CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Raphael Lemkin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0afc99dc-e72d-413a-94fa-08083a693174","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Raphael_Lemkin","wgTitle":"Raphael Lemkin","wgCurRevisionId":1259405224,"wgRevisionId":1259405224,"wgArticleId":658402,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)","CS1 maint: location","CS1 errors: missing title","CS1 errors: bare URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2022","Use Oxford spelling from April 2020","Articles with hCards","Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with failed verification", "Articles with failed verification from April 2017","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Articles containing French-language text","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles containing video clips","20th-century Polish lawyers","Polish legal scholars","Jewish legal scholars","International criminal law scholars","Philosophers of law","Rutgers School of Law–Newark faculty","Duke University School of Law faculty","Carnegie Endowment for International Peace","Genocide prevention","Armenian genocide and the Holocaust","Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","Jewish anti-communists","Polish anti-communists","Polish emigrants to the United States","Polish Zionists","Polish Jews","Belarusian Jews","People from Zelva District","People from Volkovyssky Uyezd","Jews from the Russian Empire", "Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)","1900 births","1959 deaths"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Raphael_Lemkin","wgRelevantArticleId":658402,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q505586","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1224"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="816"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="653"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Raphael Lemkin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Raphael_Lemkin rootpage-Raphael_Lemkin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Raphael+Lemkin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Raphael+Lemkin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Raphael+Lemkin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Raphael+Lemkin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_in_inter-war_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_in_inter-war_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Career in inter-war Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_in_inter-war_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>During World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Postwar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Raphael Lemkin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رفائيل ليمكين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رفائيل ليمكين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A7%D5%AC_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ռաֆայէլ Լեմքին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռաֆայէլ Լեմքին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Lemkin" title="Rafael Lemkin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rafael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Рафаэль Лемкін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рафаэль Лемкін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рафал Лемкин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рафал Лемкин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Ράφαου Λέμκιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράφαου Λέμκιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رافائل لمکین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رافائل لمکین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%98_%EB%A0%98%ED%82%A8" title="라파엘 렘킨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라파엘 렘킨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ռաֆայել Լեմկին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռաֆայել Լեմկին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F" title="רפאל למקין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפאל למקין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رافايل ليمكين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رافايل ليمكين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Lemkin" title="Rafał Lemkin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rafał Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Лемкин, Рафаэль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лемкин, Рафаэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рафаел Лемкин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рафаел Лемкин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafal_Lemkin" title="Rafal Lemkin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rafal Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Lemkin" title="Raphaël Lemkin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Raphaël Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Рафал Лемкін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рафал Лемкін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E5%A7%86%E9%87%91" title="拉斐爾·萊姆金 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉斐爾·萊姆金" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505586#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Raphael_Lemkin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Raphael_Lemkin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Raphael_Lemkin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&oldid=1259405224" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Raphael_Lemkin&id=1259405224&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRaphael_Lemkin"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRaphael_Lemkin"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Raphael_Lemkin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Raphael_Lemkin" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505586" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polish lawyer who coined the term "genocide" (1900–1959)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Raphael Lemkin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="pl">Rafał Lemkin</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Raphael_Lemkin,_Photograph_6_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="458" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1900-06-24</span>)</span>24 June 1900<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Zel%E2%80%99va_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zel’va District">Bezwodne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkovyssky_Uyezd" title="Volkovyssky Uyezd">Volkovyssky Uyezd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Governorate" title="Grodno Governorate">Grodno Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a><br /><small>(now Zelʹva District, <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" title="Grodno Region">Grodno Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 1959<span style="display:none">(1959-08-28)</span> (aged 59)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Polish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lwów">University of Lwów</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Coining the term <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a></i></li> <li>Drafting the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Raphael Lemkin</b> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Rafał Lemkin</i>; 24 June 1900 – 28 August 1959) was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Polish Jewish</a> lawyer who is known for coining the term <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a></i> and campaigning to establish the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, he campaigned vigorously to raise international awareness of atrocities in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_occupied_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi occupied Europe">Axis-occupied Europe</a>. It was during this time that Lemkin coined the term "<i>genocide</i>" to describe <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">extermination policies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a young law student deeply conscious of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> persecution, Lemkin learned about the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">genocide of Armenians</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and was deeply disturbed by the absence of international provisions to charge Ottoman officials who carried out war crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a>, Lemkin fled Europe and sought asylum in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where he became an academic at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lemkin coined <i>genocide</i> in 1943 or 1944 from two words: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Genos" title="Genos">genos</a></i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γένος</span></span>, 'family, clan, tribe, race, stock, kin')<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>-cide</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">-cidium</i>, 'killing').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIshay2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshay2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008140_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008140-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was included in the 1944 research-work "<i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i>", wherein Lemkin documented <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass-killings</a> of ethnic groups deemed "<i><a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">untermenschen</a></i>" by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of "<i>genocide</i>" was defined by Lemkin to refer to the various extermination campaigns launched by Nazi Germany to wipe out entire racial groups, including European <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMMWhatis?2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMMWhatis?2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Lemkin worked on the legal team of <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>, Chief US prosecutor at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Tribunal</a>. The concept of "<i>genocide</i>" was non-existent in any international laws at the time, and this became one of the reasons for Lemkin's view that the trial did not serve complete justice on prosecuting <a href="/wiki/Nazi_atrocities" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi atrocities">Nazi atrocities</a> targeting ethnic and religious groups. Lemkin committed the rest of his life to push for an <a href="/wiki/International_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="International convention">international convention</a>, which in his view, was essential to prevent the rise of "future <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitlers</a>". On 9 December 1948, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> approved the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a>, with many of its clauses based on Lemkin's proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lemkin was born Rafał Lemkin on 24 June 1900 in <a href="/wiki/Zel%E2%80%99va_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zel’va District">Bezwodne</a>, a village in the <a href="/wiki/Volkovyssky_Uyezd" title="Volkovyssky Uyezd">Volkovyssky Uyezd</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Governorate" title="Grodno Governorate">Grodno Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornat201055_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornat201055-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up in a <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jewish">Polish Jewish</a> family on a large farm near <a href="/wiki/Vawkavysk" title="Vawkavysk">Wolkowysk</a> and was one of three children born to Józef Lemkin and Bella <i>née</i> Pomeranz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornat201055_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornat201055-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200220_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower200220-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a farmer and his mother an intellectual, painter, linguist, and philosophy student with a large collection of books on literature and history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzawłowski2005102_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzawłowski2005102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin and his two brothers (Eliasz and Samuel) were <a href="/wiki/Homeschooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeschooled">homeschooled</a> by their mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornat201055_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornat201055-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a youth, Lemkin was fascinated by the subject of atrocities and would often question his mother about such events as the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Third_Punic_War)" title="Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)">Sack of Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and conquests</a> and the persecution of <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200220_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower200220-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchallerZimmerer200929_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchallerZimmerer200929-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin apparently came across the concept of mass atrocities while, at the age of 12, reading <a href="/wiki/Quo_Vadis_(novel)" title="Quo Vadis (novel)"><i>Quo Vadis</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a>, in particular the passage where <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> threw <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> to the lions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchallerZimmerer200929_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchallerZimmerer200929-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About these stories, Lemkin wrote, "a line of blood led from the Roman arena through the gallows of France to the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_pogrom" title="Białystok pogrom">Białystok pogrom</a>." In his writings, Lemkin demonstrated a belief central to his thinking throughout his life: the suffering of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Poland" title="Eastern Poland">eastern Poland</a> was part of a larger pattern of injustice and violence that stretched back through history and around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lemkin family farm was located in an area in which fighting between Russian and German troops occurred during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200221_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower200221-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family buried their books and valuables before taking shelter in a nearby forest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200221_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower200221-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the fighting, artillery fire destroyed their home and German troops seized their crops, horses and livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200221_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower200221-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin's brother Samuel eventually died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> while the family remained in the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200221_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower200221-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After graduating from a local trade school in <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> Lemkin began the study of linguistics at the <a href="/wiki/Lviv_University#Jan_Kazimierz_University_(1919–39)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lviv University">Jan Kazimierz University</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> (now Lviv, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>). He was a <a href="/wiki/Polyglot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot">polyglot</a>, fluent in nine languages and reading fourteen.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first published book was a 1926 translation of the <a href="/wiki/Hayim_Nahman_Bialik" title="Hayim Nahman Bialik">Hayim Nahman Bialik</a> Hebrew novella "Behind the Fence"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into Polish, with the title <i>Noah and Marinka.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FogelCNB_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FogelCNB-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in Białystok that Lemkin became interested in laws against <a href="/wiki/Mass_atrocities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass atrocities">mass atrocities</a> after learning about the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-aur_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aur-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schab_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schab-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moses_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moses-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jww_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jww-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2017)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> then later the experience of Assyrians<sup id="cite_ref-europaworld_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europaworld-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> massacred in Iraq during the 1933 <a href="/wiki/Simele_massacre" title="Simele massacre">Simele massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became interested in <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> upon learning about the 1921 trial of <a href="/wiki/Soghomon_Tehlirian" title="Soghomon Tehlirian">Soghomon Tehlirian</a> for the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After reading about the 1921 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Talat_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Talat Pasha">assassination of Talat Pasha</a>, the main perpetrator of the Armenian genocide, in Berlin by <a href="/wiki/Soghomon_Tehlirian" title="Soghomon Tehlirian">Soghomon Tehlirian</a>, Lemkin asked Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juliusz_Makarewicz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juliusz Makarewicz (page does not exist)">Juliusz Makarewicz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusz_Makarewicz_(prawnik)" class="extiw" title="pl:Juliusz Makarewicz (prawnik)">pl</a>]</span> why Talat Pasha could not have been tried for his crimes in a German court. Makarewicz, a national-conservative who believed that Jews and Ukrainians should be expelled from Poland if they refused to assimilate, answered that the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/State_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="State sovereignty">state sovereignty</a> gave governments the right to conduct internal affairs as they saw fit: "Consider the case of a farmer who owns a flock of chickens. He kills them, and this is his business. If you interfere, you are trespassing." Lemkin replied, "But the Armenians are not chickens". His eventual conclusion was that "Sovereignty, I argued, cannot be conceived as the right to kill millions of innocent people".<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lemkin then moved on to <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> to study philosophy, returning to Lwów to study law in 1926.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the 1920s Lemkin was involved in Zionist activities. He was a columnist in the Warsaw based Yiddish Zionist newspaper <i>Tsienistishe velt (The Zionist world)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars think that his Zionism had an influence on his conception of the idea of genocide, but there is a debate about the nature of this influence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career_in_inter-war_Poland">Career in inter-war Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career in inter-war Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rafal_Lemkin_plaque_PISM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rafal_Lemkin_plaque_PISM.jpg/220px-Rafal_Lemkin_plaque_PISM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rafal_Lemkin_plaque_PISM.jpg/330px-Rafal_Lemkin_plaque_PISM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Rafal_Lemkin_plaque_PISM.jpg/440px-Rafal_Lemkin_plaque_PISM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>2008 plaque commemorating Lemkin's pre-war residence, 6 Kredytowa Street, <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lemkin worked as an Assistant Prosecutor in the District Court of <a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%BCany" class="mw-redirect" title="Brzeżany">Brzeżany</a> (since 1945 Berezhany, Ukraine) and Warsaw, followed by a private legal practice in Warsaw.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1929 to 1934, Lemkin was the Public Prosecutor for the district court of Warsaw. In 1930 he was promoted to Deputy Prosecutor in a local court in <a href="/wiki/Berezhany" title="Berezhany">Brzeżany</a>. While Public Prosecutor, Lemkin was also secretary of the Committee on Codification of the Laws of the Republic of Poland, which codified the penal codes of Poland. During this period Lemkin also taught law at the religious-Zionist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tachkemoni_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tachkemoni College (page does not exist)">Tachkemoni College</a> in Warsaw,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took part in Zionist fund raising.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin, working with <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> law professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_McDermott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malcolm McDermott (page does not exist)">Malcolm McDermott</a>, translated <i>The Polish Penal Code of 1932</i> from Polish to English.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1933 Lemkin made a presentation to the Legal Council of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> conference on international criminal law in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, for which he prepared an essay on the <i>Crime of Barbarity</i> as a crime against international law. In 1934 Lemkin, under pressure from the Polish Foreign Minister for comments made at the <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> conference, resigned his position and became a private solicitor in Warsaw. While in Warsaw, Lemkin attended numerous lectures organized by the <a href="/wiki/Wolna_Wszechnica_Polska" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolna Wszechnica Polska">Free Polish University</a>, including the classes of <a href="/wiki/Emil_Stanis%C5%82aw_Rappaport" title="Emil Stanisław Rappaport">Emil Stanisław Rappaport</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wac%C5%82aw_Makowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wacław Makowski (page does not exist)">Wacław Makowski</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Makowski" class="extiw" title="pl:Wacław Makowski">pl</a>]</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1937, Lemkin was appointed a member of the Polish mission to the 4th Congress on Criminal Law in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where he also introduced the possibility of defending peace through criminal law. Among the most important of his works of that period are a compendium of Polish criminal fiscal law, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Prawo karne skarbowe</i></span> (1938) and a French-language work, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">La réglementation des paiements internationaux</i></span>, regarding international trade law (1939).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_World_War_II">During World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He left Warsaw on 6 September 1939 and made his way north-east towards <a href="/wiki/Wolkowysk_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolkowysk County">Wolkowysk</a>. He was caught between the invaders, the Germans in the west, and the Soviets who then approached from the east. Poland's independence was extinguished by terms of <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">the pact between Stalin and Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He barely evaded German capture, and traveled through <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> to reach <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> by early spring of 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartrop_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartrop-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he lectured at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stockholm" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Stockholm">University of Stockholm</a>. Curious about the manner of imposition of Nazi rule he started to gather Nazi decrees and ordinances, believing official documents often reflected underlying objectives without stating them explicitly. He spent much time in the central library of Stockholm, gathering, translating and analysing the documents he collected, looking for patterns of German behaviour. Lemkin's work led him to see the wholesale destruction of the nations over which Germans took control as an overall aim. Some documents Lemkin analysed had been signed by Hitler, implementing ideas of <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> on <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i>, new living space to be inhabited by Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of his pre-war associate McDermott, Lemkin received permission to enter<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, arriving in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartrop_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartrop-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he managed to save his own life, he lost 49 relatives in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Bartrop_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartrop-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only members of Lemkin's family in Europe who survived the Holocaust were his brother, Elias, and his brother's wife and two sons, who had been sent to a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">forced labor camp</a>. Lemkin did however successfully help his brother and family to emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec, Canada in 1948.