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class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;"><b>Address: </b>London, London, City of, United Kingdom<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Related Authors</h3></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list" data-nosnippet="true"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://buffalo.academia.edu/AlessandroSebastiani"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Alessandro Sebastiani related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" 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class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://brown.academia.edu/MargaretGraves">Margaret Graves</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Brown University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/ariannaDOTTONE"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Arianna D'Ottone related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/77558/91707/159476051/s200_arianna.d_ottone_rambach.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/ariannaDOTTONE">Arianna D'Ottone</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Università degli Studi "La Sapienza" di Roma</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://ksu.academia.edu/DavidSeamon"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="David Seamon related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/93547/25922/29662134/s200_david.seamon.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ksu.academia.edu/DavidSeamon">David Seamon</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Kansas State 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'//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/232505/51364/47312/s200_vikt_ria.kiss.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://mta.academia.edu/Vikt%C3%B3riaKiss">Viktória Kiss</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Hungarian Academy of Sciences</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://fieldmuseum.academia.edu/GaryFeinman"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Gary Feinman related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/243647/52887/15881093/s200_gary.feinman.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://fieldmuseum.academia.edu/GaryFeinman">Gary Feinman</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Field Museum</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://ai-rs.academia.edu/SelenaVitezovi%C4%87"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Selena Vitezović related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/244887/53086/37287450/s200_selena.vitezovi_.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ai-rs.academia.edu/SelenaVitezovi%C4%87">Selena Vitezović</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia</p></div></div></ul></div><style type="text/css">.suggested-academics--header h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}</style><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5719060">View All (12)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5719060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone","location":"/IanFreestone","scheme":"https","host":"ucl.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/IanFreestone","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Ancient Glass Analysis"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-1d7c8c1a-34eb-4769-a878-e9f01c09ad3d"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-1d7c8c1a-34eb-4769-a878-e9f01c09ad3d"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5719060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ceramic_Petrography"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Ceramic Petrography"]}" data-trace="false" 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data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-0beacd15-f2c1-46a6-ada4-4a3746e5f8ec"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-0beacd15-f2c1-46a6-ada4-4a3746e5f8ec"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5719060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Glass"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Roman Glass"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-a41b948b-f2e3-45a5-9a47-764fe417e2f1"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-a41b948b-f2e3-45a5-9a47-764fe417e2f1"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="New" data-toggle="tab" href="#new" role="tab" title="New"><span>11</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">New</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Early-Glass" data-toggle="tab" href="#earlyglass" role="tab" title="Early Glass"><span>118</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Early Glass</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Ceramics" data-toggle="tab" href="#ceramics" role="tab" title="Ceramics"><span>56</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Ceramics</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip more-tab" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-documents-more-tab link-unstyled u-textTruncate" data-toggle="dropdown" role="tab">More  <i class="fa fa-chevron-down"></i></a><ul class="js-profile-documents-more-dropdown dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right profile-documents-more-dropdown" role="menu"><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Archaeometallurgy-and-Refractories" data-toggle="tab" href="#archaeometallurgyandrefractories" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>34</span> Archaeometallurgy and Refractories</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Other-Topics" data-toggle="tab" href="#othertopics" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>16</span> Other Topics</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Meetings-and-seminars" data-toggle="tab" href="#meetingsandseminars" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>2</span> Meetings and seminars</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Images" data-toggle="tab" href="#images" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>3</span> Images</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Data" data-toggle="tab" href="#data" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>3</span> Data</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Posters" data-toggle="tab" href="#posters" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>1</span> Posters</a></li><li role="presentation"><a data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" style="border: none;"><span>10</span> Papers</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="New" id="New"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">New by Ian Freestone</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="127363136"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/127363136/Composition_and_origin_of_the_first_millennium_AD_glass_uncovered_at_Khirbet_adh_Dharih_south_Jordan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Composition and origin of the first millennium AD glass uncovered at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Composition and origin of the first millennium AD glass uncovered at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>J. Arch. Sci: REports</span><span>, 2025</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Sixty-four glasses excavated at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan, and archaeologically dated from...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Sixty-four glasses excavated at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan, and archaeologically dated from the Roman to Early Abbasid periods were analyzed by wavelength-dispersive electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The majority of the glasses (57) were fluxed with natron. In the Roman period antimony-decolorized glass from Egypt, manganese-decolorized glass from the Levant and recycled Roman MnSb glass are present. From the middle of the fourth century glass from the Levantine production centers Jalame and Apollonia dominates the assemblage up to the eighth century, when glass from Bet Eli’ezer becomes common, consistent with previous findings from the North. Egypt I and II types also occur at this time, consistent with previous findings from the wider region indicating that Egyptian glass continued to be imported into the Levant in the 8-9th centuries. Plant ash glass is represented from Mesopotamia, from Tyre and from unidentified sources in Egypt or Syria. Overall, these results suggest that glass from a wider range of sources was being exploited in the early Islamic period than in Byzantine times. Evidence for recycling is particularly apparent in the Apollonia-type glasses but is hardly noticed in the Bet Eli’ezer-type, consistent with a greater dependency on local resources in the sixth-seventh centuries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127363136"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127363136"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127363136; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127363136]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127363136]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127363136; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127363136']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127363136]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127363136,"title":"Composition and origin of the first millennium AD glass uncovered at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105003","abstract":"Sixty-four glasses excavated at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan, and archaeologically dated from the Roman to Early Abbasid periods were analyzed by wavelength-dispersive electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The majority of the glasses (57) were fluxed with natron. In the Roman period antimony-decolorized glass from Egypt, manganese-decolorized glass from the Levant and recycled Roman MnSb glass are present. From the middle of the fourth century glass from the Levantine production centers Jalame and Apollonia dominates the assemblage up to the eighth century, when glass from Bet Eli’ezer becomes common, consistent with previous findings from the North. Egypt I and II types also occur at this time, consistent with previous findings from the wider region indicating that Egyptian glass continued to be imported into the Levant in the 8-9th centuries. Plant ash glass is represented from Mesopotamia, from Tyre and from unidentified sources in Egypt or Syria. Overall, these results suggest that glass from a wider range of sources was being exploited in the early Islamic period than in Byzantine times. Evidence for recycling is particularly apparent in the Apollonia-type glasses but is hardly noticed in the Bet Eli’ezer-type, consistent with a greater dependency on local resources in the sixth-seventh centuries.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2025,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"J. Arch. Sci: REports"},"translated_abstract":"Sixty-four glasses excavated at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan, and archaeologically dated from the Roman to Early Abbasid periods were analyzed by wavelength-dispersive electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The majority of the glasses (57) were fluxed with natron. In the Roman period antimony-decolorized glass from Egypt, manganese-decolorized glass from the Levant and recycled Roman MnSb glass are present. From the middle of the fourth century glass from the Levantine production centers Jalame and Apollonia dominates the assemblage up to the eighth century, when glass from Bet Eli’ezer becomes common, consistent with previous findings from the North. Egypt I and II types also occur at this time, consistent with previous findings from the wider region indicating that Egyptian glass continued to be imported into the Levant in the 8-9th centuries. Plant ash glass is represented from Mesopotamia, from Tyre and from unidentified sources in Egypt or Syria. Overall, these results suggest that glass from a wider range of sources was being exploited in the early Islamic period than in Byzantine times. Evidence for recycling is particularly apparent in the Apollonia-type glasses but is hardly noticed in the Bet Eli’ezer-type, consistent with a greater dependency on local resources in the sixth-seventh centuries.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/127363136/Composition_and_origin_of_the_first_millennium_AD_glass_uncovered_at_Khirbet_adh_Dharih_south_Jordan","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2025-01-30T08:45:16.033-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":43048035,"work_id":127363136,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":6552854,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"k***b@yahoo.com","affiliation":"Yarmouk University","display_order":0,"name":"Dr-khaled Al-Bashaireh, please visit my page on researchgate","title":"Composition and origin of the first millennium AD glass uncovered at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan"},{"id":43048036,"work_id":127363136,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":32319903,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"f***e@univ-paris1.fr","affiliation":"Université Paris 1 - Panthéon-Sorbonne","display_order":1073741824,"name":"François Villeneuve","title":"Composition and origin of the first millennium AD glass uncovered at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Composition_and_origin_of_the_first_millennium_AD_glass_uncovered_at_Khirbet_adh_Dharih_south_Jordan","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Sixty-four glasses excavated at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan, and archaeologically dated from the Roman to Early Abbasid periods were analyzed by wavelength-dispersive electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The majority of the glasses (57) were fluxed with natron. In the Roman period antimony-decolorized glass from Egypt, manganese-decolorized glass from the Levant and recycled Roman MnSb glass are present. From the middle of the fourth century glass from the Levantine production centers Jalame and Apollonia dominates the assemblage up to the eighth century, when glass from Bet Eli’ezer becomes common, consistent with previous findings from the North. Egypt I and II types also occur at this time, consistent with previous findings from the wider region indicating that Egyptian glass continued to be imported into the Levant in the 8-9th centuries. Plant ash glass is represented from Mesopotamia, from Tyre and from unidentified sources in Egypt or Syria. Overall, these results suggest that glass from a wider range of sources was being exploited in the early Islamic period than in Byzantine times. Evidence for recycling is particularly apparent in the Apollonia-type glasses but is hardly noticed in the Bet Eli’ezer-type, consistent with a greater dependency on local resources in the sixth-seventh centuries.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":42366,"name":"Roman Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Glass"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":324361,"name":"Byzantine glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_glass"},{"id":888169,"name":"Early Islamic Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Islamic_Glass"}],"urls":[{"id":46680909,"url":"https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1kWow,rVDBnNAZ"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-102345168-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="98558377"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/98558377/Glass_Recycling"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Glass Recycling" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/99875833/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/98558377/Glass_Recycling">Glass Recycling</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-98558377-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-98558377-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936446/figure-1-glass-recycling"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936453/figure-2-of-the-wadi-el-natrun-and-nile-delta-in-egypt-in"><img alt="of the Wadi el Natrun and Nile Delta in Egypt, in the first millennium BCE. A short-lived occur- rence of local European mixed alkali glass is recorded in LBA Italy, but was soon replaced with natron glass (Venclova et al. 2011). Natron glass was produced until around the ninth century CE, when there is once again a switch to plant ash glasses (Phelps et al. 2016). From this point glass was being made in various locations with a variety of plant ash type fluxes, which have a somewhat more complicated and variable fingerprint (Henderson et al. 2016). Glasses made from the two types of soda may in most cases be distinguished by their potash and magnesia contents (fig. 2). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936459/figure-3-glass-recycling"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936466/figure-4-microphotographs-of-slag-inclusions-in-lapodean-eye"><img alt="Fig. 4a-b. Microphotographs of slag inclusions in lapodean eye beads (scanning electron microscope: A Franjic) smelting of noble metals in the Renaissance, which was also advised by Agricola in his De re Me- tallica (Hoover & Hoover 1950: 238; Mongiatti et al. 2009: 40; Dyer 2014: 199). Use of crushed glass beads as a flux to facilitate the agglomeration of the individual gold flakes in the gold re- fining process has also been documented in an early Islamic context at the Tadmekka site in the present-day Republic of Mali, while a similar practice of gold aggregation, with borax instead of glass beads, still exists in the area today (Rehren & Nixon 2014: 33, 37-8). Conversely, use of metallurgical slag as colourant is documented in the cases of Iron Age Iapodean eye beads (Franji¢ & Freestone 2017: 138; figs. 4a-b), early Anglo-Saxon opaque red glass (Peake & Free- stone 2012) and Roman glass from Serdica (Cholakova & Rehren 2012). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936474/figure-5-glass-recycling"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936483/figure-6-the-existence-of-relatively-small-number-of-primary"><img alt="The existence of a relatively small number of primary production centres, in specific geograph- ical locations with distinct compositional features (for example slightly different amounts o components such as CaO, Al,O, or TiO,) provides a framework within which recycled glass may be identified. Nonetheless, recognising ancient glass recycling poses many challenges, the most obvious one being the invisibility of a large scale and efficient recycling system. Efficien recycling implies repeated re-melting and mixing of glasses from a range of sources, so all glass recovered from a specific period in the archaeological record would have gone through numer- ous cycles of mixing and re-melting and converged upon a single hybrid composition withou traces of the original characteristics of the individual furnaces. Truly efficient recycling can therefore leave no obvious trace of the process in the composition of the glass. We are depend- ent upon the failure of societies to behave in such an efficient manner to detect and understand the process. Inevitably glass artefacts are recovered which were made from fresh glass which " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936497/figure-7-had-undergone-minimal-recycling-these-may-be-used"><img alt="had undergone minimal recycling. These may be used to establish the primary glass compo- sitional groups, representing fresh glass from the primary production workshops (e.g. fig. 7). Recycled glass may then be identified as compositions which are mixtures of these primary groups. Fig. 7. Major glass compositional groups of the first millennium CE. Each colour symbol represents the products of a distinctive production centre. (after: Freestone et a/. 2018). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936507/figure-8-manganese-and-antimony-decoloured-glass-of-the"><img alt="Fig. 8. Manganese- and antimony-decoloured glass of the lulia Felix plotted against the alumina content, showing the mixing line between the low-alumina antimony-decolorized glass and the high-alumina manganese-decolor- ized glass (after: Freestone 2015: 32, fig. 2). t has been recognised for some time that Roman colourless glass of 1-4 centuries CE com- prises two main types: Rom-Sb, decolourised by the addition of around one per cent antimony oxide, and Rom-Mn, characterised by around one per cent manganese oxide. The two types differ in other ways, in terms of their levels of soda, lime and alumina (fig. 7), and it appears that they were produced in two primary production centres. Current thought seems to be con- verging on the idea that Rom-Sb was made in Egypt (Degryse 2014; Schibille et al. 2017) while the Mn-variety was produced in Palestine, as suggested some years ago by Nenna et al. (1997). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936519/figure-9-glass-recycling"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-98558377-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="959d994e64e472848e91f377f0db6529" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":99875833,"asset_id":98558377,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/99875833/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="98558377"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="98558377"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 98558377; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=98558377]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=98558377]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 98558377; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='98558377']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "959d994e64e472848e91f377f0db6529" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=98558377]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":98558377,"title":"Glass Recycling","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"The paper discusses the imperative of glass recycling in contemporary society due to its environmental benefits, including reduced waste and energy conservation. It traces the historical evolution of glass recycling practices, the chemical properties that enable glass to be recycled indefinitely, and the current state of glass recycling in Croatia versus its potential in a broader European context. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-98558377-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="90271060"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/90271060/Composition_of_glass_bracelets_and_rings_from_the_Ayyubid_Mamluk_cemetery_at_Dohaleh_north_Jordan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Composition of glass bracelets and rings from the Ayyubid-Mamluk cemetery at Dohaleh, north Jordan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Composition of glass bracelets and rings from the Ayyubid-Mamluk cemetery at Dohaleh, north Jordan</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 46, p.103689.</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery at Dohaleh, North Jordan, have been analysed by electron microprobe. They fall into six compositional groups, based upon their alkali- and silica-related components. Groups A and F were made using Levantine plant ash but differ in their silica sources, they are typically decolorized using manganese. Groups B, C and E overlap in terms of silicarelated components but may be sub-divided on the basis of alkali source; this appears to have been a mineral alkali, possibly from Anatolia. A single bracelet (Group D) shows characteristics of Mesopotamian glass. All groups show evidence of tin-opacification, but the color palette of the mineral soda glasses is more restricted; furthermore, they were not decolorized using manganese. The results suggest that glass bracelets were being obtained from a wide range of sources.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="90271060"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90271060"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90271060; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90271060]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90271060]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90271060; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='90271060']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=90271060]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":90271060,"title":"Composition of glass bracelets and rings from the Ayyubid-Mamluk cemetery at Dohaleh, north Jordan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103689","abstract":"Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery at Dohaleh, North Jordan, have been analysed by electron microprobe. They fall into six compositional groups, based upon their alkali- and silica-related components. Groups A and F were made using Levantine plant ash but differ in their silica sources, they are typically decolorized using manganese. Groups B, C and E overlap in terms of silica\u0002related components but may be sub-divided on the basis of alkali source; this appears to have been a mineral alkali, possibly from Anatolia. A single bracelet (Group D) shows characteristics of Mesopotamian glass. All groups show evidence of tin-opacification, but the color palette of the mineral soda glasses is more restricted; furthermore, they were not decolorized using manganese. The results suggest that glass bracelets were being obtained from a wide range of sources. ","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 46, p.103689."},"translated_abstract":"Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery at Dohaleh, North Jordan, have been analysed by electron microprobe. They fall into six compositional groups, based upon their alkali- and silica-related components. Groups A and F were made using Levantine plant ash but differ in their silica sources, they are typically decolorized using manganese. Groups B, C and E overlap in terms of silica\u0002related components but may be sub-divided on the basis of alkali source; this appears to have been a mineral alkali, possibly from Anatolia. A single bracelet (Group D) shows characteristics of Mesopotamian glass. All groups show evidence of tin-opacification, but the color palette of the mineral soda glasses is more restricted; furthermore, they were not decolorized using manganese. The results suggest that glass bracelets were being obtained from a wide range of sources. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90271060/Composition_of_glass_bracelets_and_rings_from_the_Ayyubid_Mamluk_cemetery_at_Dohaleh_north_Jordan","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-11-08T03:05:35.410-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":39034409,"work_id":90271060,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":67185626,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"k***m@email.arizona.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Khaled al-Bashaireh","title":"Composition of glass bracelets and rings from the Ayyubid-Mamluk cemetery at Dohaleh, north Jordan"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Composition_of_glass_bracelets_and_rings_from_the_Ayyubid_Mamluk_cemetery_at_Dohaleh_north_Jordan","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery at Dohaleh, North Jordan, have been analysed by electron microprobe. They fall into six compositional groups, based upon their alkali- and silica-related components. Groups A and F were made using Levantine plant ash but differ in their silica sources, they are typically decolorized using manganese. Groups B, C and E overlap in terms of silica\u0002related components but may be sub-divided on the basis of alkali source; this appears to have been a mineral alkali, possibly from Anatolia. A single bracelet (Group D) shows characteristics of Mesopotamian glass. All groups show evidence of tin-opacification, but the color palette of the mineral soda glasses is more restricted; furthermore, they were not decolorized using manganese. The results suggest that glass bracelets were being obtained from a wide range of sources. ","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":12807,"name":"Archaeometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometry"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":229408,"name":"Islamic Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Glass"},{"id":346854,"name":"Glass Bracelets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass_Bracelets"}],"urls":[{"id":25700190,"url":"https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1f-vX,rVDBbxX2\u0026data=05%7C01%7Ci.freestone@ucl.ac.uk%7C29b3545323304b54ce0e08dabb29054b%7C1faf88fea9984c5b93c9210a11d9a5c2%7C0%7C0%7C638028082950270736%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0=%7C3000%7C%7C%7C\u0026sdata=WkTuT1Vn7ABG71GcOAWAhwAlFmhtAAR0EkellONuYkA=\u0026reserved=0"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-90271060-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="90270032"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/90270032/Diverse_strategies_for_copper_production_in_Chalcolithic_Iberia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93878984/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/90270032/Diverse_strategies_for_copper_production_in_Chalcolithic_Iberia">Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/ElizabethLaDuc">Elizabeth La Duc</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/MarcosMartinonTorres">Marcos Martinon-Torres</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Our understanding of early copper metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula is mostly based on analysis...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Our understanding of early copper metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula is mostly based on analysis from wellstudied regions in the Southeast and Southwest. This paper focuses on two recently recovered Chalcolithic metallurgical assemblages outside these traditional research foci: two slagged crucibles from Lugar Viejo III (Zaragoza) and two large slag cakes from Cueva del Cañaveralejo (Córdoba). Analysis of the compositions and microstructures of the artifacts using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) suggests they are related to primary copper production, namely smelting in cruciblefurnaces under relatively oxidizing conditions, as is standard for this period. The slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo indicate the production of copper with minor amounts of arsenic, also typical for this period. Of special note is the use of organic temper in the crucibles from Lugar Viejo, a practice found at the nearby site of Moncín but rare at other sites in Iberia. However, the slags from Cueva del Cañaveralejo are atypical in their large size (approx. 125 g each), fayalitic composition, unusual efficiency as demonstrated by a low copper content, and lack of arsenic; furthermore, the high sulfur content raises the possibility of the use of sulfidic ores. Results from both sites are compared against published data from well-known sites such as Los Millares, Las Pilas, Almizaraque, and Bauma del Serrat del Pont. The new data from Lugar Viejo and Cueva del Cañaveralejo reinforce the interpretation of metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula as a low-skilled, conservative technology but also indicate the need for more research into regional variations. (See Supplementary Data 1 for a summary in Spanish).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-90270032-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-90270032-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559589/figure-1-map-of-chalcolithic-early-bronze-age-sites-with"><img alt="Fig. 1. Map of Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age sites with metallurgical remains mentioned in the text. 1 = Cueva del Canaveralejo, 2 = Lugar Viejo III, 3 = Zambujal, 4 = Vila Nova de Sao Pedro, 5 = San Blas, 6 = Cabezo Juré, 7 = Valencina de la Concepcion, 8 = Dolores Quintanilla, 9 = Los Millares, 10 = Las Pilas, 11 = Almizaraque, 12 = Moncin, 13 = Bauma del Serrat del Pont. Base map: Made with Natural Earth. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559594/figure-2-crucible-sherds-from-lugar-viejo-iii-lv-left-and-lv"><img alt="Fig. 2. Crucible sherds from Lugar Viejo III, LV1 (left) and LV2 (right). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559597/figure-3-polished-cross-section-of-crucible-sherd-lv-from"><img alt="Fig. 3. Polished cross-section of crucible sherd (LV2) from Lugar Viejo III. Note the thin layer of slag on the interior surface, visible at top, and the transition of the ceramic body from dark gray to light gray/brown on the exterior edge. The crucibles appear to be the result of smelting copper, not other metallurgical operations such as refining or melting, because of the presence of relict ores and the elevated iron content (Farci et al. 2017, 343). Furthermore, although it is likely that some of the silica in the slag layer derives from the thermally altered ceramic, the Si02:Al203 ratio is much higher in the slag than the ceramic (8.5 vs 3.0), indicating a sili- ceous component to the metallurgical charge - most likely, quartz gangue. The low sulfur content indicates the use of predominantly oxidic, not sulfidic ores; and the elevated copper content, averaging 16% " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559601/figure-5-sem-bse-image-of-slag-lv-showing-magnetite"><img alt="Fig. 5. SEM-BSE image of slag LV1, showing a magnetite agglomerate at center and a relict quartz grain at right. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559604/figure-4-sem-bse-image-of-lv-showing-typical-microstructure"><img alt="Fig. 4. SEM-BSE image of LV2, showing typical microstructure of slag from Lugar Viejo III, namely magnetite crystals (light gray) and pyroxene crystals (dark gray, here faintly visible) distributed throughout an iron silicate matrix (medium gray), with some delafossite crystals (acicular light gray) and some circular and irregularly shaped copper prills (white). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559610/figure-6-thin-section-of-ceramic-crucible-lv-under-plane-and"><img alt="Fig. 6. Thin section of ceramic crucible LV2, under plane- and cross-polarized light. The thin horizontal voids derive from the use of organic temper. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559614/figure-7-ternary-diagrams-of-si-feo-cao-and-sio-feo-cuo-in"><img alt="Fig. 7. Ternary diagrams of Si02-FeO-CaO and SiO2-FeO-CuO in average slag compositions. For Las Pilas, the result is the average of the large slag fragments, not the slag layers on crucibles. (The data was taken from the following sources: Almizaraque, Los Millares, and Dolores Quintanilla: Rovira and Renzi 2017; Las Pilas Murillo-Barroso et al. 2017; Cabezo Juré: Saez et al. 2003.). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559617/figure-8-slag-cakes-from-cueva-del-canaveralejo-cc-left-and"><img alt="Fig. 8. Slag cakes from Cueva del Canaveralejo, CC4 (left) and CC5 (right). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559623/figure-10-sem-bse-image-of-slag-cake-cc-showing-the-typical"><img alt="Fig. 10. SEM-BSE image of slag cake CC5, showing the typical microstructure of slag from Cueva del Canaveralejo: abundant anhedral magnetite crystals (light gray) surrounded by fayalite (medium gray), with scattered small copper prills (white). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559626/figure-11-sem-bse-image-of-lustrous-white-prill-in-slag-cc"><img alt="Fig. 11. SEM-BSE image of a lustrous white prill in slag CC5, identified as chalcocite, Cu2S. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559633/figure-9-cross-sections-of-samples-from-the-slag-cakes-from"><img alt="Fig. 9. Cross-sections of samples from the slag cakes from Cueva del Canaveralejo, CC4 (left) and CC5 (right), with visible quartz grains (light yel- low) and embedded charcoal. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559638/figure-12-photomicrograph-of-lustrous-yellow-prills"><img alt="Fig. 12. Photomicrograph of lustrous yellow prills, identified as copper iron sulfide, possibly bornite (CusFeS,), in slag CC5, under plane-polarized light. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559643/figure-13-sem-bse-image-of-charcoal-embedded-within-slag"><img alt="Fig. 13. SEM-BSE image of charcoal embedded within slag cake CC4. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559647/figure-14-lead-isotope-results-for-cueva-del-canaveralejo"><img alt="Fig. 14. a-c Lead isotope results for Cueva del Canaveralejo, compared to previously published results for the Ossa Morena and Los Pedroches. Sources for data: Hunt Ortiz 2003, Gauss 2016, Klein et al. 2009, Marcoux et al. 2002, Saez et al. 2021, Santos Zalduegui et al. 2004, Tornos and Chiaradia 2004. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559653/table-1-dating-by-ams-analysis-of-the-relevant-stratigraphic"><img alt="Dating by AMS analysis of the relevant stratigraphic layer from Cueva del Canaveralejo (Jabalquinto Exposito 2022, 153). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559662/table-2-average-bulk-composition-of-the-slag-layers-on"><img alt="Average bulk composition of the slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo and the slag cakes from Cueva del Canaveralejo, obtained by SEM-EDS, in weight percent by oxide with results normalized to 100% and with oxygen calculated by stoichiometry. Original measured totals are also given. nd = not detected. Extended results for these and the following analyses are provided in Supplementary Data 3. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559670/table-3-average-composition-of-copper-prills-in-slag-layers"><img alt="Average composition of copper prills in slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo III and in slag cakes from Cueva del Canaveralejo obtained by SEM-EDS, in weight percent by element with results normalized to 100%. Original measured totals are also given. nd = not detected. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559678/table-4-average-composition-of-ceramic-fabric-of-crucibles"><img alt="Average composition of ceramic fabric of crucibles from Lugar Viejo III, obtained by SEM-EDS, in weight percent with results normalized to 100% and with oxygen calculated by stoichiometry. Original measured totals are also given. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559687/table-5-results-of-lead-isotope-analysis"><img alt="Results of lead isotope analysis. Table 5 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559693/table-6-geological-samples-which-are-closest-matches-to-the"><img alt="Geological samples which are closest matches to the slags from Cueva del Canaveralejo slags, based on Euclidean distances of isotopic ratios " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559697/table-7-supplementary-data-to-this-article-including-an"><img alt="Supplementary data to this article, including an extended abstract translated into Spanish, can be found online at https://doi.org/10.10 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_007.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-90270032-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f5da36c8b348872ab0c34d48c3b2631f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93878984,"asset_id":90270032,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93878984/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="90270032"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90270032"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90270032; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90270032]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90270032]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90270032; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='90270032']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f5da36c8b348872ab0c34d48c3b2631f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=90270032]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":90270032,"title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103683","abstract":"Our understanding of early copper metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula is mostly based on analysis from wellstudied regions in the Southeast and Southwest. This paper focuses on two recently recovered Chalcolithic metallurgical assemblages outside these traditional research foci: two slagged crucibles from Lugar Viejo III (Zaragoza) and two large slag cakes from Cueva del Cañaveralejo (Córdoba). Analysis of the compositions and microstructures of the artifacts using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) suggests they are related to primary copper production, namely smelting in cruciblefurnaces under relatively oxidizing conditions, as is standard for this period. The slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo indicate the production of copper with minor amounts of arsenic, also typical for this period. Of special note is the use of organic temper in the crucibles from Lugar Viejo, a practice found at the nearby site of Moncín but rare at other sites in Iberia. However, the slags from Cueva del Cañaveralejo are atypical in their large size (approx. 125 g each), fayalitic composition, unusual efficiency as demonstrated by a low copper content, and lack of arsenic; furthermore, the high sulfur content raises the possibility of the use of sulfidic ores. Results from both sites are compared against published data from well-known sites such as Los Millares, Las Pilas, Almizaraque, and Bauma del Serrat del Pont. The new data from Lugar Viejo and Cueva del Cañaveralejo reinforce the interpretation of metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula as a low-skilled, conservative technology but also indicate the need for more research into regional variations. (See Supplementary Data 1 for a summary in Spanish).","ai_title_tag":"Innovative Copper Metallurgy in Iberia","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Our understanding of early copper metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula is mostly based on analysis from wellstudied regions in the Southeast and Southwest. This paper focuses on two recently recovered Chalcolithic metallurgical assemblages outside these traditional research foci: two slagged crucibles from Lugar Viejo III (Zaragoza) and two large slag cakes from Cueva del Cañaveralejo (Córdoba). Analysis of the compositions and microstructures of the artifacts using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) suggests they are related to primary copper production, namely smelting in cruciblefurnaces under relatively oxidizing conditions, as is standard for this period. The slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo indicate the production of copper with minor amounts of arsenic, also typical for this period. Of special note is the use of organic temper in the crucibles from Lugar Viejo, a practice found at the nearby site of Moncín but rare at other sites in Iberia. However, the slags from Cueva del Cañaveralejo are atypical in their large size (approx. 125 g each), fayalitic composition, unusual efficiency as demonstrated by a low copper content, and lack of arsenic; furthermore, the high sulfur content raises the possibility of the use of sulfidic ores. Results from both sites are compared against published data from well-known sites such as Los Millares, Las Pilas, Almizaraque, and Bauma del Serrat del Pont. The new data from Lugar Viejo and Cueva del Cañaveralejo reinforce the interpretation of metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula as a low-skilled, conservative technology but also indicate the need for more research into regional variations. (See Supplementary Data 1 for a summary in Spanish).","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90270032/Diverse_strategies_for_copper_production_in_Chalcolithic_Iberia","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-11-08T02:52:36.714-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":39034348,"work_id":90270032,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":102532338,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"e***c@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Cambridge","display_order":-1,"name":"Elizabeth La Duc","title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia"},{"id":39034349,"work_id":90270032,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":2575152,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***s@arch.cam.ac.uk","affiliation":"University of Cambridge","display_order":1,"name":"Marcos Martinon-Torres","title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia"},{"id":39063017,"work_id":90270032,"tagging_user_id":102532338,"tagged_user_id":318231,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"i***o@cchs.csic.es","affiliation":"CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Spanish National Research Council)","display_order":2,"name":"Ignacio Montero Ruiz","title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia"},{"id":39123175,"work_id":90270032,"tagging_user_id":102532338,"tagged_user_id":1723063,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"j***i@hotmail.com","display_order":4194305,"name":"Isabel Maria Jabalquinto","title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia"},{"id":41395013,"work_id":90270032,"tagging_user_id":102532338,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":6829814,"email":"m***s@ucl.ac.uk","display_order":1075838976,"name":"Marcos Martinón-Torres","title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia"},{"id":41395014,"work_id":90270032,"tagging_user_id":102532338,"tagged_user_id":1328693,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"f***n@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Zaragoza","display_order":1611661312,"name":"Fernando Pérez-Lambán","title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia"},{"id":41514929,"work_id":90270032,"tagging_user_id":102532338,"tagged_user_id":39946926,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"j***n@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Zaragoza","display_order":1879572480,"name":"Jesus V. Picazo Millan","title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia"},{"id":41514930,"work_id":90270032,"tagging_user_id":102532338,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":1630891,"email":"i***o@ceh.csic.es","display_order":2013528064,"name":"Ignacio Montero-Ruiz","title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":93878984,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93878984/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2022_La_Duc_et_al_copper_production_chalcolithic_Iberia.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93878984/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Diverse_strategies_for_copper_production.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/93878984/2022_La_Duc_et_al_copper_production_chalcolithic_Iberia-libre.pdf?1667904865=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDiverse_strategies_for_copper_production.pdf\u0026Expires=1743458235\u0026Signature=FNzOJhYid0Y4R2TnAMGzuLSYIH49IaylwnRJ~nJz17Huikear4eOOIz96jCWlT9OF4XNlzxdauUT0-xoHiASkFn7-urhPX4eE1~bOH3ZQFeEvhr8SzfYwTVlptGbv0sQLpk01kRTXjWGrNeRfhV50x4cwg30euC31Z5Ec6GywgqVoeME7axgpJKN-V5nvRnKvt~qY0fRXbe82Z6ZSTpxxiNsV787CTxJ1KkzNNx1KXN8MHG3aCwYVT6EH1--zTy30CMVOVIX7EUUenebW6qFgs5x4mhEE7jKDxj9GImhgGN0ayJFbwiktfKQ5ptjlvLUxktDD1fSHtdWZ7-KjB-oIg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Diverse_strategies_for_copper_production_in_Chalcolithic_Iberia","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Our understanding of early copper metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula is mostly based on analysis from wellstudied regions in the Southeast and Southwest. This paper focuses on two recently recovered Chalcolithic metallurgical assemblages outside these traditional research foci: two slagged crucibles from Lugar Viejo III (Zaragoza) and two large slag cakes from Cueva del Cañaveralejo (Córdoba). Analysis of the compositions and microstructures of the artifacts using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) suggests they are related to primary copper production, namely smelting in cruciblefurnaces under relatively oxidizing conditions, as is standard for this period. The slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo indicate the production of copper with minor amounts of arsenic, also typical for this period. Of special note is the use of organic temper in the crucibles from Lugar Viejo, a practice found at the nearby site of Moncín but rare at other sites in Iberia. However, the slags from Cueva del Cañaveralejo are atypical in their large size (approx. 125 g each), fayalitic composition, unusual efficiency as demonstrated by a low copper content, and lack of arsenic; furthermore, the high sulfur content raises the possibility of the use of sulfidic ores. Results from both sites are compared against published data from well-known sites such as Los Millares, Las Pilas, Almizaraque, and Bauma del Serrat del Pont. The new data from Lugar Viejo and Cueva del Cañaveralejo reinforce the interpretation of metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula as a low-skilled, conservative technology but also indicate the need for more research into regional variations. (See Supplementary Data 1 for a summary in Spanish).","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":93878984,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93878984/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2022_La_Duc_et_al_copper_production_chalcolithic_Iberia.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93878984/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Diverse_strategies_for_copper_production.