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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أشرف مروان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أشرف مروان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ашраф Марван – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ашраф Марван" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1raf_Marv%C3%A1n" title="Ašraf Marván – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ašraf Marván" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Marwan" title="Ashraf Marwan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ashraf Marwan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Marwan" title="Ashraf Marwan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ashraf Marwan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اشرف مروان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشرف مروان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Marwan" title="Ashraf Marwan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ashraf Marwan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Marwan" title="Ashraf Marwan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ashraf Marwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Marwan" title="Ashraf Marwan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ashraf Marwan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Marwan" title="Ashraf Marwan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ashraf Marwan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%A3_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אשרף מרואן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשרף מרואן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اشرف مروان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اشرف مروان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Marwan" title="Ashraf Marwan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ashraf Marwan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Marwan" title="Ashraf Marwan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ashraf Marwan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Marwan" title="Ashraf Marwan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ashraf Marwan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ашраф Марван – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ашраф Марван" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%87" title="阿什拉夫·马尔万 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿什拉夫·马尔万" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2866586#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ashraf Marwan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ar">أشرف مروان</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashraf_Marwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ashraf_Marwan.jpg/220px-Ashraf_Marwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ashraf_Marwan.jpg/330px-Ashraf_Marwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Ashraf_Marwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="349" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mohamed Ashraf Abu El Wafa Marwan</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1944-02-02</span>)</span>2 February 1944<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 June 2007<span style="display:none">(2007-06-27)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Diplomat and Businessman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Alerting Israel in 1973 war</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Mona Gamal Abdel Nasser</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mohammed Asraf Abu al-Wafa-Marwan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <b>Ashraf Marwan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أشرف مروان</span>‎ 2 February 1944 – 27 June 2007), was an Egyptian official who worked as a spy for the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a>. </p><p>From 1969 on, Marwan worked at the Presidential Office, first under <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> and then as a close aide to his successor, <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>. In the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> in 1973, Marwan provided crucial information to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </p><p>In the 1980s, Marwan moved to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, where he became an <a href="/wiki/Arms_dealer" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms dealer">arms dealer</a>. He died under mysterious circumstances on June 27, 2007, after falling from the balcony of his house in London. His wife and relatives testified that before his death, he expressed concerns that he was being followed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <p>Marwan was born on February 2, 1944, in the Manshiyat al-Bakri neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather was the chief of the <a href="/wiki/Sharia_courts" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sharia courts">Sharia courts</a> in Egypt, and his father, a military officer, reached the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">major general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian military">Egyptian military</a>, with a final assignment as deputy commander of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Republican_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Republican Guard">Republican Guard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marwan's mother belonged to the prominent al-Fayyad family.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marwan graduated from Kubri al-Quba High School on the science track.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melman2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melman2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1965, Marwan graduated from <a href="/wiki/Cairo_University" title="Cairo University">Cairo University</a>, where he was part of a military officer training program; after graduating with a degree in chemical engineering, he began working in Egypt's military industry with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year, at the age of 21, he met Mona Nasser, the president's second daughter, who was 17 at the time, at the <a href="/wiki/Heliopolis_Sporting_Club" title="Heliopolis Sporting Club">Heliopolis Sporting Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She fell in love with him, but her father suspected that Marwan's interest in his daughter stemmed more from her political status than her charms.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasser agreed to the marriage, which took place in July 1966, under her pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> </p><p>Marwan's marriage accelerated his rise within the Egyptian elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968, Marwan started working in the Presidential Office under <a href="/wiki/Sami_Sharaf" title="Sami Sharaf">Sami Sharaf</a>, Nasser's aide-de-camp and the strongman of the Egyptian security service, who kept an eye on him. In late 1968, Marwan, Mona, and their newborn son, Gamal, left for London, allegedly for the continuation of Marwan's studies. A few months later, Nasser, who was irritated by information concerning their lavish lifestyle, ordered the young couple to return to Egypt, where Marwan continued working under Sami Sharaf.