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICRC-Library_RaphaelLemkin-DedicationTo_MaxHuber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ICRC-Library_RaphaelLemkin-DedicationTo_MaxHuber.jpg/220px-ICRC-Library_RaphaelLemkin-DedicationTo_MaxHuber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ICRC-Library_RaphaelLemkin-DedicationTo_MaxHuber.jpg/330px-ICRC-Library_RaphaelLemkin-DedicationTo_MaxHuber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/ICRC-Library_RaphaelLemkin-DedicationTo_MaxHuber.jpg/440px-ICRC-Library_RaphaelLemkin-DedicationTo_MaxHuber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Dedication by Lemkin in "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe" to <a href="/wiki/Max_Huber_(statesman)" title="Max Huber (statesman)">Max Huber</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After arriving in the United States, at the invitation of McDermott, Lemkin joined the law faculty at <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Summer of 1942 Lemkin lectured at the School of Military Government at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>. He also wrote <i>Military Government in Europe</i>, a preliminary version of what would become, in two years, his <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a>, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_Rule_in_Occupied_Europe" title="Axis Rule in Occupied Europe">Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</a></i>. In 1943 Lemkin was appointed consultant to the US <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Economic_Warfare" title="Board of Economic Warfare">Board of Economic Warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Economic_Administration" title="Foreign Economic Administration">Foreign Economic Administration</a> and later became a special adviser on foreign affairs to the War Department, largely due to his expertise in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1944, the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> published <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i>. This book included an extensive legal analysis of German rule in countries occupied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during the course of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, along with the definition of the term <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin's idea of genocide as an offence against international law was widely accepted by the international community and was one of the legal bases of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a>. In 1945 to 1946, Lemkin became an advisor to <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> Justice and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trial">Nuremberg Trial</a> chief counsel <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>. The book became one of the foundational texts in <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Holocaust studies</a>, and the study of totalitarianism, mass violence, and genocide studies.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postwar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv/220px--The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>"The origin of the word genocide" (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> News)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Lemkin chose to remain in the United States. Starting in 1948, he gave lectures on criminal law at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. In 1955, he became a Professor of Law at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_School_of_Law%E2%80%93Newark" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutgers School of Law–Newark">Rutgers School of Law</a> in Newark.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin also continued his campaign for international laws defining and forbidding genocide, which he had championed ever since the Madrid conference of 1933. He proposed a similar ban on crimes against humanity during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Conference</a> of 1945, but his proposal was turned down.<sup id="cite_ref-Eshet_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eshet-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lemkin presented a draft resolution for a Genocide Convention treaty to a number of countries, in an effort to persuade them to sponsor the resolution. With the support of the United States, the resolution was placed before the General Assembly for consideration. Among his supporters at the UN there were the delegates of Lebanon, and Lemkin is said to have considered <a href="/wiki/Karim_Azkoul" title="Karim Azkoul">Karim Azkoul</a> in particular as an ally.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> was formally presented and adopted on 9 December 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-cisn_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cisn-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, Lemkin only partially achieved his goal when the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a> came into force, after the 20th nation had ratified the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lemkin's broader concerns over genocide, as set out in his <i>Axis Rule</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also embraced what may be considered as non-physical, namely, psychological acts of genocide. The book also detailed the various techniques which had been employed to achieve genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Lemkin was a Zionist through his entire life,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during this period he downplayed his Zionist sympathies in order to convince the Arab and Muslim delegates in the UN to support the UN genocide convention.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1953 and 1957, Lemkin worked directly with representatives of several governments, such as Egypt, to outlaw genocide under the domestic penal codes of these countries. Lemkin also worked with a team of lawyers from Arab delegations at the United Nations to build a case to prosecute French officials for genocide in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lemkin also applied the term 'genocide' in his 1953 article "Soviet Genocide in Ukraine", which he presented as a speech in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the speech itself does not use the word "Holodomor", Lemkin asserts that an intentional program of starvation was the "third prong" of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> of Ukraine, and disagrees that the deaths were simply a matter of disastrous economic policy because of the substantially Ukrainian ethnic profile of small farms in Ukraine at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the last years of his life, Lemkin was living in poverty in a New York apartment.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, at the age of 59, he died of a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only several close people attended his funeral at <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Church" title="Riverside Church">Riverside Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin was buried in <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Queens" title="Flushing, Queens">Flushing, Queens</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hebron_Cemetery_(New_York_City)" title="Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)">Mount Hebron Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of his death, Lemkin left several unfinished works, including an <i>Introduction to the Study of Genocide</i> and an ambitious three-volume <i>History of Genocide</i> that contained seventy proposed chapters and a book-length analysis of Nazi war crimes at Nuremberg.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States, Lemkin's adopted country, did not ratify the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> during his lifetime. He believed that his efforts to prevent genocide had failed. "The fact is that the rain of my work fell on a fallow plain," he wrote, "only this rain was a mixture of the blood and tears of eight million innocent people throughout the world. Included also were the tears of my parents and my friends."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lemkin was not widely known until the 1990s, when international prosecutions of genocide began in response to atrocities in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, and "genocide" began to be understood as the worst crime of all crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For his work on international law and the prevention of war crimes, Lemkin received a number of awards, including the <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuban</a> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_de_C%C3%A9spedes" title="Carlos Manuel de Céspedes">Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos Manuel de Cespedes</a> in 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Samuel_Wise" title="Stephen Samuel Wise">Stephen Wise Award</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Congress" title="American Jewish Congress">American Jewish Congress</a> in 1951, and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Cross_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Cross of Merit">Cross of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> in 1955. On the 50th anniversary of the Convention entering into force, Lemkin was also honored by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> as "an inspiring example of moral engagement." He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize ten times.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989 he was awarded, posthumously, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a> for the Freedom of Worship.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lemkin is the subject of the plays <i>Lemkin's House</i> by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filloux" title="Catherine Filloux">Catherine Filloux</a> (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>If The Whole Body Dies: Raphael Lemkin and the Treaty Against Genocide</i> by Robert Skloot (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also profiled in the 2014 American documentary film, <i><a href="/wiki/Watchers_of_the_Sky" title="Watchers of the Sky">Watchers of the Sky</a></i>. </p><p>Every year, The Rabbinic Call for Human Rights (<i>T’ruah</i>) gives the Raphael Lemkin Human Rights Award to a layperson who draws on his or her Jewish values to be a human rights leader.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 November 2015, Lemkin's article <i>Soviet genocide in Ukraine</i> was added to the Russian index of "extremist publications", whose distribution in Russia is forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 September 2018 the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Foundation (www.ucclf.ca) and its supporters in the US unveiled the world's first Ukrainian/English/Hebrew/Yiddish plaque honouring Lemkin for his recognition of the tragic famine of 1932–1933 in the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>, at the Ukrainian Institute of America, in New York City, marking the 75th anniversary of Lemkin's address, "Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Polish Penal Code of 1932 and The Law of Minor Offenses</i>. Translated by McDermott, Malcolm; Lemkin, Raphael. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polish+Penal+Code+of+1932+and+The+Law+of+Minor+Offenses&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin1933" class="citation book cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (1933). <i>Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offences Against the Law of Nations (5th Conference for the Unification of Penal Law)</i>. Madrid.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acts+Constituting+a+General+%28Transnational%29+Danger+Considered+as+Offences+Against+the+Law+of+Nations+%285th+Conference+for+the+Unification+of+Penal+Law%29&rft.place=Madrid&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin1939" class="citation book cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (1939). <i>La réglementation des paiements internationaux; traité de droit comparé sur les devises, le clearing et les accords de paiements, les conflits des lois</i>. Paris: A. Pedone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+r%C3%A9glementation+des+paiements+internationaux%3B+trait%C3%A9+de+droit+compar%C3%A9+sur+les+devises%2C+le+clearing+et+les+accords+de+paiements%2C+les+conflits+des+lois.&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=A.