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/93878984/2022_La_Duc_et_al_copper_production_chalcolithic_Iberia-libre.pdf?1667904865=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDiverse_strategies_for_copper_production.pdf\u0026Expires=1743458235\u0026Signature=FNzOJhYid0Y4R2TnAMGzuLSYIH49IaylwnRJ~nJz17Huikear4eOOIz96jCWlT9OF4XNlzxdauUT0-xoHiASkFn7-urhPX4eE1~bOH3ZQFeEvhr8SzfYwTVlptGbv0sQLpk01kRTXjWGrNeRfhV50x4cwg30euC31Z5Ec6GywgqVoeME7axgpJKN-V5nvRnKvt~qY0fRXbe82Z6ZSTpxxiNsV787CTxJ1KkzNNx1KXN8MHG3aCwYVT6EH1--zTy30CMVOVIX7EUUenebW6qFgs5x4mhEE7jKDxj9GImhgGN0ayJFbwiktfKQ5ptjlvLUxktDD1fSHtdWZ7-KjB-oIg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12807,"name":"Archaeometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometry"},{"id":24522,"name":"Archaeometallurgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometallurgy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-90270032-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72334302"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72334302/Exotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of_recycling_in_the_northwest_Quarter_of_Gerasa_Jerash_Jordan_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87772593/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72334302/Exotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of_recycling_in_the_northwest_Quarter_of_Gerasa_Jerash_Jordan_">Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uni-m.academia.edu/AchimLichtenberger">Achim Lichtenberger</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Major and trace elements are presented for 149 glass fragments ranging in date from the Roman to ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Major and trace elements are presented for 149 glass fragments ranging in date from the Roman to Early Islamic periods (1st – mid-8th centuries CE), excavated during the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project's fieldwork between 2011 and 2016. The results confirm a clear dominance of Levantine glass types, but also reveal 12 glasses of Egyptian and Mesopotamian compositions recovered from two houses destroyed by the major earthquake which hit parts of the Levant in January 749 CE. These closed and undisturbed contexts from the final phase of occupation reveal the presence of relatively more pristine Levantine as well as imported material that is less visible in earlier contexts in the Gerasa assemblage, where the recycling indexes are high and chemical signatures of any exotic glass were largely lost due to remelting and their dilution by the overwhelming quantities of glass produced in the Levantine region. This emphasizes that imported glass may frequently be underestimated or even invisible in glass compositional studies, depending on the archaeological context sampled and the approach taken to artifact quantification.<br /><br />Levantine glass was attributed to Roman, Late Roman (Jalame) and Byzantine/Early Islamic (Apollonia) productions based primarily on MnO, Al2O3 and Na2O concentrations, which offered an advantage over previous approaches. While colorants in weakly colored glass indicate recycled material, their concentrations are sensitive to context, with higher concentrations in the early periods when the use of intentionally colored glass was more frequent. We have therefore developed the concept of the intensity of recycling, which was estimated using components modified during prolonged melting, such as K2O, P2O5 and Cl. A pronounced enrichment in CaO, also dependent upon the intensity of recycling, may affect the assignment to compositional groups and should be taken into consideration in future. Recycling in Gerasa appears to have been more intensive than was the case for cities closer to the primary production centers on the Mediterranean coast, consistent with the view that the dependency on recycling increases further away from the source of the primary material. In contrast, the cities in the coastal plain could readily exploit the marine transportation network, which appears to have played a major role in the distribution of raw glass.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="10176bcd784c9afc80a93f270938e644" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87772593,"asset_id":72334302,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87772593/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72334302"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72334302"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72334302; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72334302]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72334302]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72334302; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72334302']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "10176bcd784c9afc80a93f270938e644" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72334302]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72334302,"title":"Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2022.105546","abstract":"Major and trace elements are presented for 149 glass fragments ranging in date from the Roman to Early Islamic periods (1st – mid-8th centuries CE), excavated during the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project's fieldwork between 2011 and 2016. The results confirm a clear dominance of Levantine glass types, but also reveal 12 glasses of Egyptian and Mesopotamian compositions recovered from two houses destroyed by the major earthquake which hit parts of the Levant in January 749 CE. These closed and undisturbed contexts from the final phase of occupation reveal the presence of relatively more pristine Levantine as well as imported material that is less visible in earlier contexts in the Gerasa assemblage, where the recycling indexes are high and chemical signatures of any exotic glass were largely lost due to remelting and their dilution by the overwhelming quantities of glass produced in the Levantine region. This emphasizes that imported glass may frequently be underestimated or even invisible in glass compositional studies, depending on the archaeological context sampled and the approach taken to artifact quantification.\n\nLevantine glass was attributed to Roman, Late Roman (Jalame) and Byzantine/Early Islamic (Apollonia) productions based primarily on MnO, Al2O3 and Na2O concentrations, which offered an advantage over previous approaches. While colorants in weakly colored glass indicate recycled material, their concentrations are sensitive to context, with higher concentrations in the early periods when the use of intentionally colored glass was more frequent. We have therefore developed the concept of the intensity of recycling, which was estimated using components modified during prolonged melting, such as K2O, P2O5 and Cl. A pronounced enrichment in CaO, also dependent upon the intensity of recycling, may affect the assignment to compositional groups and should be taken into consideration in future. Recycling in Gerasa appears to have been more intensive than was the case for cities closer to the primary production centers on the Mediterranean coast, consistent with the view that the dependency on recycling increases further away from the source of the primary material. 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These closed and undisturbed contexts from the final phase of occupation reveal the presence of relatively more pristine Levantine as well as imported material that is less visible in earlier contexts in the Gerasa assemblage, where the recycling indexes are high and chemical signatures of any exotic glass were largely lost due to remelting and their dilution by the overwhelming quantities of glass produced in the Levantine region. This emphasizes that imported glass may frequently be underestimated or even invisible in glass compositional studies, depending on the archaeological context sampled and the approach taken to artifact quantification.\n\nLevantine glass was attributed to Roman, Late Roman (Jalame) and Byzantine/Early Islamic (Apollonia) productions based primarily on MnO, Al2O3 and Na2O concentrations, which offered an advantage over previous approaches. 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In contrast, the cities in the coastal plain could readily exploit the marine transportation network, which appears to have played a major role in the distribution of raw glass.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/72334302/Exotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of_recycling_in_the_northwest_Quarter_of_Gerasa_Jerash_Jordan_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-02-23T09:09:15.274-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":37745541,"work_id":72334302,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":7065681,"email":"g***d@geo.au.dk","display_order":-1,"name":"Gry Barfod","title":"Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)"},{"id":37745544,"work_id":72334302,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":4461865,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"r***l@mail.huji.ac.il","affiliation":"The Israel Museum, Jerusalem","display_order":1,"name":"Ruth Jackson-Tal","title":"Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)"},{"id":37745543,"work_id":72334302,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":36875696,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"l***b@uni-muenster.de","affiliation":"Universität Münster","display_order":2,"name":"Achim Lichtenberger","title":"Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)"},{"id":37745542,"work_id":72334302,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":33006238,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"r***a@cas.au.dk","affiliation":"Aarhus University","display_order":3,"name":"Rubina Raja","title":"Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87772593,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87772593/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2022_Barfod_et_al_Exotic_glass_types_and_intensity_of_recycling_J_Arch_Sci.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87772593/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Exotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87772593/2022_Barfod_et_al_Exotic_glass_types_and_intensity_of_recycling_J_Arch_Sci-libre.pdf?1655718086=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544595\u0026Signature=EkxN1-4rmjzUEf-fqY7OGl1cFIE-eZF-3pxcoKMMCJP1m2vPb-6ifzR-Mdu22Hfaz3YSDiSIKLFNTfLVf~8J4Mv6PvjYB5WWNW1TjOh3MAWA2A7UXGfsDjAOJkH3FzCG0jwvzQrj8J10Y~zTCU0qA40Fa9Y0xnstr36z-oBKxmouQooytp7AL2~M8DXsMr18jOvZtOGwwgEa1fezaJ1gHn9b1jbaqI6Ajt-E1QMj8gaFjARPescWJ2j0pGhpRlvATKwAKbRemQEBjvG1xK0V4X3g2wL0EvPLk0NVYRVgLLxSAW5IbWXhNySftg4GgZygSWsCuD-ImpWB1lHDtTsTOg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Exotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of_recycling_in_the_northwest_Quarter_of_Gerasa_Jerash_Jordan_","translated_slug":"","page_count":18,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Major and trace elements are presented for 149 glass fragments ranging in date from the Roman to Early Islamic periods (1st – mid-8th centuries CE), excavated during the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project's fieldwork between 2011 and 2016. 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This emphasizes that imported glass may frequently be underestimated or even invisible in glass compositional studies, depending on the archaeological context sampled and the approach taken to artifact quantification.\n\nLevantine glass was attributed to Roman, Late Roman (Jalame) and Byzantine/Early Islamic (Apollonia) productions based primarily on MnO, Al2O3 and Na2O concentrations, which offered an advantage over previous approaches. While colorants in weakly colored glass indicate recycled material, their concentrations are sensitive to context, with higher concentrations in the early periods when the use of intentionally colored glass was more frequent. We have therefore developed the concept of the intensity of recycling, which was estimated using components modified during prolonged melting, such as K2O, P2O5 and Cl. 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This small group of eighteen fragments and mosaic glass<br />tesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae (six pcs) and sheets of glass<br />(five pcs), which could be related to architectural decoration (sectilia panels). Others are pieces left behind from secondary glass<br />working (four pcs). There are also two fragments tentatively identified as window pane pieces, and only one find is a vessel sherd.<br />The materials are dated to the 4th century. Significantly, some of the production debris and the two “window pane” fragments<br />were found inside the destruction of a glass furnace. The analyses of the chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that<br />the blue colourant in all samples is cobalt, and antimony is also present at notable levels (except for one sample), likely to produce<br />opacification of the glass. Regarding the origin of the raw glass, the data on almost all pieces suggests a Syro-Palestinian<br />provenance, and a single sample could be related to Egyptian primary glass production. Importantly, the concentrations of the<br />oxides added to the base glasses in order to modify the colour are positively correlated in certain samples, hinting at the makeup<br />of the cobalt bearing ingredient and at a likely existence of particular production practices of the late Roman period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb49aff717d297a3bef8577e6141bce7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79472255,"asset_id":69337444,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79472255/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69337444"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69337444"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69337444; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69337444]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69337444]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69337444; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='69337444']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cb49aff717d297a3bef8577e6141bce7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=69337444]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":69337444,"title":"The Blues of Romuliana","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.2298/STA2171207J","abstract":"The paper presents a set of glass fragments excavated at several different locations within and outside the late Roman\nfortified imperial residence Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia). This small group of eighteen fragments and mosaic glass\ntesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae (six pcs) and sheets of glass\n(five pcs), which could be related to architectural decoration (sectilia panels). Others are pieces left behind from secondary glass\nworking (four pcs). There are also two fragments tentatively identified as window pane pieces, and only one find is a vessel sherd.\nThe materials are dated to the 4th century. Significantly, some of the production debris and the two “window pane” fragments\nwere found inside the destruction of a glass furnace. The analyses of the chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that\nthe blue colourant in all samples is cobalt, and antimony is also present at notable levels (except for one sample), likely to produce\nopacification of the glass. Regarding the origin of the raw glass, the data on almost all pieces suggests a Syro-Palestinian\nprovenance, and a single sample could be related to Egyptian primary glass production. Importantly, the concentrations of the\noxides added to the base glasses in order to modify the colour are positively correlated in certain samples, hinting at the makeup\nof the cobalt bearing ingredient and at a likely existence of particular production practices of the late Roman period.","ai_title_tag":"Cobalt Blue Glass from Felix Romuliana","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Starinar"},"translated_abstract":"The paper presents a set of glass fragments excavated at several different locations within and outside the late Roman\nfortified imperial residence Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia). This small group of eighteen fragments and mosaic glass\ntesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae (six pcs) and sheets of glass\n(five pcs), which could be related to architectural decoration (sectilia panels). Others are pieces left behind from secondary glass\nworking (four pcs). There are also two fragments tentatively identified as window pane pieces, and only one find is a vessel sherd.\nThe materials are dated to the 4th century. Significantly, some of the production debris and the two “window pane” fragments\nwere found inside the destruction of a glass furnace. The analyses of the chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that\nthe blue colourant in all samples is cobalt, and antimony is also present at notable levels (except for one sample), likely to produce\nopacification of the glass. Regarding the origin of the raw glass, the data on almost all pieces suggests a Syro-Palestinian\nprovenance, and a single sample could be related to Egyptian primary glass production. 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This small group of eighteen fragments and mosaic glass\ntesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae (six pcs) and sheets of glass\n(five pcs), which could be related to architectural decoration (sectilia panels). Others are pieces left behind from secondary glass\nworking (four pcs). There are also two fragments tentatively identified as window pane pieces, and only one find is a vessel sherd.\nThe materials are dated to the 4th century. Significantly, some of the production debris and the two “window pane” fragments\nwere found inside the destruction of a glass furnace. The analyses of the chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that\nthe blue colourant in all samples is cobalt, and antimony is also present at notable levels (except for one sample), likely to produce\nopacification of the glass. Regarding the origin of the raw glass, the data on almost all pieces suggests a Syro-Palestinian\nprovenance, and a single sample could be related to Egyptian primary glass production. Importantly, the concentrations of the\noxides added to the base glasses in order to modify the colour are positively correlated in certain samples, hinting at the makeup\nof the cobalt bearing ingredient and at a likely existence of particular production practices of the late Roman period.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":79472255,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79472255/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2021_Jovanovic_et_al_Blues_of_Romuliana.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79472255/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Blues_of_Romuliana.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79472255/2021_Jovanovic_et_al_Blues_of_Romuliana-libre.pdf?1643022136=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Blues_of_Romuliana.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544595\u0026Signature=eraIzfVJ7kEhBwny~WbwQ2G9yXj5ZIaxfIgiyYwreaPStdMzKKjBQ3K9IE6LPxOBD23XB57Vy3SDb0PprtzFPJB0BZVC-wCKhYhrDAp0DwLRZ1d5Cip9KQEoOLNkAh7V0VqR0j6hPPegCAQYPMwrtLUXZGs5QlvtkakTsZsLewgcIV2gYWunepFFsHGay8F7NUYUlUxAvUOvWrujiRsDFqctowvZU0n7mQKhf0rpV7t-RexM3fbNcmYVtYq7NLFsd1yA-c9hFZYyl8vFEUhPTIFNCtUqLfqmbPUon85p74vVt0-ZtdIYQ1iKFcigMec5kr-VRh3VBGh-bkYMbA8RQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":41438,"name":"Ancient Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass"},{"id":42366,"name":"Roman Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Glass"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-69337444-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49548311"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49548311/Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_Window_in_England"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67875997/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49548311/Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_Window_in_England">Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/LauraAdlington">Laura W Adlington</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LSeliger">L. Seliger</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Heritage</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130-1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the second period of recycling (1790s), surviving figures from the Ancestors series were removed and adapted into rectangular panels for insertion into large Perpendicular-style windows elsewhere in the cathedral. The results show that the glasses used to adapt the panels to a rectangular shape were broadly contemporary with the glasses used to glaze the original Ancestors windows, again representing a more extensive presence of medieval glass in the windows.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e4fd98378fc0ea6f5a21fd47a30d3076" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67875997,"asset_id":49548311,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67875997/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49548311"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49548311"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49548311; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49548311]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49548311]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49548311; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='49548311']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e4fd98378fc0ea6f5a21fd47a30d3076" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=49548311]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":49548311,"title":"Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.3390/ heritage4020051","abstract":"Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130-1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the second period of recycling (1790s), surviving figures from the Ancestors series were removed and adapted into rectangular panels for insertion into large Perpendicular-style windows elsewhere in the cathedral. The results show that the glasses used to adapt the panels to a rectangular shape were broadly contemporary with the glasses used to glaze the original Ancestors windows, again representing a more extensive presence of medieval glass in the windows.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Heritage"},"translated_abstract":"Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130-1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. 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The results show that the glasses used to adapt the panels to a rectangular shape were broadly contemporary with the glasses used to glaze the original Ancestors windows, again representing a more extensive presence of medieval glass in the windows.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49548311/Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_Window_in_England","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-05T02:01:58.194-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":36671152,"work_id":49548311,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":3310372,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"l***2@UCL.ac.uk","affiliation":"Independent Researcher","display_order":1,"name":"Laura W Adlington","title":"Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?"},{"id":36671153,"work_id":49548311,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":62956166,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"l***r@canterbury-cathedral.org","display_order":2,"name":"L. 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This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the second period of recycling (1790s), surviving figures from the Ancestors series were removed and adapted into rectangular panels for insertion into large Perpendicular-style windows elsewhere in the cathedral. The results show that the glasses used to adapt the panels to a rectangular shape were broadly contemporary with the glasses used to glaze the original Ancestors windows, again representing a more extensive presence of medieval glass in the windows.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":67875997,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67875997/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2021_Adlington_et_al_Dating_Nathan_heritage_04_00051.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67875997/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67875997/2021_Adlington_et_al_Dating_Nathan_heritage_04_00051-libre.pdf?1625477228=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460668\u0026Signature=KoKsxa0wR4NXET9sx0s84Mb1R4olPDaxjvPbVtVw8quP7EzdKvx~UBHghSrSWPTjgjgrfBH3rf1SeragEKYsyHj7KnavFmGNtJ-271lam4CocYAuI5po7m3vgi~Wq0g7PJugBOQo-sjYD-ZMFHPT4M4T26g1NIot~UzfgIXBO5jeEuULxohWke5uW~KFcgdh61rLAIY6UK4r3QxFB18Pc8unlIhTID9CkCuKJg3nYps8wdktPuvGx1pczzcr5Muj~zsgAAAaQ2qOalB5gi7QTKpGC-sEzF1RlkbU~-7SMK34AwhJBmmLv8WG17Fsu0ep4O-sJdsjUTwet9PCr8Rp6A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":163582,"name":"Medieval and Postmedieval Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_and_Postmedieval_Glass"},{"id":663638,"name":"Medieval Stained Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Stained_Glass"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-49548311-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="46939106"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/46939106/Raw_materials_and_technology_of_Medieval_Glass_from_Venice_the_Basilica_of_SS_Maria_e_Donato_in_Murano_Occari_et_al_2021_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/CorisandeFenwick">Corisande Fenwick</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/VeronicaOccari">Veronica Occari</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>J Arch Sci: Reports</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely accessible for analysis. Here we present electron microprobe analyses of sixty-one glass vessels dated to between the 12th and15th centuries from the island of Murano, which from the late 13th century was the centre of glass production in the city. All appear to have used the same type of soda ash, with similar levels of soda, magnesia, potash and phosphate and this is likely to have originated in the Levant. The alumina, iron and titanium contents suggest that three different silica sources have been used for the glass. Comparison with the available data from Venice and elsewhere in northern Italy suggests that the assemblage may include material made on the island. Furthermore, there are similarities with glass from the Levant and Egypt raising the possibility that raw glass from several regions may be represented. However, records indicate that Venice imported sand as well as raw glass from the Levant, which remains a possibility in the present case.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="46939106"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="46939106"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46939106; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=46939106]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=46939106]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46939106; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='46939106']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=46939106]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":46939106,"title":"Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102981","abstract":"Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely accessible for analysis. Here we present electron microprobe analyses of sixty-one glass vessels dated to between the 12th and15th centuries from the island of Murano, which from the late 13th century was the centre of glass production in the city. All appear to have used the same type of soda ash, with similar levels of soda, magnesia, potash and phosphate and this is likely to have originated in the Levant. The alumina, iron and titanium contents suggest that three different silica sources have been used for the glass. Comparison with the available data from Venice and elsewhere in northern Italy suggests that the assemblage may include material made on the island. Furthermore, there are similarities with glass from the Levant and Egypt raising the possibility that raw glass from several regions may be represented. However, records indicate that Venice imported sand as well as raw glass from the Levant, which remains a possibility in the present case.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"J Arch Sci: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely accessible for analysis. Here we present electron microprobe analyses of sixty-one glass vessels dated to between the 12th and15th centuries from the island of Murano, which from the late 13th century was the centre of glass production in the city. All appear to have used the same type of soda ash, with similar levels of soda, magnesia, potash and phosphate and this is likely to have originated in the Levant. The alumina, iron and titanium contents suggest that three different silica sources have been used for the glass. Comparison with the available data from Venice and elsewhere in northern Italy suggests that the assemblage may include material made on the island. Furthermore, there are similarities with glass from the Levant and Egypt raising the possibility that raw glass from several regions may be represented. However, records indicate that Venice imported sand as well as raw glass from the Levant, which remains a possibility in the present case.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/46939106/Raw_materials_and_technology_of_Medieval_Glass_from_Venice_the_Basilica_of_SS_Maria_e_Donato_in_Murano_Occari_et_al_2021_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-04-19T01:52:53.628-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36451907,"work_id":46939106,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":408385,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"c***k@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":0,"name":"Corisande Fenwick","title":"Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)"},{"id":36451908,"work_id":46939106,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":54520634,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"v***i@gmail.com","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":4194304,"name":"Veronica Occari","title":"Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Raw_materials_and_technology_of_Medieval_Glass_from_Venice_the_Basilica_of_SS_Maria_e_Donato_in_Murano_Occari_et_al_2021_","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely accessible for analysis. Here we present electron microprobe analyses of sixty-one glass vessels dated to between the 12th and15th centuries from the island of Murano, which from the late 13th century was the centre of glass production in the city. All appear to have used the same type of soda ash, with similar levels of soda, magnesia, potash and phosphate and this is likely to have originated in the Levant. The alumina, iron and titanium contents suggest that three different silica sources have been used for the glass. Comparison with the available data from Venice and elsewhere in northern Italy suggests that the assemblage may include material made on the island. Furthermore, there are similarities with glass from the Levant and Egypt raising the possibility that raw glass from several regions may be represented. However, records indicate that Venice imported sand as well as raw glass from the Levant, which remains a possibility in the present case.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":31043,"name":"Medieval Glasses (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Glasses_Archaeology_"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":229408,"name":"Islamic Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Glass"},{"id":430640,"name":"Venetian glassware","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Venetian_glassware"}],"urls":[{"id":9667667,"url":"https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1cwAJ,rVDBY6-A"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-46939106-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="45671555"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/45671555/Glass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium_CE_A_Compositional_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Glass Production in the First Millennium CE: A Compositional Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66172635/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/45671555/Glass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium_CE_A_Compositional_Perspective">Glass Production in the First Millennium CE: A Compositional Perspective</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Künstlichen Stein zum durchsichtigen Massenprodukt / From artificial stone to translucent mass-product. Editors: Klimscha, F., Karlsen, H. J., Hansen, S., Renn, J.: Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 67, Edition TOPOI, 245-263</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The author discusses long term-trends in glass production during the 1st millennium CE. The syste...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The author discusses long term-trends in glass production during the 1st millennium CE. The systematic application of scientific methods on archaeological finds demonstrates the complexity of glass production and the trade networks in glass products. Due to the limited availability of natron nearly all glass originated from Egypt and Syria-Palestine from where raw glass was distributed to secondary workshops across Eu-rope and the Near East. This mode of production remained mostly constant during Antiquity and the early Middle Ages but a long-term decline in the availability of natron led to the restructuring of production from the 9th century onwards. Der Autor bespricht Langzeittrends der Glasherstellung im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. Die systematische Anwendung naturwis-senschaftlicher Methoden auf archäologische Funde wird be-nutzt um die Komplexität der Produktionsketten und Han-delsnetzwerke von Glasobjekten aufzuzeigen. Wegen der be-schränkten Verfügbarkeit von Natron wird sämtliches Roh-glas aus Ägypten und der Levante in europäische Glasverar-beitungsplätze gebracht. Dieses Netzwerk bleibt während der Antike und dem Frühen Mittelalter konstant, wird aber seit dem 9. Jahrhundert strukturell anders ausgerichtet.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-45671555-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-45671555-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963273/figure-1-generalized-production-model-glass-was-melted-from"><img alt="Fig. 1 Generalized production model. Glass was melted from Egyptian natron and local sand in large primary tank furnaces in the Eastern Mediterranean. The resulting raw glass was distributed in chunks to secondary workshops to be re-melted and fabricated into vessels, windows, and other types of artefacts. The composition of glass re-melted in a secondary workshop reflects the primary production. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963281/figure-2-not-present-in-natron-and-shell-containing-beach"><img alt="not present in natron, and shell-containing beach sand provided the lime needed to make a stable glass.*° " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963287/figure-3-that-the-decolorizers-were-frequently-added-at-the"><img alt="that the decolorizers were frequently added at the pri- that the decolorizers were frequently added at the pri- mary production stage. At the present time, we have no strong evidence that decolorization took place in the sec- ondary fabrication workshops. Furthermore, the strong association of antimony with a type of glass that is low in lime and alumina, while manganese is present in glass 37 (Tab. 1, cols. 1 & 2; see with higher lime and alumina below), strongly suggests that the two types of glass were made in different locations, and argues against decol- orization at the secondary stage. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963297/figure-4-this-choice-of-axes-is-based-upon-the-assumption"><img alt="This choice of axes is based upon the assumption that the glass making sand comprised quartz (SiO,), heavy minerals (O,-bearing), feldspars (,0,; bearing), as well as CaO-rich limestone/shell. It reflects the mineralogy of the primary glass making sand in a more comprehen- sive way than the simple lime-alumina plot. TiO, is used rather than Fe,O, or MgO (both of these oxides also oc- cur in heavy minerals) as high titanium is believed to be especially effective in distinguishing Egyptian sands from those of the Levantine coast.*° In particular, this graph is very effective at distinguishing glass from a num- ber of production centers thought to have been located in Egypt. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963305/figure-5-beach-sands-of-the-coast-between-gaza-and-haifa-dif"><img alt="beach sands of the coast between Gaza and Haifa.© Dif " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963311/figure-6-inate-in-egypt-and-its-isotopic-and-elemental"><img alt="inate in Egypt, and its isotopic and elemental composi- tions are fully consistent with such an origin.”> Rehren and Briggler,’”® for example, attribute the characteristic Helle bowls of the fourth to fifth centuries in northwest- ern Germany to the HIMT group, rather than to an ori- gin in the region. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-45671555-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7956140272ef2fd9d0b7b71f0c275f3e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66172635,"asset_id":45671555,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66172635/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="45671555"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45671555"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45671555; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45671555]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45671555]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45671555; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='45671555']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7956140272ef2fd9d0b7b71f0c275f3e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=45671555]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":45671555,"title":"Glass Production in the First Millennium CE: A Compositional Perspective","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The author discusses long term-trends in glass production during the 1st millennium CE. The systematic application of scientific methods on archaeological finds demonstrates the complexity of glass production and the trade networks in glass products. Due to the limited availability of natron nearly all glass originated from Egypt and Syria-Palestine from where raw glass was distributed to secondary workshops across Eu-rope and the Near East. This mode of production remained mostly constant during Antiquity and the early Middle Ages but a long-term decline in the availability of natron led to the restructuring of production from the 9th century onwards. Der Autor bespricht Langzeittrends der Glasherstellung im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. Die systematische Anwendung naturwis-senschaftlicher Methoden auf archäologische Funde wird be-nutzt um die Komplexität der Produktionsketten und Han-delsnetzwerke von Glasobjekten aufzuzeigen. Wegen der be-schränkten Verfügbarkeit von Natron wird sämtliches Roh-glas aus Ägypten und der Levante in europäische Glasverar-beitungsplätze gebracht. Dieses Netzwerk bleibt während der Antike und dem Frühen Mittelalter konstant, wird aber seit dem 9. Jahrhundert strukturell anders ausgerichtet.","ai_title_tag":"Trends in 1st Millennium CE Glass Production and Trade","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Künstlichen Stein zum durchsichtigen Massenprodukt / From artificial stone to translucent mass-product. Editors: Klimscha, F., Karlsen, H. J., Hansen, S., Renn, J.: Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 67, Edition TOPOI, 245-263"},"translated_abstract":"The author discusses long term-trends in glass production during the 1st millennium CE. The systematic application of scientific methods on archaeological finds demonstrates the complexity of glass production and the trade networks in glass products. Due to the limited availability of natron nearly all glass originated from Egypt and Syria-Palestine from where raw glass was distributed to secondary workshops across Eu-rope and the Near East. This mode of production remained mostly constant during Antiquity and the early Middle Ages but a long-term decline in the availability of natron led to the restructuring of production from the 9th century onwards. Der Autor bespricht Langzeittrends der Glasherstellung im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. Die systematische Anwendung naturwis-senschaftlicher Methoden auf archäologische Funde wird be-nutzt um die Komplexität der Produktionsketten und Han-delsnetzwerke von Glasobjekten aufzuzeigen. Wegen der be-schränkten Verfügbarkeit von Natron wird sämtliches Roh-glas aus Ägypten und der Levante in europäische Glasverar-beitungsplätze gebracht. Dieses Netzwerk bleibt während der Antike und dem Frühen Mittelalter konstant, wird aber seit dem 9. Jahrhundert strukturell anders ausgerichtet.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45671555/Glass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium_CE_A_Compositional_Perspective","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-04-03T10:17:34.456-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66172635,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66172635/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2020_Freestone_Glass_production_corrected_proofs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66172635/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Glass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66172635/2020_Freestone_Glass_production_corrected_proofs-libre.pdf?1617473483=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGlass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460668\u0026Signature=YKB7oYJvo0cB5BJ6vMkHjmz96QESiZqjI9Jy-lFAcf6x3NzmVzBXRaSlYyDdMjJAZhwe~DZZWJhLs5HYOZAl6mc6WRTuqV-mdI8gKxUzMKi4GFjQh7jkO-7LqMyIdwcrWufTlTZpGBQxZqKNxLclj9JkJx7UbNcGNvh4kn8ybjzb1XnUGsG2q~GNV649ng2pRi~i-z-RKZfSK4fBk51nGhbQtMDrHfERwyUnRIrIl0-WoOSKrLTvGSwpcbCLc-QezDiPnApRGHwEki8eDwG1fpADnrrW6DSvnSF-UpMT-HjNrZIJzMtXWOKF1pO5taG-Hb21WEZzOQYjBs5KZKal~A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Glass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium_CE_A_Compositional_Perspective","translated_slug":"","page_count":20,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The author discusses long term-trends in glass production during the 1st millennium CE. The systematic application of scientific methods on archaeological finds demonstrates the complexity of glass production and the trade networks in glass products. Due to the limited availability of natron nearly all glass originated from Egypt and Syria-Palestine from where raw glass was distributed to secondary workshops across Eu-rope and the Near East. This mode of production remained mostly constant during Antiquity and the early Middle Ages but a long-term decline in the availability of natron led to the restructuring of production from the 9th century onwards. Der Autor bespricht Langzeittrends der Glasherstellung im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. Die systematische Anwendung naturwis-senschaftlicher Methoden auf archäologische Funde wird be-nutzt um die Komplexität der Produktionsketten und Han-delsnetzwerke von Glasobjekten aufzuzeigen. Wegen der be-schränkten Verfügbarkeit von Natron wird sämtliches Roh-glas aus Ägypten und der Levante in europäische Glasverar-beitungsplätze gebracht. Dieses Netzwerk bleibt während der Antike und dem Frühen Mittelalter konstant, wird aber seit dem 9. Jahrhundert strukturell anders ausgerichtet.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":66172635,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66172635/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2020_Freestone_Glass_production_corrected_proofs.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66172635/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Glass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66172635/2020_Freestone_Glass_production_corrected_proofs-libre.pdf?1617473483=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGlass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460668\u0026Signature=YKB7oYJvo0cB5BJ6vMkHjmz96QESiZqjI9Jy-lFAcf6x3NzmVzBXRaSlYyDdMjJAZhwe~DZZWJhLs5HYOZAl6mc6WRTuqV-mdI8gKxUzMKi4GFjQh7jkO-7LqMyIdwcrWufTlTZpGBQxZqKNxLclj9JkJx7UbNcGNvh4kn8ybjzb1XnUGsG2q~GNV649ng2pRi~i-z-RKZfSK4fBk51nGhbQtMDrHfERwyUnRIrIl0-WoOSKrLTvGSwpcbCLc-QezDiPnApRGHwEki8eDwG1fpADnrrW6DSvnSF-UpMT-HjNrZIJzMtXWOKF1pO5taG-Hb21WEZzOQYjBs5KZKal~A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":42366,"name":"Roman Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Glass"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":229408,"name":"Islamic Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Glass"},{"id":324361,"name":"Byzantine glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_glass"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-45671555-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="44920226"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/44920226/A_glass_workshop_in_Aqir_Israel_and_a_new_type_of_compositional_contamination_Chen_et_al_2020"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A glass workshop in ‘Aqir, Israel and a new type of compositional contamination, Chen et al 2020" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">A glass workshop in ‘Aqir, Israel and a new type of compositional contamination, Chen et al 2020</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Materials associated with a secondary workshop of early Byzantine date (4th-5th centuries) were u...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Materials associated with a secondary workshop of early Byzantine date (4th-5th centuries) were unearthed in excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority in ‘Aqir, central Israel. Fragments of furnace structure, production debris and glass vessels have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) and thin-section petrography. <br />The results suggest that the workshop melted raw glass chunks of similar composition to the primary glass made at Apollonia, Israel, to produce secondary glass products. Some glass vessels associated with the furnace are of different composition, and some of these may represent material brought in as cullet for recycling. The furnace was built with ceramic bricks comprising alluvial-type clay with inclusions of quartz sand, probably added as temper. It was fired by potash-rich fuel to approximately 1100°C. Lime mortar was used either to cement the gaps between mudbricks or to line the furnace as a parting layer, and it has introduced a previously unrecognised type of contamination in glass of the period, mainly of Fe2O3 and CaO. The contamination may be identified in glass vessel assemblages elsewhere but is not ubiquitous. As its origin relates to the furnace structure, its occurrence may depend upon chronology or geography and further work is needed to resolve this issue.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44920226"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44920226"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44920226; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44920226]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44920226]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44920226; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44920226']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44920226]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44920226,"title":"A glass workshop in ‘Aqir, Israel and a new type of compositional contamination, Chen et al 2020","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102786","abstract":"Materials associated with a secondary workshop of early Byzantine date (4th-5th centuries) were unearthed in excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority in ‘Aqir, central Israel. Fragments of furnace structure, production debris and glass vessels have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) and thin-section petrography. \nThe results suggest that the workshop melted raw glass chunks of similar composition to the primary glass made at Apollonia, Israel, to produce secondary glass products. Some glass vessels associated with the furnace are of different composition, and some of these may represent material brought in as cullet for recycling. The furnace was built with ceramic bricks comprising alluvial-type clay with inclusions of quartz sand, probably added as temper. It was fired by potash-rich fuel to approximately 1100°C. Lime mortar was used either to cement the gaps between mudbricks or to line the furnace as a parting layer, and it has introduced a previously unrecognised type of contamination in glass of the period, mainly of Fe2O3 and CaO. The contamination may be identified in glass vessel assemblages elsewhere but is not ubiquitous. As its origin relates to the furnace structure, its occurrence may depend upon chronology or geography and further work is needed to resolve this issue.