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div> <p>Marwan's service at the Presidential Office lasted eight years (1968–1976). Although he held only a junior position under Nasser, the president occasionally used him for sensitive missions, such as calming the crisis that erupted after the resignation of General <a href="/wiki/Saad_el-Shazly" title="Saad el-Shazly">Saad el-Shazly</a> from the army in response to his rival's nomination as chief of staff. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lead-up_to_the_1973_Arab-Israeli_War">Lead-up to the 1973 Arab-Israeli War</h3></div> <p>Egypt had begun preparing a war to retake the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, which it had lost to Israel during the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967. In 1970, Marwan became an intelligence asset to Israel, offering his services as a "walk-in" rather than a recruited agent.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mossad referred to him as "the source" and gave him the codenames <b>Angel'<i> and </i>Babylon</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marwan continued to provided information to Israeli intelligence in London after Nasser's death and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marwan's unparalleled access to his nation's best-kept secrets, especially after his promotion in May 1971, allowed him to provide Israel with information about the coming <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> (1973), including the full Egyptian war plans, detailed accounts of military exercises, original documentation of Egypt's arms deals with the Soviet Union and other countries, the Egyptian military <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Battle">Order of Battle</a>, the minutes from meetings of the high command, accounts of Sadat's private conversations with other Arab leaders, and even the minutes of secret summit meetings in Moscow between Sadat and Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid</a> Brezhnev. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The information that Marwan provided made its way to the desks of Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a>, and Israeli Defense Force Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Bar-Lev" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Bar-Lev">Chaim Bar-Lev</a> in raw form.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74, 114">: 74, 114 </span></sup> </p><p>Marwan's role as an Israeli asset was revealed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Aderet_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uri_Bar-Joseph" title="Uri Bar-Joseph">Uri Bar-Joseph</a>, a scholar of the Yom Kippur War,<sup id="cite_ref-Aderet_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regards Marwan as the most valuable Israeli <a href="/wiki/Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">human intelligence</a> asset during the war period.<sup id="cite_ref-UBJ141_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBJ141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Israelis had other intelligence sources in Egypt at the time, Marwan was apparently the most highly placed.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some, most notably <a href="/wiki/Eli_Zeira" title="Eli Zeira">Eli Zeira</a> in his memoirs and researcher <a href="/wiki/Ahron_Bregman" title="Ahron Bregman">Ahron Bregman</a>, had previously posited that Marwan was a <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agent</a> who fed the Israelis misleading information as part of an Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Military_deception" title="Military deception">deception campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UBJ4951_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBJ4951-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Bregman wrote a book on his relationship with Marwan, <i>The Spy Who Fell to Earth</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Salon_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salon-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, subsequent work by Bar-Joseph in the 2010s established that Marwan was a genuine spy for Mossad.<sup id="cite_ref-UBJ4951_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBJ4951-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bar-Joseph's 2016 book on Marwan, entitled <i>The Angel: The Egyptian Spy Who Saved Israel</i>, was later the basis for a <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_(2018_film)" title="The Angel (2018 film)">The Angel</a></i> (2018). In a review of the book in the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Intelligence" title="Studies in Intelligence">Studies in Intelligence</a></i>, Thomas G. Coffey wrote that the book persuasively "argues that the nature of the intelligence Marwan gave the Israelis was simply too destructive of Egyptian interests" for Marwan to have been a double agent and that it offers "a convincing defense" against the claim that the intelligence he provided was "late, flawed, and of little practical use".<sup id="cite_ref-Review_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2022 interview, former Egyptian general Liwa Mohammed Rashad, who was the head of the Israeli department of Egyptian military intelligence from 1966 to 1978, acknowledged that Marwan was not a double agent, and that he spied for Israel for "basically financial" reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Aderet_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aderet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_career_in_Egypt">Post-war career in Egypt</h2></div> <p>On February 14, 1974, Marwan became Secretary to the President of the Republic for Foreign Relations, a new position that reflected Sadat's ruling style. Given Sadat's dissatisfaction with the conduct of his foreign minister, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Fahmi" title="Ismail Fahmi">Ismail Fahmy</a>, Marwan was considered a candidate to replace him. <sup id="cite_ref-Uri3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 245–246">: 245–246 </span></sup> By that stage, however, Marwan had accumulated a considerable number of personal enemies who accused him of using his closeness to Sadat to gain personal wealth. When the accusations gained momentum, Sadat had to yield to the pressure and, in March 1976, ended Marwan's service in the Presidential Office. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marwan was nominated to head the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Organization_for_Industrialization" title="Arab Organization for Industrialization">Arab Organization for Industrialization</a>, an arms production complex in Cairo that was financed by Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar. Following additional political pressures, Sadat had to be relieved of that position in October 1978. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_in_London">Activities in London</h2></div> <p>Following <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Anwar_Sadat" title="Assassination of Anwar Sadat">Sadat's assassination in October 1981</a>, Marwan and his family moved to London, where he became an arms dealer and, according to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, a billionaire.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was an associate of <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Rowland" title="Tiny Rowland">Tiny Rowland</a>, and feuded with <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Al_Fayed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Al Fayed">Mohammed Al Fayed</a> over the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CassyHume_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CassyHume-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1990s, Marwan owned a 20% stake in the property firm Cabra, which then owned <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_F.C." title="Chelsea F.C.">Chelsea F.C.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Bridge_(stadium)" title="Stamford Bridge (stadium)">Stamford Bridge</a> grounds and the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Fulham_F.C." title="Fulham F.C.">Fulham F.C.</a>; his stake was later bought by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Bates" title="Ken Bates">Ken Bates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CassyHume_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CassyHume-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, Marwan acquired a 3.2% stake in Chelsea Village plc, the parent company of the football club.<sup id="cite_ref-CassyHume_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CassyHume-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Marwan opened a <a href="/wiki/Credit_Suisse" title="Credit Suisse">Credit Suisse</a> bank account through a legal entity; this was publcly reported in 2022 as part of the "<a href="/wiki/Suisse_Secrets" title="Suisse Secrets">Suisse Secrets</a>" revelations. <sup id="cite_ref-spy2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spy2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_in_London">Death in London</h2></div> <p>Marwan died on 27 June 2007 outside his flat in <a href="/wiki/Carlton_House_Terrace" title="Carlton House Terrace">Carlton House Terrace</a>, London. The <a href="/wiki/Cause_of_death" title="Cause of death">cause of death</a> was <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_aortic_rupture" title="Traumatic aortic rupture">traumatic aortic rupture</a> following a fall from the balcony of his fifth-floor apartment. Press reports indicted that the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Police Service">Metropolitan Police Service</a>, as well as Marwan's elder son, Gamal, believed he had been murdered. Marwan's funeral in Egypt was led by Egypt's highest-ranked religious leader, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sayyid_Tantawy" title="Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy">Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy</a>, and attended by, amongst others, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Mubarak" title="Gamal Mubarak">Gamal Mubarak</a>, son of the then-current Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, and intelligence chief <a href="/wiki/Omar_Suleiman_(politician)" title="Omar Suleiman (politician)">Omar Suleiman</a>. According to President Mubarak, "Marwan carried out patriotic acts which it is not yet time to reveal."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a case review in January 2008, the investigation was transferred to the Metropolitan Police Specialist Crime Directorate, both because of its public nature and because the shoes Marwan was wearing when he fell, key evidence in the case, had been lost. One witness, who was on the third floor of a nearby building, told police that he saw two men "wearing suits and of Mediterranean appearance" appear on the balcony moments after Marwan's fall, look down, and then return inside the apartment. Police are also reported to have lost Marwan's shoes, which could hold clues on whether or not Marwan jumped from the balcony.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Coroner%27s_inquest" class="mw-redirect" title="Coroner's inquest">coroner's inquest</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Dolman_(coroner)" title="William Dolman (coroner)">William Dolman</a> did not reach a verdict, finding insufficient evidence of either suicide or murder.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inquest found no evidence that Marwan suffered from a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychiatric disorder">psychiatric disorder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his death, Marwan had reportedly been stressed and told his wife that he "might be killed"; he also began to check the door and locks before retiring each night.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evening on the day of his death, Marwan had been scheduled to take a flight to the United States for a meeting with his lawyer, and he had recently been admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Club" title="Reform Club">Reform Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marwan was at least the third prominent Egyptians to die in mysterious "balcony deaths" in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera-Goudsouzian_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-Goudsouzian-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Marwan, the two others—<a href="/wiki/Soad_Hosny" title="Soad Hosny">Soad Hosny</a> (June 2011) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Leithy_Nassif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El-Leithy Nassif (page does not exist)">El-Leithy Nassif</a> (August 1973), had ties to the Egyptian security services and were either writing or planning to write memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the investigation, Marwan's wife said she believed that Mossad was behind his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2010_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an analysis in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> found this scenario to be unlikely: "For one thing, killing a former agent after his name is revealed would seem to be a major disincentive for new recruits. Even if Israel believed that Marwan was a double agent, working for the Egyptians, better to do nothing and, through their silence, imply he was faithful to their cause."<sup id="cite_ref-Parkin_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bar-Joseph, who wrote a biography of Marwan, believes that the <i>Mukhabarat</i> (Egyptian intelligence) under the <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Mubarak</a> government pushed Marwan or forced him to jump to his death after learning of his betrayal.