data-file-height="3757" /></a><figcaption>Gargoyle at the <a href="/wiki/Plasencia_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasencia Cathedral">Plasencia Cathedral</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>There are divided ideas as to the purpose of adding gargoyles to religious structures. Some state that gargoyles were meant to illustrate <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> and sin, while others have posited that grotesques in architecture were <a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">apotropaic</a> devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Tschen-Emmons_2015_p._72_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tschen-Emmons_2015_p._72-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 12th century, before the use of gargoyles as rain spouts, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">St. Bernard of Clairvaux</a> was famous for speaking out against gargoyles carved on the walls of his monastery's cloister:<sup id="cite_ref-Di_Renzo_1995_p._1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Di_Renzo_1995_p._1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What are these fantastic monsters doing in the cloisters before the eyes of the brothers as they read? What is the meaning of these unclean monkeys, these strange, savage lions and monsters? To what purpose are here placed these creatures, half beast, half man or these spotted tigers? I see several bodies with one head and several heads with one body. Here is a quadruped with a serpent's head; there a fish with a quadruped's head; then again an animal: half horse, half goat... Surely, if we do not blush for such absurdities, we should at least regret what we have spent on them.<sup id="cite_ref-Leclercq_1963_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leclercq_1963-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nathan_1961_p._74_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nathan_1961_p._74-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>While the theory that gargoyles were spiritual devices made to ward off devilish evil was very widely known and accepted, other schools of thoughts have developed over time. For example, in the case of gargoyles unattributable to any one or two animals, some say that they were simply the product of pagan mythology passed down through generations in the medium of fireside tales.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akin to the leading catholic theory but slightly different, some suggest that gargoyles were meant not to intimidate evil spirits or demons, but humans. It is said that at the gateway of the city of Amiens, France, two gargoyles stood guard, and anyone with bad intentions toward the city and its people would be spewed with acid before being able to enter. On the contrary, the king of Amiens would be showered with coins with every return.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other gargoyles were meant to strike fear into the heart of the pious, specifically those that were anthropomorphized. Gargoyles that were mostly human but had animalistic attributes, like the harpy (half human half bird) or cynocephali (dog-headed human) were meant to represent the torturous fate of sinners.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some gargoyles were purely decoration, like the monkey in the courtyard of the palace of Jacques Coeur in Bourges, France. This stylistic choice was supposedly a nod to Cours exotic and adventurous lifestyle, as monkeys are a species not native to france.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> It is most likely that gargoyles meant all of these things depending on where and when they were made, and it shouldn't be the objective of the viewer to pin one purpose to the entirety of gargoyles.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>According to Lester Burbank Bridaham, writing in <i>Gargoyles, Chimeres and the Grotesque in French Gothic Sculpture</i>, "There is much symbolism in the sculpture of the Gothic period; but we must be wary of reading in too much meaning."<sup id="cite_ref-Bridaham_1930_p._xii_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridaham_1930_p._xii-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animal">Animal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> all used animal-shaped waterspouts.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton_1997_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> During the 12th Century, when gargoyles appeared in Europe, the Roman Catholic Church was growing stronger and converting many new people. Most of the population at this time was illiterate, so images were very important to convey ideas. Many early gargoyles depicted some version of a dragon, especially in France. In addition to serving as spouts for water, the gaping mouths of these gargoyles evoked the fearsome destructiveness of these legendary beasts, reminding the laity of the need for the church's protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Varner_2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varner_2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human qualities were sometimes ascribed to specific animals—that is, the animals were <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphized</a>. This was especially common for pagans, and using these ideas helped conversion to Catholicism. Humans were often depicted in bawdy positions, some leaning over the ledge they're perched on to vomit or defecate off of. The orifice that rainwater would come out of would imply that it was vomit or fecal matter.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some animals (such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a>) were unknown in western Europe during the Middle Ages, so gargoyles of these species (such as the ones at <a href="/wiki/Laon_Cathedral" title="Laon Cathedral">Laon Cathedral</a>) are modern gargoyles and therefore did not have symbolic meaning in Medieval times.