\n","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Materials associated with a secondary workshop of early Byzantine date (4th-5th centuries) were unearthed in excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority in ‘Aqir, central Israel. Fragments of furnace structure, production debris and glass vessels have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) and thin-section petrography. \nThe results suggest that the workshop melted raw glass chunks of similar composition to the primary glass made at Apollonia, Israel, to produce secondary glass products. Some glass vessels associated with the furnace are of different composition, and some of these may represent material brought in as cullet for recycling. The furnace was built with ceramic bricks comprising alluvial-type clay with inclusions of quartz sand, probably added as temper. It was fired by potash-rich fuel to approximately 1100°C. Lime mortar was used either to cement the gaps between mudbricks or to line the furnace as a parting layer, and it has introduced a previously unrecognised type of contamination in glass of the period, mainly of Fe2O3 and CaO. The contamination may be identified in glass vessel assemblages elsewhere but is not ubiquitous. As its origin relates to the furnace structure, its occurrence may depend upon chronology or geography and further work is needed to resolve this issue.\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44920226/A_glass_workshop_in_Aqir_Israel_and_a_new_type_of_compositional_contamination_Chen_et_al_2020","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-01-17T03:10:19.348-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":36168131,"work_id":44920226,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":67697471,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***n@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":0,"name":"Patrick Quinn","title":"A glass workshop in ‘Aqir, Israel and a new type of compositional contamination, Chen et al 2020"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"A_glass_workshop_in_Aqir_Israel_and_a_new_type_of_compositional_contamination_Chen_et_al_2020","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Materials associated with a secondary workshop of early Byzantine date (4th-5th centuries) were unearthed in excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority in ‘Aqir, central Israel. Fragments of furnace structure, production debris and glass vessels have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) and thin-section petrography. \nThe results suggest that the workshop melted raw glass chunks of similar composition to the primary glass made at Apollonia, Israel, to produce secondary glass products. Some glass vessels associated with the furnace are of different composition, and some of these may represent material brought in as cullet for recycling. The furnace was built with ceramic bricks comprising alluvial-type clay with inclusions of quartz sand, probably added as temper. It was fired by potash-rich fuel to approximately 1100°C. Lime mortar was used either to cement the gaps between mudbricks or to line the furnace as a parting layer, and it has introduced a previously unrecognised type of contamination in glass of the period, mainly of Fe2O3 and CaO. The contamination may be identified in glass vessel assemblages elsewhere but is not ubiquitous. As its origin relates to the furnace structure, its occurrence may depend upon chronology or geography and further work is needed to resolve this issue.\n","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":324361,"name":"Byzantine glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_glass"},{"id":324366,"name":"Byzantine Glass workshops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Glass_workshops"}],"urls":[{"id":9195045,"url":"https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1cQQl,rVDBVT1g"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-44920226-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Early Glass" id="Early Glass"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Early Glass by Ian Freestone</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43563286"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43563286/Alexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_isotopes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 'Alexandrian' glass confirmed by hafnium isotopes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63870833/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43563286/Alexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_isotopes">'Alexandrian' glass confirmed by hafnium isotopes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://au.academia.edu/RubinaRaja">Rubina Raja</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uni-m.academia.edu/AchimLichtenberger">Achim Lichtenberger</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Scientific Reports</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Archaeological glass contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Archaeological glass contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet our understanding of critical aspects of the ancient glass industry is fragmentary. During Roman times, distinct glass types produced in coastal regions of Egypt and the Levant used evaporitic soda (natron) mixed with Nile-derived sands. In the Levant, furnaces for producing colourless Roman glass by addition of manganese have been uncovered, whereas the source of the desirable antimony-decolourised Roman glass remains an enigma. In the Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as "Alexandrian" referring to Egypt, but its origin has been ambiguous. Previous studies have found overlapping strontium and neodymium isotope ratios for Levantine and Egyptian glass. Here, we confirm these findings and show for the first time, based on glasses from the ancient city of Gerasa, that hafnium (Hf) isotopes are different in Egyptian and Levantine natron glasses, and that Sb Roman glass is Egyptian. Our work illustrates the value of Hf isotopes in provenancing archaeological glass. We attribute the striking difference in Hf isotopes of Egyptian versus Levantine glasses to sorting of zircons in Nile sediments during longshore drift and aeolian transport along the southeastern Mediterranean coast leaving behind a less juvenile fraction. The Roman glass industry underwent a massive expansion over the first century CE. At its peak it supplied not only tablewares for households across the Empire but also furnished major public buildings with many tonnes of glass for windows and mosaics 1,2. The raw glass was made by fusing Egyptian evaporitic soda (natron) and sand to produce large glass slabs in tank furnaces with capacities of 8-20 tonnes 3,4. These were broken up and distributed to glass workshops where the glass was remelted and shaped into objects for use 5,6. This division of production continued until at least the ninth century, when a change from a mineral soda flux over to plant ash occurred bringing about the end of the Roman glassmaking tradition 7,8. The technological achievements of the Roman glass industry were precocious and not surpassed until the rise of the European industries in the eighteenth century. In particular, the Romans produced large quantities of an expensive and highly valued glass, described by Pliny 9 as "colourless or transparent, as closely as possible resembling rock crystal" (Fig. 1), where the iron from the sand was oxidised from blue Fe 2+ to very pale Fe 3+ by the addition of antimony oxide, Sb 2 O 3 10,11. In the Price Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as "Alexandrian" thereby referring to Egypt 12. Despite this, the production site for this so-called Sb Roman glass is unknown but several authors have suggested, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, that it was in Egypt 13,14 (see Supplementary Information for details). Strong evidence that the primary glassmaking factories melting sand and natron to glass were predominantly located along the coast of the eastern Mediterranean is provided by isotopic measurements. Strontium (Sr) isotope compositions for the majority of natron glass groups are close to that of modern seawater, indicating the incorporation of marine shell in the batch and suggesting the use of beach sand as a silica source 15-17. With regards to neodymium (Nd) isotopes, nearly all natron glass types show a characteristic Nile-related signature reflecting the use of coastal sands along the southeastern Mediterranean that comprise largely Nile-derived sediments transported here by longshore drift 18,19. Hafnium (Hf) isotopes have not previously been applied to man-made archaeological material (see Supplementary Information). Here, we present Sr, Nd and Hf results on natron glass types and show that, unlike the Sr and Nd systems, hafnium isotopes distinguish between natron open</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="10d1d8f34a53d5c2afd1a48f194c6c8e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63870833,"asset_id":43563286,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63870833/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43563286"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43563286"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43563286; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43563286]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43563286]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43563286; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43563286']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "10d1d8f34a53d5c2afd1a48f194c6c8e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43563286]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43563286,"title":"'Alexandrian' glass confirmed by hafnium isotopes","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-68089-w","abstract":"Archaeological glass contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet our understanding of critical aspects of the ancient glass industry is fragmentary. During Roman times, distinct glass types produced in coastal regions of Egypt and the Levant used evaporitic soda (natron) mixed with Nile-derived sands. In the Levant, furnaces for producing colourless Roman glass by addition of manganese have been uncovered, whereas the source of the desirable antimony-decolourised Roman glass remains an enigma. In the Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" referring to Egypt, but its origin has been ambiguous. Previous studies have found overlapping strontium and neodymium isotope ratios for Levantine and Egyptian glass. Here, we confirm these findings and show for the first time, based on glasses from the ancient city of Gerasa, that hafnium (Hf) isotopes are different in Egyptian and Levantine natron glasses, and that Sb Roman glass is Egyptian. Our work illustrates the value of Hf isotopes in provenancing archaeological glass. We attribute the striking difference in Hf isotopes of Egyptian versus Levantine glasses to sorting of zircons in Nile sediments during longshore drift and aeolian transport along the southeastern Mediterranean coast leaving behind a less juvenile fraction. The Roman glass industry underwent a massive expansion over the first century CE. At its peak it supplied not only tablewares for households across the Empire but also furnished major public buildings with many tonnes of glass for windows and mosaics 1,2. The raw glass was made by fusing Egyptian evaporitic soda (natron) and sand to produce large glass slabs in tank furnaces with capacities of 8-20 tonnes 3,4. These were broken up and distributed to glass workshops where the glass was remelted and shaped into objects for use 5,6. This division of production continued until at least the ninth century, when a change from a mineral soda flux over to plant ash occurred bringing about the end of the Roman glassmaking tradition 7,8. The technological achievements of the Roman glass industry were precocious and not surpassed until the rise of the European industries in the eighteenth century. In particular, the Romans produced large quantities of an expensive and highly valued glass, described by Pliny 9 as \"colourless or transparent, as closely as possible resembling rock crystal\" (Fig. 1), where the iron from the sand was oxidised from blue Fe 2+ to very pale Fe 3+ by the addition of antimony oxide, Sb 2 O 3 10,11. In the Price Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" thereby referring to Egypt 12. Despite this, the production site for this so-called Sb Roman glass is unknown but several authors have suggested, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, that it was in Egypt 13,14 (see Supplementary Information for details). Strong evidence that the primary glassmaking factories melting sand and natron to glass were predominantly located along the coast of the eastern Mediterranean is provided by isotopic measurements. Strontium (Sr) isotope compositions for the majority of natron glass groups are close to that of modern seawater, indicating the incorporation of marine shell in the batch and suggesting the use of beach sand as a silica source 15-17. With regards to neodymium (Nd) isotopes, nearly all natron glass types show a characteristic Nile-related signature reflecting the use of coastal sands along the southeastern Mediterranean that comprise largely Nile-derived sediments transported here by longshore drift 18,19. Hafnium (Hf) isotopes have not previously been applied to man-made archaeological material (see Supplementary Information). Here, we present Sr, Nd and Hf results on natron glass types and show that, unlike the Sr and Nd systems, hafnium isotopes distinguish between natron open","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Scientific Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Archaeological glass contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet our understanding of critical aspects of the ancient glass industry is fragmentary. During Roman times, distinct glass types produced in coastal regions of Egypt and the Levant used evaporitic soda (natron) mixed with Nile-derived sands. In the Levant, furnaces for producing colourless Roman glass by addition of manganese have been uncovered, whereas the source of the desirable antimony-decolourised Roman glass remains an enigma. In the Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" referring to Egypt, but its origin has been ambiguous. Previous studies have found overlapping strontium and neodymium isotope ratios for Levantine and Egyptian glass. Here, we confirm these findings and show for the first time, based on glasses from the ancient city of Gerasa, that hafnium (Hf) isotopes are different in Egyptian and Levantine natron glasses, and that Sb Roman glass is Egyptian. Our work illustrates the value of Hf isotopes in provenancing archaeological glass. We attribute the striking difference in Hf isotopes of Egyptian versus Levantine glasses to sorting of zircons in Nile sediments during longshore drift and aeolian transport along the southeastern Mediterranean coast leaving behind a less juvenile fraction. The Roman glass industry underwent a massive expansion over the first century CE. At its peak it supplied not only tablewares for households across the Empire but also furnished major public buildings with many tonnes of glass for windows and mosaics 1,2. The raw glass was made by fusing Egyptian evaporitic soda (natron) and sand to produce large glass slabs in tank furnaces with capacities of 8-20 tonnes 3,4. These were broken up and distributed to glass workshops where the glass was remelted and shaped into objects for use 5,6. This division of production continued until at least the ninth century, when a change from a mineral soda flux over to plant ash occurred bringing about the end of the Roman glassmaking tradition 7,8. The technological achievements of the Roman glass industry were precocious and not surpassed until the rise of the European industries in the eighteenth century. In particular, the Romans produced large quantities of an expensive and highly valued glass, described by Pliny 9 as \"colourless or transparent, as closely as possible resembling rock crystal\" (Fig. 1), where the iron from the sand was oxidised from blue Fe 2+ to very pale Fe 3+ by the addition of antimony oxide, Sb 2 O 3 10,11. In the Price Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" thereby referring to Egypt 12. Despite this, the production site for this so-called Sb Roman glass is unknown but several authors have suggested, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, that it was in Egypt 13,14 (see Supplementary Information for details). Strong evidence that the primary glassmaking factories melting sand and natron to glass were predominantly located along the coast of the eastern Mediterranean is provided by isotopic measurements. Strontium (Sr) isotope compositions for the majority of natron glass groups are close to that of modern seawater, indicating the incorporation of marine shell in the batch and suggesting the use of beach sand as a silica source 15-17. With regards to neodymium (Nd) isotopes, nearly all natron glass types show a characteristic Nile-related signature reflecting the use of coastal sands along the southeastern Mediterranean that comprise largely Nile-derived sediments transported here by longshore drift 18,19. Hafnium (Hf) isotopes have not previously been applied to man-made archaeological material (see Supplementary Information). 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We attribute the striking difference in Hf isotopes of Egyptian versus Levantine glasses to sorting of zircons in Nile sediments during longshore drift and aeolian transport along the southeastern Mediterranean coast leaving behind a less juvenile fraction. The Roman glass industry underwent a massive expansion over the first century CE. At its peak it supplied not only tablewares for households across the Empire but also furnished major public buildings with many tonnes of glass for windows and mosaics 1,2. The raw glass was made by fusing Egyptian evaporitic soda (natron) and sand to produce large glass slabs in tank furnaces with capacities of 8-20 tonnes 3,4. These were broken up and distributed to glass workshops where the glass was remelted and shaped into objects for use 5,6. This division of production continued until at least the ninth century, when a change from a mineral soda flux over to plant ash occurred bringing about the end of the Roman glassmaking tradition 7,8. The technological achievements of the Roman glass industry were precocious and not surpassed until the rise of the European industries in the eighteenth century. In particular, the Romans produced large quantities of an expensive and highly valued glass, described by Pliny 9 as \"colourless or transparent, as closely as possible resembling rock crystal\" (Fig. 1), where the iron from the sand was oxidised from blue Fe 2+ to very pale Fe 3+ by the addition of antimony oxide, Sb 2 O 3 10,11. In the Price Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" thereby referring to Egypt 12. Despite this, the production site for this so-called Sb Roman glass is unknown but several authors have suggested, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, that it was in Egypt 13,14 (see Supplementary Information for details). Strong evidence that the primary glassmaking factories melting sand and natron to glass were predominantly located along the coast of the eastern Mediterranean is provided by isotopic measurements. Strontium (Sr) isotope compositions for the majority of natron glass groups are close to that of modern seawater, indicating the incorporation of marine shell in the batch and suggesting the use of beach sand as a silica source 15-17. With regards to neodymium (Nd) isotopes, nearly all natron glass types show a characteristic Nile-related signature reflecting the use of coastal sands along the southeastern Mediterranean that comprise largely Nile-derived sediments transported here by longshore drift 18,19. Hafnium (Hf) isotopes have not previously been applied to man-made archaeological material (see Supplementary Information). 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Mullite, present as fine, mainly elongated crystals, is the dominant crystalline phase observed. The bulk chemical compositions of the bodies are determined by energy-dispersive spectrometry in the SEM, and the relative amounts of mullite and quartz present in the different ceramics are estimated from X-ray diffraction measurements. Mullite formed from areas of kaolinitic clay, mica particles and feldspar particles is distinguished through a combination of the arrangement of the mullite crystals, and the associated SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 wt% concentration ratios. It is shown that very different microstructures are observed in ceramic bodies produced using kaolinitic clay from north China (Ding porcelain and Jun stoneware), porcelain stone from south China (qingbai and underglaze blue porcelain and Longquan stoneware), and stoneware clays from south China (Yue and Guan stonewares). Therefore, SEM examination of HF-etched, polished sections of the bodies of high-refractory ceramics has considerable potential for investigating the raw materials used in their production.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7bb9e2f64343bc26bcf8cce07e843599" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":92696221,"asset_id":88786289,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92696221/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88786289"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88786289"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88786289; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88786289]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88786289]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88786289; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88786289']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7bb9e2f64343bc26bcf8cce07e843599" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88786289]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88786289,"title":"An Investigation Into the Relationship Between the Raw Materials Used in the Production of Chinese Porcelain and Stoneware Bodies and the Resulting Microstructures*","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley","ai_title_tag":"Microstructure Analysis of Chinese Porcelain and Stoneware","grobid_abstract":"The microstructures of porcelain and stoneware bodies from north and south China, spanning the period from the Tang to the Ming dynasty (7th-17th centuries AD), were examined in polished sections in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after etching the sections with hydrofluoric acid (HF). 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Poruszona proble-matyka dotyczy dziewiętnastowiecznej restauracji witraży i ich współczesnej interpretacji, badań pojedynczej kwatery, okna i zespołu okien oraz szkieł barwnych. W ostatnim przypadku, dokład-niej zostały omówione szkła czerwone oraz dwunastowieczne szkła niebieskie, wytwarzane przy użyciu rzymskich tesserae. Słowa kluczowe: szkło, witraż, średniowiecze, archeometria szkła, SEM-EDS, LA ICP MS, mikro-skopia optyczna, konserwacja i restauracja. Abstract: Research on more than 900 fragments of medieval stained glass from different places and periods (from the 12 th</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e56a4143674997fdfe72687ecbcd499c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":72227337,"asset_id":57225549,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72227337/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="57225549"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57225549"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225549; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225549]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225549]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225549; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='57225549']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e56a4143674997fdfe72687ecbcd499c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=57225549]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":57225549,"title":"PROBLEMATYKA BADAŃ WITRAŻY ŚREDNIOWIECZNYCH [Issues in medieval stained glass research]","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstrakt: Na podstawie badań ponad 900 fragmentów średniowiecznych szkieł witrażowych, pochodzących z różnych miejsc i okresów (od XII do XVI w.), omówionych zostało kilka wybra-nych zagadnień związanych z metodyką badawczą i interpretacją wyników. 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class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36217808/Glossary_of_Mosaic_Glass_Terms">Glossary of Mosaic Glass Terms</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/NadineSchibille">Nadine Schibille</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Leverhulme Network of the Composition of Byzantine Glass Mosaic Tesserae</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Copyright © Centre for Byzantine Cultural History 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6af031b296a2957b4b0b1b9e1efcc173" 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wp-workCard--title">Composition and origin of the first millennium AD glass uncovered at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>J. Arch. Sci: REports</span><span>, 2025</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Sixty-four glasses excavated at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan, and archaeologically dated from...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Sixty-four glasses excavated at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan, and archaeologically dated from the Roman to Early Abbasid periods were analyzed by wavelength-dispersive electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). The majority of the glasses (57) were fluxed with natron. In the Roman period antimony-decolorized glass from Egypt, manganese-decolorized glass from the Levant and recycled Roman MnSb glass are present. From the middle of the fourth century glass from the Levantine production centers Jalame and Apollonia dominates the assemblage up to the eighth century, when glass from Bet Eli’ezer becomes common, consistent with previous findings from the North. Egypt I and II types also occur at this time, consistent with previous findings from the wider region indicating that Egyptian glass continued to be imported into the Levant in the 8-9th centuries. Plant ash glass is represented from Mesopotamia, from Tyre and from unidentified sources in Egypt or Syria. Overall, these results suggest that glass from a wider range of sources was being exploited in the early Islamic period than in Byzantine times. Evidence for recycling is particularly apparent in the Apollonia-type glasses but is hardly noticed in the Bet Eli’ezer-type, consistent with a greater dependency on local resources in the sixth-seventh centuries.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="127363136"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="127363136"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127363136; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127363136]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=127363136]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 127363136; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='127363136']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=127363136]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":127363136,"title":"Composition and origin of the first millennium AD glass uncovered at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105003","abstract":"Sixty-four glasses excavated at Khirbet adh-Dharih, south Jordan, and archaeologically dated from the Roman to Early Abbasid periods were analyzed by wavelength-dispersive electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-102345168-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="98558377"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/98558377/Glass_Recycling"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Glass Recycling" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/99875833/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/98558377/Glass_Recycling">Glass Recycling</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-98558377-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-98558377-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936446/figure-1-glass-recycling"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936453/figure-2-of-the-wadi-el-natrun-and-nile-delta-in-egypt-in"><img alt="of the Wadi el Natrun and Nile Delta in Egypt, in the first millennium BCE. A short-lived occur- rence of local European mixed alkali glass is recorded in LBA Italy, but was soon replaced with natron glass (Venclova et al. 2011). Natron glass was produced until around the ninth century CE, when there is once again a switch to plant ash glasses (Phelps et al. 2016). From this point glass was being made in various locations with a variety of plant ash type fluxes, which have a somewhat more complicated and variable fingerprint (Henderson et al. 2016). Glasses made from the two types of soda may in most cases be distinguished by their potash and magnesia contents (fig. 2). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936459/figure-3-glass-recycling"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936466/figure-4-microphotographs-of-slag-inclusions-in-lapodean-eye"><img alt="Fig. 4a-b. Microphotographs of slag inclusions in lapodean eye beads (scanning electron microscope: A Franjic) smelting of noble metals in the Renaissance, which was also advised by Agricola in his De re Me- tallica (Hoover & Hoover 1950: 238; Mongiatti et al. 2009: 40; Dyer 2014: 199). Use of crushed glass beads as a flux to facilitate the agglomeration of the individual gold flakes in the gold re- fining process has also been documented in an early Islamic context at the Tadmekka site in the present-day Republic of Mali, while a similar practice of gold aggregation, with borax instead of glass beads, still exists in the area today (Rehren & Nixon 2014: 33, 37-8). Conversely, use of metallurgical slag as colourant is documented in the cases of Iron Age Iapodean eye beads (Franji¢ & Freestone 2017: 138; figs. 4a-b), early Anglo-Saxon opaque red glass (Peake & Free- stone 2012) and Roman glass from Serdica (Cholakova & Rehren 2012). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936474/figure-5-glass-recycling"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936483/figure-6-the-existence-of-relatively-small-number-of-primary"><img alt="The existence of a relatively small number of primary production centres, in specific geograph- ical locations with distinct compositional features (for example slightly different amounts o components such as CaO, Al,O, or TiO,) provides a framework within which recycled glass may be identified. Nonetheless, recognising ancient glass recycling poses many challenges, the most obvious one being the invisibility of a large scale and efficient recycling system. Efficien recycling implies repeated re-melting and mixing of glasses from a range of sources, so all glass recovered from a specific period in the archaeological record would have gone through numer- ous cycles of mixing and re-melting and converged upon a single hybrid composition withou traces of the original characteristics of the individual furnaces. Truly efficient recycling can therefore leave no obvious trace of the process in the composition of the glass. We are depend- ent upon the failure of societies to behave in such an efficient manner to detect and understand the process. Inevitably glass artefacts are recovered which were made from fresh glass which " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936497/figure-7-had-undergone-minimal-recycling-these-may-be-used"><img alt="had undergone minimal recycling. These may be used to establish the primary glass compo- sitional groups, representing fresh glass from the primary production workshops (e.g. fig. 7). Recycled glass may then be identified as compositions which are mixtures of these primary groups. Fig. 7. Major glass compositional groups of the first millennium CE. Each colour symbol represents the products of a distinctive production centre. (after: Freestone et a/. 2018). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936507/figure-8-manganese-and-antimony-decoloured-glass-of-the"><img alt="Fig. 8. Manganese- and antimony-decoloured glass of the lulia Felix plotted against the alumina content, showing the mixing line between the low-alumina antimony-decolorized glass and the high-alumina manganese-decolor- ized glass (after: Freestone 2015: 32, fig. 2). t has been recognised for some time that Roman colourless glass of 1-4 centuries CE com- prises two main types: Rom-Sb, decolourised by the addition of around one per cent antimony oxide, and Rom-Mn, characterised by around one per cent manganese oxide. The two types differ in other ways, in terms of their levels of soda, lime and alumina (fig. 7), and it appears that they were produced in two primary production centres. Current thought seems to be con- verging on the idea that Rom-Sb was made in Egypt (Degryse 2014; Schibille et al. 2017) while the Mn-variety was produced in Palestine, as suggested some years ago by Nenna et al. (1997). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/51936519/figure-9-glass-recycling"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/99875833/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-98558377-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="959d994e64e472848e91f377f0db6529" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":99875833,"asset_id":98558377,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/99875833/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="98558377"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="98558377"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 98558377; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=98558377]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=98558377]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 98558377; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='98558377']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "959d994e64e472848e91f377f0db6529" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=98558377]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":98558377,"title":"Glass Recycling","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"The paper discusses the imperative of glass recycling in contemporary society due to its environmental benefits, including reduced waste and energy conservation. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-98558377-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="90271060"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/90271060/Composition_of_glass_bracelets_and_rings_from_the_Ayyubid_Mamluk_cemetery_at_Dohaleh_north_Jordan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Composition of glass bracelets and rings from the Ayyubid-Mamluk cemetery at Dohaleh, north Jordan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Composition of glass bracelets and rings from the Ayyubid-Mamluk cemetery at Dohaleh, north Jordan</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 46, p.103689.</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery at Dohaleh, North Jordan, have been analysed by electron microprobe. They fall into six compositional groups, based upon their alkali- and silica-related components. Groups A and F were made using Levantine plant ash but differ in their silica sources, they are typically decolorized using manganese. Groups B, C and E overlap in terms of silicarelated components but may be sub-divided on the basis of alkali source; this appears to have been a mineral alkali, possibly from Anatolia. A single bracelet (Group D) shows characteristics of Mesopotamian glass. All groups show evidence of tin-opacification, but the color palette of the mineral soda glasses is more restricted; furthermore, they were not decolorized using manganese. The results suggest that glass bracelets were being obtained from a wide range of sources.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="90271060"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90271060"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90271060; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90271060]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90271060]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90271060; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='90271060']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=90271060]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":90271060,"title":"Composition of glass bracelets and rings from the Ayyubid-Mamluk cemetery at Dohaleh, north Jordan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103689","abstract":"Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery at Dohaleh, North Jordan, have been analysed by electron microprobe. They fall into six compositional groups, based upon their alkali- and silica-related components. Groups A and F were made using Levantine plant ash but differ in their silica sources, they are typically decolorized using manganese. Groups B, C and E overlap in terms of silica\u0002related components but may be sub-divided on the basis of alkali source; this appears to have been a mineral alkali, possibly from Anatolia. A single bracelet (Group D) shows characteristics of Mesopotamian glass. All groups show evidence of tin-opacification, but the color palette of the mineral soda glasses is more restricted; furthermore, they were not decolorized using manganese. The results suggest that glass bracelets were being obtained from a wide range of sources. ","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 46, p.103689."},"translated_abstract":"Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery at Dohaleh, North Jordan, have been analysed by electron microprobe. They fall into six compositional groups, based upon their alkali- and silica-related components. Groups A and F were made using Levantine plant ash but differ in their silica sources, they are typically decolorized using manganese. Groups B, C and E overlap in terms of silica\u0002related components but may be sub-divided on the basis of alkali source; this appears to have been a mineral alkali, possibly from Anatolia. A single bracelet (Group D) shows characteristics of Mesopotamian glass. All groups show evidence of tin-opacification, but the color palette of the mineral soda glasses is more restricted; furthermore, they were not decolorized using manganese. The results suggest that glass bracelets were being obtained from a wide range of sources. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/90271060/Composition_of_glass_bracelets_and_rings_from_the_Ayyubid_Mamluk_cemetery_at_Dohaleh_north_Jordan","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-11-08T03:05:35.410-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":39034409,"work_id":90271060,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":67185626,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"k***m@email.arizona.edu","display_order":0,"name":"Khaled al-Bashaireh","title":"Composition of glass bracelets and rings from the Ayyubid-Mamluk cemetery at Dohaleh, north Jordan"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Composition_of_glass_bracelets_and_rings_from_the_Ayyubid_Mamluk_cemetery_at_Dohaleh_north_Jordan","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Twenty-six glass bracelets and three finger rings from an Ayyubid-Mamluk (1179–1517 CE) cemetery at Dohaleh, North Jordan, have been analysed by electron microprobe. They fall into six compositional groups, based upon their alkali- and silica-related components. Groups A and F were made using Levantine plant ash but differ in their silica sources, they are typically decolorized using manganese. Groups B, C and E overlap in terms of silica\u0002related components but may be sub-divided on the basis of alkali source; this appears to have been a mineral alkali, possibly from Anatolia. A single bracelet (Group D) shows characteristics of Mesopotamian glass. All groups show evidence of tin-opacification, but the color palette of the mineral soda glasses is more restricted; furthermore, they were not decolorized using manganese. The results suggest that glass bracelets were being obtained from a wide range of sources. ","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":12807,"name":"Archaeometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometry"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":229408,"name":"Islamic Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Glass"},{"id":346854,"name":"Glass Bracelets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass_Bracelets"}],"urls":[{"id":25700190,"url":"https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1f-vX,rVDBbxX2\u0026data=05%7C01%7Ci.freestone@ucl.ac.uk%7C29b3545323304b54ce0e08dabb29054b%7C1faf88fea9984c5b93c9210a11d9a5c2%7C0%7C0%7C638028082950270736%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0=%7C3000%7C%7C%7C\u0026sdata=WkTuT1Vn7ABG71GcOAWAhwAlFmhtAAR0EkellONuYkA=\u0026reserved=0"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-90271060-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="90270032"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/90270032/Diverse_strategies_for_copper_production_in_Chalcolithic_Iberia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93878984/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/90270032/Diverse_strategies_for_copper_production_in_Chalcolithic_Iberia">Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/ElizabethLaDuc">Elizabeth La Duc</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/MarcosMartinonTorres">Marcos Martinon-Torres</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Our understanding of early copper metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula is mostly based on analysis...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Our understanding of early copper metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula is mostly based on analysis from wellstudied regions in the Southeast and Southwest. This paper focuses on two recently recovered Chalcolithic metallurgical assemblages outside these traditional research foci: two slagged crucibles from Lugar Viejo III (Zaragoza) and two large slag cakes from Cueva del Cañaveralejo (Córdoba). Analysis of the compositions and microstructures of the artifacts using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) suggests they are related to primary copper production, namely smelting in cruciblefurnaces under relatively oxidizing conditions, as is standard for this period. The slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo indicate the production of copper with minor amounts of arsenic, also typical for this period. Of special note is the use of organic temper in the crucibles from Lugar Viejo, a practice found at the nearby site of Moncín but rare at other sites in Iberia. However, the slags from Cueva del Cañaveralejo are atypical in their large size (approx. 125 g each), fayalitic composition, unusual efficiency as demonstrated by a low copper content, and lack of arsenic; furthermore, the high sulfur content raises the possibility of the use of sulfidic ores. Results from both sites are compared against published data from well-known sites such as Los Millares, Las Pilas, Almizaraque, and Bauma del Serrat del Pont. The new data from Lugar Viejo and Cueva del Cañaveralejo reinforce the interpretation of metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula as a low-skilled, conservative technology but also indicate the need for more research into regional variations. (See Supplementary Data 1 for a summary in Spanish).</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-90270032-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-90270032-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559589/figure-1-map-of-chalcolithic-early-bronze-age-sites-with"><img alt="Fig. 1. Map of Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age sites with metallurgical remains mentioned in the text. 1 = Cueva del Canaveralejo, 2 = Lugar Viejo III, 3 = Zambujal, 4 = Vila Nova de Sao Pedro, 5 = San Blas, 6 = Cabezo Juré, 7 = Valencina de la Concepcion, 8 = Dolores Quintanilla, 9 = Los Millares, 10 = Las Pilas, 11 = Almizaraque, 12 = Moncin, 13 = Bauma del Serrat del Pont. Base map: Made with Natural Earth. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559594/figure-2-crucible-sherds-from-lugar-viejo-iii-lv-left-and-lv"><img alt="Fig. 2. Crucible sherds from Lugar Viejo III, LV1 (left) and LV2 (right). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559597/figure-3-polished-cross-section-of-crucible-sherd-lv-from"><img alt="Fig. 3. Polished cross-section of crucible sherd (LV2) from Lugar Viejo III. Note the thin layer of slag on the interior surface, visible at top, and the transition of the ceramic body from dark gray to light gray/brown on the exterior edge. The crucibles appear to be the result of smelting copper, not other metallurgical operations such as refining or melting, because of the presence of relict ores and the elevated iron content (Farci et al. 2017, 343). Furthermore, although it is likely that some of the silica in the slag layer derives from the thermally altered ceramic, the Si02:Al203 ratio is much higher in the slag than the ceramic (8.5 vs 3.0), indicating a sili- ceous component to the metallurgical charge - most likely, quartz gangue. The low sulfur content indicates the use of predominantly oxidic, not sulfidic ores; and the elevated copper content, averaging 16% " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559601/figure-5-sem-bse-image-of-slag-lv-showing-magnetite"><img alt="Fig. 5. SEM-BSE image of slag LV1, showing a magnetite agglomerate at center and a relict quartz grain at right. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559604/figure-4-sem-bse-image-of-lv-showing-typical-microstructure"><img alt="Fig. 4. SEM-BSE image of LV2, showing typical microstructure of slag from Lugar Viejo III, namely magnetite crystals (light gray) and pyroxene crystals (dark gray, here faintly visible) distributed throughout an iron silicate matrix (medium gray), with some delafossite crystals (acicular light gray) and some circular and irregularly shaped copper prills (white). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559610/figure-6-thin-section-of-ceramic-crucible-lv-under-plane-and"><img alt="Fig. 6. Thin section of ceramic crucible LV2, under plane- and cross-polarized light. The thin horizontal voids derive from the use of organic temper. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559614/figure-7-ternary-diagrams-of-si-feo-cao-and-sio-feo-cuo-in"><img alt="Fig. 7. Ternary diagrams of Si02-FeO-CaO and SiO2-FeO-CuO in average slag compositions. For Las Pilas, the result is the average of the large slag fragments, not the slag layers on crucibles. (The data was taken from the following sources: Almizaraque, Los Millares, and Dolores Quintanilla: Rovira and Renzi 2017; Las Pilas Murillo-Barroso et al. 2017; Cabezo Juré: Saez et al. 2003.). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559617/figure-8-slag-cakes-from-cueva-del-canaveralejo-cc-left-and"><img alt="Fig. 8. Slag cakes from Cueva del Canaveralejo, CC4 (left) and CC5 (right). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559623/figure-10-sem-bse-image-of-slag-cake-cc-showing-the-typical"><img alt="Fig. 10. SEM-BSE image of slag cake CC5, showing the typical microstructure of slag from Cueva del Canaveralejo: abundant anhedral magnetite crystals (light gray) surrounded by fayalite (medium gray), with scattered small copper prills (white). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559626/figure-11-sem-bse-image-of-lustrous-white-prill-in-slag-cc"><img alt="Fig. 11. SEM-BSE image of a lustrous white prill in slag CC5, identified as chalcocite, Cu2S. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559633/figure-9-cross-sections-of-samples-from-the-slag-cakes-from"><img alt="Fig. 9. Cross-sections of samples from the slag cakes from Cueva del Canaveralejo, CC4 (left) and CC5 (right), with visible quartz grains (light yel- low) and embedded charcoal. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559638/figure-12-photomicrograph-of-lustrous-yellow-prills"><img alt="Fig. 12. Photomicrograph of lustrous yellow prills, identified as copper iron sulfide, possibly bornite (CusFeS,), in slag CC5, under plane-polarized light. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559643/figure-13-sem-bse-image-of-charcoal-embedded-within-slag"><img alt="Fig. 13. SEM-BSE image of charcoal embedded within slag cake CC4. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559647/figure-14-lead-isotope-results-for-cueva-del-canaveralejo"><img alt="Fig. 14. a-c Lead isotope results for Cueva del Canaveralejo, compared to previously published results for the Ossa Morena and Los Pedroches. Sources for data: Hunt Ortiz 2003, Gauss 2016, Klein et al. 2009, Marcoux et al. 2002, Saez et al. 2021, Santos Zalduegui et al. 2004, Tornos and Chiaradia 2004. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559653/table-1-dating-by-ams-analysis-of-the-relevant-stratigraphic"><img alt="Dating by AMS analysis of the relevant stratigraphic layer from Cueva del Canaveralejo (Jabalquinto Exposito 2022, 153). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559662/table-2-average-bulk-composition-of-the-slag-layers-on"><img alt="Average bulk composition of the slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo and the slag cakes from Cueva del Canaveralejo, obtained by SEM-EDS, in weight percent by oxide with results normalized to 100% and with oxygen calculated by stoichiometry. Original measured totals are also given. nd = not detected. Extended results for these and the following analyses are provided in Supplementary Data 3. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559670/table-3-average-composition-of-copper-prills-in-slag-layers"><img alt="Average composition of copper prills in slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo III and in slag cakes from Cueva del Canaveralejo obtained by SEM-EDS, in weight percent by element with results normalized to 100%. Original measured totals are also given. nd = not detected. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559678/table-4-average-composition-of-ceramic-fabric-of-crucibles"><img alt="Average composition of ceramic fabric of crucibles from Lugar Viejo III, obtained by SEM-EDS, in weight percent with results normalized to 100% and with oxygen calculated by stoichiometry. Original measured totals are also given. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559687/table-5-results-of-lead-isotope-analysis"><img alt="Results of lead isotope analysis. Table 5 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559693/table-6-geological-samples-which-are-closest-matches-to-the"><img alt="Geological samples which are closest matches to the slags from Cueva del Canaveralejo slags, based on Euclidean distances of isotopic ratios " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24559697/table-7-supplementary-data-to-this-article-including-an"><img alt="Supplementary data to this article, including an extended abstract translated into Spanish, can be found online at https://doi.org/10.10 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/93878984/table_007.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-90270032-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="f5da36c8b348872ab0c34d48c3b2631f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93878984,"asset_id":90270032,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93878984/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="90270032"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="90270032"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90270032; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90270032]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=90270032]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 90270032; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='90270032']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "f5da36c8b348872ab0c34d48c3b2631f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=90270032]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":90270032,"title":"Diverse strategies for copper production in Chalcolithic Iberia","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2022.103683","abstract":"Our understanding of early copper metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula is mostly based on analysis from wellstudied regions in the Southeast and Southwest. This paper focuses on two recently recovered Chalcolithic metallurgical assemblages outside these traditional research foci: two slagged crucibles from Lugar Viejo III (Zaragoza) and two large slag cakes from Cueva del Cañaveralejo (Córdoba). Analysis of the compositions and microstructures of the artifacts using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) suggests they are related to primary copper production, namely smelting in cruciblefurnaces under relatively oxidizing conditions, as is standard for this period. The slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo indicate the production of copper with minor amounts of arsenic, also typical for this period. Of special note is the use of organic temper in the crucibles from Lugar Viejo, a practice found at the nearby site of Moncín but rare at other sites in Iberia. However, the slags from Cueva del Cañaveralejo are atypical in their large size (approx. 125 g each), fayalitic composition, unusual efficiency as demonstrated by a low copper content, and lack of arsenic; furthermore, the high sulfur content raises the possibility of the use of sulfidic ores. Results from both sites are compared against published data from well-known sites such as Los Millares, Las Pilas, Almizaraque, and Bauma del Serrat del Pont. The new data from Lugar Viejo and Cueva del Cañaveralejo reinforce the interpretation of metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula as a low-skilled, conservative technology but also indicate the need for more research into regional variations. (See Supplementary Data 1 for a summary in Spanish).","ai_title_tag":"Innovative Copper Metallurgy in Iberia","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2022,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Our understanding of early copper metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula is mostly based on analysis from wellstudied regions in the Southeast and Southwest. This paper focuses on two recently recovered Chalcolithic metallurgical assemblages outside these traditional research foci: two slagged crucibles from Lugar Viejo III (Zaragoza) and two large slag cakes from Cueva del Cañaveralejo (Córdoba). Analysis of the compositions and microstructures of the artifacts using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) suggests they are related to primary copper production, namely smelting in cruciblefurnaces under relatively oxidizing conditions, as is standard for this period. The slag layers on crucibles from Lugar Viejo indicate the production of copper with minor amounts of arsenic, also typical for this period. Of special note is the use of organic temper in the crucibles from Lugar Viejo, a practice found at the nearby site of Moncín but rare at other sites in Iberia. However, the slags from Cueva del Cañaveralejo are atypical in their large size (approx. 125 g each), fayalitic composition, unusual efficiency as demonstrated by a low copper content, and lack of arsenic; furthermore, the high sulfur content raises the possibility of the use of sulfidic ores. Results from both sites are compared against published data from well-known sites such as Los Millares, Las Pilas, Almizaraque, and Bauma del Serrat del Pont. The new data from Lugar Viejo and Cueva del Cañaveralejo reinforce the interpretation of metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula as a low-skilled, conservative technology but also indicate the need for more research into regional variations. 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However, the slags from Cueva del Cañaveralejo are atypical in their large size (approx. 125 g each), fayalitic composition, unusual efficiency as demonstrated by a low copper content, and lack of arsenic; furthermore, the high sulfur content raises the possibility of the use of sulfidic ores. Results from both sites are compared against published data from well-known sites such as Los Millares, Las Pilas, Almizaraque, and Bauma del Serrat del Pont. The new data from Lugar Viejo and Cueva del Cañaveralejo reinforce the interpretation of metallurgy in the Iberian Peninsula as a low-skilled, conservative technology but also indicate the need for more research into regional variations. (See Supplementary Data 1 for a summary in Spanish).","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":93878984,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93878984/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2022_La_Duc_et_al_copper_production_chalcolithic_Iberia.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93878984/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Diverse_strategies_for_copper_production.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/93878984/2022_La_Duc_et_al_copper_production_chalcolithic_Iberia-libre.pdf?1667904865=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDiverse_strategies_for_copper_production.pdf\u0026Expires=1743458235\u0026Signature=FNzOJhYid0Y4R2TnAMGzuLSYIH49IaylwnRJ~nJz17Huikear4eOOIz96jCWlT9OF4XNlzxdauUT0-xoHiASkFn7-urhPX4eE1~bOH3ZQFeEvhr8SzfYwTVlptGbv0sQLpk01kRTXjWGrNeRfhV50x4cwg30euC31Z5Ec6GywgqVoeME7axgpJKN-V5nvRnKvt~qY0fRXbe82Z6ZSTpxxiNsV787CTxJ1KkzNNx1KXN8MHG3aCwYVT6EH1--zTy30CMVOVIX7EUUenebW6qFgs5x4mhEE7jKDxj9GImhgGN0ayJFbwiktfKQ5ptjlvLUxktDD1fSHtdWZ7-KjB-oIg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12807,"name":"Archaeometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometry"},{"id":24522,"name":"Archaeometallurgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometallurgy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-90270032-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="72334302"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/72334302/Exotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of_recycling_in_the_northwest_Quarter_of_Gerasa_Jerash_Jordan_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87772593/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/72334302/Exotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of_recycling_in_the_northwest_Quarter_of_Gerasa_Jerash_Jordan_">Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uni-m.academia.edu/AchimLichtenberger">Achim Lichtenberger</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span><span>, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Major and trace elements are presented for 149 glass fragments ranging in date from the Roman to ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Major and trace elements are presented for 149 glass fragments ranging in date from the Roman to Early Islamic periods (1st – mid-8th centuries CE), excavated during the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project's fieldwork between 2011 and 2016. The results confirm a clear dominance of Levantine glass types, but also reveal 12 glasses of Egyptian and Mesopotamian compositions recovered from two houses destroyed by the major earthquake which hit parts of the Levant in January 749 CE. These closed and undisturbed contexts from the final phase of occupation reveal the presence of relatively more pristine Levantine as well as imported material that is less visible in earlier contexts in the Gerasa assemblage, where the recycling indexes are high and chemical signatures of any exotic glass were largely lost due to remelting and their dilution by the overwhelming quantities of glass produced in the Levantine region. This emphasizes that imported glass may frequently be underestimated or even invisible in glass compositional studies, depending on the archaeological context sampled and the approach taken to artifact quantification.<br /><br />Levantine glass was attributed to Roman, Late Roman (Jalame) and Byzantine/Early Islamic (Apollonia) productions based primarily on MnO, Al2O3 and Na2O concentrations, which offered an advantage over previous approaches. While colorants in weakly colored glass indicate recycled material, their concentrations are sensitive to context, with higher concentrations in the early periods when the use of intentionally colored glass was more frequent. We have therefore developed the concept of the intensity of recycling, which was estimated using components modified during prolonged melting, such as K2O, P2O5 and Cl. A pronounced enrichment in CaO, also dependent upon the intensity of recycling, may affect the assignment to compositional groups and should be taken into consideration in future. Recycling in Gerasa appears to have been more intensive than was the case for cities closer to the primary production centers on the Mediterranean coast, consistent with the view that the dependency on recycling increases further away from the source of the primary material. In contrast, the cities in the coastal plain could readily exploit the marine transportation network, which appears to have played a major role in the distribution of raw glass.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="10176bcd784c9afc80a93f270938e644" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":87772593,"asset_id":72334302,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87772593/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="72334302"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72334302"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72334302; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72334302]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72334302]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72334302; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='72334302']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "10176bcd784c9afc80a93f270938e644" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=72334302]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":72334302,"title":"Exotic glass types and the intensity of recycling in the northwest Quarter of Gerasa (Jerash, Jordan)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2022.105546","abstract":"Major and trace elements are presented for 149 glass fragments ranging in date from the Roman to Early Islamic periods (1st – mid-8th centuries CE), excavated during the Danish-German Jerash Northwest Quarter Project's fieldwork between 2011 and 2016. 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A pronounced enrichment in CaO, also dependent upon the intensity of recycling, may affect the assignment to compositional groups and should be taken into consideration in future. Recycling in Gerasa appears to have been more intensive than was the case for cities closer to the primary production centers on the Mediterranean coast, consistent with the view that the dependency on recycling increases further away from the source of the primary material. 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These closed and undisturbed contexts from the final phase of occupation reveal the presence of relatively more pristine Levantine as well as imported material that is less visible in earlier contexts in the Gerasa assemblage, where the recycling indexes are high and chemical signatures of any exotic glass were largely lost due to remelting and their dilution by the overwhelming quantities of glass produced in the Levantine region. This emphasizes that imported glass may frequently be underestimated or even invisible in glass compositional studies, depending on the archaeological context sampled and the approach taken to artifact quantification.\n\nLevantine glass was attributed to Roman, Late Roman (Jalame) and Byzantine/Early Islamic (Apollonia) productions based primarily on MnO, Al2O3 and Na2O concentrations, which offered an advantage over previous approaches. 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This emphasizes that imported glass may frequently be underestimated or even invisible in glass compositional studies, depending on the archaeological context sampled and the approach taken to artifact quantification.\n\nLevantine glass was attributed to Roman, Late Roman (Jalame) and Byzantine/Early Islamic (Apollonia) productions based primarily on MnO, Al2O3 and Na2O concentrations, which offered an advantage over previous approaches. While colorants in weakly colored glass indicate recycled material, their concentrations are sensitive to context, with higher concentrations in the early periods when the use of intentionally colored glass was more frequent. We have therefore developed the concept of the intensity of recycling, which was estimated using components modified during prolonged melting, such as K2O, P2O5 and Cl. A pronounced enrichment in CaO, also dependent upon the intensity of recycling, may affect the assignment to compositional groups and should be taken into consideration in future. Recycling in Gerasa appears to have been more intensive than was the case for cities closer to the primary production centers on the Mediterranean coast, consistent with the view that the dependency on recycling increases further away from the source of the primary material. In contrast, the cities in the coastal plain could readily exploit the marine transportation network, which appears to have played a major role in the distribution of raw glass.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":87772593,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/87772593/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2022_Barfod_et_al_Exotic_glass_types_and_intensity_of_recycling_J_Arch_Sci.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87772593/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Exotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/87772593/2022_Barfod_et_al_Exotic_glass_types_and_intensity_of_recycling_J_Arch_Sci-libre.pdf?1655718086=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DExotic_glass_types_and_the_intensity_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544595\u0026Signature=EkxN1-4rmjzUEf-fqY7OGl1cFIE-eZF-3pxcoKMMCJP1m2vPb-6ifzR-Mdu22Hfaz3YSDiSIKLFNTfLVf~8J4Mv6PvjYB5WWNW1TjOh3MAWA2A7UXGfsDjAOJkH3FzCG0jwvzQrj8J10Y~zTCU0qA40Fa9Y0xnstr36z-oBKxmouQooytp7AL2~M8DXsMr18jOvZtOGwwgEa1fezaJ1gHn9b1jbaqI6Ajt-E1QMj8gaFjARPescWJ2j0pGhpRlvATKwAKbRemQEBjvG1xK0V4X3g2wL0EvPLk0NVYRVgLLxSAW5IbWXhNySftg4GgZygSWsCuD-ImpWB1lHDtTsTOg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5645,"name":"Recycling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recycling"},{"id":42366,"name":"Roman Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Glass"},{"id":50744,"name":"LA-ICP-MS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LA-ICP-MS"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":121772,"name":"EPMA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EPMA"},{"id":173528,"name":"Archaeology of Jordan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Jordan"},{"id":324361,"name":"Byzantine glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_glass"},{"id":888169,"name":"Early Islamic Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Early_Islamic_Glass"},{"id":3811345,"name":"Ancient Jerash","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Jerash"}],"urls":[{"id":17983350,"url":"https://authors.elsevier.com/sd/article/S0305-4403(22)00004-8"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-72334302-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="69337444"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/69337444/The_Blues_of_Romuliana"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Blues of Romuliana" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79472255/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/69337444/The_Blues_of_Romuliana">The Blues of Romuliana</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://naim.academia.edu/AnastasiaCholakova">Anastasia Cholakova</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ai-rs.academia.edu/SonjaStamenkovic">Sonja Jovanović</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://sanu.academia.edu/StefanPopLazic">Stefan Pop-Lazic</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://narodnimuzej.academia.edu/MajaZivkovic">Maja Zivkovic</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Starinar</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The paper presents a set of glass fragments excavated at several different locations within and o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The paper presents a set of glass fragments excavated at several different locations within and outside the late Roman<br />fortified imperial residence Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia). This small group of eighteen fragments and mosaic glass<br />tesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae (six pcs) and sheets of glass<br />(five pcs), which could be related to architectural decoration (sectilia panels). Others are pieces left behind from secondary glass<br />working (four pcs). There are also two fragments tentatively identified as window pane pieces, and only one find is a vessel sherd.<br />The materials are dated to the 4th century. Significantly, some of the production debris and the two “window pane” fragments<br />were found inside the destruction of a glass furnace. The analyses of the chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that<br />the blue colourant in all samples is cobalt, and antimony is also present at notable levels (except for one sample), likely to produce<br />opacification of the glass. Regarding the origin of the raw glass, the data on almost all pieces suggests a Syro-Palestinian<br />provenance, and a single sample could be related to Egyptian primary glass production. Importantly, the concentrations of the<br />oxides added to the base glasses in order to modify the colour are positively correlated in certain samples, hinting at the makeup<br />of the cobalt bearing ingredient and at a likely existence of particular production practices of the late Roman period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb49aff717d297a3bef8577e6141bce7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":79472255,"asset_id":69337444,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79472255/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="69337444"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="69337444"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69337444; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69337444]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=69337444]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 69337444; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='69337444']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cb49aff717d297a3bef8577e6141bce7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=69337444]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":69337444,"title":"The Blues of Romuliana","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.2298/STA2171207J","abstract":"The paper presents a set of glass fragments excavated at several different locations within and outside the late Roman\nfortified imperial residence Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia). This small group of eighteen fragments and mosaic glass\ntesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae (six pcs) and sheets of glass\n(five pcs), which could be related to architectural decoration (sectilia panels). Others are pieces left behind from secondary glass\nworking (four pcs). There are also two fragments tentatively identified as window pane pieces, and only one find is a vessel sherd.\nThe materials are dated to the 4th century. Significantly, some of the production debris and the two “window pane” fragments\nwere found inside the destruction of a glass furnace. The analyses of the chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that\nthe blue colourant in all samples is cobalt, and antimony is also present at notable levels (except for one sample), likely to produce\nopacification of the glass. Regarding the origin of the raw glass, the data on almost all pieces suggests a Syro-Palestinian\nprovenance, and a single sample could be related to Egyptian primary glass production. Importantly, the concentrations of the\noxides added to the base glasses in order to modify the colour are positively correlated in certain samples, hinting at the makeup\nof the cobalt bearing ingredient and at a likely existence of particular production practices of the late Roman period.","ai_title_tag":"Cobalt Blue Glass from Felix Romuliana","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Starinar"},"translated_abstract":"The paper presents a set of glass fragments excavated at several different locations within and outside the late Roman\nfortified imperial residence Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia). This small group of eighteen fragments and mosaic glass\ntesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae (six pcs) and sheets of glass\n(five pcs), which could be related to architectural decoration (sectilia panels). Others are pieces left behind from secondary glass\nworking (four pcs). There are also two fragments tentatively identified as window pane pieces, and only one find is a vessel sherd.\nThe materials are dated to the 4th century. Significantly, some of the production debris and the two “window pane” fragments\nwere found inside the destruction of a glass furnace. The analyses of the chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that\nthe blue colourant in all samples is cobalt, and antimony is also present at notable levels (except for one sample), likely to produce\nopacification of the glass. Regarding the origin of the raw glass, the data on almost all pieces suggests a Syro-Palestinian\nprovenance, and a single sample could be related to Egyptian primary glass production. Importantly, the concentrations of the\noxides added to the base glasses in order to modify the colour are positively correlated in certain samples, hinting at the makeup\nof the cobalt bearing ingredient and at a likely existence of particular production practices of the late Roman period.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69337444/The_Blues_of_Romuliana","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-01-24T02:49:31.920-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":37534905,"work_id":69337444,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":16534549,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***a@hotmail.com","affiliation":"National Institute of Archaeology and Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","display_order":1,"name":"Anastasia Cholakova","title":"The Blues of Romuliana"},{"id":37534906,"work_id":69337444,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":1334928,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***2@yahoo.com","affiliation":"Institute of Archaeology, Belgrade, Serbia","display_order":2,"name":"Sonja Jovanović","title":"The Blues of Romuliana"},{"id":37534907,"work_id":69337444,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":1120974,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"s***o@gmail.com","affiliation":"Archaeological Institute, Belgrade","display_order":3,"name":"Stefan Pop-Lazic","title":"The Blues of Romuliana"},{"id":37538963,"work_id":69337444,"tagging_user_id":16534549,"tagged_user_id":13754562,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"m***5@gmail.com","affiliation":"National Museum in Belgrade, Serbia","display_order":4,"name":"Maja Zivkovic","title":"The Blues of Romuliana"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79472255,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79472255/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2021_Jovanovic_et_al_Blues_of_Romuliana.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79472255/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Blues_of_Romuliana.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79472255/2021_Jovanovic_et_al_Blues_of_Romuliana-libre.pdf?1643022136=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Blues_of_Romuliana.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544595\u0026Signature=eraIzfVJ7kEhBwny~WbwQ2G9yXj5ZIaxfIgiyYwreaPStdMzKKjBQ3K9IE6LPxOBD23XB57Vy3SDb0PprtzFPJB0BZVC-wCKhYhrDAp0DwLRZ1d5Cip9KQEoOLNkAh7V0VqR0j6hPPegCAQYPMwrtLUXZGs5QlvtkakTsZsLewgcIV2gYWunepFFsHGay8F7NUYUlUxAvUOvWrujiRsDFqctowvZU0n7mQKhf0rpV7t-RexM3fbNcmYVtYq7NLFsd1yA-c9hFZYyl8vFEUhPTIFNCtUqLfqmbPUon85p74vVt0-ZtdIYQ1iKFcigMec5kr-VRh3VBGh-bkYMbA8RQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Blues_of_Romuliana","translated_slug":"","page_count":36,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The paper presents a set of glass fragments excavated at several different locations within and outside the late Roman\nfortified imperial residence Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad, Serbia). This small group of eighteen fragments and mosaic glass\ntesserae are distinguished by their cobalt blue colour. The majority of the finds are mosaic tesserae (six pcs) and sheets of glass\n(five pcs), which could be related to architectural decoration (sectilia panels). Others are pieces left behind from secondary glass\nworking (four pcs). There are also two fragments tentatively identified as window pane pieces, and only one find is a vessel sherd.\nThe materials are dated to the 4th century. Significantly, some of the production debris and the two “window pane” fragments\nwere found inside the destruction of a glass furnace. The analyses of the chemical glass composition of the finds confirmed that\nthe blue colourant in all samples is cobalt, and antimony is also present at notable levels (except for one sample), likely to produce\nopacification of the glass. Regarding the origin of the raw glass, the data on almost all pieces suggests a Syro-Palestinian\nprovenance, and a single sample could be related to Egyptian primary glass production. Importantly, the concentrations of the\noxides added to the base glasses in order to modify the colour are positively correlated in certain samples, hinting at the makeup\nof the cobalt bearing ingredient and at a likely existence of particular production practices of the late Roman period.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":79472255,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/79472255/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2021_Jovanovic_et_al_Blues_of_Romuliana.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79472255/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Blues_of_Romuliana.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/79472255/2021_Jovanovic_et_al_Blues_of_Romuliana-libre.pdf?1643022136=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Blues_of_Romuliana.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544595\u0026Signature=eraIzfVJ7kEhBwny~WbwQ2G9yXj5ZIaxfIgiyYwreaPStdMzKKjBQ3K9IE6LPxOBD23XB57Vy3SDb0PprtzFPJB0BZVC-wCKhYhrDAp0DwLRZ1d5Cip9KQEoOLNkAh7V0VqR0j6hPPegCAQYPMwrtLUXZGs5QlvtkakTsZsLewgcIV2gYWunepFFsHGay8F7NUYUlUxAvUOvWrujiRsDFqctowvZU0n7mQKhf0rpV7t-RexM3fbNcmYVtYq7NLFsd1yA-c9hFZYyl8vFEUhPTIFNCtUqLfqmbPUon85p74vVt0-ZtdIYQ1iKFcigMec5kr-VRh3VBGh-bkYMbA8RQw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":41438,"name":"Ancient Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass"},{"id":42366,"name":"Roman Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Glass"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-69337444-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49548311"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49548311/Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_Window_in_England"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67875997/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49548311/Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_Window_in_England">Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independentresearcher.academia.edu/LauraAdlington">Laura W Adlington</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LSeliger">L. Seliger</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Heritage</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130-1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the second period of recycling (1790s), surviving figures from the Ancestors series were removed and adapted into rectangular panels for insertion into large Perpendicular-style windows elsewhere in the cathedral. The results show that the glasses used to adapt the panels to a rectangular shape were broadly contemporary with the glasses used to glaze the original Ancestors windows, again representing a more extensive presence of medieval glass in the windows.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e4fd98378fc0ea6f5a21fd47a30d3076" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67875997,"asset_id":49548311,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67875997/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49548311"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49548311"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49548311; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49548311]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49548311]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49548311; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='49548311']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e4fd98378fc0ea6f5a21fd47a30d3076" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=49548311]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":49548311,"title":"Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.3390/ heritage4020051","abstract":"Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130-1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the second period of recycling (1790s), surviving figures from the Ancestors series were removed and adapted into rectangular panels for insertion into large Perpendicular-style windows elsewhere in the cathedral. The results show that the glasses used to adapt the panels to a rectangular shape were broadly contemporary with the glasses used to glaze the original Ancestors windows, again representing a more extensive presence of medieval glass in the windows.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Heritage"},"translated_abstract":"Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130-1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the second period of recycling (1790s), surviving figures from the Ancestors series were removed and adapted into rectangular panels for insertion into large Perpendicular-style windows elsewhere in the cathedral. The results show that the glasses used to adapt the panels to a rectangular shape were broadly contemporary with the glasses used to glaze the original Ancestors windows, again representing a more extensive presence of medieval glass in the windows.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49548311/Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_Window_in_England","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-05T02:01:58.194-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":36671152,"work_id":49548311,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":3310372,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"l***2@UCL.ac.uk","affiliation":"Independent Researcher","display_order":1,"name":"Laura W Adlington","title":"Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?"},{"id":36671153,"work_id":49548311,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":62956166,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"l***r@canterbury-cathedral.org","display_order":2,"name":"L. Seliger","title":"Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67875997,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67875997/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2021_Adlington_et_al_Dating_Nathan_heritage_04_00051.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67875997/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67875997/2021_Adlington_et_al_Dating_Nathan_heritage_04_00051-libre.pdf?1625477228=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460668\u0026Signature=KoKsxa0wR4NXET9sx0s84Mb1R4olPDaxjvPbVtVw8quP7EzdKvx~UBHghSrSWPTjgjgrfBH3rf1SeragEKYsyHj7KnavFmGNtJ-271lam4CocYAuI5po7m3vgi~Wq0g7PJugBOQo-sjYD-ZMFHPT4M4T26g1NIot~UzfgIXBO5jeEuULxohWke5uW~KFcgdh61rLAIY6UK4r3QxFB18Pc8unlIhTID9CkCuKJg3nYps8wdktPuvGx1pczzcr5Muj~zsgAAAaQ2qOalB5gi7QTKpGC-sEzF1RlkbU~-7SMK34AwhJBmmLv8WG17Fsu0ep4O-sJdsjUTwet9PCr8Rp6A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_Window_in_England","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130-1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the second period of recycling (1790s), surviving figures from the Ancestors series were removed and adapted into rectangular panels for insertion into large Perpendicular-style windows elsewhere in the cathedral. The results show that the glasses used to adapt the panels to a rectangular shape were broadly contemporary with the glasses used to glaze the original Ancestors windows, again representing a more extensive presence of medieval glass in the windows.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":67875997,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67875997/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2021_Adlington_et_al_Dating_Nathan_heritage_04_00051.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67875997/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_W.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67875997/2021_Adlington_et_al_Dating_Nathan_heritage_04_00051-libre.pdf?1625477228=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DDating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_W.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460668\u0026Signature=KoKsxa0wR4NXET9sx0s84Mb1R4olPDaxjvPbVtVw8quP7EzdKvx~UBHghSrSWPTjgjgrfBH3rf1SeragEKYsyHj7KnavFmGNtJ-271lam4CocYAuI5po7m3vgi~Wq0g7PJugBOQo-sjYD-ZMFHPT4M4T26g1NIot~UzfgIXBO5jeEuULxohWke5uW~KFcgdh61rLAIY6UK4r3QxFB18Pc8unlIhTID9CkCuKJg3nYps8wdktPuvGx1pczzcr5Muj~zsgAAAaQ2qOalB5gi7QTKpGC-sEzF1RlkbU~-7SMK34AwhJBmmLv8WG17Fsu0ep4O-sJdsjUTwet9PCr8Rp6A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":163582,"name":"Medieval and Postmedieval Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_and_Postmedieval_Glass"},{"id":663638,"name":"Medieval Stained Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Stained_Glass"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-49548311-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="46939106"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/46939106/Raw_materials_and_technology_of_Medieval_Glass_from_Venice_the_Basilica_of_SS_Maria_e_Donato_in_Murano_Occari_et_al_2021_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/CorisandeFenwick">Corisande Fenwick</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/VeronicaOccari">Veronica Occari</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>J Arch Sci: Reports</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely accessible for analysis. Here we present electron microprobe analyses of sixty-one glass vessels dated to between the 12th and15th centuries from the island of Murano, which from the late 13th century was the centre of glass production in the city. All appear to have used the same type of soda ash, with similar levels of soda, magnesia, potash and phosphate and this is likely to have originated in the Levant. The alumina, iron and titanium contents suggest that three different silica sources have been used for the glass. Comparison with the available data from Venice and elsewhere in northern Italy suggests that the assemblage may include material made on the island. Furthermore, there are similarities with glass from the Levant and Egypt raising the possibility that raw glass from several regions may be represented. However, records indicate that Venice imported sand as well as raw glass from the Levant, which remains a possibility in the present case.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="46939106"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="46939106"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46939106; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=46939106]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=46939106]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46939106; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='46939106']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=46939106]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":46939106,"title":"Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.102981","abstract":"Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely accessible for analysis. Here we present electron microprobe analyses of sixty-one glass vessels dated to between the 12th and15th centuries from the island of Murano, which from the late 13th century was the centre of glass production in the city. All appear to have used the same type of soda ash, with similar levels of soda, magnesia, potash and phosphate and this is likely to have originated in the Levant. The alumina, iron and titanium contents suggest that three different silica sources have been used for the glass. Comparison with the available data from Venice and elsewhere in northern Italy suggests that the assemblage may include material made on the island. Furthermore, there are similarities with glass from the Levant and Egypt raising the possibility that raw glass from several regions may be represented. However, records indicate that Venice imported sand as well as raw glass from the Levant, which remains a possibility in the present case.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"J Arch Sci: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely accessible for analysis. Here we present electron microprobe analyses of sixty-one glass vessels dated to between the 12th and15th centuries from the island of Murano, which from the late 13th century was the centre of glass production in the city. All appear to have used the same type of soda ash, with similar levels of soda, magnesia, potash and phosphate and this is likely to have originated in the Levant. The alumina, iron and titanium contents suggest that three different silica sources have been used for the glass. Comparison with the available data from Venice and elsewhere in northern Italy suggests that the assemblage may include material made on the island. Furthermore, there are similarities with glass from the Levant and Egypt raising the possibility that raw glass from several regions may be represented. However, records indicate that Venice imported sand as well as raw glass from the Levant, which remains a possibility in the present case.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/46939106/Raw_materials_and_technology_of_Medieval_Glass_from_Venice_the_Basilica_of_SS_Maria_e_Donato_in_Murano_Occari_et_al_2021_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-04-19T01:52:53.628-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36451907,"work_id":46939106,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":408385,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"c***k@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":0,"name":"Corisande Fenwick","title":"Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)"},{"id":36451908,"work_id":46939106,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":54520634,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"v***i@gmail.com","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":4194304,"name":"Veronica Occari","title":"Raw materials and technology of Medieval Glass from Venice: the Basilica of SS. Maria e Donato in Murano (Occari et al 2021)"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Raw_materials_and_technology_of_Medieval_Glass_from_Venice_the_Basilica_of_SS_Maria_e_Donato_in_Murano_Occari_et_al_2021_","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Assemblages of medieval glass from Venice, the leading glassmaking centre in Europe, are rarely accessible for analysis. Here we present electron microprobe analyses of sixty-one glass vessels dated to between the 12th and15th centuries from the island of Murano, which from the late 13th century was the centre of glass production in the city. All appear to have used the same type of soda ash, with similar levels of soda, magnesia, potash and phosphate and this is likely to have originated in the Levant. The alumina, iron and titanium contents suggest that three different silica sources have been used for the glass. Comparison with the available data from Venice and elsewhere in northern Italy suggests that the assemblage may include material made on the island. Furthermore, there are similarities with glass from the Levant and Egypt raising the possibility that raw glass from several regions may be represented. However, records indicate that Venice imported sand as well as raw glass from the Levant, which remains a possibility in the present case.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":31043,"name":"Medieval Glasses (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Glasses_Archaeology_"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":229408,"name":"Islamic Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Glass"},{"id":430640,"name":"Venetian glassware","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Venetian_glassware"}],"urls":[{"id":9667667,"url":"https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1cwAJ,rVDBY6-A"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-46939106-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="45671555"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/45671555/Glass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium_CE_A_Compositional_Perspective"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Glass Production in the First Millennium CE: A Compositional Perspective" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66172635/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/45671555/Glass_Production_in_the_First_Millennium_CE_A_Compositional_Perspective">Glass Production in the First Millennium CE: A Compositional Perspective</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Künstlichen Stein zum durchsichtigen Massenprodukt / From artificial stone to translucent mass-product. Editors: Klimscha, F., Karlsen, H. J., Hansen, S., Renn, J.: Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 67, Edition TOPOI, 245-263</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The author discusses long term-trends in glass production during the 1st millennium CE. The syste...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The author discusses long term-trends in glass production during the 1st millennium CE. The systematic application of scientific methods on archaeological finds demonstrates the complexity of glass production and the trade networks in glass products. Due to the limited availability of natron nearly all glass originated from Egypt and Syria-Palestine from where raw glass was distributed to secondary workshops across Eu-rope and the Near East. This mode of production remained mostly constant during Antiquity and the early Middle Ages but a long-term decline in the availability of natron led to the restructuring of production from the 9th century onwards. Der Autor bespricht Langzeittrends der Glasherstellung im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. Die systematische Anwendung naturwis-senschaftlicher Methoden auf archäologische Funde wird be-nutzt um die Komplexität der Produktionsketten und Han-delsnetzwerke von Glasobjekten aufzuzeigen. Wegen der be-schränkten Verfügbarkeit von Natron wird sämtliches Roh-glas aus Ägypten und der Levante in europäische Glasverar-beitungsplätze gebracht. Dieses Netzwerk bleibt während der Antike und dem Frühen Mittelalter konstant, wird aber seit dem 9. Jahrhundert strukturell anders ausgerichtet.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-45671555-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-45671555-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963273/figure-1-generalized-production-model-glass-was-melted-from"><img alt="Fig. 1 Generalized production model. Glass was melted from Egyptian natron and local sand in large primary tank furnaces in the Eastern Mediterranean. The resulting raw glass was distributed in chunks to secondary workshops to be re-melted and fabricated into vessels, windows, and other types of artefacts. The composition of glass re-melted in a secondary workshop reflects the primary production. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963281/figure-2-not-present-in-natron-and-shell-containing-beach"><img alt="not present in natron, and shell-containing beach sand provided the lime needed to make a stable glass.*° " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963287/figure-3-that-the-decolorizers-were-frequently-added-at-the"><img alt="that the decolorizers were frequently added at the pri- that the decolorizers were frequently added at the pri- mary production stage. At the present time, we have no strong evidence that decolorization took place in the sec- ondary fabrication workshops. Furthermore, the strong association of antimony with a type of glass that is low in lime and alumina, while manganese is present in glass 37 (Tab. 1, cols. 1 & 2; see with higher lime and alumina below), strongly suggests that the two types of glass were made in different locations, and argues against decol- orization at the secondary stage. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963297/figure-4-this-choice-of-axes-is-based-upon-the-assumption"><img alt="This choice of axes is based upon the assumption that the glass making sand comprised quartz (SiO,), heavy minerals (O,-bearing), feldspars (,0,; bearing), as well as CaO-rich limestone/shell. It reflects the mineralogy of the primary glass making sand in a more comprehen- sive way than the simple lime-alumina plot. TiO, is used rather than Fe,O, or MgO (both of these oxides also oc- cur in heavy minerals) as high titanium is believed to be especially effective in distinguishing Egyptian sands from those of the Levantine coast.*° In particular, this graph is very effective at distinguishing glass from a num- ber of production centers thought to have been located in Egypt. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963305/figure-5-beach-sands-of-the-coast-between-gaza-and-haifa-dif"><img alt="beach sands of the coast between Gaza and Haifa.© Dif " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/66172635/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/10963311/figure-6-inate-in-egypt-and-its-isotopic-and-elemental"><img alt="inate in Egypt, and its isotopic and elemental composi- tions are fully consistent with such an origin.”> Rehren and Briggler,’”® for example, attribute the characteristic Helle bowls of the fourth to fifth centuries in northwest- ern Germany to the HIMT group, rather than to an ori- gin in the region. 