+Pedone&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin1942" class="citation book cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (1942). <i>Key laws, decrees and regulations issued by the Axis in occupied Europe</i>. Washington: Board of Economic Warfare, Blockade and Supply Branch, Reoccupation Division.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+laws%2C+decrees+and+regulations+issued+by+the+Axis+in+occupied+Europe&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Board+of+Economic+Warfare%2C+Blockade+and+Supply+Branch%2C+Reoccupation+Division&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin1943" class="citation book cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (1943). <i>Axis rule in occupied Europe : laws of occupation, analysis of government, proposals for redress</i>. Clark, N.J: Lawbook Exchange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-901-8"><bdi>978-1-58477-901-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+rule+in+occupied+Europe+%3A+laws+of+occupation%2C+analysis+of+government%2C+proposals+for+redress&rft.place=Clark%2C+N.J&rft.pub=Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=978-1-58477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin1945" class="citation journal cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (April 1945). "Genocide - A Modern Crime". <i>Free World</i>. <b>9</b> (4). New York: 39–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Free+World&rft.atitle=Genocide+-+A+Modern+Crime&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=39-43&rft.date=1945-04&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin1946" class="citation journal cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (April 1946). "The Crime of Genocide". <i>American Scholar</i>. <b>15</b> (2): 227–30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scholar&rft.atitle=The+Crime+of+Genocide&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-30&rft.date=1946-04&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4830&context=ylj">"Genocide: A Commentary on the Convention"</a>. <i>Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>58</b> (7): 1142–56. June 1949. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F792930">10.2307/792930</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/792930">792930</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Genocide%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Convention&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1142-56&rft.date=1949-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F792930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F792930%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4830%26context%3Dylj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2013" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Dan (2013). <i>The Holocaust, Fascism, and memory : essays in the history of ideas (Chapt 2)</i>. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02952-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02952-2"><bdi>978-1-137-02952-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%2C+Fascism%2C+and+memory+%3A+essays+in+the+history+of+ideas+%28Chapt+2%29&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-137-02952-2&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lemkin, Raphael (2014). <i>Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine</i>. Kingston: Kashtan Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">War crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza Genocide">Gaza Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Genocide">Rwandan Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Porajmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersch_Lauterpacht" title="Hersch Lauterpacht">Hersch Lauterpacht</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When Lemkin was born, the town was part of the Russian Empire. During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> it was located in <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>. In 1939, it was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> and has been part of independent <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> since 1991.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720141100/https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/raphael-lemkin-genocide-convention">"Raphael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention | Facing History & Ourselves"</a>. <i>www.facinghistory.org</i>. 12 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/raphael-lemkin-genocide-convention">the original</a> on 20 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facinghistory.org&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Genocide+Convention+%26%23124%3B+Facing+History+%26+Ourselves&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Fresource-library%2Fraphael-lemkin-genocide-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623112630/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin">"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin">the original</a> on 23 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Coining+a+Word+and+Championing+a+Cause%3A+The+Story+of+Raphael+Lemkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcoining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dge%2Fnos">γένος</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek–English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIshay2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIshay2008_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIshay2008">Ishay 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008140-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins2008140_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJenkins2008">Jenkins 2008</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnn_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2008" class="citation cs2">Hyde, Jennifer (2 December 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/11/13/sbm.lemkin.profile/index.html"><i>Polish Jew gave his life defining, fighting genocide</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Jew+gave+his+life+defining%2C+fighting+genocide&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F11%2F13%2Fsbm.lemkin.profile%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623112630/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin">"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin">the original</a> on 23 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>. <q>He moved to Washington, DC, in the summer of 1942, to join the War Department as an analyst and went on to document Nazi atrocities in his 1944 book, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. In this text, he introduced the word "genocide."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Coining+a+Word+and+Championing+a+Cause%3A+The+Story+of+Raphael+Lemkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcoining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMMWhatis?2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USHMMWhatis?2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630000651/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/what-is-genocide">"What is Genocide?"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007043">the original</a> on 30 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2017</span>. <q>In 1944, Polish Jewish lawyer Raphael Lemkin coined the term "genocide" in a book documenting Nazi policies of systematically destroying national and ethnic groups, including the mass murder of European Jews</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Genocide%3F&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720141100/https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/raphael-lemkin-genocide-convention">"Raphael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention | Facing History & Ourselves"</a>. <i>www.facinghistory.org</i>. 12 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/raphael-lemkin-genocide-convention">the original</a> on 20 July 2023. <q>Lemkin himself had fled to the United States, where he struggled to draw attention to what Nazi Germany was doing to European Jews—massacres that British Prime Minister Winston Churchill called "a crime without a name." In 1944, Lemkin made up a new word to describe these crimes: genocide. Lemkin defined genocide as "the destruction of a nation or an ethnic group."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facinghistory.org&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Genocide+Convention+%26%23124%3B+Facing+History+%26+Ourselves&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Fresource-library%2Fraphael-lemkin-genocide-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230623112630/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin">"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin">the original</a> on 23 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Coining+a+Word+and+Championing+a+Cause%3A+The+Story+of+Raphael+Lemkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcoining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720141100/https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/raphael-lemkin-genocide-convention">"Raphael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention | Facing History & Ourselves"</a>. <i>www.facinghistory.org</i>. 12 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/raphael-lemkin-genocide-convention">the original</a> on 20 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facinghistory.org&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Genocide+Convention+%26%23124%3B+Facing+History+%26+Ourselves&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facinghistory.org%2Fresource-library%2Fraphael-lemkin-genocide-convention&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKornat201055-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornat201055_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornat201055_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKornat201055_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKornat2010">Kornat 2010</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan2008" class="citation book cs1">Dan, Stone (2008). <i>The Historiography of Genocide</i>. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+Genocide&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Dan&rft.aufirst=Stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower200220-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200220_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200220_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPower2002">Power 2002</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESzawłowski2005102-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESzawłowski2005102_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSzawłowski2005">Szawłowski 2005</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchallerZimmerer200929-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchallerZimmerer200929_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchallerZimmerer200929_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2009">Schaller & Zimmerer 2009</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPower200221-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200221_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200221_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200221_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPower200221_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPower2002">Power 2002</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050210085603/http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/programs/youth-outreach/peace-heroes/lemkin-raphael.htm">"NAPF Programs: Youth Outreach: Peace Heroes: Raphael Lemkin, by Holly A. Lukasiewicz"</a>. 10 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/programs/youth-outreach/peace-heroes/lemkin-raphael.htm">the original</a> on 10 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAPF+Programs%3A+Youth+Outreach%3A+Peace+Heroes%3A+Raphael+Lemkin%2C+by+Holly+A.+Lukasiewicz&rft.date=2005-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wagingpeace.org%2Fmenu%2Fprograms%2Fyouth-outreach%2Fpeace-heroes%2Flemkin-raphael.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYudkin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Yudkin, Leon I. (2001). Bialik, Hayim Nahman; Patterson, David; Spicehandler, Ezra (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913552">"Bialik's Prose, and His Poetry Too"</a>. <i>Hebrew Studies</i>. <b>42</b>: 299–313. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-4094">0146-4094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27913552">27913552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Studies&rft.atitle=Bialik%27s+Prose%2C+and+His+Poetry+Too&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=299-313&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27913552%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0146-4094&rft.aulast=Yudkin&rft.aufirst=Leon+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27913552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FogelCNB-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FogelCNB_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_A._Fogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua A. Fogel">Fogel, Joshua</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yleksikon.blogspot.com/2015/01/khayim-nakhmen-byalik-chaim-nachman.html?m=1">"Khayim-Nakhmen Byalik (Chaim Nachman, Hayim Nahman Bialik)"</a>. <i>Yiddish Leksikon</i>. Quote: "Noyekh un marinke (Noah and Marinka) (Warsaw, 1921)". Posted 7 January 2015, accessed 10 July 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSands2016" class="citation book cs1">Sands, Phillipe (2016). <i>East West Street</i>. Penguin Randomhouse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+West+Street&rft.pub=Penguin+Randomhouse&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Phillipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aur-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aur_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yair_Auron" title="Yair Auron">Yair Auron</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lQDIz5nZv0gC&q=The+Banality+of+Denial">The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide</a>. — Transaction Publishers, 2004. — p. 9: <blockquote><p><i>...when Raphael Lemkin coined the word genocide in 1944 he cited the 1915 annihilation of Armenians as a seminal example of genocide</i>"</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schab-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schab_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Schabas" title="William Schabas">William Schabas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYptuRHDQPgC&dq=Lemkin's+interest+in+the+subject+dates+to+his+days+as+a+student+at+Lvov+University&pg=PA25">Genocide in international law: the crimes of crimes</a>. — Cambridge University Press, 2000. — p. 25:<blockquote><p><i>Lemkin's interest in the subject dates to his days as a student at Lvov University, when he intently followed attempts to prosecute the perpetration of the massacres of the Armenians</i></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moses-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moses_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sydney.edu.au/arts/history/staff/profiles/moses.shtml">A. Dirk Moses</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zHAGNPTkqIC&dq=Indignant+that+the+perpetrators+of+the+Armenian+genocide+had+largely+escaped+prosecution&pg=PA21">Genocide and settler society: frontier violence and stolen indigenous children in Australian history</a>. — Berghahn Books, 2004. — p. 21:<i>"Indignant that the perpetrators of the Armenian genocide had largely escaped prosecution, Lemkin, who was a young state prosecutor in Poland, began lobbying in the early 1930s for international law to criminalize the destruction of such groups."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007050">"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"</a>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM), Holocaust Encyclopedia. <q>Lemkin's memoirs detail early exposure to the history of Ottoman attacks against Armenians (which most scholars believe constitute genocide), antisemitic pogroms, and other histories of group-targeted violence as key to forming his beliefs about the need for legal protection of groups.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coining+a+Word+and+Championing+a+Cause%3A+The+Story+of+Raphael+Lemkin&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+%28USHMM%29%2C+Holocaust+Encyclopedia.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jww-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jww_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411191655/http://www.jewishworldwatch.org/conflictareas/world-crises/genocide-background">"Genocide Background"</a>. Jewish World Watch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishworldwatch.org/conflictareas/world-crises/genocide-background">the original</a> on 11 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Armenian genocide (1915–1923) was the first of the 20th century to capture world-wide attention; in fact, Raphael Lemkin coined his term <i>genocide</i> in reference to the mass murder of ethnic Armenians by the Young Turk government of the Ottoman Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Genocide+Background&rft.pub=Jewish+World+Watch.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishworldwatch.org%2Fconflictareas%2Fworld-crises%2Fgenocide-background&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europaworld-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-europaworld_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011113434/http://europaworld.org/issue40/raphaellemkin22601.htm">Raphael Lemkin</a> – EuropaWorld, 22 June 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorey1989" class="citation news cs1">Korey, William (June–July 1989). "Raphael Lemkin: 'The Unofficial Man'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Midstream</i>. pp. 45–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midstream&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin%3A+%27The+Unofficial+Man%27&rft.pages=45-48&rft.date=1989-06%2F1989-07&rft.aulast=Korey&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/05/03/993128456/operation-nemesis">"Operation Nemesis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Operation+Nemesis&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F05%2F03%2F993128456%2Foperation-nemesis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erickson_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Irvin-Erickson" title="Douglas Irvin-Erickson">Irvin-Erickson, Douglas</a> (2016). <i>Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9341-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-9341-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-9341-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Concept+of+Genocide&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-9341-8&rft.aulast=Irvin-Erickson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIhrig2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Ihrig" title="Stefan Ihrig">Ihrig, Stefan</a> (2016). <a href="/wiki/Justifying_Genocide" title="Justifying Genocide"><i>Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians from Bismarck to Hitler</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50479-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-50479-0"><bdi>978-0-674-50479-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justifying+Genocide%3A+Germany+and+the+Armenians+from+Bismarck+to+Hitler&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-674-50479-0&rft.aulast=Ihrig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeffler2017" class="citation journal cs1">Loeffler, James (3 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2017.1349645">"Becoming Cleopatra: the forgotten Zionism of Raphael Lemkin"</a>. <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>19</b> (3): 340–360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2017.1349645">10.1080/14623528.2017.1349645</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Becoming+Cleopatra%3A+the+forgotten+Zionism+of+Raphael+Lemkin&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=340-360&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2017.1349645&rft.issn=1462-3528&rft.aulast=Loeffler&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2017.1349645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadajczyk2023" class="citation book cs1">Madajczyk, Piotr (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZ7WEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT68"><i>The Biographical Landscapes of Raphael Lemkin</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-99009-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-99009-6"><bdi>978-1-000-99009-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Landscapes+of+Raphael+Lemkin&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-000-99009-6&rft.aulast=Madajczyk&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZ7WEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2021" class="citation cs2">Moses, A. Dirk (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/problems-of-genocide/many-types-of-destruction/0C2D5A99FDE59DC3912A148C23A7678E">"The Many Types of Destruction"</a>, <i>The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression</i>, Human Rights in History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 169–200, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10358-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10358-0"><bdi>978-1-107-10358-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Problems+of+Genocide%3A+Permanent+Security+and+the+Language+of+Transgression&rft.atitle=The+Many+Types+of+Destruction&rft.pages=169-200&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-107-10358-0&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fproblems-of-genocide%2Fmany-types-of-destruction%2F0C2D5A99FDE59DC3912A148C23A7678E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2021" class="citation book cs1">Moses, A. Dirk (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BTQTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152">"Raphael Lemkin and the Protection of Small Nations"</a>. <i>The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10358-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-10358-0"><bdi>978-1-107-10358-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Protection+of+Small+Nations&rft.btitle=The+Problems+of+Genocide%3A+Permanent+Security+and+the+Language+of+Transgression&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-107-10358-0&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBTQTEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartov,_OmerMoses,_DirekLoeffler,_James2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Bartov, Omer</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Dirk_Moses" title="A. Dirk Moses">Moses, Direk</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Loeffler" title="James Loeffler">Loeffler, James</a> (3 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hazmanhazeh.org.il/genocide/">"Discussion: Revision to Genocide"</a>. <i>HaZman HaZe (This Time)</i> (in Hebrew). Van Leer Jerusalem Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HaZman+HaZe+%28This+Time%29&rft.atitle=Discussion%3A+Revision+to+Genocide&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft.au=Bartov%2C+Omer&rft.au=Moses%2C+Direk&rft.au=Loeffler%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhazmanhazeh.org.il%2Fgenocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Sands, East West Street, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartrop-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bartrop_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartrop_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bartrop_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Bartrop" title="Paul R. Bartrop">Paul R. Bartrop</a>. <i>Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection</i>. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO. 2014. pp. 1301–1302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sands, p.165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSands2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sands" title="Philippe Sands">Sands, Philippe</a> (27 May 2016). "69". <i>East West Street: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity"</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35071-6"><bdi>978-0-385-35071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=69&rft.btitle=East+West+Street%3A+On+the+Origins+of+%22Genocide%22+and+%22Crimes+Against+Humanity%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.isbn=978-0-385-35071-6&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more information on this period, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliwise" class="citation web cs1">Bliwise, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/article/man-who-criminalized-genocide">"The Man Who Criminalized Genocide"</a>. Duke Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Criminalized+Genocide&rft.pub=Duke+Magazine&rft.aulast=Bliwise&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukemagazine.duke.edu%2Farticle%2Fman-who-criminalized-genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/coining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin">"Coining a Word and Championing a Cause: The Story of Raphael Lemkin"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Coining+a+Word+and+Championing+a+Cause%3A+The+Story+of+Raphael+Lemkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fcoining-a-word-and-championing-a-cause-the-story-of-raphael-lemkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkin1944" class="citation book cs1">Lemkin, Raphael (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C&pg=PA79">"IX: Genocide—A New Term and New Conception for Destruction of Nations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C"><i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation – Analysis of Government – Proposals for Redress</i></a>. 700 Jackson Place, N. W. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> Division of International Law. pp. 79–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781584779018" title="Special:BookSources/9781584779018"><bdi>9781584779018</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829032232/http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IX%3A+Genocide%E2%80%94A+New+Term+and+New+Conception+for+Destruction+of+Nations&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe%3A+Laws+of+Occupation+%E2%80%93+Analysis+of+Government+%E2%80%93+Proposals+for+Redress&rft.place=700+Jackson+Place%2C+N.