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton_1997_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton_1997-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> </p><p>The Lion was the most prominent figure for animal gargoyles, likely due to their frequent appearances in other medieval art and even art in antiquity. Lions became a symbol of Christ and, therefore, were said to have the same characteristics as Christ. Supposedly, the lion's tail had the power to erase its tracks, and because of this could elude the devil.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lioness was said to give birth to dead cubs, which would resurrect 3 days later, like Jesus Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these divine attributes, lions were generally believed to be virtuous in a multitude of ways, such as being extremely loyal and in control of their emotions<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gargoyles,_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_Chapel_(Flagstaff,_AZ).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimera of Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Chapel in Flagstaff, Arizona"><img alt="Chimera of Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Chapel in Flagstaff, Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gargoyles%2C_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_Chapel_%28Flagstaff%2C_AZ%29.jpg/100px-Gargoyles%2C_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_Chapel_%28Flagstaff%2C_AZ%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gargoyles%2C_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_Chapel_%28Flagstaff%2C_AZ%29.jpg/150px-Gargoyles%2C_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_Chapel_%28Flagstaff%2C_AZ%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Gargoyles%2C_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_Chapel_%28Flagstaff%2C_AZ%29.jpg/200px-Gargoyles%2C_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_Chapel_%28Flagstaff%2C_AZ%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chimera of Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gargoyle_Sacre_Coeur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A gargoyle on the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris, France, showing the water channel"><img alt="A gargoyle on the Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris, France, showing the water channel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gargoyle_Sacre_Coeur.jpg/175px-Gargoyle_Sacre_Coeur.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gargoyle_Sacre_Coeur.jpg/263px-Gargoyle_Sacre_Coeur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gargoyle_Sacre_Coeur.jpg/350px-Gargoyle_Sacre_Coeur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A gargoyle on the <a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Basilique du Sacré-Cœur</a>, Paris, France, showing the water channel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_San_Juan,_Helsinki,_Finlandia,_2012-08-14,_DD_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle at the St. John's Church, Helsinki, Finland"><img alt="Gargoyle at the St. John's Church, Helsinki, Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Iglesia_de_San_Juan%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_09.JPG/102px-Iglesia_de_San_Juan%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Iglesia_de_San_Juan%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_09.JPG/153px-Iglesia_de_San_Juan%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Iglesia_de_San_Juan%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_09.JPG/204px-Iglesia_de_San_Juan%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finlandia%2C_2012-08-14%2C_DD_09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1466" data-file-height="2153" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle at the <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Church,_Helsinki" title="St. John's Church, Helsinki">St. John's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mausoleum(05).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle at the St.-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, Belgium"><img alt="Gargoyle at the St.-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk, Ostend, Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mausoleum%2805%29.jpg/165px-Mausoleum%2805%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mausoleum%2805%29.jpg/247px-Mausoleum%2805%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mausoleum%2805%29.jpg/329px-Mausoleum%2805%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle at the <a href="/wiki/Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk" title="Sint-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk">St.-Petrus-en-Pauluskerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon_grotesque_on_Peace_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of four gargoyles atop the Peace Tower, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada"><img alt="One of four gargoyles atop the Peace Tower, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Dragon_grotesque_on_Peace_Tower.jpg/175px-Dragon_grotesque_on_Peace_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Dragon_grotesque_on_Peace_Tower.jpg/263px-Dragon_grotesque_on_Peace_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Dragon_grotesque_on_Peace_Tower.jpg/350px-Dragon_grotesque_on_Peace_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="1590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of four gargoyles atop the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tower" title="Peace Tower">Peace Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle of Notre-Dame d'Amiens, France"><img alt="Gargoyle of Notre-Dame d'Amiens, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG/175px-ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG/263px-ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG/350px-ND_Amiens_-_gargouille.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle of <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_d%27Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame d'Amiens">Notre-Dame d'Amiens</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GargoylesNotreDame-Dijon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre Dame Church in Dijon, France"><img alt="Notre Dame Church in Dijon, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GargoylesNotreDame-Dijon.jpg/175px-GargoylesNotreDame-Dijon.