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The systematic application of scientific methods on archaeological finds demonstrates the complexity of glass production and the trade networks in glass products. Due to the limited availability of natron nearly all glass originated from Egypt and Syria-Palestine from where raw glass was distributed to secondary workshops across Eu-rope and the Near East. This mode of production remained mostly constant during Antiquity and the early Middle Ages but a long-term decline in the availability of natron led to the restructuring of production from the 9th century onwards. Der Autor bespricht Langzeittrends der Glasherstellung im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. Die systematische Anwendung naturwis-senschaftlicher Methoden auf archäologische Funde wird be-nutzt um die Komplexität der Produktionsketten und Han-delsnetzwerke von Glasobjekten aufzuzeigen. Wegen der be-schränkten Verfügbarkeit von Natron wird sämtliches Roh-glas aus Ägypten und der Levante in europäische Glasverar-beitungsplätze gebracht. 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Due to the limited availability of natron nearly all glass originated from Egypt and Syria-Palestine from where raw glass was distributed to secondary workshops across Eu-rope and the Near East. This mode of production remained mostly constant during Antiquity and the early Middle Ages but a long-term decline in the availability of natron led to the restructuring of production from the 9th century onwards. Der Autor bespricht Langzeittrends der Glasherstellung im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. Die systematische Anwendung naturwis-senschaftlicher Methoden auf archäologische Funde wird be-nutzt um die Komplexität der Produktionsketten und Han-delsnetzwerke von Glasobjekten aufzuzeigen. Wegen der be-schränkten Verfügbarkeit von Natron wird sämtliches Roh-glas aus Ägypten und der Levante in europäische Glasverar-beitungsplätze gebracht. Dieses Netzwerk bleibt während der Antike und dem Frühen Mittelalter konstant, wird aber seit dem 9. 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The systematic application of scientific methods on archaeological finds demonstrates the complexity of glass production and the trade networks in glass products. Due to the limited availability of natron nearly all glass originated from Egypt and Syria-Palestine from where raw glass was distributed to secondary workshops across Eu-rope and the Near East. This mode of production remained mostly constant during Antiquity and the early Middle Ages but a long-term decline in the availability of natron led to the restructuring of production from the 9th century onwards. Der Autor bespricht Langzeittrends der Glasherstellung im 1. Jahrtausend n. Chr. Die systematische Anwendung naturwis-senschaftlicher Methoden auf archäologische Funde wird be-nutzt um die Komplexität der Produktionsketten und Han-delsnetzwerke von Glasobjekten aufzuzeigen. Wegen der be-schränkten Verfügbarkeit von Natron wird sämtliches Roh-glas aus Ägypten und der Levante in europäische Glasverar-beitungsplätze gebracht. 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Fragments of furnace structure, production debris and glass vessels have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) and thin-section petrography. <br />The results suggest that the workshop melted raw glass chunks of similar composition to the primary glass made at Apollonia, Israel, to produce secondary glass products. Some glass vessels associated with the furnace are of different composition, and some of these may represent material brought in as cullet for recycling. The furnace was built with ceramic bricks comprising alluvial-type clay with inclusions of quartz sand, probably added as temper. It was fired by potash-rich fuel to approximately 1100°C. Lime mortar was used either to cement the gaps between mudbricks or to line the furnace as a parting layer, and it has introduced a previously unrecognised type of contamination in glass of the period, mainly of Fe2O3 and CaO. The contamination may be identified in glass vessel assemblages elsewhere but is not ubiquitous. As its origin relates to the furnace structure, its occurrence may depend upon chronology or geography and further work is needed to resolve this issue.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44920226"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44920226"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44920226; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44920226]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44920226]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44920226; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44920226']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44920226]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44920226,"title":"A glass workshop in ‘Aqir, Israel and a new type of compositional contamination, Chen et al 2020","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102786","abstract":"Materials associated with a secondary workshop of early Byzantine date (4th-5th centuries) were unearthed in excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority in ‘Aqir, central Israel. Fragments of furnace structure, production debris and glass vessels have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) and thin-section petrography. \nThe results suggest that the workshop melted raw glass chunks of similar composition to the primary glass made at Apollonia, Israel, to produce secondary glass products. Some glass vessels associated with the furnace are of different composition, and some of these may represent material brought in as cullet for recycling. The furnace was built with ceramic bricks comprising alluvial-type clay with inclusions of quartz sand, probably added as temper. It was fired by potash-rich fuel to approximately 1100°C. Lime mortar was used either to cement the gaps between mudbricks or to line the furnace as a parting layer, and it has introduced a previously unrecognised type of contamination in glass of the period, mainly of Fe2O3 and CaO. The contamination may be identified in glass vessel assemblages elsewhere but is not ubiquitous. As its origin relates to the furnace structure, its occurrence may depend upon chronology or geography and further work is needed to resolve this issue.\n","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Materials associated with a secondary workshop of early Byzantine date (4th-5th centuries) were unearthed in excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority in ‘Aqir, central Israel. Fragments of furnace structure, production debris and glass vessels have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) and thin-section petrography. \nThe results suggest that the workshop melted raw glass chunks of similar composition to the primary glass made at Apollonia, Israel, to produce secondary glass products. Some glass vessels associated with the furnace are of different composition, and some of these may represent material brought in as cullet for recycling. The furnace was built with ceramic bricks comprising alluvial-type clay with inclusions of quartz sand, probably added as temper. It was fired by potash-rich fuel to approximately 1100°C. Lime mortar was used either to cement the gaps between mudbricks or to line the furnace as a parting layer, and it has introduced a previously unrecognised type of contamination in glass of the period, mainly of Fe2O3 and CaO. The contamination may be identified in glass vessel assemblages elsewhere but is not ubiquitous. As its origin relates to the furnace structure, its occurrence may depend upon chronology or geography and further work is needed to resolve this issue.\n","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44920226/A_glass_workshop_in_Aqir_Israel_and_a_new_type_of_compositional_contamination_Chen_et_al_2020","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-01-17T03:10:19.348-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[{"id":36168131,"work_id":44920226,"tagging_user_id":5719060,"tagged_user_id":67697471,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***n@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":0,"name":"Patrick Quinn","title":"A glass workshop in ‘Aqir, Israel and a new type of compositional contamination, Chen et al 2020"}],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"A_glass_workshop_in_Aqir_Israel_and_a_new_type_of_compositional_contamination_Chen_et_al_2020","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Materials associated with a secondary workshop of early Byzantine date (4th-5th centuries) were unearthed in excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority in ‘Aqir, central Israel. Fragments of furnace structure, production debris and glass vessels have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) and thin-section petrography. \nThe results suggest that the workshop melted raw glass chunks of similar composition to the primary glass made at Apollonia, Israel, to produce secondary glass products. Some glass vessels associated with the furnace are of different composition, and some of these may represent material brought in as cullet for recycling. The furnace was built with ceramic bricks comprising alluvial-type clay with inclusions of quartz sand, probably added as temper. It was fired by potash-rich fuel to approximately 1100°C. Lime mortar was used either to cement the gaps between mudbricks or to line the furnace as a parting layer, and it has introduced a previously unrecognised type of contamination in glass of the period, mainly of Fe2O3 and CaO. The contamination may be identified in glass vessel assemblages elsewhere but is not ubiquitous. As its origin relates to the furnace structure, its occurrence may depend upon chronology or geography and further work is needed to resolve this issue.\n","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":324361,"name":"Byzantine glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_glass"},{"id":324366,"name":"Byzantine Glass workshops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Glass_workshops"}],"urls":[{"id":9195045,"url":"https://authors.elsevier.com/c/1cQQl,rVDBVT1g"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-44920226-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="760707" id="earlyglass"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43563286"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43563286/Alexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_isotopes"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 'Alexandrian' glass confirmed by hafnium isotopes" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63870833/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43563286/Alexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_isotopes">'Alexandrian' glass confirmed by hafnium isotopes</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://au.academia.edu/RubinaRaja">Rubina Raja</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://uni-m.academia.edu/AchimLichtenberger">Achim Lichtenberger</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Scientific Reports</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Archaeological glass contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Archaeological glass contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet our understanding of critical aspects of the ancient glass industry is fragmentary. During Roman times, distinct glass types produced in coastal regions of Egypt and the Levant used evaporitic soda (natron) mixed with Nile-derived sands. In the Levant, furnaces for producing colourless Roman glass by addition of manganese have been uncovered, whereas the source of the desirable antimony-decolourised Roman glass remains an enigma. In the Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as "Alexandrian" referring to Egypt, but its origin has been ambiguous. Previous studies have found overlapping strontium and neodymium isotope ratios for Levantine and Egyptian glass. Here, we confirm these findings and show for the first time, based on glasses from the ancient city of Gerasa, that hafnium (Hf) isotopes are different in Egyptian and Levantine natron glasses, and that Sb Roman glass is Egyptian. Our work illustrates the value of Hf isotopes in provenancing archaeological glass. We attribute the striking difference in Hf isotopes of Egyptian versus Levantine glasses to sorting of zircons in Nile sediments during longshore drift and aeolian transport along the southeastern Mediterranean coast leaving behind a less juvenile fraction. The Roman glass industry underwent a massive expansion over the first century CE. At its peak it supplied not only tablewares for households across the Empire but also furnished major public buildings with many tonnes of glass for windows and mosaics 1,2. The raw glass was made by fusing Egyptian evaporitic soda (natron) and sand to produce large glass slabs in tank furnaces with capacities of 8-20 tonnes 3,4. These were broken up and distributed to glass workshops where the glass was remelted and shaped into objects for use 5,6. This division of production continued until at least the ninth century, when a change from a mineral soda flux over to plant ash occurred bringing about the end of the Roman glassmaking tradition 7,8. The technological achievements of the Roman glass industry were precocious and not surpassed until the rise of the European industries in the eighteenth century. In particular, the Romans produced large quantities of an expensive and highly valued glass, described by Pliny 9 as "colourless or transparent, as closely as possible resembling rock crystal" (Fig. 1), where the iron from the sand was oxidised from blue Fe 2+ to very pale Fe 3+ by the addition of antimony oxide, Sb 2 O 3 10,11. In the Price Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as "Alexandrian" thereby referring to Egypt 12. Despite this, the production site for this so-called Sb Roman glass is unknown but several authors have suggested, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, that it was in Egypt 13,14 (see Supplementary Information for details). Strong evidence that the primary glassmaking factories melting sand and natron to glass were predominantly located along the coast of the eastern Mediterranean is provided by isotopic measurements. Strontium (Sr) isotope compositions for the majority of natron glass groups are close to that of modern seawater, indicating the incorporation of marine shell in the batch and suggesting the use of beach sand as a silica source 15-17. With regards to neodymium (Nd) isotopes, nearly all natron glass types show a characteristic Nile-related signature reflecting the use of coastal sands along the southeastern Mediterranean that comprise largely Nile-derived sediments transported here by longshore drift 18,19. Hafnium (Hf) isotopes have not previously been applied to man-made archaeological material (see Supplementary Information). Here, we present Sr, Nd and Hf results on natron glass types and show that, unlike the Sr and Nd systems, hafnium isotopes distinguish between natron open</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="10d1d8f34a53d5c2afd1a48f194c6c8e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":63870833,"asset_id":43563286,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63870833/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="43563286"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43563286"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43563286; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43563286]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43563286]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43563286; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='43563286']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "10d1d8f34a53d5c2afd1a48f194c6c8e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=43563286]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":43563286,"title":"'Alexandrian' glass confirmed by hafnium isotopes","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-68089-w","abstract":"Archaeological glass contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet our understanding of critical aspects of the ancient glass industry is fragmentary. During Roman times, distinct glass types produced in coastal regions of Egypt and the Levant used evaporitic soda (natron) mixed with Nile-derived sands. In the Levant, furnaces for producing colourless Roman glass by addition of manganese have been uncovered, whereas the source of the desirable antimony-decolourised Roman glass remains an enigma. In the Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" referring to Egypt, but its origin has been ambiguous. Previous studies have found overlapping strontium and neodymium isotope ratios for Levantine and Egyptian glass. Here, we confirm these findings and show for the first time, based on glasses from the ancient city of Gerasa, that hafnium (Hf) isotopes are different in Egyptian and Levantine natron glasses, and that Sb Roman glass is Egyptian. Our work illustrates the value of Hf isotopes in provenancing archaeological glass. We attribute the striking difference in Hf isotopes of Egyptian versus Levantine glasses to sorting of zircons in Nile sediments during longshore drift and aeolian transport along the southeastern Mediterranean coast leaving behind a less juvenile fraction. The Roman glass industry underwent a massive expansion over the first century CE. At its peak it supplied not only tablewares for households across the Empire but also furnished major public buildings with many tonnes of glass for windows and mosaics 1,2. The raw glass was made by fusing Egyptian evaporitic soda (natron) and sand to produce large glass slabs in tank furnaces with capacities of 8-20 tonnes 3,4. These were broken up and distributed to glass workshops where the glass was remelted and shaped into objects for use 5,6. This division of production continued until at least the ninth century, when a change from a mineral soda flux over to plant ash occurred bringing about the end of the Roman glassmaking tradition 7,8. The technological achievements of the Roman glass industry were precocious and not surpassed until the rise of the European industries in the eighteenth century. In particular, the Romans produced large quantities of an expensive and highly valued glass, described by Pliny 9 as \"colourless or transparent, as closely as possible resembling rock crystal\" (Fig. 1), where the iron from the sand was oxidised from blue Fe 2+ to very pale Fe 3+ by the addition of antimony oxide, Sb 2 O 3 10,11. In the Price Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" thereby referring to Egypt 12. Despite this, the production site for this so-called Sb Roman glass is unknown but several authors have suggested, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, that it was in Egypt 13,14 (see Supplementary Information for details). Strong evidence that the primary glassmaking factories melting sand and natron to glass were predominantly located along the coast of the eastern Mediterranean is provided by isotopic measurements. Strontium (Sr) isotope compositions for the majority of natron glass groups are close to that of modern seawater, indicating the incorporation of marine shell in the batch and suggesting the use of beach sand as a silica source 15-17. With regards to neodymium (Nd) isotopes, nearly all natron glass types show a characteristic Nile-related signature reflecting the use of coastal sands along the southeastern Mediterranean that comprise largely Nile-derived sediments transported here by longshore drift 18,19. Hafnium (Hf) isotopes have not previously been applied to man-made archaeological material (see Supplementary Information). Here, we present Sr, Nd and Hf results on natron glass types and show that, unlike the Sr and Nd systems, hafnium isotopes distinguish between natron open","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Scientific Reports"},"translated_abstract":"Archaeological glass contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet our understanding of critical aspects of the ancient glass industry is fragmentary. During Roman times, distinct glass types produced in coastal regions of Egypt and the Levant used evaporitic soda (natron) mixed with Nile-derived sands. In the Levant, furnaces for producing colourless Roman glass by addition of manganese have been uncovered, whereas the source of the desirable antimony-decolourised Roman glass remains an enigma. In the Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" referring to Egypt, but its origin has been ambiguous. Previous studies have found overlapping strontium and neodymium isotope ratios for Levantine and Egyptian glass. Here, we confirm these findings and show for the first time, based on glasses from the ancient city of Gerasa, that hafnium (Hf) isotopes are different in Egyptian and Levantine natron glasses, and that Sb Roman glass is Egyptian. Our work illustrates the value of Hf isotopes in provenancing archaeological glass. We attribute the striking difference in Hf isotopes of Egyptian versus Levantine glasses to sorting of zircons in Nile sediments during longshore drift and aeolian transport along the southeastern Mediterranean coast leaving behind a less juvenile fraction. The Roman glass industry underwent a massive expansion over the first century CE. At its peak it supplied not only tablewares for households across the Empire but also furnished major public buildings with many tonnes of glass for windows and mosaics 1,2. The raw glass was made by fusing Egyptian evaporitic soda (natron) and sand to produce large glass slabs in tank furnaces with capacities of 8-20 tonnes 3,4. These were broken up and distributed to glass workshops where the glass was remelted and shaped into objects for use 5,6. This division of production continued until at least the ninth century, when a change from a mineral soda flux over to plant ash occurred bringing about the end of the Roman glassmaking tradition 7,8. The technological achievements of the Roman glass industry were precocious and not surpassed until the rise of the European industries in the eighteenth century. In particular, the Romans produced large quantities of an expensive and highly valued glass, described by Pliny 9 as \"colourless or transparent, as closely as possible resembling rock crystal\" (Fig. 1), where the iron from the sand was oxidised from blue Fe 2+ to very pale Fe 3+ by the addition of antimony oxide, Sb 2 O 3 10,11. In the Price Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" thereby referring to Egypt 12. Despite this, the production site for this so-called Sb Roman glass is unknown but several authors have suggested, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, that it was in Egypt 13,14 (see Supplementary Information for details). Strong evidence that the primary glassmaking factories melting sand and natron to glass were predominantly located along the coast of the eastern Mediterranean is provided by isotopic measurements. Strontium (Sr) isotope compositions for the majority of natron glass groups are close to that of modern seawater, indicating the incorporation of marine shell in the batch and suggesting the use of beach sand as a silica source 15-17. With regards to neodymium (Nd) isotopes, nearly all natron glass types show a characteristic Nile-related signature reflecting the use of coastal sands along the southeastern Mediterranean that comprise largely Nile-derived sediments transported here by longshore drift 18,19. Hafnium (Hf) isotopes have not previously been applied to man-made archaeological material (see Supplementary Information). Here, we present Sr, Nd and Hf results on natron glass types and show that, unlike the Sr and Nd systems, hafnium isotopes distinguish between natron open","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43563286/Alexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_isotopes","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-07-09T02:09:41.183-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":33006238,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":35215890,"work_id":43563286,"tagging_user_id":33006238,"tagged_user_id":40718254,"co_author_invite_id":7065681,"email":"g***d@ucdavis.edu","affiliation":"Aarhus University","display_order":1,"name":"Gry Barfod","title":"'Alexandrian' glass confirmed by hafnium isotopes"},{"id":35215891,"work_id":43563286,"tagging_user_id":33006238,"tagged_user_id":36875696,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"l***b@uni-muenster.de","affiliation":"Universität Münster","display_order":2,"name":"Achim Lichtenberger","title":"'Alexandrian' glass confirmed by hafnium isotopes"},{"id":35215892,"work_id":43563286,"tagging_user_id":33006238,"tagged_user_id":5719060,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"I***e@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":3,"name":"Ian Freestone","title":"'Alexandrian' glass confirmed by hafnium isotopes"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63870833,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63870833/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Alexandrian_glass_Barfod_et_al._202020200709-12233-c85utq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63870833/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Alexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_i.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63870833/Alexandrian_glass_Barfod_et_al._202020200709-12233-c85utq-libre.pdf?1594295503=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAlexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_i.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544595\u0026Signature=NU9kSyeCvvhc1wNzJL5gkSaVeTC85aylkrReLBTPtWjpt9pH68~U4j4VDIQtJkmXC8uy~qmYzNH-Km75Bm4HGGuWwmBesG1a~vSblSnp5Earrqmr7eUlkxqcjVjrRIIhXv9cwVQBdIAZCDL5hVu5OB6-DYVpAu~9zuZt22VKM5qTQdhJI49vxVocD9vgQDZUEioE9HtaPnOYG3KwO3HvuVHJ4Ts2jjzg3b9Nxlif7rLUyruH19-rh1dovOxYPFaSwAhWhuFTcZiHgwSv3IknYaEfdeR3BLNvoJVI-GQvNM1oPZ2pkb9RHFOLRgPO7ZMTkvsH1Fpi1W1poqT7FsQjZw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Alexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_isotopes","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Archaeological glass contains information about the movement of goods and ancient economies, yet our understanding of critical aspects of the ancient glass industry is fragmentary. 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We attribute the striking difference in Hf isotopes of Egyptian versus Levantine glasses to sorting of zircons in Nile sediments during longshore drift and aeolian transport along the southeastern Mediterranean coast leaving behind a less juvenile fraction. The Roman glass industry underwent a massive expansion over the first century CE. At its peak it supplied not only tablewares for households across the Empire but also furnished major public buildings with many tonnes of glass for windows and mosaics 1,2. The raw glass was made by fusing Egyptian evaporitic soda (natron) and sand to produce large glass slabs in tank furnaces with capacities of 8-20 tonnes 3,4. These were broken up and distributed to glass workshops where the glass was remelted and shaped into objects for use 5,6. This division of production continued until at least the ninth century, when a change from a mineral soda flux over to plant ash occurred bringing about the end of the Roman glassmaking tradition 7,8. The technological achievements of the Roman glass industry were precocious and not surpassed until the rise of the European industries in the eighteenth century. In particular, the Romans produced large quantities of an expensive and highly valued glass, described by Pliny 9 as \"colourless or transparent, as closely as possible resembling rock crystal\" (Fig. 1), where the iron from the sand was oxidised from blue Fe 2+ to very pale Fe 3+ by the addition of antimony oxide, Sb 2 O 3 10,11. In the Price Edict of Diocletian, this colourless glass is listed as \"Alexandrian\" thereby referring to Egypt 12. Despite this, the production site for this so-called Sb Roman glass is unknown but several authors have suggested, on the basis of circumstantial evidence, that it was in Egypt 13,14 (see Supplementary Information for details). Strong evidence that the primary glassmaking factories melting sand and natron to glass were predominantly located along the coast of the eastern Mediterranean is provided by isotopic measurements. Strontium (Sr) isotope compositions for the majority of natron glass groups are close to that of modern seawater, indicating the incorporation of marine shell in the batch and suggesting the use of beach sand as a silica source 15-17. With regards to neodymium (Nd) isotopes, nearly all natron glass types show a characteristic Nile-related signature reflecting the use of coastal sands along the southeastern Mediterranean that comprise largely Nile-derived sediments transported here by longshore drift 18,19. Hafnium (Hf) isotopes have not previously been applied to man-made archaeological material (see Supplementary Information). Here, we present Sr, Nd and Hf results on natron glass types and show that, unlike the Sr and Nd systems, hafnium isotopes distinguish between natron open","owner":{"id":33006238,"first_name":"Rubina","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Raja","page_name":"RubinaRaja","domain_name":"au","created_at":"2015-07-12T10:49:11.320-07:00","display_name":"Rubina Raja","url":"https://au.academia.edu/RubinaRaja"},"attachments":[{"id":63870833,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63870833/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Alexandrian_glass_Barfod_et_al._202020200709-12233-c85utq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63870833/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Alexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_i.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/63870833/Alexandrian_glass_Barfod_et_al._202020200709-12233-c85utq-libre.pdf?1594295503=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAlexandrian_glass_confirmed_by_hafnium_i.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544595\u0026Signature=NU9kSyeCvvhc1wNzJL5gkSaVeTC85aylkrReLBTPtWjpt9pH68~U4j4VDIQtJkmXC8uy~qmYzNH-Km75Bm4HGGuWwmBesG1a~vSblSnp5Earrqmr7eUlkxqcjVjrRIIhXv9cwVQBdIAZCDL5hVu5OB6-DYVpAu~9zuZt22VKM5qTQdhJI49vxVocD9vgQDZUEioE9HtaPnOYG3KwO3HvuVHJ4Ts2jjzg3b9Nxlif7rLUyruH19-rh1dovOxYPFaSwAhWhuFTcZiHgwSv3IknYaEfdeR3BLNvoJVI-GQvNM1oPZ2pkb9RHFOLRgPO7ZMTkvsH1Fpi1W1poqT7FsQjZw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":393,"name":"Classical Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Archaeology"},{"id":397,"name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Eastern_Archaeology"},{"id":1703,"name":"Stable Isotope Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stable_Isotope_Analysis"},{"id":7725,"name":"Urban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Studies"},{"id":22018,"name":"Glass (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glass_Archaeology_"},{"id":41438,"name":"Ancient Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass"},{"id":42366,"name":"Roman Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Glass"},{"id":83087,"name":"Isotopes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Isotopes"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-43563286-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="88786289"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/88786289/An_Investigation_Into_the_Relationship_Between_the_Raw_Materials_Used_in_the_Production_of_Chinese_Porcelain_and_Stoneware_Bodies_and_the_Resulting_Microstructures_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of An Investigation Into the Relationship Between the Raw Materials Used in the Production of Chinese Porcelain and Stoneware Bodies and the Resulting Microstructures*" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/92696221/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/88786289/An_Investigation_Into_the_Relationship_Between_the_Raw_Materials_Used_in_the_Production_of_Chinese_Porcelain_and_Stoneware_Bodies_and_the_Resulting_Microstructures_">An Investigation Into the Relationship Between the Raw Materials Used in the Production of Chinese Porcelain and Stoneware Bodies and the Resulting Microstructures*</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Archaeometry</span><span>, 2011</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The microstructures of porcelain and stoneware bodies from north and south China, spanning the pe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The microstructures of porcelain and stoneware bodies from north and south China, spanning the period from the Tang to the Ming dynasty (7th-17th centuries AD), were examined in polished sections in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after etching the sections with hydrofluoric acid (HF). Mullite, present as fine, mainly elongated crystals, is the dominant crystalline phase observed. The bulk chemical compositions of the bodies are determined by energy-dispersive spectrometry in the SEM, and the relative amounts of mullite and quartz present in the different ceramics are estimated from X-ray diffraction measurements. Mullite formed from areas of kaolinitic clay, mica particles and feldspar particles is distinguished through a combination of the arrangement of the mullite crystals, and the associated SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 wt% concentration ratios. It is shown that very different microstructures are observed in ceramic bodies produced using kaolinitic clay from north China (Ding porcelain and Jun stoneware), porcelain stone from south China (qingbai and underglaze blue porcelain and Longquan stoneware), and stoneware clays from south China (Yue and Guan stonewares). Therefore, SEM examination of HF-etched, polished sections of the bodies of high-refractory ceramics has considerable potential for investigating the raw materials used in their production.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7bb9e2f64343bc26bcf8cce07e843599" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":92696221,"asset_id":88786289,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/92696221/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="88786289"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="88786289"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88786289; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88786289]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=88786289]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 88786289; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='88786289']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7bb9e2f64343bc26bcf8cce07e843599" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=88786289]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":88786289,"title":"An Investigation Into the Relationship Between the Raw Materials Used in the Production of Chinese Porcelain and Stoneware Bodies and the Resulting Microstructures*","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley","ai_title_tag":"Microstructure Analysis of Chinese Porcelain and Stoneware","grobid_abstract":"The microstructures of porcelain and stoneware bodies from north and south China, spanning the period from the Tang to the Ming dynasty (7th-17th centuries AD), were examined in polished sections in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) after etching the sections with hydrofluoric acid (HF). Mullite, present as fine, mainly elongated crystals, is the dominant crystalline phase observed. The bulk chemical compositions of the bodies are determined by energy-dispersive spectrometry in the SEM, and the relative amounts of mullite and quartz present in the different ceramics are estimated from X-ray diffraction measurements. Mullite formed from areas of kaolinitic clay, mica particles and feldspar particles is distinguished through a combination of the arrangement of the mullite crystals, and the associated SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 wt% concentration ratios. It is shown that very different microstructures are observed in ceramic bodies produced using kaolinitic clay from north China (Ding porcelain and Jun stoneware), porcelain stone from south China (qingbai and underglaze blue porcelain and Longquan stoneware), and stoneware clays from south China (Yue and Guan stonewares). 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Mullite, present as fine, mainly elongated crystals, is the dominant crystalline phase observed. The bulk chemical compositions of the bodies are determined by energy-dispersive spectrometry in the SEM, and the relative amounts of mullite and quartz present in the different ceramics are estimated from X-ray diffraction measurements. Mullite formed from areas of kaolinitic clay, mica particles and feldspar particles is distinguished through a combination of the arrangement of the mullite crystals, and the associated SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 wt% concentration ratios. It is shown that very different microstructures are observed in ceramic bodies produced using kaolinitic clay from north China (Ding porcelain and Jun stoneware), porcelain stone from south China (qingbai and underglaze blue porcelain and Longquan stoneware), and stoneware clays from south China (Yue and Guan stonewares). 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Poruszona proble-matyka dotyczy dziewiętnastowiecznej restauracji witraży i ich współczesnej interpretacji, badań pojedynczej kwatery, okna i zespołu okien oraz szkieł barwnych. W ostatnim przypadku, dokład-niej zostały omówione szkła czerwone oraz dwunastowieczne szkła niebieskie, wytwarzane przy użyciu rzymskich tesserae. Słowa kluczowe: szkło, witraż, średniowiecze, archeometria szkła, SEM-EDS, LA ICP MS, mikro-skopia optyczna, konserwacja i restauracja. Abstract: Research on more than 900 fragments of medieval stained glass from different places and periods (from the 12 th</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e56a4143674997fdfe72687ecbcd499c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":72227337,"asset_id":57225549,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72227337/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="57225549"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57225549"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225549; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225549]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225549]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225549; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='57225549']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e56a4143674997fdfe72687ecbcd499c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=57225549]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":57225549,"title":"PROBLEMATYKA BADAŃ WITRAŻY ŚREDNIOWIECZNYCH [Issues in medieval stained glass research]","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstrakt: Na podstawie badań ponad 900 fragmentów średniowiecznych szkieł witrażowych, pochodzących z różnych miejsc i okresów (od XII do XVI w.), omówionych zostało kilka wybra-nych zagadnień związanych z metodyką badawczą i interpretacją wyników. 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class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36217808/Glossary_of_Mosaic_Glass_Terms">Glossary of Mosaic Glass Terms</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/NadineSchibille">Nadine Schibille</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Leverhulme Network of the Composition of Byzantine Glass Mosaic Tesserae</span><span>, 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Copyright © Centre for Byzantine Cultural History 2009</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="6af031b296a2957b4b0b1b9e1efcc173" 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}); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-12152932-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="28794427"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/28794427/Natron_glass_production_and_supply_in_the_late_antique_and_early_medieval_Near_East_The_effect_of_the_Byzantine_Islamic_transition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Natron glass production and supply in the late antique and early medieval Near East: The effect of the Byzantine-Islamic transition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49211966/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/28794427/Natron_glass_production_and_supply_in_the_late_antique_and_early_medieval_Near_East_The_effect_of_the_Byzantine_Islamic_transition">Natron glass production and supply in the late antique and early medieval Near East: The effect of the Byzantine-Islamic transition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/MattPhelps">Matt Phelps</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://antiquities.academia.edu/YaelRosen">Yael Rosen</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Palestine and Egypt supplied the Mediterranean and Europe with virtually all of its glass for mos...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Palestine and Egypt supplied the Mediterranean and Europe with virtually all of its glass for most of the first millennium CE. While the Muslim conquest in the 7th century saw major political and economic adjustment, immediate changes to material culture appear to have been minimal. This paper examines the impact of the Byzantine-Islamic transition on the natron glass industry of Palestine from the 7th to 12th century. A series of 133 well-contextualised glass vessels from selected excavations in modern day Israel have been analysed for major, minor and trace elements using LA-ICP-MS. These glasses are assigned to previously established primary production groups, allowing the elucidation of the chronology of key changes in glass production in the region. Results indicate a relatively abrupt compostional change in the late 7th-early 8th centuries, covering the reforming reigns of al-Malik and al-Walid, which marks the end of " Byzantine " glass production and the establishment of the furnaces at Bet Eli'ezer. At about this time there was an influx of glass of an Egyptian composition. Production of Bet Eli'ezer type glass appears to have been limited to a short time span, less than 50 years, after which natron glass production in Palestine ceased. Plant ash glass is first encountered in the late 8th-early 9th century, probably as a result of reduced local natron glass production creating the conditions in which plant ash glass technology was adopted. Egypt continued to produce natron glass for up to a century after its demise in Palestine. It is reasoned that the change and then collapse in natron glass production in Palestine may well have been as a consequence of a reduction in the quantities of available natron. This affected Palestine first, and Egypt up to 100 years later, which suggests that the factors causing the reduction in natron supply originated at the source and were long term and gradual, not short term events.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-28794427-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-28794427-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905076/figure-1-map-of-israel-showing-sites-mentioned-in-the-text"><img alt="Fig. 1. Map of Israel showing sites mentioned in the text. Red dots are sample sites and white diamonds are primary production sites. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905085/figure-2-cluster-analysis-ward-method-showing-the-four"><img alt="Fig. 2. Cluster analysis (Ward's method) showing the four principal groupings. Determining oxides: SiO2, Al203, CaO, SrO, Fe203, TiO2, ZrO2 and Na2O. (N = 128; 5 samples — AH 3746-03, NS 6362-04, NS 6362-10, RAM 5947-03, RAM, 5947-22 — removed as outliers). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905092/figure-4-pca-bi-plot-of-present-data-against-known"><img alt="Fig. 4. PCA bi-plot of present data against known literature groups using principal com- ponents 1 and 2. Labelled circles added manually. Oxides as Fig. 3 but omitting SrO (see text). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905097/figure-3-pca-bi-plot-of-principle-components-and-groups"><img alt="Fig. 3. PCA bi-plot of principle components 1 and 2. Groups labelled as Fig. 1. Determinins oxides: SiOz, Alz03, CaO, SrO, Fe203, TiO2, ZrO2 and Na20. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905108/figure-5-group-means-of-selected-trace-and-ree-data"><img alt="Fig. 5. Group means of selected trace and REE data normalised to weathered continenetal crust (MUQ; Kamber et al., 2005). Log scale. * = Co and Mn coloured samples removed from this group. * LA-ICP-MS data from the reanalysis of samples from Apollonia and Bet Elie'zer (Freestone et al., 2000) and Bet Shean (unpublished). Full data in Appendix F > ppm. © Data from Gratuze and Barrandon (1990). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905119/figure-6-cao-vs-sro-bi-plot-of-the-four-identified-groups"><img alt="Fig. 6. CaO vs SrO bi-plot of the four identified groups. Trend line for groups N-1, N- and N-4. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905124/figure-8-zro-vs-tio-bi-plot-demonstrating-the-similarity-of"><img alt="Fig. 8. ZrO2 vs. TiO2 bi-plot demonstrating the similarity of the Egyptian groups N-3 and N-4 to Egypt I and II (Gratuze and Barrandon, 1990). In the mid-8th century the ruling dynasty changed from Umayyad to Abbasid. A small number of vessels could be dated to this late 8th century transitional period through specific forms and contexts. These vessels were predominantly from Ramla, but also from Jerusalem (A-3835), Ha-Bonim and Tel Rosh. These vessels show Egypt II glass continuing to be an important constituent of the glass supply in Palestine, but at the expense of Levantine glass, which is present in much reduced amounts. This suggests a " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905131/figure-7-left-ca-al-vs-nao-sio-bi-plot-demonstrating-the"><img alt="Fig 7. a (left). Ca0/Al203 vs. Na2O/SiO2 bi-plot demonstrating the separation between Levantine groups N-1 and N-2. Fig. 7b (right). Comparative data from the three known primary production sites — 4th century Jalame (Brill, 1988); 6—7th century Apollonia (Freestone et al., 2000, 2008; Tal et al., 2004) and 8th century Bet Eli'ezer (Freestone et al., 2000). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905141/figure-9-histogram-plotting-percentage-frequency-of-vessel"><img alt="Fig. 9. Histogram plotting percentage frequency of vessel compositional type against time. Number of vessels shown at top of each column. Plant ash glass (discussed in Phelp: Forthcoming) added for comparison. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905152/table-1-sample-site-information"><img alt="Sample site information. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905161/table-2-most-frequent-colour-mno-sro-and-zro-as-ppm-five-co"><img alt="* Most frequent colour. > MnO, SrO and ZrO2 as ppm. © Five Co and Mn de/coloured vessels removed from mean (see text). Mean and standard deviation for the identified groups. Major, minor and three selected trace oxides, weight % unless indicated. StDev = Standard deviation Table 2 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905173/table-3-bdl-or-more-samples-below-detection-limit-five-co"><img alt="bdl = 1 or more samples below detection limit. * Five Co and Mn de/coloured vessels removed from mean. Mean trace oxide composition of the four identified glass groups. Values as ppm. bdl = 1 or more samples below detection limit. Table 3 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905183/table-4-mean-chemical-composition-showing-major-minor-and"><img alt="Mean chemical composition showing major, minor and selected trace oxides for the known literature groups. Weight % unless indicated. StDev = standard deviation. Table 4 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905190/table-5-major-minor-and-selected-trace-oxides-full-data-can"><img alt="Major, minor and selected trace oxides. Full data can be found in the supplementary material as Appendix A (online). It appears that a restricted supply of natron is reflected in the compositions of the early 8th century Levantine glass which led toa decline in Palestinian production. It implies that the adoption of a plant ash flux is unlikely to be the result of short-term or cata- clysmic events, as has been suggested in some previous work (Shortland et al., 2006; Whitehouse, 2002), but longer term factors, such as climate change (Foy and Nenna, 2001; Foy et al., 2003a; " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905198/table-6-natron-glass-production-and-supply-in-the-late"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/table_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905202/table-7-natron-glass-production-and-supply-in-the-late"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/table_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905207/table-8-natron-glass-production-and-supply-in-the-late"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/table_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42905210/table-9-natron-glass-production-and-supply-in-the-late"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49211966/table_009.