+W.+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=79-95&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace+Division+of+International+Law&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=9781584779018&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy0in2wOY-W0C%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2014" class="citation book cs1">Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rucore.libraries.rutgers.edu/rutgers-lib/45631/PDF/1/play"><i>THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RAPHAEL LEMKIN: A POLITICAL HISTORY OF GENOCIDE IN THEORY AND LAW</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Dissertation)</span>. Rutgers University. p. 363<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=THE+LIFE+AND+WORKS+OF+RAPHAEL+LEMKIN%3A+A+POLITICAL+HISTORY+OF+GENOCIDE+IN+THEORY+AND+LAW&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Rutgers+University&rft.date=2014-10&rft.aulast=Irvin-Erickson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frucore.libraries.rutgers.edu%2Frutgers-lib%2F45631%2FPDF%2F1%2Fplay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eshet-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eshet_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eshet (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><i>academic.oup.com</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/5070/chapter-abstract/147627007">https://academic.oup.com/book/5070/chapter-abstract/147627007</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.oup.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F5070%2Fchapter-abstract%2F147627007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cisn-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cisn_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2017" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, Jay (2017). "Citation The Genesis Of Genocide". <i>MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History</i>. <b>29</b> (3). Vienna, Virginia: History.Net: 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MHQ%3A+The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Citation+The+Genesis+Of+Genocide&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/genocide-convention.shtml">"United Nations Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect"</a>. <i>www.un.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Office+on+Genocide+Prevention+and+the+Responsibility+to+Protect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fgenocideprevention%2Fgenocide-convention.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussell" class="citation web cs1">Fussell, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm">"<i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe,</i> Chapter IX: Genocide, by Raphael Lemkin, 1944 – – Prevent Genocide International"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe%2C+Chapter+IX%3A+Genocide%2C+by+Raphael+Lemkin%2C+1944+%E2%80%93+%E2%80%93+Prevent+Genocide+International&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Flemkin%2FAxisRule1944-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFussell" class="citation web cs1">Fussell, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-2.htm">"Sec. II of Chap. IX from "Axis Rule in Occupied Europe," by Raphael Lemkin, 1944 – – Prevent Genocide International"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sec.+II+of+Chap.+IX+from+%22Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe%2C%22+by+Raphael+Lemkin%2C+1944+%E2%80%93+%E2%80%93+Prevent+Genocide+International&rft.aulast=Fussell&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preventgenocide.org%2Flemkin%2FAxisRule1944-2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2008" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6EuGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147"><i>Raphael Lemkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention</i></a>. Springer. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58273-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58273-6"><bdi>978-0-230-58273-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Genocide+Convention&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-58273-6&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6EuGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoses2012" class="citation journal cs1">Moses, A. Dirk (18 September 2012). Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0002">"Raphael Lemkin, Culture, and the Concept of Genocide"</a>. <i>Oxford Handbooks Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199232116.013.0002">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.013.0002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Handbooks+Online&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin%2C+Culture%2C+and+the+Concept+of+Genocide&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199232116.013.0002&rft.aulast=Moses&rft.aufirst=A.+Dirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199232116.013.0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael Lemkin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://willzuzak.ca/tp/holodomor2013/oliver20171004Lemkin.pdf">"Soviet Genocide in the Ukraine"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonovych2015" class="citation journal cs1">Antonovych, Myroslava (3 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18523%2Fkmlpj52663.2015-1.159-176">"Legal Accountability for the Holodomor-Genocide of 1932–1933 (Great Famine) in Ukraine"</a>. <i>Kyiv-Mohyla Law and Politics Journal</i> (1): 159–176. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18523%2Fkmlpj52663.2015-1.159-176">10.18523/kmlpj52663.2015-1.159-176</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2414-9942">2414-9942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyiv-Mohyla+Law+and+Politics+Journal&rft.atitle=Legal+Accountability+for+the+Holodomor-Genocide+of+1932%E2%80%931933+%28Great+Famine%29+in+Ukraine&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-176&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18523%2Fkmlpj52663.2015-1.159-176&rft.issn=2414-9942&rft.aulast=Antonovych&rft.aufirst=Myroslava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.18523%252Fkmlpj52663.2015-1.159-176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2008" class="citation cs2">Cooper, John (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230582736_6">"The United Nations Resolution on Genocide"</a>, <i>Raphael Lemkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention</i>, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 76–87, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230582736_6">10.1057/9780230582736_6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-35468-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-35468-9"><bdi>978-1-349-35468-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Struggle+for+the+Genocide+Convention&rft.atitle=The+United+Nations+Resolution+on+Genocide&rft.pages=76-87&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230582736_6&rft.isbn=978-1-349-35468-9&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1057%2F9780230582736_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.cjh.org//repositories/3/resources/13258">"Raphael Lemkin Collection"</a>. <i>Center for Jewish History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.cjh.org%2F%2Frepositories%2F3%2Fresources%2F13258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ejil/article/29/4/1053/5320160">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'In the Beginning, There Was No Word …'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>academic.oup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.oup.com&rft.atitle=%27In+the+Beginning%2C+There+Was+No+Word+%E2%80%A6%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fejil%2Farticle%2F29%2F4%2F1053%2F5320160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2017" class="citation book cs1">Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (23 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmw_DQAAQBAJ&dq=Mount+Hebron+raphael+lemkin&pg=PA229"><i>Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812248647" title="Special:BookSources/9780812248647"><bdi>9780812248647</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Concept+of+Genocide&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2017-05-23&rft.isbn=9780812248647&rft.aulast=Irvin-Erickson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkmw_DQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMount%2BHebron%2Braphael%2Blemkin%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, pp. 1, 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Irvin-Erickson, "Raphael Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide", University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017, pp. 1, 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=5366">"Nomination Database – Raphael Lemkin"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i>. Nobel Media AB 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Nomination+Database+%E2%80%93+Raphael+Lemkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D5366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223647/http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards">"Four Freedoms Awards | Roosevelt Institute"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards">the original</a> on 25 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Four+Freedoms+Awards+%26%23124%3B+Roosevelt+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rooseveltinstitute.org%2Ffour-freedoms-awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025180131/http://catherinefilloux.com/lemkinshouse.html">"Catherine Filloux – Playwright"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catherinefilloux.com/lemkinshouse.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catherine+Filloux+%E2%80%93+Playwright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catherinefilloux.com%2Flemkinshouse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413070106/http://parallelpress.library.wisc.edu/additional/skloot.html">"<i>If The Whole Body Dies: Raphael Lemkin and the Treaty Against Genocide</i> by Robert Skloot"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parallelpress.library.wisc.edu/additional/skloot.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+The+Whole+Body+Dies%3A+Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Treaty+Against+Genocide+by+Robert+Skloot&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparallelpress.library.wisc.edu%2Fadditional%2Fskloot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truah.org/?s=awards">"awards | T'ruah"</a>. <i>www.truah.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.truah.org&rft.atitle=awards+%26%23124%3B+T%27ruah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truah.org%2F%3Fs%3Dawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sova-center.ru/racism-xenophobia/news/counteraction/2015/11/d33272/">"Федеральный список экстремистских материалов дорос до п. 3152"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SOVA_Center_for_Information_and_Analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="SOVA Center for Information and Analysis">SOVA Center for Information and Analysis</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SOVA+Center+for+Information+and+Analysis&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%BF.