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GargoylesNotreDame-Dijon.jpg/263px-GargoylesNotreDame-Dijon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GargoylesNotreDame-Dijon.jpg/350px-GargoylesNotreDame-Dijon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Notre-Dame_of_Dijon" title="Church of Notre-Dame of Dijon">Notre Dame Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakenhalle-dakgoot_met_waterspuwer.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle at the Cloth Hall, Ypres, Belgium"><img alt="Gargoyle at the Cloth Hall, Ypres, Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lakenhalle-dakgoot_met_waterspuwer.JPG/175px-Lakenhalle-dakgoot_met_waterspuwer.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lakenhalle-dakgoot_met_waterspuwer.JPG/263px-Lakenhalle-dakgoot_met_waterspuwer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Lakenhalle-dakgoot_met_waterspuwer.JPG/350px-Lakenhalle-dakgoot_met_waterspuwer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle at the <a href="/wiki/Cloth_Hall,_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth Hall, Ypres">Cloth Hall, Ypres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gargoyle_on_Zagreb_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle on Zagreb Cathedral, Croatia"><img alt="Gargoyle on Zagreb Cathedral, Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gargoyle_on_Zagreb_Cathedral.jpg/175px-Gargoyle_on_Zagreb_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gargoyle_on_Zagreb_Cathedral.jpg/263px-Gargoyle_on_Zagreb_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gargoyle_on_Zagreb_Cathedral.jpg/350px-Gargoyle_on_Zagreb_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle on <a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Cathedral" title="Zagreb Cathedral">Zagreb Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dombauh%C3%BCtte_am_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Figur_im_Innenhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle from Cologne Cathedral under reconstruction"><img alt="Gargoyle from Cologne Cathedral under reconstruction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dombauh%C3%BCtte_am_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Figur_im_Innenhof.jpg/83px-Dombauh%C3%BCtte_am_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Figur_im_Innenhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dombauh%C3%BCtte_am_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Figur_im_Innenhof.jpg/125px-Dombauh%C3%BCtte_am_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Figur_im_Innenhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Dombauh%C3%BCtte_am_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Figur_im_Innenhof.jpg/166px-Dombauh%C3%BCtte_am_K%C3%B6lner_Dom_-_Figur_im_Innenhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle from <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> under reconstruction</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Morigi_gargoyle,_National_Cathedral,_Washington_DC,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle showing carver Roger Morigi with carver's tools, Washington National Cathedral, Washington D.C., USA"><img alt="Gargoyle showing carver Roger Morigi with carver's tools, Washington National Cathedral, Washington D.C., USA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Morigi_gargoyle%2C_National_Cathedral%2C_Washington_DC%2C_USA.jpg/175px-Roger_Morigi_gargoyle%2C_National_Cathedral%2C_Washington_DC%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Morigi_gargoyle%2C_National_Cathedral%2C_Washington_DC%2C_USA.jpg/263px-Roger_Morigi_gargoyle%2C_National_Cathedral%2C_Washington_DC%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roger_Morigi_gargoyle%2C_National_Cathedral%2C_Washington_DC%2C_USA.jpg/350px-Roger_Morigi_gargoyle%2C_National_Cathedral%2C_Washington_DC%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="774" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle showing carver Roger Morigi with carver's tools, <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, USA</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosslyn_Chapel_Gargoyle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle from Rosslyn Chapel, Roslin, Scotland."><img alt="Gargoyle from Rosslyn Chapel, Roslin, Scotland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rosslyn_Chapel_Gargoyle.JPG/175px-Rosslyn_Chapel_Gargoyle.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rosslyn_Chapel_Gargoyle.JPG/263px-Rosslyn_Chapel_Gargoyle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Rosslyn_Chapel_Gargoyle.JPG/350px-Rosslyn_Chapel_Gargoyle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle from <a href="/wiki/Rosslyn_Chapel" title="Rosslyn Chapel">Rosslyn Chapel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roslin,_Midlothian" title="Roslin, Midlothian">Roslin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blain_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blain_(gargouille_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle from the Château de Blain, France"><img alt="Gargoyle from the Château de Blain, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blain_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blain_%28gargouille_4%29.jpg/112px-Blain_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blain_%28gargouille_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blain_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blain_%28gargouille_4%29.jpg/168px-Blain_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blain_%28gargouille_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Blain_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blain_%28gargouille_4%29.jpg/224px-Blain_-_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blain_%28gargouille_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="3501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle from the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blain" title="Château de Blain">Château de Blain</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duomo_di_firenze,_fianchi,_doccione_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle from Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy (sometimes called "il Boccalone")"><img alt="Gargoyle from Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, Italy (sometimes called "il Boccalone")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Duomo_di_firenze%2C_fianchi%2C_doccione_03.JPG/125px-Duomo_di_firenze%2C_fianchi%2C_doccione_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Duomo_di_firenze%2C_fianchi%2C_doccione_03.JPG/187px-Duomo_di_firenze%2C_fianchi%2C_doccione_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Duomo_di_firenze%2C_fianchi%2C_doccione_03.JPG/249px-Duomo_di_firenze%2C_fianchi%2C_doccione_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (sometimes called "il Boccalone")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_City_Hall_Gargoyle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original Old City Hall, Toronto gargoyle"><img alt="Original Old City Hall, Toronto gargoyle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Old_City_Hall_Gargoyle.jpg/175px-Old_City_Hall_Gargoyle.