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-28794427-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="03b292d29875d4c1d7b779dcf9d3673a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49211966,"asset_id":28794427,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49211966/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="28794427"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28794427"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28794427; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28794427]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28794427]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28794427; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='28794427']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "03b292d29875d4c1d7b779dcf9d3673a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=28794427]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":28794427,"title":"Natron glass production and supply in the late antique and early medieval Near East: The effect of the Byzantine-Islamic transition","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Palestine and Egypt supplied the Mediterranean and Europe with virtually all of its glass for most of the first millennium CE. While the Muslim conquest in the 7th century saw major political and economic adjustment, immediate changes to material culture appear to have been minimal. This paper examines the impact of the Byzantine-Islamic transition on the natron glass industry of Palestine from the 7th to 12th century. A series of 133 well-contextualised glass vessels from selected excavations in modern day Israel have been analysed for major, minor and trace elements using LA-ICP-MS. These glasses are assigned to previously established primary production groups, allowing the elucidation of the chronology of key changes in glass production in the region. Results indicate a relatively abrupt compostional change in the late 7th-early 8th centuries, covering the reforming reigns of al-Malik and al-Walid, which marks the end of \" Byzantine \" glass production and the establishment of the furnaces at Bet Eli'ezer. At about this time there was an influx of glass of an Egyptian composition. Production of Bet Eli'ezer type glass appears to have been limited to a short time span, less than 50 years, after which natron glass production in Palestine ceased. Plant ash glass is first encountered in the late 8th-early 9th century, probably as a result of reduced local natron glass production creating the conditions in which plant ash glass technology was adopted. Egypt continued to produce natron glass for up to a century after its demise in Palestine. It is reasoned that the change and then collapse in natron glass production in Palestine may well have been as a consequence of a reduction in the quantities of available natron. 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Analysis of the glass showed it to be of an unstable composition with high soda and low lime concentrations. Th e composition is similar to rare items found in the tomb of Nesikhons dating to the Th ird Intermediate Period. Th e weeping salts were found to be predominantly sodium formate (methanoate) produced as a result of off gassing from the storage environment. The analysis and conservation of the scarab are described and recommendations made for future storage of the object. <a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/BMTRB%202%20Fletcher.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://www.britishmuseum.org/pdf/BMTRB%202%20Fletcher.pdf</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="63351405"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="63351405"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63351405; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63351405]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63351405]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63351405; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='63351405']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=63351405]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":63351405,"title":"Analysis and conservation of a weeping glass scarab","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"An Egyptian glass scarab (1891,0509.35: EA 22872), previously thought to be from the New Kingdom period, was found upon conservation to be weeping. 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Chronologically, the ceramic materials range from the 7th millennium BC to the 16th ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="63351396"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="63351396"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63351396; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63351396]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63351396]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63351396; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='63351396']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=63351396]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":63351396,"title":"Recent developments in ceramic petrology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Abstract: The 18 articles arising from a one-day seminar at the British Museum in 1987 cover Europe, the Mediterranean, the Near East, North Africa, and the New World. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-63351387-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="57225551"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/57225551/The_Prunay_workshop_Technical_examination_of_La_T_ne_bichrome_painted_pottery_from_Champagne"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Prunay workshop: Technical examination of La T�ne bichrome painted pottery from Champagne" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The Prunay workshop: Technical examination of La T�ne bichrome painted pottery from Champagne</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Archaeology</span><span>, 1989</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="57225551"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57225551"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225551; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-57225551-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="57225540"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/57225540/The_Technology_of_Glazed_Reserved_Slip_Ware_A_Fine_Ceramic_of_the_Harappan_Period_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Technology of 'Glazed' Reserved Slip Ware-A Fine Ceramic of the Harappan Period*" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/72227324/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/57225540/The_Technology_of_Glazed_Reserved_Slip_Ware_A_Fine_Ceramic_of_the_Harappan_Period_">The Technology of 'Glazed' Reserved Slip Ware-A Fine Ceramic of the Harappan Period*</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Archaeometry</span><span>, 2005</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Glazed' Reserved Slip Ware (RSW) is a high-quality glossy bichrome pottery of the Indus Valley ci...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Glazed' Reserved Slip Ware (RSW) is a high-quality glossy bichrome pottery of the Indus Valley civilization, and dates to the mature Harappan period (c. 2600-1900 BC). Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis indicates that the surface coat on RSW is composed of a pale grey vitrified clay slip, which overlies a black slip with significantly higher iron oxide. Hence the term 'sintered' Reserved Slip Ware is to be preferred. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that both the pale and black slips contain hercynite, mullite and quartz, but observation by scanning electron microscopy shows that the black slips contain higher amounts of coarser-grained hercynite. The elemental data suggest that different clays were used to make the bodies and the slips. However, key element ratios are very close in associated black and pale slips. The grey slip may have been produced by elutriation of the fine, iron oxide-rich clay that was used to prepare the black slip. The pale grey slip was laid over the black and removed by combing to produce a bichrome effect, which evoked semi-precious materials such as agate. RSW was a specialist product that required significantly higher input skill and resources than the majority of Harappan clay-based ceramics. It is a further example of the range of sophisticated Harappan ceramic wares, which included faience, fired steatite and stoneware.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="ee134e52178d20907055404b661b70ae" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":72227324,"asset_id":57225540,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72227324/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="57225540"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57225540"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225540; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225540]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225540]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225540; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='57225540']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "ee134e52178d20907055404b661b70ae" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=57225540]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":57225540,"title":"The Technology of 'Glazed' Reserved Slip Ware-A Fine Ceramic of the Harappan Period*","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","ai_title_tag":"Glazed Reserved Slip Ware: A Harappan Ceramic Analysis","grobid_abstract":"Glazed' Reserved Slip Ware (RSW) is a high-quality glossy bichrome pottery of the Indus Valley civilization, and dates to the mature Harappan period (c. 2600-1900 BC). 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-63351406-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="85334263"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/85334263/Lead_Glazes_in_Antiquity_Methods_of_Production_and_Reasons_for_Use"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Lead Glazes in Antiquity?Methods of Production and Reasons for Use" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90062347/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/85334263/Lead_Glazes_in_Antiquity_Methods_of_Production_and_Reasons_for_Use">Lead Glazes in Antiquity?Methods of Production and Reasons for Use</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Archaeometry</span><span>, 1998</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Transparent high lead and tin-opacijied lead-alkali glazes have been extensively used throughout ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Transparent high lead and tin-opacijied lead-alkali glazes have been extensively used throughout Europe and the Near East from theirjrst appearance in the Roman era and the tenth-to eleventh-century Islamic world, respectively, up until the present day. Using, to a large extent, information which is widely scattered through a diverse range of literature, the methods employed in the production of these two glaze types arejrst outlined and their merits are then compared with those of alkali glazes in terms of ease of preparation of the glaze mixture, ease of application of the glaze, ease ofjring, cost of production, glaze-body j t and visual appearance. The principal advantages of transparent high lead glazes as compared to alkali glazes are shown to be ease ofpreparation and application of the glaze suspension, low susceptibility to glaze 'crazing' and 'crawling' and high optical brilliance. Factors that influence the choice of tin-opacijied lead-alkali glazes include ease of production of tin oxide by melting tin and lead metals together; a reduced risk of reduction of lead oxide to lead metal and consequent blackening of the glaze; and, again, low susceptibility to 'crazing' and 'crawling'. Limits of current knowledge regarding these two glaze types and requirements for future research are outlined.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-85334263-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-85334263-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48060470/table-1-ternary-diagram-showing-chemical-compositions-of"><img alt="Figure | Ternary diagram showing chemical compositions of transparent high lead glazes (Table 1) and tin-opacified glazes (Table 2) from Europe and the Near East spanning the period from the third to eighteenth century AD. The concentrations are normalized to 100% with the tin oxide concentration being excluded in the case of the tin-opacified glazes. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90062347/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48060479/figure-2-with-each-of-these-three-methods-clay-gum-or-starch"><img alt="With each of these three methods, clay, gum or starch are sometimes added to maintain the lead and silica particles in suspension, to give plasticity to the suspension and to improve the binding between the glaze powder and the body (Parmelee 1948, 72-5). Once prepared, the glaze suspension is applied, either by dipping, by pouring or by painting with a brush, to a leather hard, a dry unfired or a biscuit-fired body. Alternatively, when using a lead compound by itself, this can be applied as a dry powder by sprinkling by hand or by dusting through a coarse-woven cloth (Newell 1995). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90062347/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48060502/figure-3-plots-of-concentrations-of-left-alumina-and-right"><img alt="Figure 3 Plots of concentrations of (left) alumina and (right) iron oxide away from the body-glaze interface (at origin— 0 microns) for a transparent high lead glaze suspension applied to an unfired body (dashed line) and to a biscuit-fired body (solid line). Se A ae. | Ss ~ Sn Aa The observed greater reaction between body and glaze, when the glaze suspension is applied to an unfired body, is most probably due to the greater surface area and reactivity during firing of the unreacted clay minerals present in the unfired body, as compared to the sintered, partially crystalline body resulting from a biscuit firing. The reactivity is possibly further increased as a result of a slight disintegration of the unfired body during application of the glaze and a mixing of body particles into the wet glaze. This disintegration and mixing would probably be greatest when the glaze suspension is applied by brushing, as in the case of the above laboratory replications. rather than by dipping or pouring. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90062347/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48060527/figure-4-sem-photomicrographs-of-body-glaze-interfaces-for"><img alt="Figure 4 SEM photomicrographs of body-glaze interfaces for transparent high lead glazes showing (upper) the high concentration of potassium-lead-aluminium-silicate crystals which are characteristically formed at the interface when the glaze suspension is applied to an unfired body and (lower) the absence of potassium-lead-aluminum-silicate crystals at the interface which is characteristic of the application of the glaze suspension to a biscuit-fired body. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90062347/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48060538/table-1-concentrations-normalized-to-new-wds-data-replacing"><img alt="* Concentrations normalized to 100%. » New WDS data replacing published EDS data. Table 1 Compositions of transparent high lead glazes " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90062347/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48060552/table-2-lead-glazes-in-antiquity-methods-of-production-and"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90062347/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/48060588/table-3-concentrations-normalized-to-balance-sio-calculated"><img alt="* Concentrations normalized to 100% (balance SiO,). » Calculated using Fulcher-Tamman equation (Lakatos et al. 1972). * Calculated using oxide coefficients given in Singer and German (1960, 50). 4 Experimental values from Bansal and Doremus (1986), page numbers in brackets (p. 00 Table 3 Calculated and experimental maturing temperatures and linear thermal expansion coefficients " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/90062347/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-85334263-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="746cadab2c212a2523ac056cc6d1a650" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":90062347,"asset_id":85334263,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90062347/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="85334263"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="85334263"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85334263; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=85334263]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=85334263]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85334263; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='85334263']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "746cadab2c212a2523ac056cc6d1a650" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=85334263]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":85334263,"title":"Lead Glazes in Antiquity?Methods of Production and Reasons for Use","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley","grobid_abstract":"Transparent high lead and tin-opacijied lead-alkali glazes have been extensively used throughout Europe and the Near East from theirjrst appearance in the Roman era and the tenth-to eleventh-century Islamic world, respectively, up until the present day. Using, to a large extent, information which is widely scattered through a diverse range of literature, the methods employed in the production of these two glaze types arejrst outlined and their merits are then compared with those of alkali glazes in terms of ease of preparation of the glaze mixture, ease of application of the glaze, ease ofjring, cost of production, glaze-body j t and visual appearance. The principal advantages of transparent high lead glazes as compared to alkali glazes are shown to be ease ofpreparation and application of the glaze suspension, low susceptibility to glaze 'crazing' and 'crawling' and high optical brilliance. Factors that influence the choice of tin-opacijied lead-alkali glazes include ease of production of tin oxide by melting tin and lead metals together; a reduced risk of reduction of lead oxide to lead metal and consequent blackening of the glaze; and, again, low susceptibility to 'crazing' and 'crawling'. Limits of current knowledge regarding these two glaze types and requirements for future research are outlined.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1998,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Archaeometry","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":90062347},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/85334263/Lead_Glazes_in_Antiquity_Methods_of_Production_and_Reasons_for_Use","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-08-22T00:54:53.455-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":90062347,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/90062347/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.1475-4754.1998.tb00836.x20220822-1-jn5e75.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/90062347/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Lead_Glazes_in_Antiquity_Methods_of_Prod.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/90062347/j.1475-4754.1998.tb00836.x20220822-1-jn5e75-libre.pdf?1661156516=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DLead_Glazes_in_Antiquity_Methods_of_Prod.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460669\u0026Signature=eC9NrDuUD1SsQul4t6Yw6AY5TjgRaB~ul2uy-Qqen~V0zI4yd3kcah1JnnyJFyzQ0v5v-eQt3Ll7WTs-GDa5BJTOKkv32gC4hPaM8lmZpiuguQjEaNNLqgfhCbATT2u8VxtSn2o5HJIoBaGSwNkYf9bJwoe8F4YF7wdX5V5m1JrEO9BLFOJs1Gy2yKJKbx0j2ve8fZKAso3zarkTcuF7MAmrLHkjGXgZ3aX~7537SIJlS~2eZ681dsVTTezbkO4GkqpKJmLYZT2dU4V1yf2~R33-jmDbwo1m0CVQ1iNksHNav-MsJKSOuyBON~HWupRhLF6pKkyqUamOdpCYke7aUQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Lead_Glazes_in_Antiquity_Methods_of_Production_and_Reasons_for_Use","translated_slug":"","page_count":20,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Transparent high lead and tin-opacijied lead-alkali glazes have been extensively used throughout Europe and the Near East from theirjrst appearance in the Roman era and the tenth-to eleventh-century Islamic world, respectively, up until the present day. Using, to a large extent, information which is widely scattered through a diverse range of literature, the methods employed in the production of these two glaze types arejrst outlined and their merits are then compared with those of alkali glazes in terms of ease of preparation of the glaze mixture, ease of application of the glaze, ease ofjring, cost of production, glaze-body j t and visual appearance. The principal advantages of transparent high lead glazes as compared to alkali glazes are shown to be ease ofpreparation and application of the glaze suspension, low susceptibility to glaze 'crazing' and 'crawling' and high optical brilliance. Factors that influence the choice of tin-opacijied lead-alkali glazes include ease of production of tin oxide by melting tin and lead metals together; a reduced risk of reduction of lead oxide to lead metal and consequent blackening of the glaze; and, again, low susceptibility to 'crazing' and 'crawling'. 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Discussion of P. Armstrong (2020) Share link: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1cIDm_,5MKX9Yv9" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">An Early Byzantine Alkali Glazing Tradition? Discussion of P. Armstrong (2020) Share link: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1cIDm_,5MKX9Yv9</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The suggestion by Armstrong (2020) that the ceramics from the fifth century monastery of St. Lot,...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The suggestion by Armstrong (2020) that the ceramics from the fifth century monastery of St. Lot, Jordan,<br />represent evidence for an early Byzantine alkali glazing tradition is based upon a misinterpretation of an earlier study by Freestone et al. (2001). The St. Lot glazes were unintentional and formed as a result of the reaction of the kiln vapour with the clay ceramic. Evidence for an early Byzantine alkali glazing technology is called into question.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="44794656"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44794656"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44794656; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44794656]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44794656]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44794656; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='44794656']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=44794656]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":44794656,"title":"An Early Byzantine Alkali Glazing Tradition? Discussion of P. Armstrong (2020) Share link: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1cIDm_,5MKX9Yv9","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102746","abstract":"The suggestion by Armstrong (2020) that the ceramics from the fifth century monastery of St. Lot, Jordan,\nrepresent evidence for an early Byzantine alkali glazing tradition is based upon a misinterpretation of an earlier study by Freestone et al. (2001). The St. Lot glazes were unintentional and formed as a result of the reaction of the kiln vapour with the clay ceramic. Evidence for an early Byzantine alkali glazing technology is called into question.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science:Reports"},"translated_abstract":"The suggestion by Armstrong (2020) that the ceramics from the fifth century monastery of St. Lot, Jordan,\nrepresent evidence for an early Byzantine alkali glazing tradition is based upon a misinterpretation of an earlier study by Freestone et al. (2001). The St. Lot glazes were unintentional and formed as a result of the reaction of the kiln vapour with the clay ceramic. Evidence for an early Byzantine alkali glazing technology is called into question.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44794656/An_Early_Byzantine_Alkali_Glazing_Tradition_Discussion_of_P_Armstrong_2020_Share_link_https_authors_elsevier_com_a_1cIDm_5MKX9Yv9","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-12-29T07:07:47.857-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"An_Early_Byzantine_Alkali_Glazing_Tradition_Discussion_of_P_Armstrong_2020_Share_link_https_authors_elsevier_com_a_1cIDm_5MKX9Yv9","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The suggestion by Armstrong (2020) that the ceramics from the fifth century monastery of St. Lot, Jordan,\nrepresent evidence for an early Byzantine alkali glazing tradition is based upon a misinterpretation of an earlier study by Freestone et al. (2001). The St. Lot glazes were unintentional and formed as a result of the reaction of the kiln vapour with the clay ceramic. Evidence for an early Byzantine alkali glazing technology is called into question.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":16007,"name":"Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ceramic_Analysis_Archaeology_"},{"id":24827,"name":"Ceramics (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ceramics_Archaeology_"},{"id":51300,"name":"Ceramic Glaze Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ceramic_Glaze_Technology"},{"id":100520,"name":"Byzantine ceramics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_ceramics"}],"urls":[{"id":9176050,"url":"https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1cIDm_,5MKX9Yv9"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-44794656-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="41489725"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/41489725/The_introduction_of_celadon_production_in_North_China_Technological_characteristics_and_diversity_of_the_earliest_wares_Huang_et_al_2020_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The introduction of celadon production in North China: Technological characteristics and diversity of the earliest wares (Huang et al 2020)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The introduction of celadon production in North China: Technological characteristics and diversity of the earliest wares (Huang et al 2020)</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span><span>, 2020</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Celadon, technically a stoneware with a lime-rich glaze, had been produced in South China for mor...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Celadon, technically a stoneware with a lime-rich glaze, had been produced in South China for more than two millennia before it was first made in the North in the second half of the sixth century. It appears to have been an immediate precursor to white porcelain, which was first produced by northern kilns. The compositions and microstructures of early northern celadons from kilns, residential sites and tombs in handong, Hebei and Henan provinces, and dated 550s-618 CE, have een determined by SEM-EDS. The majority of the vessels were made using a low-iron kaolinitic clay, with high alumina (20–29%), as anticipated for northern clays. A small number of celadon vessels from a kiln at Caocun, which produced mainly lead-glazed wares, have lower alumina contents and appear to have originated in the South. It seems possible that these imported vessels were being used by the potters as models on which Caocun wares were based. Consistent differences in major element composition are observed between the products of kilns at Anyang, Xing, Luoyang and Zhaili. Unlike southern celadon glazes,<br />which were prepared as two-component mixtures of vegetal ash and body clay, the northern celadon glazes are three-component, and typically contained an additional siliceous component, probably loess. An exception is the glazes of the Xing celadons, which present no evidence for loess but which are rich in Na2O. The source of the<br />soda is unclear, common salt and albitic feldspar are discussed as possibilities. Based upon micromorphological characteristics such as the relative size and abundance of remnant quartz and the extent of observable mullite, as well as the position of the glazes in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 phase diagram, the Xing bodies are more mature and they<br />appear to have been fired to higher temperatures than the products of other kilns. These results suggest that celadon technology was not directly transferred to the North from the South, but that the northern potters adopted their own strategies to make high-fired glazes.  Furthermore, each kiln appears to have had its own preferred recipe, to suit the available raw materials. The products of Xing kiln were exceptional and it appears that here the trajectory towards white porcelain was already apparent, perhaps reflecting the creativity of the<br />Xing potters who were among the first to make a successful white porcelain.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="41489725"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41489725"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41489725; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41489725]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41489725]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41489725; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='41489725']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=41489725]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":41489725,"title":"The introduction of celadon production in North China: Technological characteristics and diversity of the earliest wares (Huang et al 2020)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.jas.2019.105057","abstract":"Celadon, technically a stoneware with a lime-rich glaze, had been produced in South China for more than two millennia before it was first made in the North in the second half of the sixth century. It appears to have been an immediate precursor to white porcelain, which was first produced by northern kilns. The compositions and microstructures of early northern celadons from kilns, residential sites and tombs in handong, Hebei and Henan provinces, and dated 550s-618 CE, have een determined by SEM-EDS. The majority of the vessels were made using a low-iron kaolinitic clay, with high alumina (20–29%), as anticipated for northern clays. A small number of celadon vessels from a kiln at Caocun, which produced mainly lead-glazed wares, have lower alumina contents and appear to have originated in the South. It seems possible that these imported vessels were being used by the potters as models on which Caocun wares were based. Consistent differences in major element composition are observed between the products of kilns at Anyang, Xing, Luoyang and Zhaili. Unlike southern celadon glazes,\nwhich were prepared as two-component mixtures of vegetal ash and body clay, the northern celadon glazes are three-component, and typically contained an additional siliceous component, probably loess. An exception is the glazes of the Xing celadons, which present no evidence for loess but which are rich in Na2O. The source of the\nsoda is unclear, common salt and albitic feldspar are discussed as possibilities. Based upon micromorphological characteristics such as the relative size and abundance of remnant quartz and the extent of observable mullite, as well as the position of the glazes in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 phase diagram, the Xing bodies are more mature and they\nappear to have been fired to higher temperatures than the products of other kilns. These results suggest that celadon technology was not directly transferred to the North from the South, but that the northern potters adopted their own strategies to make high-fired glazes. Furthermore, each kiln appears to have had its own preferred recipe, to suit the available raw materials. The products of Xing kiln were exceptional and it appears that here the trajectory towards white porcelain was already apparent, perhaps reflecting the creativity of the\nXing potters who were among the first to make a successful white porcelain.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2020,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},"translated_abstract":"Celadon, technically a stoneware with a lime-rich glaze, had been produced in South China for more than two millennia before it was first made in the North in the second half of the sixth century. It appears to have been an immediate precursor to white porcelain, which was first produced by northern kilns. The compositions and microstructures of early northern celadons from kilns, residential sites and tombs in handong, Hebei and Henan provinces, and dated 550s-618 CE, have een determined by SEM-EDS. The majority of the vessels were made using a low-iron kaolinitic clay, with high alumina (20–29%), as anticipated for northern clays. A small number of celadon vessels from a kiln at Caocun, which produced mainly lead-glazed wares, have lower alumina contents and appear to have originated in the South. It seems possible that these imported vessels were being used by the potters as models on which Caocun wares were based. Consistent differences in major element composition are observed between the products of kilns at Anyang, Xing, Luoyang and Zhaili. Unlike southern celadon glazes,\nwhich were prepared as two-component mixtures of vegetal ash and body clay, the northern celadon glazes are three-component, and typically contained an additional siliceous component, probably loess. An exception is the glazes of the Xing celadons, which present no evidence for loess but which are rich in Na2O. The source of the\nsoda is unclear, common salt and albitic feldspar are discussed as possibilities. Based upon micromorphological characteristics such as the relative size and abundance of remnant quartz and the extent of observable mullite, as well as the position of the glazes in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 phase diagram, the Xing bodies are more mature and they\nappear to have been fired to higher temperatures than the products of other kilns. These results suggest that celadon technology was not directly transferred to the North from the South, but that the northern potters adopted their own strategies to make high-fired glazes. Furthermore, each kiln appears to have had its own preferred recipe, to suit the available raw materials. The products of Xing kiln were exceptional and it appears that here the trajectory towards white porcelain was already apparent, perhaps reflecting the creativity of the\nXing potters who were among the first to make a successful white porcelain.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41489725/The_introduction_of_celadon_production_in_North_China_Technological_characteristics_and_diversity_of_the_earliest_wares_Huang_et_al_2020_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2020-01-02T03:31:36.561-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_introduction_of_celadon_production_in_North_China_Technological_characteristics_and_diversity_of_the_earliest_wares_Huang_et_al_2020_","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Celadon, technically a stoneware with a lime-rich glaze, had been produced in South China for more than two millennia before it was first made in the North in the second half of the sixth century. It appears to have been an immediate precursor to white porcelain, which was first produced by northern kilns. The compositions and microstructures of early northern celadons from kilns, residential sites and tombs in handong, Hebei and Henan provinces, and dated 550s-618 CE, have een determined by SEM-EDS. The majority of the vessels were made using a low-iron kaolinitic clay, with high alumina (20–29%), as anticipated for northern clays. A small number of celadon vessels from a kiln at Caocun, which produced mainly lead-glazed wares, have lower alumina contents and appear to have originated in the South. It seems possible that these imported vessels were being used by the potters as models on which Caocun wares were based. Consistent differences in major element composition are observed between the products of kilns at Anyang, Xing, Luoyang and Zhaili. Unlike southern celadon glazes,\nwhich were prepared as two-component mixtures of vegetal ash and body clay, the northern celadon glazes are three-component, and typically contained an additional siliceous component, probably loess. An exception is the glazes of the Xing celadons, which present no evidence for loess but which are rich in Na2O. The source of the\nsoda is unclear, common salt and albitic feldspar are discussed as possibilities. Based upon micromorphological characteristics such as the relative size and abundance of remnant quartz and the extent of observable mullite, as well as the position of the glazes in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 phase diagram, the Xing bodies are more mature and they\nappear to have been fired to higher temperatures than the products of other kilns. These results suggest that celadon technology was not directly transferred to the North from the South, but that the northern potters adopted their own strategies to make high-fired glazes. Furthermore, each kiln appears to have had its own preferred recipe, to suit the available raw materials. The products of Xing kiln were exceptional and it appears that here the trajectory towards white porcelain was already apparent, perhaps reflecting the creativity of the\nXing potters who were among the first to make a successful white porcelain.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":12807,"name":"Archaeometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometry"},{"id":16007,"name":"Ceramic Analysis (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ceramic_Analysis_Archaeology_"},{"id":24827,"name":"Ceramics (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ceramics_Archaeology_"},{"id":502596,"name":"Celadon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Celadon"},{"id":557026,"name":"Chinese Porcelain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Porcelain"}],"urls":[{"id":8925904,"url":"https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1aGTE_6yUMB5SW"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-41489725-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36184994"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184994/Developments_in_Ceramic_Technology_in_North_China_in_the_Sixth_Century_AD_Shan_Huang_and_Ian_Freestone_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Developments in Ceramic Technology in North China in the Sixth Century AD (Shan Huang and Ian Freestone)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56085113/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184994/Developments_in_Ceramic_Technology_in_North_China_in_the_Sixth_Century_AD_Shan_Huang_and_Ian_Freestone_">Developments in Ceramic Technology in North China in the Sixth Century AD (Shan Huang and Ian Freestone)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="54ef7d1169380b2277e53d11b657c0ef" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56085113,"asset_id":36184994,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56085113/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36184994"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36184994"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184994; 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It highlights the differences in production techniques between Sancai and porcelain, emphasizing the role of the Caocun site in early whiteware development. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-36184994-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31467464"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/31467464/European_cobalt_sources_identified_in_the_production_of_Chinese_famille_rose_porcelain_Giannini_et_al_2017_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of European cobalt sources identified in the production of Chinese famille rose porcelain (Giannini et al 2017)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">European cobalt sources identified in the production of Chinese famille rose porcelain (Giannini et al 2017)</div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cranfield.academia.edu/AndrewShortland">Andrew Shortland</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The blue pigments on 112 fragments or small objects of Qing Dynasty Chinese, 95 of underglaze blu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The blue pigments on 112 fragments or small objects of Qing Dynasty Chinese, 95 of underglaze blue and white and 17 overglaze enamelled porcelains were analysed by LA-ICPMS. The underglaze blues on both<br />blue and white and polychrome objects were created with a cobalt pigment that was rich in manganese with lesser nickel and zinc. This suite of accessory elements is generally considered to be characteristic of local, Chinese, sources of pigments. However, the blue enamels were very different. The cobalt pigment here has low levels of manganese and instead is rich in nickel, zinc, arsenic and bismuth. No Chinese source of cobalt with these characteristics is known, but they closely match the elements found in the contemporary cobalt source at Erzgebirge in Germany. Textual evidence has been interpreted to suggest that some enamel pigment technologies were transferred from Europe to China, but this is the first analytical evidence to be found that an enamel pigment itself was imported. It is possible that this pigment was imported in the form of cobalt coloured glass, or smalt, which might account for its use in enamels, but not in an underglaze, where the colour might be susceptible to running. Furthermore, the European cobalt would have given a purer shade of blue than the manganese-rich Chinese cobalt.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31467464"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31467464"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31467464; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31467464]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31467464]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31467464; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31467464']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31467464]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31467464,"title":"European cobalt sources identified in the production of Chinese famille rose porcelain (Giannini et al 2017)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The blue pigments on 112 fragments or small objects of Qing Dynasty Chinese, 95 of underglaze blue and white and 17 overglaze enamelled porcelains were analysed by LA-ICPMS. The underglaze blues on both\nblue and white and polychrome objects were created with a cobalt pigment that was rich in manganese with lesser nickel and zinc. This suite of accessory elements is generally considered to be characteristic of local, Chinese, sources of pigments. However, the blue enamels were very different. The cobalt pigment here has low levels of manganese and instead is rich in nickel, zinc, arsenic and bismuth. No Chinese source of cobalt with these characteristics is known, but they closely match the elements found in the contemporary cobalt source at Erzgebirge in Germany. Textual evidence has been interpreted to suggest that some enamel pigment technologies were transferred from Europe to China, but this is the first analytical evidence to be found that an enamel pigment itself was imported. It is possible that this pigment was imported in the form of cobalt coloured glass, or smalt, which might account for its use in enamels, but not in an underglaze, where the colour might be susceptible to running. Furthermore, the European cobalt would have given a purer shade of blue than the manganese-rich Chinese cobalt.","event_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"journal_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},"translated_abstract":"The blue pigments on 112 fragments or small objects of Qing Dynasty Chinese, 95 of underglaze blue and white and 17 overglaze enamelled porcelains were analysed by LA-ICPMS. The underglaze blues on both\nblue and white and polychrome objects were created with a cobalt pigment that was rich in manganese with lesser nickel and zinc. This suite of accessory elements is generally considered to be characteristic of local, Chinese, sources of pigments. However, the blue enamels were very different. The cobalt pigment here has low levels of manganese and instead is rich in nickel, zinc, arsenic and bismuth. No Chinese source of cobalt with these characteristics is known, but they closely match the elements found in the contemporary cobalt source at Erzgebirge in Germany. Textual evidence has been interpreted to suggest that some enamel pigment technologies were transferred from Europe to China, but this is the first analytical evidence to be found that an enamel pigment itself was imported. It is possible that this pigment was imported in the form of cobalt coloured glass, or smalt, which might account for its use in enamels, but not in an underglaze, where the colour might be susceptible to running. 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Only rarely are the remains still in situ , more usually the furnace fragments, other refractories and even spillages of the metals are buried in slag heaps. In fact, their ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="57225542"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57225542"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225542; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225542]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225542]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225542; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='57225542']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=57225542]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":57225542,"title":"The Investigation of a Small Heap of Silver Smelting Debris From Rio Tinto, Huelva, Spain.(Retroactive Coverage)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The remains of ancient metallurgy are prolific: enormous slag heaps cover the ancient smelting sites. 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In fact, their ...","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-57225542-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="57225539"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/57225539/Technological_characterisation_of_refractory_ceramics_from_Timna"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Technological characterisation of refractory ceramics from Timna" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Technological characterisation of refractory ceramics from Timna</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Ancient Metallurgy …</span><span>, 1990</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">... 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Author: Tite, Michael S.; Hughes, Michael J.; Freestone, Ian C.; Meeks, Nigel D.; Bimson, Mavis Editor: Rothenberg, Beno Title Article/Chapter: &amp;amp;amp;quot;Technological characterisation of refractory ceramics from Timna&amp;amp;amp;quot; Title of Source: The ancient metallurgy of copper: archaeology ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="57225539"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57225539"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225539; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225539]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225539]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225539; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='57225539']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=57225539]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":57225539,"title":"Technological characterisation of refractory ceramics from Timna","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"... 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Author: Tite, Michael S.; Hughes, Michael J.; Freestone, Ian C.; Meeks, Nigel D.; Bimson, Mavis Editor: Rothenberg, Beno Title Article/Chapter: \u0026amp;amp;amp;quot;Technological characterisation of refractory ceramics from Timna\u0026amp;amp;amp;quot; Title of Source: The ancient metallurgy of copper: archaeology ...","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-57225539-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="57225538"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/57225538/Casting_Metals_in_Limestone_Moulds"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Casting Metals in Limestone Moulds" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Casting Metals in Limestone Moulds</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The Journal of the Historical Metallurgy …</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">RefDoc Bienvenue - Welcome. Refdoc est un service / is powered by. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="57225538"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="57225538"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225538; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225538]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57225538]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 57225538; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='57225538']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=57225538]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":57225538,"title":"Casting Metals in Limestone Moulds","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"RefDoc Bienvenue - Welcome. Refdoc est un service / is powered by. ...","publisher":"cat.inist.fr","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1997,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"The Journal of the Historical Metallurgy …"},"translated_abstract":"RefDoc Bienvenue - Welcome. Refdoc est un service / is powered by. ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57225538/Casting_Metals_in_Limestone_Moulds","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-10-11T10:03:04.580-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Casting_Metals_in_Limestone_Moulds","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"RefDoc Bienvenue - Welcome. Refdoc est un service / is powered by. ...","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-57225538-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="47775421"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/47775421/Mass_Produced_Mullite_Crucibles_in_Medieval_Europe_Manufacture_and_Material_Properties"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mass-Produced Mullite Crucibles in Medieval Europe: Manufacture and Material Properties" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66717306/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/47775421/Mass_Produced_Mullite_Crucibles_in_Medieval_Europe_Manufacture_and_Material_Properties">Mass-Produced Mullite Crucibles in Medieval Europe: Manufacture and Material Properties</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of the American Ceramic Society</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Crucibles from the German region of Hesse have been famous since the Middle Ages due to their exc...