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <p>One of Marwan's sons was married to the daughter of former <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Amr_Moussa" title="Amr Moussa">Amr Moussa</a>. His son, Gamal, is a close friend of Gamal Mubarak, the son of former Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Hosni_Mubarak" title="Hosni Mubarak">Hosni Mubarak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Uri_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 322">: 322 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Uri-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Uri_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBar-Joseph" class="citation book cs1">Bar-Joseph, Uri. <i>The Angel: The Egyptian Spy Who Saved Israel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Angel%3A+The+Egyptian+Spy+Who+Saved+Israel&rft.aulast=Bar-Joseph&rft.aufirst=Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melman2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Melman2020_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yossi Melman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-01-19/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israel-egypt-president-mossad-spy-code-name-angel-yom-kippur-war/0000017f-f2be-d497-a1ff-f2beca6c0000">Code Name 'Angel': Mossad Agent Who Handled Israel's Greatest Spy Speaks Out</a>, <i>Haaretz</i> (January 19, 2020).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Opportunist: "The Bright Side of the Moon</i>. Egyptian Chronicles, 28 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Opportunist%3A+%22The+Bright+Side+of+the+Moon&rft.pub=Egyptian+Chronicles%2C+28+June+2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalef_al-Tawil2007" class="citation book cs1">Halef al-Tawil, Kamal (7 February 2007). <i>Ashraf Marwan: The Dilemma Child</i>. Al-Akhbar al-Lebnaniya.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ashraf+Marwan%3A+The+Dilemma+Child&rft.pub=Al-Akhbar+al-Lebnaniya&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft.aulast=Halef+al-Tawil&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFel_Shazly2003" class="citation book cs1">el Shazly, Saad (2003). <i>The Crossing of the Suez</i>. San Francisco: American Mideast Research. pp. <span class="nowrap">184–</span>185.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crossing+of+the+Suez&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E184-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.pub=San+Francisco%3A+American+Mideast+Research&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=el+Shazly&rft.aufirst=Saad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Review-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Review_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Review_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2017" class="citation web cs1">Coffey, Thomas G. (6 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/resources/csi/static/review-the-angel.pdf">"Review: The Angel: The Egyptian Spy Who Saved Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Central Intelligence Agency Library</i>. Intelligence in Public Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency+Library&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Angel%3A+The+Egyptian+Spy+Who+Saved+Israel&rft.date=2017-03-06&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Thomas+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fresources%2Fcsi%2Fstatic%2Freview-the-angel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francine Klagsbrun, <i>Lioness: Golda Meir and the Nation of Israel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>: 2017), p. 617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaykal1983" class="citation book cs1">Haykal, Muḥammad Ḥasanayn (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pUFAQAAIAAJ"><i>Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394531366" title="Special:BookSources/9780394531366"><bdi>9780394531366</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autumn+of+Fury%3A+The+Assassination+of+Sadat&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780394531366&rft.aulast=Haykal&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+%E1%B8%A4asanayn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pUFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aderet-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aderet_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aderet_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aderet_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOfer_Aderet2022" class="citation web cs1">Ofer Aderet (30 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-03-30/ty-article/senior-egyptian-intel-officer-ashraf-marwan-was-no-double-agent/00000180-5b9f-d97e-a7fb-7bdf96860000">"Top Mossad Spy Wasn't Double Agent, Egyptian Spymaster Admits"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Top+Mossad+Spy+Wasn%27t+Double+Agent%2C+Egyptian+Spymaster+Admits&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.au=Ofer+Aderet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2022-03-30%2Fty-article%2Fsenior-egyptian-intel-officer-ashraf-marwan-was-no-double-agent%2F00000180-5b9f-d97e-a7fb-7bdf96860000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UBJ141-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UBJ141_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uri Bar-Joseph, <i>The Watchman Fell Asleep: The Surprise of Yom Kippur and Its Sources</i> (SUNY Press: 2012), pp. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UBJ4951-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UBJ4951_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UBJ4951_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Uri Bar-Joseph, <i>The Watchman Fell Asleep: The Surprise of Yom Kippur and Its Sources</i> (SUNY Press: 2012), pp. 49-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salon-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salon_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite2017" class="citation news cs1">White, Peter (4 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2017/12/salon-pictures-sets-up-israeli-spy-feature-doc-with-kew-media-1202219158/">"Salon Pictures Sets Up Israeli Spy Feature Doc With Kew Media Group"</a>. <i>Deadline</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deadline&rft.atitle=Salon+Pictures+Sets+Up+Israeli+Spy+Feature+Doc+With+Kew+Media+Group&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2017%2F12%2Fsalon-pictures-sets-up-israeli-spy-feature-doc-with-kew-media-1202219158%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uri3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uri3_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBar-Joseph" class="citation book cs1">Bar-Joseph, Uri. <i>The Angel: The Egyptian Spy Who Saved Israel</i>. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Angel%3A+The+Egyptian+Spy+Who+Saved+Israel&rft.pages=15&rft.aulast=Bar-Joseph&rft.aufirst=Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJamaa1988" class="citation book cs1">Jamaa, Mohamed (1988). <i>I Knew Sadat: Half a Century of Secrets About Sadat and the [Muslim] Brotherhood</i>. Cairo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Knew+Sadat%3A+Half+a+Century+of+Secrets+About+Sadat+and+the+%5BMuslim%5D+Brotherhood&rft.pub=Cairo&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Jamaa&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabri1985" class="citation book cs1">Sabri, Musa (1985). <i>Sadat: The Truth and the Legend</i>. Cairo: Al-Maktab al-Masry al-Hadeth. pp. <span class="nowrap">651–</span>662.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sadat%3A+The+Truth+and+the+Legend&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E651-%3C%2Fspan%3E662&rft.pub=Al-Maktab+al-Masry+al-Hadeth&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Sabri&rft.aufirst=Musa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Al Ahram". 13 October 1978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Al+Ahram&rft.date=1978-10-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian2010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2010_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2010_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyal2010" class="citation news cs1">Syal, Rajeev (10 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/11/ashraf-marwan-mona-nasser-mossad">"Mossad agents murdered my husband, says widow of billionaire arms dealer"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <q>She believes he was killed by the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mossad+agents+murdered+my+husband%2C+says+widow+of+billionaire+arms+dealer&rft.date=2010-07-10&rft.aulast=Syal&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fjul%2F11%2Fashraf-marwan-mona-nasser-mossad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CassyHume-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CassyHume_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CassyHume_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CassyHume_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Cassy and Neil Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2002/jul/11/newsstory.sport">Stakes raised at Chelsea</a>, <i>The Guardian</i> (July 10, 2022).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spy2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spy2_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.occrp.org/en/suisse-secrets/bank-of-spies-credit-suisse-catered-to-global-intelligence-figures">"Bank of Spies: Credit Suisse Catered to Global Intelligence Figures"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organized_Crime_and_Corruption_Reporting_Project" title="Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project">Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project</a>, NDR, Daraj, Süddeutsche Zeitung. 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bank+of+Spies%3A+Credit+Suisse+Catered+to+Global+Intelligence+Figures&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.occrp.org%2Fen%2Fsuisse-secrets%2Fbank-of-spies-credit-suisse-catered-to-global-intelligence-figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSirrs2010" class="citation book cs1">Sirrs, Owen L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-yzCBmGHuzEC"><i>A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910-2009</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415569200" title="Special:BookSources/9780415569200"><bdi>9780415569200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Egyptian+Intelligence+Service%3A+A+History+of+the+Mukhabarat%2C+1910-2009&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780415569200&rft.aulast=Sirrs&rft.aufirst=Owen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-yzCBmGHuzEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhaley2016" class="citation book cs1">Whaley, Barton (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K2FxDAAAQBAJ"><i>Turnabout and Deception: Crafting the Double-Cross and the Theory of Outs</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">I94 –</span> <span class="nowrap">I96</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781682470299" title="Special:BookSources/9781682470299"><bdi>9781682470299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turnabout+and+Deception%3A+Crafting+the+Double-Cross+and+the+Theory+of+Outs&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EI94+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EI96%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781682470299&rft.aulast=Whaley&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK2FxDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parkin-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parkin_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkin_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkin_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkin_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkin_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkin_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parkin_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkin2015" class="citation news cs1">Parkin, Simon (15 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/15/who-killed-20th-centurys-greatest-spy-ashraf-marwan">"Who killed the 20th century's greatest spy?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Who+killed+the+20th+century%27s+greatest+spy%3F&rft.date=2015-09-15&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fsep%2F15%2Fwho-killed-20th-centurys-greatest-spy-ashraf-marwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Jazeera-Goudsouzian-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al_Jazeera-Goudsouzian_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoudsouzian,_Tanya2014" class="citation web cs1">Goudsouzian, Tanya (1 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2014/6/1/death-by-balcony-in-egypt">"Death by balcony in Egypt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Death+by+balcony+in+Egypt&rft.date=2014-06-01&rft.au=Goudsouzian%2C+Tanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F6%2F1%2Fdeath-by-balcony-in-egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSyal2007" class="citation news cs1">Syal, Rajeev (29 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/egyptian-spy-could-not-have-killed-himself-say-friends-dk53vvqhk0w">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Egyptian spy' could not have killed himself, say friends"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=%27Egyptian+spy%27+could+not+have+killed+himself%2C+say+friends&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft.aulast=Syal&rft.aufirst=Rajeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fegyptian-spy-could-not-have-killed-himself-say-friends-dk53vvqhk0w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAshraf+Marwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000106767139">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29365571">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1915198/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrm8jMcBcKGcFp9wpGrbd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/142907030">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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