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Old_City_Hall_Gargoyle.jpg/263px-Old_City_Hall_Gargoyle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Old_City_Hall_Gargoyle.jpg/350px-Old_City_Hall_Gargoyle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="703" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original Old City Hall, Toronto gargoyle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gargoyle_peering_down_on_Queen_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Replica gargoyles at Old City Hall, Toronto"><img alt="Replica gargoyles at Old City Hall, Toronto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gargoyle_peering_down_on_Queen_Street.jpg/175px-Gargoyle_peering_down_on_Queen_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gargoyle_peering_down_on_Queen_Street.jpg/263px-Gargoyle_peering_down_on_Queen_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gargoyle_peering_down_on_Queen_Street.jpg/350px-Gargoyle_peering_down_on_Queen_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Replica gargoyles at Old City Hall, Toronto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GorgoyleSharp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1st century BC Hellenistic gargoyle representing a comical cook-slave from Ai Khanoum, Afghanistan"><img alt="A 1st century BC Hellenistic gargoyle representing a comical cook-slave from Ai Khanoum, Afghanistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/GorgoyleSharp.jpg/121px-GorgoyleSharp.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/GorgoyleSharp.jpg/181px-GorgoyleSharp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/GorgoyleSharp.jpg/241px-GorgoyleSharp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1st century BC Hellenistic gargoyle representing a comical cook-slave from <a href="/wiki/Ai_Khanoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ai Khanoum">Ai Khanoum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paisley_Abbey_gargoyle_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="During a refurbishment of Paisley Abbey in the early 1990s, twelve gargoyles were replaced. One of them is modeled on the titular creature from the 1979 film Alien."><img alt="During a refurbishment of Paisley Abbey in the early 1990s, twelve gargoyles were replaced. One of them is modeled on the titular creature from the 1979 film Alien." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paisley_Abbey_gargoyle_10.jpg/150px-Paisley_Abbey_gargoyle_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paisley_Abbey_gargoyle_10.jpg/225px-Paisley_Abbey_gargoyle_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Paisley_Abbey_gargoyle_10.jpg/300px-Paisley_Abbey_gargoyle_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">During a refurbishment of <a href="/wiki/Paisley_Abbey" title="Paisley Abbey">Paisley Abbey</a> in the early 1990s, twelve gargoyles were replaced. One of them is modeled on <a href="/wiki/Alien_(creature_in_Alien_franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien (creature in Alien franchise)">the titular creature</a> from the 1979 film <i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(film)" title="Alien (film)">Alien</a></i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C4%8Dice,_ka%C5%A1na,_chrli%C4%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle spewing water as part of a fountain Prčice, Sedlec-Prčice, Příbram District, Central Bohemian Region, the Czech Republic. Vítek's Square"><img alt="Gargoyle spewing water as part of a fountain Prčice, Sedlec-Prčice, Příbram District, Central Bohemian Region, the Czech Republic. Vítek's Square" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pr%C4%8Dice%2C_ka%C5%A1na%2C_chrli%C4%8D.jpg/112px-Pr%C4%8Dice%2C_ka%C5%A1na%2C_chrli%C4%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pr%C4%8Dice%2C_ka%C5%A1na%2C_chrli%C4%8D.jpg/169px-Pr%C4%8Dice%2C_ka%C5%A1na%2C_chrli%C4%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pr%C4%8Dice%2C_ka%C5%A1na%2C_chrli%C4%8D.jpg/225px-Pr%C4%8Dice%2C_ka%C5%A1na%2C_chrli%C4%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle spewing water as part of a fountain <a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%8Dice" class="mw-redirect" title="Prčice">Prčice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedlec-Pr%C4%8Dice" title="Sedlec-Prčice">Sedlec-Prčice</a>, Příbram District, Central Bohemian Region, the Czech Republic. Vítek's Square </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visby_katedral.S.vattenkastare.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle representing a comical demon at the base of a pinnacle with two smaller gargoyles, Visby, Sweden"><img alt="Gargoyle representing a comical demon at the base of a pinnacle with two smaller gargoyles, Visby, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Visby_katedral.S.vattenkastare.jpg/151px-Visby_katedral.S.vattenkastare.