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Crucibles from the German region of Hesse have been famous since the Middle Ages due to their exceptional quality, regarded by many as a mystery. We analyzed 50 Hessian and non-Hessian archeological crucibles using SEM-EDS, FESEM, and XRD to investigate their technology and material properties. It was revealed that Hessian crucibles were systematically made of kaolinitic clay with a low flux content, mixed with quartz sand, and fired to temperatures in excess of 13001C. Primary mullite developed in most of the glass matrix, with secondary mullite in some regions of clay-feldspar relict mixtures. Consequently, the vessels showed superior creep and thermal shock resistance, high-temperature strength, and thermal and chemical refractoriness. These crucibles represent the earliest industrial exploitation of mullite in Europe, which explains their historical success.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fe307c6ada03c150f83488caeb9e707d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":66717306,"asset_id":47775421,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66717306/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="47775421"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47775421"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47775421; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47775421]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47775421]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47775421; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='47775421']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fe307c6ada03c150f83488caeb9e707d" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=47775421]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":47775421,"title":"Mass-Produced Mullite Crucibles in Medieval Europe: Manufacture and Material Properties","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley-Blackwell","grobid_abstract":"Crucibles from the German region of Hesse have been famous since the Middle Ages due to their exceptional quality, regarded by many as a mystery. 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These crucibles represent the earliest industrial exploitation of mullite in Europe, which explains their historical success.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of the American Ceramic Society","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":66717306},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47775421/Mass_Produced_Mullite_Crucibles_in_Medieval_Europe_Manufacture_and_Material_Properties","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-04-29T03:38:39.210-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66717306,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/66717306/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Martinon-Torres_et_al_2008_JACS.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66717306/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Mass_Produced_Mullite_Crucibles_in_Medie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/66717306/Martinon-Torres_et_al_2008_JACS-libre.pdf?1619692904=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMass_Produced_Mullite_Crucibles_in_Medie.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460669\u0026Signature=F5m7hjSLNsNUpomUjhOe5x9TSA7ascF9lmjeFsKX9fvr37Fibc9tJYb2W0z-bPcGRJccXxjgWHdo0DGHWN3H~5gNZxjVeVTOCjFCSjHspCE-cflJjzHwMCpEwfcOge~cWiLU3~dYvmAVu-b0z-GtYwlorGjhsuxatk52KZvF2Okv~YIJ5oLyGmecj9LGLQ6SocP5sqYN8oQCws0t01yHMXtzxxZfkoMHSVmwI4FeifRlqs5XfgnXvA17MmI-YXLjyXNN6u0modrOCDKXiyJotVPajIyJdd4vhN81xUHpUqkwkpVhPSdy8l0AGamY~v2lPtnheP1w9g9bNASzyVHAjQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Mass_Produced_Mullite_Crucibles_in_Medieval_Europe_Manufacture_and_Material_Properties","translated_slug":"","page_count":4,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Crucibles from the German region of Hesse have been famous since the Middle Ages due to their exceptional quality, regarded by many as a mystery. We analyzed 50 Hessian and non-Hessian archeological crucibles using SEM-EDS, FESEM, and XRD to investigate their technology and material properties. It was revealed that Hessian crucibles were systematically made of kaolinitic clay with a low flux content, mixed with quartz sand, and fired to temperatures in excess of 13001C. Primary mullite developed in most of the glass matrix, with secondary mullite in some regions of clay-feldspar relict mixtures. Consequently, the vessels showed superior creep and thermal shock resistance, high-temperature strength, and thermal and chemical refractoriness. 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Here we show that the secret behind the remarkable properties of these early crucibles is mullite, an aluminium silicate that is now widely used in modern advanced ceramics. ... Hessian crucibles (Fig. 1a) were established by the fifteenth century and ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="80347423"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80347423"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80347423; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80347423]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80347423]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80347423; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='80347423']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=80347423]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":80347423,"title":"Mullite and the mystery of Hessian wares","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Crucibles from the German region of Hesse have been used since the late Middle Ages by alchemists, chemists, assayers, minters and metallurgists 1, 2, 3 , but the factors responsible for their superior quality are unknown and several historically documented attempts to replicate their construction have failed 2, 4, 5 . 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This study exploits a unique opportunity to assess 35 years of conservation applied to cast-iron cannon shot excavated from the Mary Rose. A combination of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXPD), absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and fluorescence (XRF) mapping have been used to characterise the impact of conservation on the crystalline corrosion products, chlorine distribution, and speciation. The chlorinated phase akaganeite, β-FeO(OH,Cl), was found on shot washed in corrosion inhibitor Hostacor IT with or without an additional reduction stage. No chlorinated phases were observed on the surface of shot stored in sodium sesquicarbonate (Na2CO3/NaHCO3); however, hibbingite, β-Fe2(OH)3Cl, was present in metal pores. It is proposed that surface β-FeO(OH,Cl) formed in the early stages of active conservation owing to oxidation of β-Fe2(OH)3Cl at near-neutral pH.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fe9195b987d3f0c9c3b70c2b6d82dfe7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56817920,"asset_id":36185058,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56817920/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36185058"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36185058"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36185058; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36185058]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36185058]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36185058; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36185058']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fe9195b987d3f0c9c3b70c2b6d82dfe7" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36185058]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36185058,"title":"A Synchrotron‐Based Study of the Mary Rose Iron Cannonballs (Simon et al. 2018)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1002/anie.201713120","abstract":"Post-excavation iron corrosion may be accelerated by the presence of Cl−, leading to conservation methods designed to remove Cl. This study exploits a unique opportunity to assess 35 years of conservation applied to cast-iron cannon shot excavated from the Mary Rose. A combination of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXPD), absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and fluorescence (XRF) mapping have been used to characterise the impact of conservation on the crystalline corrosion products, chlorine distribution, and speciation. The chlorinated phase akaganeite, β-FeO(OH,Cl), was found on shot washed in corrosion inhibitor Hostacor IT with or without an additional reduction stage. No chlorinated phases were observed on the surface of shot stored in sodium sesquicarbonate (Na2CO3/NaHCO3); however, hibbingite, β-Fe2(OH)3Cl, was present in metal pores. It is proposed that surface β-FeO(OH,Cl) formed in the early stages of active conservation owing to oxidation of β-Fe2(OH)3Cl at near-neutral pH."},"translated_abstract":"Post-excavation iron corrosion may be accelerated by the presence of Cl−, leading to conservation methods designed to remove Cl. This study exploits a unique opportunity to assess 35 years of conservation applied to cast-iron cannon shot excavated from the Mary Rose. A combination of synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (SXPD), absorption spectroscopy (XAS), and fluorescence (XRF) mapping have been used to characterise the impact of conservation on the crystalline corrosion products, chlorine distribution, and speciation. The chlorinated phase akaganeite, β-FeO(OH,Cl), was found on shot washed in corrosion inhibitor Hostacor IT with or without an additional reduction stage. No chlorinated phases were observed on the surface of shot stored in sodium sesquicarbonate (Na2CO3/NaHCO3); however, hibbingite, β-Fe2(OH)3Cl, was present in metal pores. 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Xiaopan Fan & Ian Freestone, 2017, Heritage Science" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55244964/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35333113/Occurrence_of_phosphatic_corrosion_products_on_bronze_swords_of_the_Warring_States_period_Xiaopan_Fan_and_Ian_Freestone_2017_Heritage_Science">Occurrence of phosphatic corrosion products on bronze swords of the Warring States period. Xiaopan Fan & Ian Freestone, 2017, Heritage Science</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Heritage Science</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Corrosion products on three bronze swords found in tombs dating from the Warring States period at...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Corrosion products on three bronze swords found in tombs dating from the Warring States period at Lijiaba site, Yun-yang county, Chongqing were characterized by Raman and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopies. The major corrosion products were cuprite, malachite, cerussite and cassiterite, along with the copper and lead phosphates, libethenite <br />and pyromorphite. The presence of libethenite and pyromorphite which have been reported infrequently in bronze corrosion products were attributed to the pH, humidity and phosphorus released by the decomposition of the adjacent bodies in the burial environment.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-35333113-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-35333113-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107732/figure-2-bronze-swords-unearthed-at-lijiaba-site-showing"><img alt="Fig. 2 Bronze swords unearthed at Lijiaba site, showing sampling locations (A OOYLIIM82:2, B 98YLIIM10:1, € 98YLIIM1 1:4) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107756/figure-3-raman-spectrum-of-sample-yls-malachite-and-cuprite"><img alt="Fig. 3 Raman spectrum of sample YLS1-1 (malachite and cuprite) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107768/figure-4-raman-spectrum-of-sample-yls-libethenite"><img alt="Fig. 4 Raman spectrum of sample YLS1-2 (libethenite) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107775/figure-6-raman-spectrum-of-sample-yls-pyromorphite-cerussite"><img alt="Fig. 6 Raman spectrum of sample YLS2-2 (pyromorphite, cerussite and cuprite) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107787/figure-6-ig-raman-spectrum-of-sampleyls-cuprite-and"><img alt="ig. 5 Raman spectrum of sampleYLS1-4 (cuprite and cassiterite) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107712/figure-1-occurrence-of-phosphatic-corrosion-products-on"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107794/figure-7-po-contents-of-soil-samples-from-bronze-artifacts"><img alt="Fig. 7 PO?” contents of soil samples from bronze artifacts unearthed at Lijiaba site, Yunyang county compared with Tuchengpo site, Wushar county The formation of the phosphate compounds libethen- ite and pyromorphite is therefore related to phosphate in the environment. In fact, these three bronze swords were all buried in close association with buried individuals, specifically close to the human waist, as shown in Fig. 8 for YLS1. The excavation record indicates that no coffin was found in these three tombs and human bones were poorly preserved. Furthermore, the swords were exca- vated about 1.2—2.7 m below the ground surface, so the possibility that the phosphorus from fertilizer is low. The It might be speculated that phosphatic minerals would tend to form on the swords where the highest concentra- tion of phosp tion process. hate ions was produced in the decomposi- On YLS1, libethenite was detected in two samples which were located close to one another on the same side of t he sword (YLS1-2 and YLS1-3, Fig. 1). This may indicate an area of the soil particularly enriched in phosphate but a much more extensive sampling regime would be needed to confirm this hypothesis. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107800/figure-8-photo-of-tomb-ooyliim-in-lijiaba-site-showing-yls"><img alt="Fig. 8 Photo of tomb OOYLIIM82 in Lijiaba site, showing YLS1 (OOYLIIM82:2) in the centre phosphorus is therefore likely to have originated through the decomposition of human remains. The interaction of the damp burial environment due to the nearby the Pengxi river, the buried human bodies and the bronze promoted the formation of libethenite and pyromorphite. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107805/table-1-occurrence-of-phosphatic-corrosion-products-on"><img alt="Table 1 Samples studied " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107811/table-3-corrosion-products-identified-using-raman"><img alt="Table 3 Corrosion products identified using Raman spectroscopy " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107816/table-2-semi-quantitative-xrf-analysis-of-samples"><img alt="Table 2 Semi-quantitative XRF analysis of samples " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107825/table-4-medium-vs-very-strong-strong-not-detected-raman"><img alt="m, medium; vs, very strong; s, strong; 0, not detected Table 4 Raman bands of phases identified as malachite (cm~") " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/52107830/table-5-raman-bands-of-phases-identified-as-libethenite-cm"><img alt="Table 5 Raman bands of phases identified as libethenite (cm—') " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/55244964/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-35333113-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bd29c9306903d420b4038ca2408b4a63" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55244964,"asset_id":35333113,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55244964/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35333113"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35333113"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35333113; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35333113]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35333113]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35333113; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35333113']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bd29c9306903d420b4038ca2408b4a63" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35333113]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35333113,"title":"Occurrence of phosphatic corrosion products on bronze swords of the Warring States period. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-37309315-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="32294601"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/32294601/A_Better_Shade_of_Black_Effects_of_Manufacturing_Parameters_on_the_Development_of_Ancient_Black_Bronzes_Benzonelli_et_al_2017_Archaeometry_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A Better Shade of Black: Effects of Manufacturing Parameters on the Development of Ancient Black Bronzes (Benzonelli et al 2017 Archaeometry)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52510518/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/32294601/A_Better_Shade_of_Black_Effects_of_Manufacturing_Parameters_on_the_Development_of_Ancient_Black_Bronzes_Benzonelli_et_al_2017_Archaeometry_">A Better Shade of Black: Effects of Manufacturing Parameters on the Development of Ancient Black Bronzes (Benzonelli et al 2017 Archaeometry)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/MarcosMartinonTorres">Marcos Martinon-Torres</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/AgneseBenzonelli">Agnese Benzonelli</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Copper alloys with controlled contents of Sn, Ag and Au were treated with methods and solutions t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Copper alloys with controlled contents of Sn, Ag and Au were treated with methods and solutions that mimic those used in ancient and traditional procedures for the production of black bronze. Examination of the resulting patinas with colorimetry, SEM–EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and XRD revealed no systematic differences according to the fabrication method, whereas patina homogeneity and colour in those alloys that did not contain precious metal were affected by superficial work. Patina microstructure determines adherence and coverage, and depends upon the solution used irrespective of the alloy composition, but the colour of the patina is mainly related to the alloy composition. Gold promotes the development of cuprite, slowing the oxidation to tenorite in the corrosion process. Gold additions produce a more uniform patina as well as a desirable blue–black tone, which is likely to have been a factor in alloy selection.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9993c370505c628afd29a12fe98ce69b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":52510518,"asset_id":32294601,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52510518/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="32294601"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32294601"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32294601; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32294601]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32294601]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32294601; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='32294601']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9993c370505c628afd29a12fe98ce69b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=32294601]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":32294601,"title":"A Better Shade of Black: Effects of Manufacturing Parameters on the Development of Ancient Black Bronzes (Benzonelli et al 2017 Archaeometry)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Copper alloys with controlled contents of Sn, Ag and Au were treated with methods and solutions that mimic those used in ancient and traditional procedures for the production of black bronze. 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Gold additions produce a more uniform patina as well as a desirable blue–black tone, which is likely to have been a factor in alloy selection.","ai_title_tag":"Impact of Alloy Composition on Black Bronze Patinas"},"translated_abstract":"Copper alloys with controlled contents of Sn, Ag and Au were treated with methods and solutions that mimic those used in ancient and traditional procedures for the production of black bronze. Examination of the resulting patinas with colorimetry, SEM–EDS, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and XRD revealed no systematic differences according to the fabrication method, whereas patina homogeneity and colour in those alloys that did not contain precious metal were affected by superficial work. Patina microstructure determines adherence and coverage, and depends upon the solution used irrespective of the alloy composition, but the colour of the patina is mainly related to the alloy composition. 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Gold additions produce a more uniform patina as well as a desirable blue–black tone, which is likely to have been a factor in alloy selection.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32294601/A_Better_Shade_of_Black_Effects_of_Manufacturing_Parameters_on_the_Development_of_Ancient_Black_Bronzes_Benzonelli_et_al_2017_Archaeometry_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-04-06T04:15:47.178-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":2575152,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":28395204,"work_id":32294601,"tagging_user_id":2575152,"tagged_user_id":2828383,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***i@gmail.com","affiliation":"University of Cambridge","display_order":1,"name":"Agnese Benzonelli","title":"A Better Shade of Black: Effects of Manufacturing Parameters on the Development of Ancient Black Bronzes (Benzonelli et al 2017 Archaeometry)"},{"id":28395205,"work_id":32294601,"tagging_user_id":2575152,"tagged_user_id":5719060,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"I***e@ucl.ac.uk","affiliation":"University College London","display_order":2,"name":"Ian Freestone","title":"A Better Shade of Black: Effects of Manufacturing Parameters on the Development of Ancient Black Bronzes (Benzonelli et al 2017 Archaeometry)"},{"id":31968976,"work_id":32294601,"tagging_user_id":2828383,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":4834118,"email":"m***s@ucl.ac","display_order":4194305,"name":"Marcos Martinón-Torres","title":"A Better Shade of Black: Effects of Manufacturing Parameters on the Development of Ancient Black Bronzes (Benzonelli et al 2017 Archaeometry)"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52510518,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52510518/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Benzonelli_et_al_2017_black_bronze.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52510518/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Better_Shade_of_Black_Effects_of_Manuf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52510518/Benzonelli_et_al_2017_black_bronze-libre.pdf?1491477620=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Better_Shade_of_Black_Effects_of_Manuf.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460670\u0026Signature=HMGE-EdF3QCemMdeaz3ywEBEjwpZ5v9TzHE5rEf89m1hKa2zrRo86nuo~jDf53UaWTBoWO-DVJuNW6n~jJcNoMUV1NhoGQTyRjGAtQIIbE9cwrF8Whk4r2qpBtD3x-LEydHwBThVpnNRJ1GEHK~q4agww7sM3lh93-ajHlo9gYQEARdR~09HbAlmknmLLNuR3SYv2f1Ck4Gz2Mu9iG3S5dSGrWcIvwsN2JFMo4XR-ICJd3kunIFRPtqqFR0xDxb8nWS24E5oKP1Rj44XLp0iPJPJ0~2NXP5m2UaJifOUHUaSPO-RV2M2mLh2BjGeP7tiZ2erxfwQdEbvRZWPaDrCsw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"A_Better_Shade_of_Black_Effects_of_Manufacturing_Parameters_on_the_Development_of_Ancient_Black_Bronzes_Benzonelli_et_al_2017_Archaeometry_","translated_slug":"","page_count":16,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Copper alloys with controlled contents of Sn, Ag and Au were treated with methods and solutions that mimic those used in ancient and traditional procedures for the production of black bronze. 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Gold additions produce a more uniform patina as well as a desirable blue–black tone, which is likely to have been a factor in alloy selection.","owner":{"id":2575152,"first_name":"Marcos","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Martinon-Torres","page_name":"MarcosMartinonTorres","domain_name":"cambridge","created_at":"2012-09-28T03:06:51.345-07:00","display_name":"Marcos Martinon-Torres","url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/MarcosMartinonTorres"},"attachments":[{"id":52510518,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/52510518/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Benzonelli_et_al_2017_black_bronze.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52510518/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_Better_Shade_of_Black_Effects_of_Manuf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52510518/Benzonelli_et_al_2017_black_bronze-libre.pdf?1491477620=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_Better_Shade_of_Black_Effects_of_Manuf.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460670\u0026Signature=HMGE-EdF3QCemMdeaz3ywEBEjwpZ5v9TzHE5rEf89m1hKa2zrRo86nuo~jDf53UaWTBoWO-DVJuNW6n~jJcNoMUV1NhoGQTyRjGAtQIIbE9cwrF8Whk4r2qpBtD3x-LEydHwBThVpnNRJ1GEHK~q4agww7sM3lh93-ajHlo9gYQEARdR~09HbAlmknmLLNuR3SYv2f1Ck4Gz2Mu9iG3S5dSGrWcIvwsN2JFMo4XR-ICJd3kunIFRPtqqFR0xDxb8nWS24E5oKP1Rj44XLp0iPJPJ0~2NXP5m2UaJifOUHUaSPO-RV2M2mLh2BjGeP7tiZ2erxfwQdEbvRZWPaDrCsw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":395,"name":"Experimental Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Archaeology"},{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History"},{"id":2496,"name":"Colorimetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colorimetry"},{"id":3316,"name":"Archaeological Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_Science"},{"id":9339,"name":"Raman Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Raman_Spectroscopy"},{"id":12807,"name":"Archaeometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometry"},{"id":24522,"name":"Archaeometallurgy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometallurgy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-32294601-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27561931"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27561931/The_investigation_of_a_small_heap_of_silver_smelting_debris_from_Rio_Tinto_Huelva_Spain_Craddock_Freestone_Gale_Meeks_Rothenberg_and_Tite_1985_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The investigation of a small heap of silver smelting debris from Rio Tinto, Huelva, Spain (Craddock, Freestone, Gale, Meeks, Rothenberg and Tite 1985)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47816075/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27561931/The_investigation_of_a_small_heap_of_silver_smelting_debris_from_Rio_Tinto_Huelva_Spain_Craddock_Freestone_Gale_Meeks_Rothenberg_and_Tite_1985_">The investigation of a small heap of silver smelting debris from Rio Tinto, Huelva, Spain (Craddock, Freestone, Gale, Meeks, Rothenberg and Tite 1985)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-27561931-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-27561931-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804354/figure-1-date-is-used-to-exemplify-the-exciting-potential-of"><img alt="date is used to exemplify the exciting potential of such apparentl unrewarding debris. RT 19A lies near the centre of ancient operations (Fig. 1). At this pointe the continuous slag cover is about 15 metres thick but it has recently been partially cleared prior to mining operations and a section has been cut through the slag. At RT 19A the base of the slag cover consists of a small heap of tap slags and fragments of refractories. The slags are very loosely packed and there is no soil infilling suggesting that the heap formed as a result of dumping over a very short period, possibly hours, probably days, but certainly not more than a few weeks. Thus the material in the heap may be considered as forming part of one related operation and as the product of a limited number of furnaces. The Iberian pottery in the heap indicates a date in the second-first centuries BC. The machine-cut section was cleaned down by hand, photographed, drawn and then excavated and sampled in the manner developed for all such sample excav.- ions at Rio Tinto (Plate 1). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804365/figure-2-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804377/figure-3-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804393/figure-4-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804414/figure-5-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804434/figure-6-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804454/figure-7-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804473/figure-8-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804497/figure-9-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804517/table-1-microprobe-analyses-of-some-minerals-from-the-rio"><img alt="Microprobe analyses of some minerals from the Rio Tinto slags " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804533/table-2-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804544/table-3-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804572/table-4-the-investigation-of-small-heap-of-silver-smelting"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/9804591/table-5-crushed-jarosite-ore-to-which-iron-rich-gossan-was"><img alt="Crushed jarosite ore, to which iron-rich gossan was aadaea where necessary to act as a flux, was smelted in small hemispherical furnaces approximately 60 cm in diameter. The furnace walls were made of a very shaly refractory clay and were approximately 4 to 8 cm thick. The heavily slagged clay wedges may have been incorporated into the lower part of the furnace and have been associated with roasting of the ore prior to smelting, although their arrangement and function is still far from clear. The smelting process operated at about 1200°C for a period of the order of ten hours. Lead brought in from outside Rio Tinto was added to collect the silver, and the resulting argentiferous lead run out and was subsequently cupelled. This separated the silver from the lead but left some metals in the silver, notably bismuth. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816075/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-27561931-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="53d0725f114fb9284ef8f7804057be40" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47816075,"asset_id":27561931,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47816075/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27561931"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27561931"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27561931; 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As part of a collaborative project, members of the MS University of Baroda, the British Museum and Hindustan Zinc Ltd have uncovered intact furnaces, dating back at least to the fifteenth century, A thriving zinc extraction industry existed at Zawar between the 14th and the 18th centuries AD. Samples of ashes, slags, stnelting residues and mortars collected on recent excavations have been analysed for Pb, Zn, Fe, Ag and Cd using atomic absorption spectroscopy. These data allow us to reconstruct datails of ore beneticiation, roasting and charge preparation processes and shed light upon the discard and reuse of the waste materials and their current disposition on the site. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47617962/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/21714805/figure-3-spent-retorts-made-into-house-wall-note-thick"><img alt="Figure 3. Spent retorts made into house wall. Note thick layers of mortar. Zinc boils at 913°C, which is below the temperature required to reduce the oxide to metal in the presence of carbon. Therefore in order to produce zinc metal, it was necessary for the smiths to collect and condense a zinc vapour. At Zawar this was achieved by smelting the ore ina six by six array of thirty six clay retorts mounted vertically over a perforated cera- mic plate, below which there was a coo! chamber (Figs.1,2). On firing to tempera- tures above 1000°C, the zinc vapour passec " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47617962/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/21714806/figure-4-heaps-of-white-ash-note-on-heap-in-background-for"><img alt="Figure 4. Heaps of white ash. Note figures on heap in background for scale. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47617962/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/21714807/figure-4-analytical-approaches-to-the-interpretation-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47617962/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/21714808/table-1-analyses-of-retort-residues-ashes-and-mortars"><img alt="Table 1. Analyses of retort residues, ashes and mortars " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47617962/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/21714809/table-2-analytical-approaches-to-the-interpretation-of"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47617962/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-27362091-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8ba29584bebe2cb6f489c8af3922a409" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47617962,"asset_id":27362091,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47617962/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27362091"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27362091"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27362091; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27362091]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27362091]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27362091; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27362091']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8ba29584bebe2cb6f489c8af3922a409" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27362091]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27362091,"title":"Analytical Approaches to the interpretation of medieval zinc-smelting debris from Zawar, Rajasthan (Freestone, Craddock, Gurjar, Hegde \u0026 Paliwal 1985)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"more_info":"Freestone, I.C., Craddock, P.T., Gurjar, L.K., Hegde, K.T.M., and Paliwal, H.V. 1985, Analytical approaches to the interpretation of medieval zinc smelting debris from Zawar, Rajasthan, Journal of Archaeological Chemistry, 3 1 12. 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ABIM - An Annotated Bibliography of Indian Medicine. The production of lead, silver and zinc ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... ABIM - An Annotated Bibliography of Indian Medicine. The production of lead, silver and zinc in early India. -. Author(s): Craddock, PT, IC Freestone, LK Gurjar, AP Middleton and L. Willies. Title: The production of lead, silver and zinc in early India. Publication date: 1989. ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-16403442-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-16403442-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378318/figure-8-alteantn-ports-cheantu-without-fire-in-which-the"><img alt="A—lteantn, B--Ports. C—Heantu without FIRE IN WHICH THE POTS ARE PLAC D—Rocxs. E--Rows oF rots. F—Ureen rots. G—LOWE POTS. Fig. 8.21: Mercury smelting in 16th century Germany using the principal of distillato per descendum " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378114/figure-1-cluding-pyrite-and-complex-sulphosalts-also-occur"><img alt="cluding pyrite) and complex sulphosalts also occur to- gether with copper which was certainly worked in the 19th century if not earlier. In addition to the stratiform deposits there are discordant veins and pods of ore, which were emplaced during a later oreforming episode. These discor- dant deposits are associated with calc-silicate bands and comprise mainly coarse-grained galena, together with within highly metamorphosed, steeply dipping Pre-Cam- brian rocks. There are several lens-shaped lodes, the main orebody being about 800 m jong with a maximum width of ca 80 m. The main host rock is a banded dolomite/ chert/schist formation, and the orebody is bounded by bar- ren graphite and calc-schists. The main ore minerals are sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite but other sulphides (in- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378122/figure-2-iq-rajpura-dariba-plan-and-sections-of-ancient-mine"><img alt="“iq. §.2: Rajpura-Dariba. Plan and sections of ancient mine workings " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378134/figure-8-rampura-agucha-plan-of-ancient-mine-workings"><img alt="Fig. 8.3: Rampura-Agucha. Plan of ancient mine workings richest ore were enlarged and opencasted or quarried out at a later date (possibly millennia later). These workings in relatively weak weathered rocks near the surface were of- ten worked with pick and gad (chisel) and the distinctive marks made by the tools can be clearly recognised. Some iron tools have been discovered in Mochia Magra mine at Zawar. However once the weathered and fractured sur- face rocks had been left behind as the work progressed deeper firesetting had to be used to break up the rock. Thus almost all the underground workings have the dis- tinctive smooth continuous profiles characteristic of fireset work, with few sharp angles or evidence of tool marks, and everywhere the walls are still blackened with soot and the floors are buried under deep layer of ash, charcoal and partially burnt brushwood. The galleries and stopes are of- ten of very considerable size at both Zawar and at Dariba due to the great thickness of the ore body and the strength of the host rock which enabled very large chambers to be excavated without fear of collapse (Fig. 8.4). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378190/figure-8-zawar-mala-mine-chamber-with-smooth-profile-typical"><img alt="Fig. 8.4: Zawar Mala mine. Chamber with smooth profile typical of fire-setting snvisaged that continuous streams of workers woulda nave " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378196/figure-8-zawar-mala-mine-wodden-ladder-bp-local-goddess"><img alt="Fig. 8.5: Zawar Mala mine. Wodden ladder (2150 + 35 BP) local goddess ordered the miners not to be greeay and re At Dariba the ore bodies are almost vertically inclined and access was gained by large vertical shafts of rectangular section. One was approximately 3.5 by 2.8 m in cross sec- tion. It had to be of this size to accommodate some of the huge support timbers found elsewhere in the mine, and to enable ladders to be set into walls and ascend in a zig-zag fashion. The problems of drainage must have been im- mense, at Dariba and Agucha where the mines are ina plain. At Dariba the mines penetrate hundreds of metres beneath the water table further, indeed than any other mine in antiquity. At depth the ore is in the graphite schist which is reasonably water tight, but the surrounding coun- try rock is permeable, and it is noticeable that the early workings always stop well inside the graphite schist. This is probably at the root of local legend that relates that the anal aaddess ordered the miners not to be greedy and re- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378199/figure-6-fiq-dariba-remains-of-basket-for-carrying-spoil-and"><img alt="Fiq. 8.6: Dariba. Remains of basket for carrying spoil and or " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378209/figure-8-timber-revetment-support-dariba-small-part-of"><img alt="e timber revetment support Fig. 8.7: Dariba. Small part of massiv years old ing one side of major open cast mine, over 2000 largest timber structure to survive from antiquily any- where. Both the revetment and the opencast mine itself are at present completely without parallel in the ancient world and are of significance to the history of mining gen- erally. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378218/figure-8-dariba-large-mortars-for-ore-crushing-carved-into"><img alt="Fig. 8.9: Dariba. Large mortars for ore crushing carved into harc calc silicate rock (metre scale) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378230/figure-8-zawar-fragment-of-coil-built-furnace-for-smelting"><img alt="Fig. 8.10: Zawar. Fragment of coil built furnace for smelting lead from site 7, about 1300 BP. Note the straw impressions. Scale ca 1:1.8 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378241/figure-8-th-century-copper-smelling-in-small-shaft-furnace"><img alt="Fig. 8.11: 19th century copper smelling in small shaft furnace From Ball 1881 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378247/figure-8-on-of-cuppelation-based-on-furnace-artists"><img alt="on of cuppelation based on furnace Fig. 8.14: Artists reconstructi tands found together at fragments, cupels, tuyeres and clay s'! Aqucha. 3rd century BC " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378251/figure-12-the-production-of-lead-silver-and-zinc-in-early"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378257/figure-8-section-through-loaded-retort-with-condenser-and"><img alt="Fig. 8.16: Section through loaded retort with condenser and stick in place prior to firing " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378268/figure-8-zawar-mala-site-four-of-seven-furnaces-still-retain"><img alt="Fig. 8.17: Zawar Mala, site 30. Four of seven furnaces still retain- ing their final load of retorts. Early 15th century AD " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378273/figure-8-zawar-mala-idealised-section-through-one-of-the"><img alt="Fig. 8.18: Zawar Mala. idealised section through one of the site 30 furnaces showing six retorts protruding through the perforated brick into the cool chamber below " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378292/figure-8-perforated-brick-from-koshthi-furnace-dividing-the"><img alt="Fig. 8.19: Perforated brick from “Koshthi” furnace dividing the upper furnace from the collecting chamber. The retorts sat In iné large holes whilst air and ash passed through the smaller holes " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378304/figure-17-ia-zawar-mala-reconstruction-of-site-koshthi-zinc"><img alt="ia. 8.20: Zawar Mala. Reconstruction of site 30 “Koshthi” zinc-smelling furnaces as they must have appeared about 1400 Al " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47561398/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/15378340/figure-8-section-through-traditional-chinese-zinc"><img alt="section through traditional Chinese zinc Fig. 8.22: Schematised ig inside the retort, typical of smelting retort. 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ABIM - An Annotated Bibliography of Indian Medicine. The production of lead, silver and zinc in early India. -. Author(s): Craddock, PT, IC Freestone, LK Gurjar, AP Middleton and L. Willies. Title: The production of lead, silver and zinc in early India. 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T. Craddock and I. C. Freestone are at the British Museum Research Laboratory, London WC1B 3DG, U.K.; L. K. Gurjar is with Hindustan Zinc Lid., 6 New Fatehpura, Udaipur 313001. Rajasthan, India; and K. T. M. Hegde and V. H. Sonawane are at the Department of Archaeology, M. S. Univer- sity of Baroda, Vadodara 34002, Gujarat, India. The problem with producing or even recognising zinc as a metal stems from its volatility (boiling point 913°C). Using traditional simple shaft furnaces in which metal settles as an ingot at the bottom, zinc ores instead merely pro- duced a vapour which instantly reoxi- dized in the flue and was lost. The imported metal from the East was made by a much more sophisticated technology of smelting and distillation in clay retorts. This process had been evolving for centuries in India before it was introduced in Europe, probably from the East. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952566/figure-2-early-zinc-production-in-india-craddock-freestone"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952574/figure-3-director-of-hzl-for-many-years-mr-paliwal-in-common"><img alt="Director of HZL. For many years Mr. Paliwal, in common with many of- his staff, had been interested in the ancient remains at Zawar and at other sites operated by the company. The archaeology department of the M S University of Baroda had been studying early metallurgy in the Aravalli hills of Rajasthan and were very happy to join with the British Museum and Hindustan As a result of the surveys, both underground and on the surface, car- ried out in 1982°, the excavation under- taken in 1983 and the preliminary scien- tific work being undertaken both in In- dia and Britain we can now begin to put together a reasonably coherent picture of the process of zinc making at Zawar. Iron hammers and chisels from Mochia mine " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952581/figure-2-the-area-around-zawar-showing-mines-and-smelting"><img alt="Fig. 2: The area around Zawar showing mines and smelting remains. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952596/figure-5-in-many-early-smelting-processes-it-was-the"><img alt="In many early smelting processes it was the practice to bind the ground and calcined ore into balls with some stickly organic material — cow dung was an effective medium used in the 19th cen- tury by copper smelters at Khetri, to the north of Zawar. Having the ore and fluxes in discreet balls would stop the Dr. J. K. Almond (Department of Metallurgy, Teesside Polytechnic), to The calcined ore was now ready for smelting inside the retorts. These were of two principal sizes, small ones appro- ximately 200 mm long by 80 mm in dia- meter, and larger ones about 350 mm " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952609/figure-6-inclined-stope-in-zawar-mala-mine-with-wooden"><img alt="Inclined stope in Zawar Mala mine, with wooden launder in foreground approximately 2,000 years old. (Photo: L. Willies): " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952624/figure-3-section-through-small-charged-retort-with-stick"><img alt="Fig. 3: Section through small charged retort with stick still in place. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952675/figure-8-ihe-exterior-walls-are-of-regularly-coursed-bricks"><img alt="ihe exterior walls are of regularly coursed bricks, occasionally replaced by a suitable fragment of refractory or stone, standing eight courses high from the plinth of stones on which the fur- nace is based to the rim. The area in front of the furnace was paved with large flat bricks. The interior of the fur- nace walls is much less regular and often large gaps in the brickwork were just filled with clay and refractory frag- ments. The- inner face of the furnace and chamber beneath were roughly " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952698/figure-9-early-zinc-production-in-india-craddock-freestone"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952705/figure-10-access-to-the-lower-chamber-and-the-collecting"><img alt="Access to the lower chamber and the collecting vessels of each furnace was through a small opening. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952711/figure-11-examination-by-petrological-micros-copy-and"><img alt="Examination by petrological micros- copy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with chemical, x-ray diffrac- tion, and x-ray fluorescence analysis has enabled many of the operating para- meters within the furnace itself to be deduced"*. Thin sections of the clay re- fractories show the various clays and fil- ler selected by the ancient smiths to en- sure that the furnace linings and tuyeres withstood the particular conditions of Maintaining these conditions for one retort would have been exacting but the same conditions had to be simul- taneously maintained over 36 retorts in each furnace irrespective of whether they were in the centre or a corner. This must rank as one of the most skilled and sophisticated operations known from the pre-industrial world. In fact in its appreciation of scientific technique, and large scale production it is already bordering on the industrial age and, as is demonstrated below, the Zawar pro- " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952726/figure-12-one-of-the-four-perforated-plates-per-furnace"><img alt="One of the four perforated plates per furnace separating the retorts in the furnace from the condensing and collecting chamber beneath. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952737/figure-13-zincs-presence-in-the-ore-making-the-latter"><img alt="zinc’s presence in the ore making the latter conveniently self-fluxing. Once zinc distillation had started the smiths no longer allowed the zinc to be wasted in this fashion and added iron minerals as a slag forming flux. date for the small retort furnace, and 18th century dates for the large retort furnace and enormous heaps of debris down in the Tiri Valley. The cluster of small but richly sculpted temples dating from the 14th and 15th centuries which are now almost buried beneath the heaps suggests great prosperity com- mencing at that time. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47560993/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/43952742/figure-7-artists-impression-of-the-furnaces-at-zawar-mala"><img alt="Fig. 7: Artist’s impression of the furnaces at Zawar Mala being loaded (B. Craddock). 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They also include several other items which s...