+3152&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sova-center.ru%2Fracism-xenophobia%2Fnews%2Fcounteraction%2F2015%2F11%2Fd33272%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516211036/http://minjust.ru/ru/extremist-materials?field_extremist_content_value=&page=15">"ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ СПИСОК ЭКСТРЕМИСТСКИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Justice_of_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation">The Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minjust.ru/ru/extremist-materials?field_extremist_content_value=&page=15">the original</a> on 16 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ministry+of+Justice+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.atitle=%D0%A4%D0%95%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%AB%D0%99+%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%9A+%D0%AD%D0%9A%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%92&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminjust.ru%2Fru%2Fextremist-materials%3Ffield_extremist_content_value%3D%26page%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eshet, Dan et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facinghistory.org/sites/default/files/publications/raphael_lemkin_0.pdf"><i>Totally Unofficial: Rafael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Facing_History_and_Ourselves" title="Facing History and Ourselves">Facing History and Ourselves</a> Foundation, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9837870-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9837870-2-0">978-0-9837870-2-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2017" class="citation book cs1">Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2017). <i>Raphaël Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812248647" title="Special:BookSources/9780812248647"><bdi>9780812248647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapha%C3%ABl+Lemkin+and+the+Concept+of+Genocide&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780812248647&rft.aulast=Irvin-Erickson&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshay2008" class="citation cs2">Ishay, Micheline R. (2008), <i>The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era</i>, Berkeley (CA): University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Human+Rights%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Globalization+Era&rft.pub=Berkeley+%28CA%29%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ishay&rft.aufirst=Micheline+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Bruce (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/losthistoryofchr00jenk"><i>The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia—and How It Died</i></a>. New York: HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-147280-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-147280-0"><bdi>978-0-06-147280-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+History+of+Christianity%3A+The+Thousand-Year+Golden+Age+of+the+Church+in+the+Middle+East%2C+Africa%2C+and+Asia%E2%80%94and+How+It+Died&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-06-147280-0&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flosthistoryofchr00jenk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornat2010" class="citation cs2">Kornat, Marek (2010), "Rafal Lemkin's Formative Years and the Beginning of International Career in Inter-war Poland (1918-1939)", in Zbiorowa, Praca (ed.), <i>Rafał Lemkin: a Hero of Humankind</i>, Polish Institute of International Affairs, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89607-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89607-85-0"><bdi>978-83-89607-85-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rafal+Lemkin%27s+Formative+Years+and+the+Beginning+of+International+Career+in+Inter-war+Poland+%281918-1939%29&rft.btitle=Rafa%C5%82+Lemkin%3A+a+Hero+of+Humankind&rft.pub=Polish+Institute+of+International+Affairs&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-89607-85-0&rft.aulast=Kornat&rft.aufirst=Marek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Power, Samantha</a> (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Problem_from_Hell:_America_and_the_Age_of_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide">A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide</a></i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-06150-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-06150-8"><bdi>0-465-06150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Problem+from+Hell%3A+America+and+the+Age+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-465-06150-8&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span> (Chapters 2–5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/problemfromhella00powe_0">Available at Open Library</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2009" class="citation book cs1">Schaller, Dominik; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2009). <i>The Origins of Genocide: Raphael Lemkin as a Historian of Mass Violence</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415480260" title="Special:BookSources/9780415480260"><bdi>9780415480260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Genocide%3A+Raphael+Lemkin+as+a+Historian+of+Mass+Violence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780415480260&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzawłowski2005" class="citation journal cs1">Szawłowski, Ryszard (2005). "Diplomatic File: Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959) – The Polish Lawyer Who Created the Concept of 'Genocide'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Polish Quarterly of International Affairs</i> (2): 98–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Quarterly+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Diplomatic+File%3A+Raphael+Lemkin+%281900%E2%80%931959%29+%E2%80%93+The+Polish+Lawyer+Who+Created+the+Concept+of+%27Genocide%27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=98-133&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Szaw%C5%82owski&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lemkin, Raphael, author; Frieze, Donna-Lee, editor (2013). <i>Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin</i>. Yale University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300186967" title="Special:BookSources/0300186967">0300186967</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Beauvallet, Olivier (2011). <i>Lemkin: face au génocide</i>, with a French translation of "The legal case against Hitler" released in 1945. Paris: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89ditions_Michalon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Éditions Michalon (page does not exist)">Éditions Michalon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Michalon" class="extiw" title="fr:Éditions Michalon">fr</a>]</span>, "Le bien commun" series, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782841865604" title="Special:BookSources/9782841865604">9782841865604</a>.</li> <li>Bieńczyk-Missala, A. & <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_D%C4%99bski" title="Sławomir Dębski">Dębski, S.</a>, red. (2010). <i>Rafał Lemkin: A Hero of Humankind</i>. Warsaw: The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Institute_of_International_Affairs" title="Polish Institute of International Affairs">Polish Institute of International Affairs</a>.</li> <li>Bieńczyk-Missala, Agnieszka, scientific editor (2017). <i>Civilians in contemporary armed conflicts: Rafał Lemkin's heritage</i> (in English). Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warsaw" title="University of Warsaw">University of Warsaw</a> Publishing House <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Redzik" title="Adam Redzik">Redzik, Adam</a> & Zeman, Ihor. "Masters of Rafał Lemkin: Lwów school of law". pp. 235–240, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323527008" title="Special:BookSources/9788323527008">9788323527008</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Redzik" title="Adam Redzik">Redzik, Adam</a>. "Rafał Lemkin (1900–1959) – co-creator of international criminal law. Short biography". p. 70, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-931111-3-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-931111-3-8">978-83-931111-3-8</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Cooper, John (2008). Raphael Lemkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention. Palgrave/Macmallin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-230-51691-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-230-51691-2">0-230-51691-2</a>.</li> <li>Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2017). <i>Raphaël Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide.</i> University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812293418" title="Special:BookSources/9780812293418">9780812293418</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSands,_Philippe2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sands" title="Philippe Sands">Sands, Philippe</a> (2016). <i><a href="/wiki/East_West_Street" title="East West Street">East West Street</a>: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity"</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-35071-6"><bdi>978-0-385-35071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+West+Street%3A+On+the+Origins+of+%22Genocide%22+and+%22Crimes+Against+Humanity%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-385-35071-6&rft.au=Sands%2C+Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Shaw_(sociologist)" title="Martin Shaw (sociologist)">Shaw, Martin</a> (2007). <i>What is Genocide?</i> (Chapter 2). Polity Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3183-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3183-5">0-7456-3183-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/genocide.html">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facinghistory.org/resources/publications/lemkin">Totally Unofficial: Raphael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712195330/http://www.facinghistory.org/resources/publications/lemkin">Archived</a> 12 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A study guide on Lemkin and his contributions to human rights law and activism, downloadable pdf at facinghistory.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/">Key writings of Raphael Lemkin on Genocide, 1933–1947</a>, at preventgenocide.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/madrid1933-english.htm">Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offenses Against the Law of Nations</a> (for definitions of "barbarity" and "vandalism"), at preventgenocide.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Lemkin_Discusses_Armenian_Genocide_In_Newly-Found_1949_CBS_Interview">Lemkin Discusses Armenian Genocide In Newly-Found 1949 CBS Interview</a>, in: armeniapedia.org</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalakian,_Peter2013" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Balakian" title="Peter Balakian">Balakian, Peter</a> (Spring 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/27/1/57/762210?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Raphael Lemkin, Cultural Destruction, and the Armenian Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i>. <b>27</b> (1): 57–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdct001">10.1093/hgs/dct001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145008882">145008882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin%2C+Cultural+Destruction%2C+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-89&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdct001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145008882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Balakian%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fhgs%2Farticle-abstract%2F27%2F1%2F57%2F762210%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span> - Published on 1 April 2013</li> <li>Bieńczyk-Missala, A. (2020). "Raphael Lemkin's Legacy in International Law", in: M. Odello, P. Łubiński, <i>The Concept of Genocide in International Criminal Law. Developments After Lemkin.</i> Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Browning" title="Christopher R. Browning">Browning, Christopher R.</a> (24 November 2016). "The Two Different Ways of Looking at Nazi Murder" (review of <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sands" title="Philippe Sands">Philippe Sands</a>, <i>East West Street: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity"</i>, Knopf.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElder2005" class="citation journal cs1">Elder, Tanya (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080756/http://www.lygeros.org/section_genocide/Elder-Lemkin.pdf">"What you see before your eyes: Documenting Raphael Lemkin's life by exploring his archival Papers,1900–1959"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 469–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520500349910">10.1080/14623520500349910</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56537572">56537572</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lygeros.org/section_genocide/Elder-Lemkin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=What+you+see+before+your+eyes%3A+Documenting+Raphael+Lemkin%27s+life+by+exploring+his+archival+Papers%2C1900%E2%80%931959&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=469-499&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520500349910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56537572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lygeros.org%2Fsection_genocide%2FElder-Lemkin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Elder, Tanya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cjh.org/?pID=109202"><i>Guide to the Papers of Raphael Lemkin</i></a>. The Center for Jewish History, New York</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Gerlach, Christian</a> (24 November 2016). <i>The Extermination of the European Jews</i>, Cambridge University Press, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXIII, no. 18, pp. 56–58. Discusses <a href="/wiki/Hersch_Lauterpacht" title="Hersch Lauterpacht">Hersch Lauterpacht</a>'s legal concept of "<a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>", contrasted with Rafael Lemkin's legal concept of "<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>". All genocides are crimes against humanity, but not all crimes against humanity are genocides; genocides require a higher standard of proof, as they entail <i>intent</i> to destroy a particular group.</li> <li>Hartwell, L. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nejo.12359?af=R">" Raphael Lemkin: The Constant Negotiator"</a>. <i>Negotiation Journal</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs,_Stephen_Leonard2019" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Stephen Leonard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1594&context=gsp">"The Complicated Cases of Soghomon Tehlirian and Sholem Schwartzbard and Their Influences on Raphaël Lemkin's Thinking About Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 33–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.13.1.1594">10.5038/1911-9933.13.1.1594</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=The+Complicated+Cases+of+Soghomon+Tehlirian+and+Sholem+Schwartzbard+and+Their+Influences+on+Rapha%C3%ABl+Lemkin%27s+Thinking+About+Genocide&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-41&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.13.1.1594&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Stephen+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1594%26context%3Dgsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span> Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol13/iss1/7">here</a>.</li> <li>Marrus, Michael R. (20 November 2015). "Three Roads from Nuremberg". <i>Tablet</i> magazine.</li> <li>Szawłowski, Ryszard (2015). <i>Rafał Lemkin, warszawski adwokat (1934–1939), twórca pojęcia "genocyd" i główny architekt konwencji z 9 grudnia 1948 r. ("Konwencji Lemkina"). W 55-lecie śmierci</i> (in Polish). [Rafał Lemkin, lawyer from Warsaw (1934–1939), creator of the term "genocide" and chief architect of the convention of December 9, 1948 (the "Lemkin Convention"). On the 55th anniversary of his death.]. Warsaw.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss-Wendt2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Weiss-Wendt" title="Anton Weiss-Wendt">Weiss-Wendt, Anton</a> (December 2005). "Hostage of politics: Raphael Lemkin on "Soviet genocide"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 551–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520500350017">10.1080/14623520500350017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144612446">144612446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=Hostage+of+politics%3A+Raphael+Lemkin+on+%22Soviet+genocide%22&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=551-559&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520500350017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144612446%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weiss-Wendt&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2013" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, Jay (7 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Raphael-Lemkin-a-Prophet/139515/">"Prophet Without Honors"</a>. <i>The Chronicle Review</i>: B14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+Review&rft.atitle=Prophet+Without+Honors&rft.pages=B14&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FRaphael-Lemkin-a-Prophet%2F139515%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_A._Fogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua A. Fogel">Fogel, Joshua</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yleksikon.blogspot.com/2017/06/rifoel-raphael-lemkin.html">"Rifoel (Raphael) Lemkin"</a>. <i>Yiddish Leksikon</i>. Biography with main publications including journalistic contributions. Posted 15 June 2017, accessed 10 July 2022.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10250472">Raphael Lemkin papers, 1931–1947</a>, held by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, Rare Book and Manuscript Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/mss/1730">Raphael Lemkin papers, 1947–1959</a>, held by the Manuscripts and Archives Division, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=109202">Raphael Lemkin Collection, P-154</a> held by the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a>, New York NY</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726004937/http://www.auschwitzinstitute.org/lemkin.html">Raphael Lemkin Center for Genocide Prevention</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_Institute_for_Peace_and_Reconciliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation">Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/KgWBQNOMBB8A8A?hl=en">Raphael Lemkin and the Quest to End Genocide</a> Electronic exhibit by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Google_Cultural_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Cultural Institute">Google Cultural Institute</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505586#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505586#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505586#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108571543">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46753294">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/125922/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg8BMbcMMgPcxfdGk7vHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124769535">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lemkin, Raphael, 1900-1959"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83310627">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb110216954">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb110216954">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/PUVV211384">Italy</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35299778">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20061013005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1341041">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068045875">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5101531">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000286329&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000565272&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000059055">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202316167">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810629940505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/208790">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264465705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07487617?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/902991">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd124769535.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/124769535">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/099015757">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j39gcz">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=54208">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&oldid=1259405224">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&oldid=1259405224</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_Polish_lawyers" title="Category:20th-century Polish lawyers">20th-century Polish lawyers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_legal_scholars" title="Category:Polish legal scholars">Polish legal scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_legal_scholars" title="Category:Jewish legal scholars">Jewish legal scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_criminal_law_scholars" title="Category:International criminal law scholars">International criminal law scholars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers of law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rutgers_School_of_Law%E2%80%93Newark_faculty" title="Category:Rutgers School of Law–Newark faculty">Rutgers School of Law–Newark faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Duke_University_School_of_Law_faculty" title="Category:Duke University School of Law faculty">Duke University School of Law faculty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Category:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide_prevention" title="Category:Genocide prevention">Genocide prevention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Category:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Category:Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Recipients of the Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_anti-communists" title="Category:Jewish anti-communists">Jewish anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_anti-communists" title="Category:Polish anti-communists">Polish anti-communists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_emigrants_to_the_United_States" title="Category:Polish emigrants to the United States">Polish emigrants to the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Zionists" title="Category:Polish Zionists">Polish Zionists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Jews" title="Category:Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belarusian_Jews" title="Category:Belarusian Jews">Belarusian Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Zelva_District" title="Category:People from Zelva District">People from Zelva District</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Volkovyssky_Uyezd" title="Category:People from Volkovyssky Uyezd">People from Volkovyssky Uyezd</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_from_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Jews from the Russian Empire">Jews from the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Mount_Hebron_Cemetery_(New_York_City)" title="Category:Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)">Burials at Mount Hebron Cemetery (New York City)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900_births" title="Category:1900 births">1900 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1959_deaths" title="Category:1959 deaths">1959 deaths</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hebrew-language_sources_(he)" title="Category:CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)">CS1 Hebrew-language sources (he)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_title" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing title">CS1 errors: missing title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_bare_URL" title="Category:CS1 errors: bare URL">CS1 errors: bare URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2022">Use dmy dates from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from April 2020">Use Oxford spelling from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from April 2017">Articles with failed verification from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 23:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-k4lmj","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.381","walltime":"1.678","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9438,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":169785,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8844,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":258241,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1511.447 1 -total"," 19.31% 291.922 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.98% 226.445 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 13.68% 206.779 22 Template:Cite_book"," 8.66% 130.835 2 Template:Langx"," 6.80% 102.845 25 Template:Cite_web"," 6.68% 100.973 14 Template:Sfn"," 6.23% 94.186 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.99% 90.465 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.84% 88.316 6 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.879","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18431269,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAntonovych2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalakian,_Peter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartov,_OmerMoses,_DirekLoeffler,_James2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBliwise\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElder2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFussell\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHyde2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIhrig2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvin-Erickson2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFIshay2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs,_Stephen_Leonard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorey1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornat2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkin1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoeffler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadajczyk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoses2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoses2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPower2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSands,_Philippe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSands2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchallerZimmerer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzawłowski2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss-Wendt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYudkin2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Lemkin, Raphael\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Endplainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"Ill\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang-grc-gre\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-787466c8df-56ch5","timestamp":"20241126201419","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Raphael Lemkin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Raphael_Lemkin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q505586","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q505586","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-16T12:44:24Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T23:54:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent (1900-1959)"}</script> </body> </html>