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Visby_katedral.S.vattenkastare.jpg/227px-Visby_katedral.S.vattenkastare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Visby_katedral.S.vattenkastare.jpg/303px-Visby_katedral.S.vattenkastare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle representing a comical demon at the base of a <a href="/wiki/Pinnacle" title="Pinnacle">pinnacle</a> with two smaller gargoyles, <a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a>, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gargoyle_in_the_S%C3%A9_Cathedral_(Braga)_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle appearing to defecate"><img alt="Gargoyle appearing to defecate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gargoyle_in_the_S%C3%A9_Cathedral_%28Braga%29_%283%29.JPG/175px-Gargoyle_in_the_S%C3%A9_Cathedral_%28Braga%29_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gargoyle_in_the_S%C3%A9_Cathedral_%28Braga%29_%283%29.JPG/263px-Gargoyle_in_the_S%C3%A9_Cathedral_%28Braga%29_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gargoyle_in_the_S%C3%A9_Cathedral_%28Braga%29_%283%29.JPG/350px-Gargoyle_in_the_S%C3%A9_Cathedral_%28Braga%29_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="1353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gargoyle appearing to defecate</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountain_in_Menites,_Andros,_Gargoyle_in_the_shape_of_a_lion%27s_head,_090621.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion Grotesque"><img alt="Lion Grotesque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fountain_in_Menites%2C_Andros%2C_Gargoyle_in_the_shape_of_a_lion%27s_head%2C_090621.jpg/175px-Fountain_in_Menites%2C_Andros%2C_Gargoyle_in_the_shape_of_a_lion%27s_head%2C_090621.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fountain_in_Menites%2C_Andros%2C_Gargoyle_in_the_shape_of_a_lion%27s_head%2C_090621.jpg/263px-Fountain_in_Menites%2C_Andros%2C_Gargoyle_in_the_shape_of_a_lion%27s_head%2C_090621.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Fountain_in_Menites%2C_Andros%2C_Gargoyle_in_the_shape_of_a_lion%27s_head%2C_090621.jpg/350px-Fountain_in_Menites%2C_Andros%2C_Gargoyle_in_the_shape_of_a_lion%27s_head%2C_090621.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lion Grotesque</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">Architectural sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwen" title="Chiwen">Chiwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmares_in_the_Sky" title="Nightmares in the Sky"><i>Nightmares in the Sky</i></a> – Coffee table book by Stephen King and f-stop Fitzgerald</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainhead">Rainhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheela_na_gig" title="Sheela na gig">Sheela na gig</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Benton_1997-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benton_1997_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton_1997_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton_1997_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benton_1997_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBenton1997" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Janetta Rebold (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlBjQgAACAAJ"><i>Holy Terrors: Gargoyles on Medieval Buildings</i></a>. Abbeville Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0182-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7892-0182-9"><bdi>978-0-7892-0182-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Terrors%3A+Gargoyles+on+Medieval+Buildings&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7892-0182-9&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Janetta+Rebold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlBjQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wonderopolis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wonderopolis_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/what-is-a-gargoyle">"What Is a Gargoyle?"</a>. <i>Wonderopolis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wonderopolis&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Gargoyle%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwonderopolis.org%2Fwonder%2Fwhat-is-a-gargoyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hargreaves_1990_p._51-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hargreaves_1990_p._51_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHargreaves1990" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves, J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64vfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Hargreaves New Illustrated Bestiary</i></a>. Gothic Image Publications. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906362-12-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906362-12-9"><bdi>978-0-906362-12-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>The word Gargoyle is derived from 'La Gargouille'—the name of an immense dragon who lived in the river Seine at Rouen. The word Gargouille comes from the word for a throat, and gargle is derived from the same source. La Gargouille was ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hargreaves+New+Illustrated+Bestiary&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Gothic+Image+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-906362-12-9&rft.aulast=Hargreaves&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64vfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Heritage_Dictionary-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-American_Heritage_Dictionary_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughton_Mifflin2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7/page/725"><i>The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</i></a> (4th ed.). Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanheritage0000unse_a1o7/page/725">725</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82517-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82517-4"><bdi>978-0-395-82517-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pages=725&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-395-82517-4&rft.au=Houghton+Mifflin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanheritage0000unse_a1o7%2Fpage%2F725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online_Etymology_Dictionary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etymology_Dictionary_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/gargle">"gargle"</a>. <i>Origin and meaning of gargle by Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Origin+and+meaning+of+gargle+by+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=gargle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fgargle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster_2015-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_2015_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/word-of-the-day/gargoyle-2015-09-05">"Word of the Day: Gargoyle"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. September 5, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624191852/https://www.merriam-webster.com/word-of-the-day/gargoyle-2015-09-05">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Word+of+the+Day%3A+Gargoyle&rft.date=2015-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fword-of-the-day%2Fgargoyle-2015-09-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler_Thurston_Attwater_1956_p._183-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_Thurston_Attwater_1956_p._183_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerThurstonAttwater1956" class="citation book cs1">Butler, A.; Thurston, H.; Attwater, D. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFDZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Lives of the Saints</i></a>. Kenedy. p. 183<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>ST ROMANUS, Bishop of Rouen (c. a.d. 640) Not much that is certainly authentic is known of this bishop. ... The legend is that this privilege took its rise from St Romanus killing a great serpent, called Gargouille, with the assistance of a ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Saints&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Kenedy&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Thurston%2C+H.&rft.au=Attwater%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFDZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herbermann_Pace_Pallen_Shahan_1913_p._209-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herbermann_Pace_Pallen_Shahan_1913_p._209_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermannPacePallenShahan1913" class="citation book cs1">Herbermann, C.G.; Pace, E.A.; Pallen, C.B.; Shahan, T.J.; Wynne, J.J.; MacErlean, A.A. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4m0sAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Robert Appleton company. p. 209<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>St. Romanus (631–641) former chancellor of Clotaire II; legend relates how he delivered the environs of Rouen from a monster called Gargouille, having ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+An+International+Work+of+Reference+on+the+Constitution%2C+Doctrine%2C+Discipline%2C+and+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Herbermann&rft.aufirst=C.G.&rft.au=Pace%2C+E.A.&rft.au=Pallen%2C+C.B.&rft.au=Shahan%2C+T.J.&rft.au=Wynne%2C+J.J.&rft.au=MacErlean%2C+A.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4m0sAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cipa_2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cipa_2009_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCipa2009" class="citation book cs1">Cipa, S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nRIvvgAACAAJ"><i>Carving Gargoyles Grotesques, and Other Creatures of Myth: History, Lore, and 12 Artistic Patterns</i></a>. Fox Chapel Publishing Company, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56523-329-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56523-329-4"><bdi>978-1-56523-329-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carving+Gargoyles+Grotesques%2C+and+Other+Creatures+of+Myth%3A+History%2C+Lore%2C+and+12+Artistic+Patterns&rft.pub=Fox+Chapel+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-56523-329-4&rft.aulast=Cipa&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnRIvvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodder_1881_p._46-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hodder_1881_p._46_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodder1881" class="citation book cs1">Hodder, E. (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xC8BAAAAQAAJ"><i>Cities of the world</i></a>. p. 46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>The bishop put a leash round its neck, and the criminal led the Gargouille into Rouen, where, amidst the acclamations of the ... And so once a year, on Ascension Day, until the time of the Revolution, the chapter used to select a condemned ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+world&rft.pages=46&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Hodder&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxC8BAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Archaeological_Association_1939_p._361-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-British_Archaeological_Association_1939_p._361_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Archaeological_Association1939" class="citation book cs1">British Archaeological Association (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTspAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Archaeological Journal</i></a>. Royal Archaeological Institute. p. 361<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>. <q>During the Merovingian period Rouen occupies a prominent place in the long struggle between Fredegonde and Brunhilda, which culminated in the brutal murder of Bishop Pretextatus in his own cathedral. To the seventh ... The former's legendary victory over the monster Gargouille led to the well-known privilege of the Chapter of releasing a condemned criminal every Ascension Day. Charlemagne ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeological+Journal&rft.pages=361&rft.pub=Royal+Archaeological+Institute.&rft.date=1939&rft.au=British+Archaeological+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTspAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_Engelbach_1930-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_Engelbach_1930_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkeEngelbach1930" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, S.; Engelbach, R. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0Uiat5EAaMC"><i>Ancient Egyptian Construction and Architecture</i></a>. Dover books on Egypt. <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26485-1"><bdi>978-0-486-26485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Construction+and+Architecture&rft.series=Dover+books+on+Egypt&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-0-486-26485-1&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Engelbach%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0Uiat5EAaMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinsmoor_Anderson_1950-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dinsmoor_Anderson_1950_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinsmoorAnderson1950" class="citation book cs1">Dinsmoor, W.B.; Anderson, W.J. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqahvzeE39YC"><i>The Architecture of Ancient Greece: An Account of Its Historic Development</i></a>. Biblo and Tannen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0283-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-0283-1"><bdi>978-0-8196-0283-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Architecture+of+Ancient+Greece%3A+An+Account+of+Its+Historic+Development&rft.pub=Biblo+and+Tannen&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-0283-1&rft.aulast=Dinsmoor&rft.aufirst=W.B.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+W.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqahvzeE39YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willemsen_1959-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Willemsen_1959_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillemsen1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Willemsen, F. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZxvcgAACAAJ"><i>Die Löwenkopf-Wasserspeier Vom Dach des Zeustempels</i></a>. Olympische Forschungen (in German). Vol. 4. Berlin: de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-003144-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-003144-7"><bdi>978-3-11-003144-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+L%C3%B6wenkopf-Wasserspeier+Vom+Dach+des+Zeustempels&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Olympische+Forschungen&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-3-11-003144-7&rft.aulast=Willemsen&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCZxvcgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swaddling_1980-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swaddling_1980_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwaddling1980" class="citation book cs1">Swaddling, J. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5tTfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The ancient Olympic Games</i></a>. Published for the trustees of the British Museum by British Museum Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714120027" title="Special:BookSources/9780714120027"><bdi>9780714120027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Olympic+Games&rft.pub=Published+for+the+trustees+of+the+British+Museum+by+British+Museum+Publications&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780714120027&rft.aulast=Swaddling&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5tTfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fudgé_2016_p._91-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fudgé_2016_p._91_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFudgé2016" class="citation book cs1">Fudgé, T.A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KO5NDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"><i>Medieval Religion and its Anxieties: History and Mystery in the Other Middle Ages</i></a>. The New Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56610-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-56610-2"><bdi>978-1-137-56610-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Religion+and+its+Anxieties%3A+History+and+Mystery+in+the+Other+Middle+Ages&rft.series=The+New+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-56610-2&rft.aulast=Fudg%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKO5NDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hourihane_2012_p._642-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hourihane_2012_p._642_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHourihane2012" class="citation book cs1">Hourihane, C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtlMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA642"><i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Medieval Art and Architecture</i></a>. OUP USA. p. 642. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539536-5"><bdi>978-0-19-539536-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=642&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539536-5&rft.aulast=Hourihane&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtlMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA642&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinstock_2016_p._248-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weinstock_2016_p._248_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstock2016" class="citation book cs1">Weinstock, J.A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHbeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA248"><i>The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04426-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04426-0"><bdi>978-1-317-04426-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Encyclopedia+of+Literary+and+Cinematic+Monsters&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-04426-0&rft.aulast=Weinstock&rft.aufirst=J.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHbeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holy_Horrors-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holy_Horrors_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Holy Horrors". <i>The National Trust Magazine</i>: 66–68. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-622-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-622-7"><bdi>978-1-61069-622-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ES5eiv2VgzkC&pg=PA1"><i>American Gargoyles: Flannery O'Connor and the Medieval Grotesque</i></a>. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2030-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2030-1"><bdi>978-0-8093-2030-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mB7ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR10">"Apologia ad Guillelmum abbatem"</a>. <i>Tractatus et opuscula</i>. S. Bernardi Opera (in Latin). Vol. 3. Rome: Editiones Cistercienses.