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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sémiologie_graphique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Sémiologie graphique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sémiologie_graphique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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title="Graphemics – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Graphemics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graf%C3%A9mica" title="Grafémica – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grafémica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafeemika" title="Grafeemika – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grafeemika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafematica" title="Grafematica – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grafematica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="გრაფემიკა – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრაფემიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphematica" title="Graphematica – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Graphematica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-revision-info">Ceci est une <span style="color:red; font-weight:bold;">version archivée</span> de cette page, en date du 11 juin 2014 à 08:48 et modifiée en dernier par <a href="/wiki/Utilisateur:Leag" class="mw-userlink" title="Utilisateur:Leag" data-mw-revid="104560720"><bdi>Leag</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/Discussion_utilisateur:Leag" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="Discussion utilisateur:Leag">discuter</a> | <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Contributions/Leag" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Spécial:Contributions/Leag">contributions</a>)</span>. Elle peut contenir des erreurs, des inexactitudes ou des contenus vandalisés non présents dans <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph%C3%A9matique">la version actuelle</a></span>.</div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Graph%C3%A9matique&diff=prev&oldid=104560720" title="Graphématique">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graph%C3%A9matique&direction=prev&oldid=104560720" title="Graphématique">← Version précédente</a> | <a href="/wiki/Graph%C3%A9matique" title="Graphématique">Voir la version actuelle</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Graph%C3%A9matique&diff=cur&oldid=104560720" title="Graphématique">diff</a>) | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graph%C3%A9matique&direction=next&oldid=104560720" title="Graphématique">Version suivante →</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Graph%C3%A9matique&diff=next&oldid=104560720" title="Graphématique">diff</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phonetik.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/45px-Phonetik.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/68px-Phonetik.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/90px-Phonetik.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p><strong class="bandeau-titre">Cet article est une <a href="/wiki/Aide:%C3%89bauche" title="Aide:Ébauche">ébauche</a> concernant la <a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment ?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistique">Linguistique</h3></div> <p>La <b>graphématique</b> ou <b>graphémique</b> est l'étude des <a href="/wiki/Graph%C3%A8me" title="Graphème">graphèmes</a> et de leurs relations avec les <a href="/wiki/Phon%C3%A8mes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonèmes">phonèmes</a>, unités phonétiques ou unités significatives qu’ils représentent. Il s'agit d'une branche de la <a href="/wiki/Linguistique" title="Linguistique">linguistique</a>. Elle étudie les spécificités des textes écrits dans une certaine langue et ce à quoi elles correspondent dans la langue orale. Une tâche majeure est l’analyse descriptive de régularités implicites dans les écrits (graphotactique) pour formuler des règles explicites (orthographe) de système d’écriture pouvant être utilisé dans l’éducation prescriptive ou les technologies de la langue comme la synthèse vocale. Par analogie avec le phonème et les allophones ou phones en phonologie, l’unité graphique de la langue est le graphème, c’est-à-dire le caractère ou groupe de caractères et le glyphe utilisés dans la langue. Différentes analyses considèrent différentes entités comme étant des graphèmes, plusieurs points de divergences se trouvent lorsqu’on considèrent la ponctuation, les signes diacritiques, les digrammees et autres multigrammes, et les écritures non alphabétiques. </p><p>Par analogie avec la phonologie (l’étude phonémique ou des phonèmes) et la phonétique (l’étude des phones), la graphématique ou graphémique étudie les graphèmes, c’est-à-dire la forme, et la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graph%C3%A9tique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphétique (page inexistante)">graphétique</a> étudie les graphes, c’est-à-dire la substance et spécifiquement la <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A9ographie" title="Paléographie">paléographie</a> et la <a href="/wiki/Typographie" title="Typographie">typographie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sémiologie_graphique"><span id="S.C3.A9miologie_graphique"></span>Sémiologie graphique</h3></div> <p>Comme l'a démontré <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin_(cartographe)" title="Jacques Bertin (cartographe)">Jacques Bertin</a> en 1967 dans son ouvrage "Sémiologie Graphique. Les diagrammes, les réseaux, les cartes", il existe un répertoire de six graphèmes, ou plus précisément de familles graphémiques, pour créer des <a href="/wiki/Icon%C3%A8me" title="Iconème">iconèmes</a> : la forme, la valeur, la taille, le grain, l’orientation et la couleur. </p><p>Une étude graphémique consiste donc à analyser ces six variables essentielles à la constitution d'une image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3></div> <ul><li>Bertin Jacques, <i>Sémiologie graphique</i>, Paris, Mouton/Gauthier-Villars, 1967.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9miologie_graphique" title="Sémiologie graphique">Sémiologie graphique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph%C3%A8me" title="Graphème">Graphème</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="wiktionary"><a href="https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/graph%C3%A9matique" class="extiw" title="wikt:graphématique">graphématique</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur le <span class="project">Wiktionnaire</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span 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