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apologia+ad+Guillelmum+abbatem&rft.btitle=Tractatus+et+opuscula&rft.place=Rome&rft.series=S.+Bernardi+Opera&rft.pub=Editiones+Cistercienses&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmB7ZAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nathan_1961_p._74-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nathan_1961_p._74_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathan1961" class="citation book cs1">Nathan, W.L. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eMefAAAAMAAJ"><i>Art and the Message of the Church</i></a>. Westminster studies in Christian communication. Westminster Press. p. 74<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+the+Message+of+the+Church&rft.series=Westminster+studies+in+Christian+communication&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Westminster+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=W.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeMefAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1996" class="citation book cs1">Benton, Janetta (1996). <i>Animal Imagery and Artistic Individuality in Medieval Art</i>. Imprint Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Imagery+and+Artistic+Individuality+in+Medieval+Art&rft.pub=Imprint+Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Janetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bridaham_1930_p._xii-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bridaham_1930_p._xii_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridaham1930" class="citation book cs1">Bridaham, L.B. (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yRcaAQAAMAAJ"><i>Gargoyles, Chimères, and the Grotesque in French Gothic Sculpture</i></a>. Architectural Book Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gargoyles%2C+Chim%C3%A8res%2C+and+the+Grotesque+in+French+Gothic+Sculpture&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Architectural+Book+Publishing+Company%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Bridaham&rft.aufirst=L.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRcaAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varner_2008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varner_2008_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarner2008" class="citation book cs1">Varner, G.R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VYQIOw8HU0sC"><i>Gargoyles, Grotesques & Green Men: Ancient Symbolism in European and American Architecture</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1142-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4357-1142-6"><bdi>978-1-4357-1142-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gargoyles%2C+Grotesques+%26+Green+Men%3A+Ancient+Symbolism+in+European+and+American+Architecture&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4357-1142-6&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=G.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYQIOw8HU0sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasch2003" class="citation book cs1">Gasch, W.T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQ9pAAAACAAJ"><i>Guide to Gargoyles and Other Grotesques</i></a>. Washington National Cathedral. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9745299-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9745299-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9745299-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Gargoyles+and+Other+Grotesques&rft.pub=Washington+National+Cathedral&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9745299-0-5&rft.aulast=Gasch&rft.aufirst=W.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQ9pAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchymiczek2011" class="citation book cs1">Schymiczek, R.E.G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1csnAQAAQBAJ"><i>Mailands Monster / Milan's Monsters</i></a>. Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8391-9593-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8391-9593-2"><bdi>978-3-8391-9593-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mailands+Monster+%2F+Milan%27s+Monsters&rft.pub=Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-8391-9593-2&rft.aulast=Schymiczek&rft.aufirst=R.E.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1csnAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt1999" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8OVQgAACAAJ"><i>The Stone Carvers: Master Craftsmen of Washington National Cathedral</i></a>. Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-829-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-829-8"><bdi>978-1-56098-829-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stone+Carvers%3A+Master+Craftsmen+of+Washington+National+Cathedral&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-829-8&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8OVQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gargoyle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gargoyles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gargoyles">Gargoyles</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doloresherrero.com/?lang=en">Gargoyles – Dolores Herrero</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normandythenandnow.com/the-legend-of-saint-romain-the-dragon-in-rouen/">Rouen in France claims to be the origin of gargoyles, through the legend of a dragon La Gargouille</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minervaconservation.com/articles/hunkypunks">VIDEO about the conservation of Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010614025542/http://mondrian.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Communications/Gargoyles.pdf">The Gargoyles of Princeton University</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gargoyle"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gargoyle">"Gargoyle" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 466.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gargoyle&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=466&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGargoyle" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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