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">These images accompany the paper of the same name.  They also include several other items which show similar patinas, including the Dancing Lar mentioned in the paper.  Also additional SEM and optical micrography of the pyroxene crystal removed from the patina.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-27613357-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-27613357-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/47792340/figure-1-bronze-statuette-of-minerva-colour-images"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47878351/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/47792349/figure-2-bronze-statuette-of-minerva-colour-images"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47878351/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/47792355/figure-3-bronze-statuette-of-minerva-colour-images"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47878351/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/47792363/figure-4-bronze-statuette-of-minerva-colour-images"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47878351/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/47792371/figure-5-bronze-statuette-of-minerva-colour-images"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47878351/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/47792378/figure-6-bronze-statuette-of-minerva-colour-images"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47878351/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/47792386/figure-7-bronze-statuette-of-minerva-colour-images"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47878351/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-27613357-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b3d88f3e73c33d15adc1313655999f3a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47878351,"asset_id":27613357,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47878351/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27613357"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27613357"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27613357; 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Scanning electron photomicrograph showing the fine fibrous texture of nephrite jade. Width of field 0.14 mm. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24453178/figure-2-the-mineralogy-and-occurrence-of-jade-with-andrew"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24453188/figure-3-the-mineralogy-and-occurrence-of-jade-with-andrew"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24453195/figure-5-jadeite-bangles-in-range-of-colours-british-museum"><img alt="Fig. 5. Jadeite bangles in a range of colours. British Museum s9 43, 934, 935,938. Some artefacts of nephrite have rather chalky white surface patches, a phenomenon which has been variously referred to as calcification, calcination or simply alteration or decay. Such surfaces are most frequently noted on Shang to Han period " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24453206/figure-4-pair-of-mandarin-ducks-in-pale-grey-green-jade-no"><img alt="Fig. 4. Pair of mandarin ducks in pale grey green jade (no. 26:21). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24453212/figure-6-the-mineralogy-and-occurrence-of-jade-with-andrew"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24453218/figure-7-optical-photomicrograph-of-nephrite-jade-showing"><img alt="Fig. 7. Optical photomicrograph of nephrite jade, showing the fine fibrous texture. Cross polarised light, width of field 1.3 mm. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24453228/figure-8-optical-photomicrograph-of-jadeite-jade-showing-the"><img alt="Fig. 8. Optical photomicrograph of jadeite jade, showing the interlocking granular texture. Cross-polarised hight, width of field 3.3 mm. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24453237/figure-9-the-mineralogy-and-occurrence-of-jade-with-andrew"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/24453255/table-1-the-mineralogy-and-occurrence-of-jade-with-andrew"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/32409389/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-5224245-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2a53c0b8b630e99e19f91dbdb75498e6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":32409389,"asset_id":5224245,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32409389/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="5224245"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5224245"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5224245; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5224245]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5224245]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5224245; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='5224245']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2a53c0b8b630e99e19f91dbdb75498e6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=5224245]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":5224245,"title":"The mineralogy and occurrence of jade (with Andrew Middleton)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"more_info":"Middleton, A.P., and Freestone, I.C. 1995, The mineralogy and occurrence of jade, in Chinese Jade from the Neolithic to the Qing, (ed. Rawson, J.), 413 23, London: British Museum Press. ","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1995,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5224245/The_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade_with_Andrew_Middleton_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-11-25T23:15:50.433-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32409389,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32409389/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1995_-_Middleton_and_Freestone_-_The_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32409389/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade_wi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32409389/1995_-_Middleton_and_Freestone_-_The_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade-libre.pdf?1391084216=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade_wi.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460671\u0026Signature=AjzPofwOaqSsgftijSYV2hC~1eCbsEumqfH9TyrDi6W3EZK~laFQPGhVDFo4PmPkdXjGSwmo0NkV7859FaI~geyqYHOEQX263dRHCIXxl6m3R1pjwpqqQik20VJRHvaMLqkHjZ-k7VyS7~-kYu7ctD47N~kekqH0q1920VpJcXzmP9sbZzZlDQ5NWJ0mSD3it2qC3LrkkgBPefSggFIArjj3bl2s5MJK61DGdG~QCDYrNsHzfg9Mrn5yKJPl9YlthDR4YjrlXuODZidnw6YXAqLE8DyPwdu~pjtpHhpAPEwbpLw5K~lOkdNSoVLXcNoFyu2MmOD-IeIT6QAeFxafOQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade_with_Andrew_Middleton_","translated_slug":"","page_count":14,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":32409389,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/32409389/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"1995_-_Middleton_and_Freestone_-_The_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32409389/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade_wi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32409389/1995_-_Middleton_and_Freestone_-_The_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade-libre.pdf?1391084216=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_mineralogy_and_occurrence_of_jade_wi.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460671\u0026Signature=AjzPofwOaqSsgftijSYV2hC~1eCbsEumqfH9TyrDi6W3EZK~laFQPGhVDFo4PmPkdXjGSwmo0NkV7859FaI~geyqYHOEQX263dRHCIXxl6m3R1pjwpqqQik20VJRHvaMLqkHjZ-k7VyS7~-kYu7ctD47N~kekqH0q1920VpJcXzmP9sbZzZlDQ5NWJ0mSD3it2qC3LrkkgBPefSggFIArjj3bl2s5MJK61DGdG~QCDYrNsHzfg9Mrn5yKJPl9YlthDR4YjrlXuODZidnw6YXAqLE8DyPwdu~pjtpHhpAPEwbpLw5K~lOkdNSoVLXcNoFyu2MmOD-IeIT6QAeFxafOQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5579,"name":"Authenticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authenticity"},{"id":24828,"name":"Lithics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lithics"},{"id":100025,"name":"Jade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jade"},{"id":345504,"name":"Forgeries, fakes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forgeries_fakes"},{"id":385713,"name":"Chinese Jade/Olmec Jade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Jade_Olmec_Jade"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-5224245-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4590576"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4590576/Mineralogical_Applications_of_the_Analytical_SEM_in_Archaeology_with_A_Middleton_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mineralogical Applications of the Analytical SEM in Archaeology (with A Middleton)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31958122/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4590576/Mineralogical_Applications_of_the_Analytical_SEM_in_Archaeology_with_A_Middleton_">Mineralogical Applications of the Analytical SEM in Archaeology (with A Middleton)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Freestone, I.C., and Middleton, A.P. 1987, Mineralogical applications of the analytical SEM in archaeology, Mineralogical Magazine, 51, 21 31. </span><span>, 1987</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The modern analytical SEM, which can provide high-quality imaging facilities together with quanti...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The modern analytical SEM, which can provide high-quality imaging facilities together with quantitative elemental analysis using an energy-dispersive spectrometer, is finding wide application in the investigation of archaeological problems. Many of these investigations involve the study of silicate and carbonate-based artefacts which may be relatively unmodified from their original geological parent raw materials so that mineralogically based interpretations are often appropriate. In this paper we present a series of examples illustrating the role of the analytical SEM in the mineralogical investigation of archaeological problems, including the characterization and provenancing of geological raw materials, the elucidation of the processes used to transform those raw materials into useful objects and the recognition and characterization of changes which archaeological artefacts may have undergone during burial or during storage.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4590576-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4590576-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366701/figure-1-fic-micrographs-of-polished-thin-sections-showing"><img alt="Fic. 1. Micrographs of polished thin-sections showing progressive changes in the degree and texture of vitrifica- tion from the cool portion to a position close to the hot surface of a fragment from a zinc distillation furnace at Zawar. (a) T = 800°C; (b) T = c. 1000-1050°C; (¢) T = c. 1100-1150°C. BSE micrographs; operating voltage 25 kV. The scale bars represent 100 ym. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366708/figure-2-fic-red-high-gloss-surface-finish-on-sherd-of-roman"><img alt="Fic. 2. Red, high-gloss surface finish on a sherd of Roman Samian ware. Note the lack of apalastic inclusions and very fine-grained iron oxide particles (white) in the coating (arrowed). BSE micrograph of a cross-section; operating voltage 15 kV. The scale bar represents 10 ym. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366718/figure-3-fic-sherd-of-late-bronze-age-hematite-coated-ware"><img alt="Fic. 3. Sherd of Late Bronze Age ‘hematite-coated’ ware from Kimmeridge, Dorset showing the use of crushed hematite or ochre to produce a red surface coating (arrowed). BSE micrograph of a cross-section; operating voltage 15 kV. The scale bar represents 40 ym. Against the soft, low-fired bodies and coatings of the pottery of Bronze Age Britain we may counter- pose the highly vitrified, glazed porcelains of China, which represent a level of technical ability and control that western ceramicists were striving to emulate a millennium after their inception in the East. The availability of appropriate clays and " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366727/figure-4-fic-etched-section-of-underglaze-blue-porcelain"><img alt="Fic. 4. Etched section of underglaze-blue porcelain show- ing relict grains of quartz (dark grey, q) in glassy matrix containing ragged, lath-shaped aggregates of mullite and glassy pools containing fine mullite needles (g). BSE micrograph; operating voltage 15 kV. The scale bar represents 20 ym. fluxes for the production of porcelain was one of the factors accounting for the precociousness of the Chinese ceramic industry, and examination with the SEM gives some insight into the nature of the raw materials. The microstructure of Chinese porcelain may be characterized in terms of four basic morphological units (Tite et al., 1984; Tite and Freestone, 1986): (1) rounded, relict quartz grains, (2) a matrix composed of varying proportions of very fine-grained mullite i shaped aggregates of mul n glass, (3) ragged, lath- ite and (4) glassy pools containing randomly-oriented mullite needles (Fig. 4). Coupled with morpho suggest that the lath-like ogy, Al,O;/SiO, ratios aggregates are pseudo- morphs of muscovite and that the glassy pools are the result of the melting of constant throughout due components. feldspar; K/Na ratios are to the mobility of these " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366741/figure-5-fias-and-fic-left-composition-of-feldspars-from"><img alt="Fias. 5 and 6. Fic. 5 (left). Composition of feldspars from Roman-style pottery of late, pre-Roman, Iron Age date, found in southeastern Britain. The boundaries between the feldspars of different geological origins are drawn after Trevena and Nash (1979, 1981): v = volcanic, p = plutonic, m = metamorphic. Fic. 6 (right). Diagram (atoms per 23 oxygens) illustrating the occurrence of two compositional groups of amphiboles in late pre-Roman, Iron Age pottery from southeastern Britain. (See text for discussion.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366750/figure-6-mineralogical-applications-of-the-analytical-sem-in"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366769/figure-7-fic-excavated-zinc-smelting-furnaces-at-zawar-show"><img alt="Fic. 9, Excavated zinc smelting furnaces at Zawar show- ing arrays of inverted ceramic retorts, supported by perforated plates (which divide the hot, upper chamber containing the retorts from the cool, condensation chamber below). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366807/figure-8-fic-temperature-po-relationships-for-selected"><img alt="Fic. 10. Temperature/PO, relationships for selected reactions of interest (see text for discussion). The probable conditions within the zinc retorts during firing and approximate conditions for some other pyrotechnical processes are indicated. on the duration of the smelt as well as the tempera- ture achieved in the furnace, so that, using a simple heat conduction equation, the time for which a furnace was at high temperature may be estimated (Tite et al., 1982a, 1985). For the zinc smelting process at Zawar, durations of around 5 hr are obtained. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366817/figure-9-fics-and-fic-top-lead-smelting-slag-from-zawar"><img alt="Fics. 11 and 12. Fic. 11 (top). Lead-smelting slag from Zawar, illustrating the development of spinifex zincian olivine (black) and box-like crystals of melilite (dark grey), in a glassy matrix. BSE micrograph; operating voltage 15 kV. The scale bar represents 100 um. Fic. 12 (bottom). ‘Egyptian Blue’, showing the development of prismatic crystals of the bright-blue mineral cuprorivaite (white). Pools of copper silicate glass (light grey), relict grains of quartz (dark grey) and voids (black) are also visible. BSE image; operating voltage 15 kV. The scale bar represents 100 pm. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366826/figure-13-fic-opaque-red-glass-from-nimrud-dating-to-the"><img alt="Fic. 13. Opaque red glass from Nimrud, dating to the fourth century B.c. Dendrites of cuprite (light grey) give the glass its bright red colour. The bright white grains are copper. BSE micrograph; operating voltage 15 kV. The scale bar represents 10 um. Detailed technological studies may involve determination of the relationships between the size and morphology of opacifiers and/or devitrifica- tion products, the properties of the glass and its bulk composition. For example, Freestone (1986) has examined a group of opaque, red glasses dating to the first and second millennia B.c. from Egypt and the Near East. The colourant/opacifier in these glasses was cuprite, Cu,0, and SEM analysis reveals that the range of shades available to the craftsmen depended on the size of the cuprite particles, which in turn depended on the concentra- tion of Cu,O and PbO in the glass. Thus brilliant red glasses contain extensive dendritic cuprite (Fig. 13), while duller, brownish reds and orange-reds contain very fine blebs of cuprite. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366837/figure-14-fic-fracture-surface-of-fragment-from-an-egyptian"><img alt="Fic. 14. Fracture surface of a fragment from an Egyptian limestone sculpture from the Cairo area, showing lepi- spheres of opal-CT (arrowed). SE image; operating voltage 15 kV. The scale bar represents 1 ym. failure’ by the flaking off of large fragments of stone. The reasons for these differences are not well understood and a study by Bradley and Middleton (in progress) has sought to understand these for a group of Egyptian limestones. The decayed samples, all considered to require some conservation treat- ment in order to correct deterioration, fall into three groups on the basis of the nature of their decay and their macroscopic appearance. These groups coincide precisely with those made on the basis of the observation of textural features and identification of non-carbonate phases in the SEM. In particular, the badly decayed sculptures exhibit- ing flaking contain significant amounts of a paly- gorskite clay which was not present in those sculptures that showed only decay by localized pitting. In these latter sculptures, by contrast, the non-carbonate fraction was either insignificant (a group of white, chalky limestones) or consisted mainly of lepispheres of opal-CT (Fig. 14; a group of " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366846/figure-12-fic-compositional-change-across-late-iron-age"><img alt="Fic. 15. Compositional change across a late Iron Age sherd, excavated at St Albans, illustrating the develop- ment of U-shaped profiles for P,O;, CaO and FeO. The heavy vertical line indicates the ‘inner’ surface of the sherd, which had a glossy slip coating. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/31958122/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18366853/figure-13-fic-relationship-between-cao-and-for-some-late"><img alt="Fic. 16. Relationship between CaO and P,O, for some Late Iron Age potsherds excavated in southern Britain (see text for discussion). apatite or brushite. Discrete phosphate phases could not be isolated with the SEM, indicating that the very fine-grained absorbed in the first phosphate may have been instance on the fired clay platelets. It is well known that disordered clay minerals such as allophane have a high capacity to retain phosphate; the d firing at temperatures cause vitrification and isorder induced in clays by below those sufficient to recrystallization appears to greatly increase this property (Freestone et al., 1985b). In view of t he capacity of phosphate minerals to incorporate or adsorb trace elements (Murray et al., 1983; Edward et al., 1984), this may have important implications for provenance studies using trace element data. 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Proc. Conference on Cement Microscopy, 29, 289-292</span><span>, 2007</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Examination of a casing stone from the pyramid of Cheops using polarised light microscopy, scanni...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Examination of a casing stone from the pyramid of Cheops using polarised light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis, Xray diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy indicates that it is a natural limestone. There are no features which support the artificial, geopolymeric origin advocated by Davidovits and co-workers.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2c08c7591bbceb81ed37bd328aa6d05c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31958090,"asset_id":4590538,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31958090/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4590538"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4590538"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4590538; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4590538]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4590538]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4590538; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4590538']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2c08c7591bbceb81ed37bd328aa6d05c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4590538]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4590538,"title":"Natural origin of casing stone from the pyramid of Cheops (with A Middleton)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_title_tag":"Natural Limestone Found in Cheops Pyramid","grobid_abstract":"Examination of a casing stone from the pyramid of Cheops using polarised light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray micro-analysis, Xray diffraction and infra-red spectroscopy indicates that it is a natural limestone. 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This suggests that the quartz was o...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">... metamorphic environment equivalent to greenschist facies. This suggests that the quartz was obtained from Brazil or Madagascar, areas far outside pre-Columbiantrade networks. Recent archival research revealed that the ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4567965"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4567965"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4567965; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4567965]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4567965]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4567965; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4567965']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4567965]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4567965,"title":"The origins of two purportedly pre-Columbian Mexican crystal skulls","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"... metamorphic environment equivalent to greenschist facies. This suggests that the quartz was obtained from Brazil or Madagascar, areas far outside pre-Columbiantrade networks. Recent archival research revealed that the ...","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science"},"translated_abstract":"... metamorphic environment equivalent to greenschist facies. This suggests that the quartz was obtained from Brazil or Madagascar, areas far outside pre-Columbiantrade networks. 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This suggests that the quartz was obtained from Brazil or Madagascar, areas far outside pre-Columbiantrade networks. Recent archival research revealed that the ...","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":4651,"name":"Mesoamerican Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mesoamerican_Archaeology"},{"id":5579,"name":"Authenticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authenticity"},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":55872,"name":"Science for Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_for_Conservation_and_Restoration_of_Cultural_Heritage"},{"id":345504,"name":"Forgeries, fakes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forgeries_fakes"}],"urls":[{"id":1632189,"url":"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440308001052"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4567965-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4590019"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4590019/The_low_temperature_field_of_liquid_immiscibility_in_the_system_K2O_Al2O3_FeO_SiO2_with_special_reference_to_the_join_Fayalite_Leucite_Silica"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O Al2O3 FeO SiO2 with special reference to the join Fayalite Leucite Silica" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O Al2O3 FeO SiO2 with special reference to the join Fayalite Leucite Silica</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Freestone, I.C., and Powell, R. 1983, The low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O Al2O3 FeO SiO2 with special reference to the join Fayalite Leucite Silica, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82 291 9. </span><span>, 1983</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The extent of the low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2 ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The extent of the low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2 in the vicinity of the plane fayalite-leucite-silica has been experimentally determined. The combination of direct oxygen buffering with the use of a zirconia probe to monitor oxygen activity has allowed minimisation of K2O-loss in the experiments while oxygen activity appropriate to the iron-wüstite buffer has been maintained. The four-phase assemblage, fayalite+tridymite+FeO-rich liquid+SiO2-rich liquid, isobaric univariant in the quaternary system, occurs over a very small temperature range at about 1,163° C on the iron-wüstite buffer. Both liquids appear to be in a coprecipitation relationship with tridymite and fayalite although the relationships between the two liquids are more complicated. The distribution of elements between the two coexisting liquids shows an interesting concordance when plotted in a new way. The results make sense in terms of current knowledge about silicate liquid structure, including the (familiar) observation that K/Al in the SiO2-rich liquid is always greater than in the coexisting FeO-rich liquid.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4590019"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4590019"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4590019; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4590019]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4590019]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4590019; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4590019']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4590019]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4590019,"title":"The low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O Al2O3 FeO SiO2 with special reference to the join Fayalite Leucite Silica","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The extent of the low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2 in the vicinity of the plane fayalite-leucite-silica has been experimentally determined. The combination of direct oxygen buffering with the use of a zirconia probe to monitor oxygen activity has allowed minimisation of K2O-loss in the experiments while oxygen activity appropriate to the iron-wüstite buffer has been maintained. The four-phase assemblage, fayalite+tridymite+FeO-rich liquid+SiO2-rich liquid, isobaric univariant in the quaternary system, occurs over a very small temperature range at about 1,163° C on the iron-wüstite buffer. Both liquids appear to be in a coprecipitation relationship with tridymite and fayalite although the relationships between the two liquids are more complicated. The distribution of elements between the two coexisting liquids shows an interesting concordance when plotted in a new way. The results make sense in terms of current knowledge about silicate liquid structure, including the (familiar) observation that K/Al in the SiO2-rich liquid is always greater than in the coexisting FeO-rich liquid.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1983,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Freestone, I.C., and Powell, R. 1983, The low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O Al2O3 FeO SiO2 with special reference to the join Fayalite Leucite Silica, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 82 291 9. "},"translated_abstract":"The extent of the low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2 in the vicinity of the plane fayalite-leucite-silica has been experimentally determined. The combination of direct oxygen buffering with the use of a zirconia probe to monitor oxygen activity has allowed minimisation of K2O-loss in the experiments while oxygen activity appropriate to the iron-wüstite buffer has been maintained. The four-phase assemblage, fayalite+tridymite+FeO-rich liquid+SiO2-rich liquid, isobaric univariant in the quaternary system, occurs over a very small temperature range at about 1,163° C on the iron-wüstite buffer. Both liquids appear to be in a coprecipitation relationship with tridymite and fayalite although the relationships between the two liquids are more complicated. The distribution of elements between the two coexisting liquids shows an interesting concordance when plotted in a new way. The results make sense in terms of current knowledge about silicate liquid structure, including the (familiar) observation that K/Al in the SiO2-rich liquid is always greater than in the coexisting FeO-rich liquid.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4590019/The_low_temperature_field_of_liquid_immiscibility_in_the_system_K2O_Al2O3_FeO_SiO2_with_special_reference_to_the_join_Fayalite_Leucite_Silica","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-25T22:07:24.456-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_low_temperature_field_of_liquid_immiscibility_in_the_system_K2O_Al2O3_FeO_SiO2_with_special_reference_to_the_join_Fayalite_Leucite_Silica","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The extent of the low temperature field of liquid immiscibility in the system K2O-FeO-Al2O3-SiO2 in the vicinity of the plane fayalite-leucite-silica has been experimentally determined. The combination of direct oxygen buffering with the use of a zirconia probe to monitor oxygen activity has allowed minimisation of K2O-loss in the experiments while oxygen activity appropriate to the iron-wüstite buffer has been maintained. The four-phase assemblage, fayalite+tridymite+FeO-rich liquid+SiO2-rich liquid, isobaric univariant in the quaternary system, occurs over a very small temperature range at about 1,163° C on the iron-wüstite buffer. Both liquids appear to be in a coprecipitation relationship with tridymite and fayalite although the relationships between the two liquids are more complicated. The distribution of elements between the two coexisting liquids shows an interesting concordance when plotted in a new way. The results make sense in terms of current knowledge about silicate liquid structure, including the (familiar) observation that K/Al in the SiO2-rich liquid is always greater than in the coexisting FeO-rich liquid.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":10251,"name":"Experimental Petrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Petrology"},{"id":59221,"name":"Phase Diagrams","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phase_Diagrams"}],"urls":[{"id":1644367,"url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01166623"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4590019-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4590054"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4590054/The_role_of_liquid_immiscibility_in_the_genesis_of_carbonatites_An_experimental_study_with_D_L_Hamilton_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The role of liquid immiscibility in the genesis of carbonatites — An experimental study (with D L Hamilton)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">The role of liquid immiscibility in the genesis of carbonatites — An experimental study (with D L Hamilton)</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Freestone, I.C., and Hamilton, D.L. 1980, The Role of Liquid Immiscibility in the Genesis of Carbonatites An Experimental Study, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 73 105 17. </span><span>, 1980</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The two-liquid field between alkali-carbonate liquids and phonolite or nephelinite magmas from th...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The two-liquid field between alkali-carbonate liquids and phonolite or nephelinite magmas from the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano has been determined between 0.7 and 7.6 kb and 900°–1,250° C. The miscibility gap expands with increase in $P_{CO_2 }$ and decrease in temperature. Concomitantly there is a rotation of tie-lines so that the carbonate liquids become richer in CaO. The element distribution between the melts indicates that a carbonate liquid equivalent in composition to Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite lava would have separated from a phonolitic rather than a nephelinitic magma. CO2-saturated nephelinites coexist with carbonate liquids much richer in CaO than the Lengai carbonatites, but even so these liquids have high alkali concentrations. If the sövites of hypabyssal and plutonic ijolite-carbonatite complexes originated by liquid immiscibility, then large quantities of alkalis have been lost, as is suggested by fenitization and related phenomena. The miscibility gap closes away from Na2O-rich compositions, so that the tendency to exsolve a carbonatite melt is greater in salic than in mafic silicate magmas. The two-liquid field does not approach kimberlitic compositions over the range of pressures studied, suggesting that the globular textures observed in many kimberlite sills and dykes may be the result of processes other than liquid immiscibility at crustal pressures.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4590054"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4590054"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4590054; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4590054]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4590054]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4590054; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4590054']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4590054]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4590054,"title":"The role of liquid immiscibility in the genesis of carbonatites — An experimental study (with D L Hamilton)","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The two-liquid field between alkali-carbonate liquids and phonolite or nephelinite magmas from the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano has been determined between 0.7 and 7.6 kb and 900°–1,250° C. The miscibility gap expands with increase in $P_{CO_2 }$ and decrease in temperature. Concomitantly there is a rotation of tie-lines so that the carbonate liquids become richer in CaO. The element distribution between the melts indicates that a carbonate liquid equivalent in composition to Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite lava would have separated from a phonolitic rather than a nephelinitic magma. CO2-saturated nephelinites coexist with carbonate liquids much richer in CaO than the Lengai carbonatites, but even so these liquids have high alkali concentrations. If the sövites of hypabyssal and plutonic ijolite-carbonatite complexes originated by liquid immiscibility, then large quantities of alkalis have been lost, as is suggested by fenitization and related phenomena. The miscibility gap closes away from Na2O-rich compositions, so that the tendency to exsolve a carbonatite melt is greater in salic than in mafic silicate magmas. 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The element distribution between the melts indicates that a carbonate liquid equivalent in composition to Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite lava would have separated from a phonolitic rather than a nephelinitic magma. CO2-saturated nephelinites coexist with carbonate liquids much richer in CaO than the Lengai carbonatites, but even so these liquids have high alkali concentrations. If the sövites of hypabyssal and plutonic ijolite-carbonatite complexes originated by liquid immiscibility, then large quantities of alkalis have been lost, as is suggested by fenitization and related phenomena. The miscibility gap closes away from Na2O-rich compositions, so that the tendency to exsolve a carbonatite melt is greater in salic than in mafic silicate magmas. The two-liquid field does not approach kimberlitic compositions over the range of pressures studied, suggesting that the globular textures observed in many kimberlite sills and dykes may be the result of processes other than liquid immiscibility at crustal pressures.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4590054/The_role_of_liquid_immiscibility_in_the_genesis_of_carbonatites_An_experimental_study_with_D_L_Hamilton_","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-25T22:11:04.349-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"The_role_of_liquid_immiscibility_in_the_genesis_of_carbonatites_An_experimental_study_with_D_L_Hamilton_","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The two-liquid field between alkali-carbonate liquids and phonolite or nephelinite magmas from the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano has been determined between 0.7 and 7.6 kb and 900°–1,250° C. The miscibility gap expands with increase in $P_{CO_2 }$ and decrease in temperature. Concomitantly there is a rotation of tie-lines so that the carbonate liquids become richer in CaO. The element distribution between the melts indicates that a carbonate liquid equivalent in composition to Oldoinyo Lengai natrocarbonatite lava would have separated from a phonolitic rather than a nephelinitic magma. CO2-saturated nephelinites coexist with carbonate liquids much richer in CaO than the Lengai carbonatites, but even so these liquids have high alkali concentrations. If the sövites of hypabyssal and plutonic ijolite-carbonatite complexes originated by liquid immiscibility, then large quantities of alkalis have been lost, as is suggested by fenitization and related phenomena. The miscibility gap closes away from Na2O-rich compositions, so that the tendency to exsolve a carbonatite melt is greater in salic than in mafic silicate magmas. The two-liquid field does not approach kimberlitic compositions over the range of pressures studied, suggesting that the globular textures observed in many kimberlite sills and dykes may be the result of processes other than liquid immiscibility at crustal pressures.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":10251,"name":"Experimental Petrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Petrology"},{"id":23013,"name":"Carbonatites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbonatites"},{"id":199696,"name":"Igneous petrogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Igneous_petrogenesis"}],"urls":[{"id":1644387,"url":"http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00371385"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4590054-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4567973"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4567973/Origin_of_carbonatites_by_liquid_immiscibility"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Origin of carbonatites by liquid immiscibility" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49783371/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4567973/Origin_of_carbonatites_by_liquid_immiscibility">Origin of carbonatites by liquid immiscibility</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Nature</span><span>, 1979</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">THE existence of carbonatite magmas has been generally accepted1, but their origin remains uncert...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">THE existence of carbonatite magmas has been generally accepted1, but their origin remains uncertain. The more favoured petrogenetic models include: (1) direct partial melting of the upper mantle2-5 (2) fractional crystallisation of CO2-rich alkaline silicate magma6; and (3) separation of an immiscible carbonate melt from an initially homogeneous CO2-rich alkaline silicate magma7-10. Experiments have shown all of these processes to be feasible5-7, and each may generate the geochemical characteristics of carbonatite, such as enrichment in rare earths and other incompatible trace and minor elements11,12, and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios13. Here we discuss the role of immiscibility, and report new experimental data which demonstrate for the first time that liquid immiscibility does occur between silicate and carbonate liquids of the compositions found in nature.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4567973-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4567973-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18757417/figure-1-spheres-of-carbonate-in-silicate-glass-the"><img alt="Fig. 1 Spheres of carbonate in silicate glass. The diameters range up to about 2mm. The small pits seen in the carbonate are probably CO, vesicles. Starting material was 15% carbonate plus 85% nephelinite, run conditions 2 kbar, 1,000 °C for 18 h. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49783371/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18757427/figure-2-origin-of-carbonatites-by-liquid-immiscibility"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49783371/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18757437/figure-1-variation-diagram-for-apatites-from-ijolitic-and"><img alt="Fig. 1 Variation diagram for apatites from ijolitic (~O—) and carbonatitic (--A-—) rocks. Oxides and fluorine plotted in wt %: La in p.p.m. ¥,, is sum of Na, Ce, La, Sr oxides. Arrows show direction of differentiation. P, pyroxenite; I, ijolite; U, urtite; S, s6vite; A, alvikite. The five rock types mentioned under Table 1 provide good representatives of the ijolitic and the carbonatitic differentiation " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49783371/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/18757455/table-1-origin-of-carbonatites-by-liquid-immiscibility"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/49783371/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4567973-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b51c95bfa072de97dd61a47064f6b374" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":49783371,"asset_id":4567973,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49783371/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4567973"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4567973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4567973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4567973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4567973]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4567973; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4567973']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b51c95bfa072de97dd61a47064f6b374" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4567973]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4567973,"title":"Origin of carbonatites by liquid immiscibility","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"THE existence of carbonatite magmas has been generally accepted1, but their origin remains uncertain. The more favoured petrogenetic models include: (1) direct partial melting of the upper mantle2-5 (2) fractional crystallisation of CO2-rich alkaline silicate magma6; and (3) separation of an immiscible carbonate melt from an initially homogeneous CO2-rich alkaline silicate magma7-10. Experiments have shown all of these processes to be feasible5-7, and each may generate the geochemical characteristics of carbonatite, such as enrichment in rare earths and other incompatible trace and minor elements11,12, and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios13. Here we discuss the role of immiscibility, and report new experimental data which demonstrate for the first time that liquid immiscibility does occur between silicate and carbonate liquids of the compositions found in nature.","ai_title_tag":"Liquid Immiscibility in Carbonatite Formation","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1979,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Nature"},"translated_abstract":"THE existence of carbonatite magmas has been generally accepted1, but their origin remains uncertain. The more favoured petrogenetic models include: (1) direct partial melting of the upper mantle2-5 (2) fractional crystallisation of CO2-rich alkaline silicate magma6; and (3) separation of an immiscible carbonate melt from an initially homogeneous CO2-rich alkaline silicate magma7-10. Experiments have shown all of these processes to be feasible5-7, and each may generate the geochemical characteristics of carbonatite, such as enrichment in rare earths and other incompatible trace and minor elements11,12, and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios13. Here we discuss the role of immiscibility, and report new experimental data which demonstrate for the first time that liquid immiscibility does occur between silicate and carbonate liquids of the compositions found in nature.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4567973/Origin_of_carbonatites_by_liquid_immiscibility","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:03:55.619-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"other","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49783371,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49783371/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"279052a020161022-1965-e1i5cj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49783371/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Origin_of_carbonatites_by_liquid_immisci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49783371/279052a020161022-1965-e1i5cj-libre.pdf?1477133178=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOrigin_of_carbonatites_by_liquid_immisci.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460671\u0026Signature=PAgstS~S02o2xlLdTHavqp4KxGtPUFLZYp5RfUU3W7e8tAOhTILDw8ne3PnvIvr5RWhnZV4vaP9BiBQDNV4rbT0FoQKl4fM4CXN6I~g5ODJQe~MkQSgrwUy3zl0qXKuABwOzvsH00P5d5nMNYyx4FZxQ8ZoP6cKXOy~Paeq~JHLYfMZMuMBPWKFcbliQdfK37mTj6QNAFN67OskI0BgYwGe4Auevutj0Hcf~STGIfCYIrT5YAAOPoOax~uqieYNbp3gQMo6HfOcj05PH4-C0e50bdtwRxcvTIjy96L0EiXZUVRPjBiuNz4kO-emI3m0NKYls8jrRNEywRIUCKFT1SA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Origin_of_carbonatites_by_liquid_immiscibility","translated_slug":"","page_count":3,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"THE existence of carbonatite magmas has been generally accepted1, but their origin remains uncertain. The more favoured petrogenetic models include: (1) direct partial melting of the upper mantle2-5 (2) fractional crystallisation of CO2-rich alkaline silicate magma6; and (3) separation of an immiscible carbonate melt from an initially homogeneous CO2-rich alkaline silicate magma7-10. Experiments have shown all of these processes to be feasible5-7, and each may generate the geochemical characteristics of carbonatite, such as enrichment in rare earths and other incompatible trace and minor elements11,12, and low 87Sr/86Sr ratios13. Here we discuss the role of immiscibility, and report new experimental data which demonstrate for the first time that liquid immiscibility does occur between silicate and carbonate liquids of the compositions found in nature.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":49783371,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49783371/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"279052a020161022-1965-e1i5cj.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49783371/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Origin_of_carbonatites_by_liquid_immisci.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49783371/279052a020161022-1965-e1i5cj-libre.pdf?1477133178=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOrigin_of_carbonatites_by_liquid_immisci.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460671\u0026Signature=PAgstS~S02o2xlLdTHavqp4KxGtPUFLZYp5RfUU3W7e8tAOhTILDw8ne3PnvIvr5RWhnZV4vaP9BiBQDNV4rbT0FoQKl4fM4CXN6I~g5ODJQe~MkQSgrwUy3zl0qXKuABwOzvsH00P5d5nMNYyx4FZxQ8ZoP6cKXOy~Paeq~JHLYfMZMuMBPWKFcbliQdfK37mTj6QNAFN67OskI0BgYwGe4Auevutj0Hcf~STGIfCYIrT5YAAOPoOax~uqieYNbp3gQMo6HfOcj05PH4-C0e50bdtwRxcvTIjy96L0EiXZUVRPjBiuNz4kO-emI3m0NKYls8jrRNEywRIUCKFT1SA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10251,"name":"Experimental Petrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Experimental_Petrology"},{"id":15989,"name":"Igneous petrology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Igneous_petrology"},{"id":23013,"name":"Carbonatites","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbonatites"}],"urls":[{"id":1632196,"url":"http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979Natur.279...52H"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4567973-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4590157"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4590157/Immiscibility_in_tholeiites"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Immiscibility in tholeiites" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31957912/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4590157/Immiscibility_in_tholeiites">Immiscibility in tholeiites</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Freestone, I.C. 1979, Immiscibility in tholeiites, Mineralogical Magazine, 43 543 4. </span><span>, 1979</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-4590157-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-4590157-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/42193637/figure-1-fic-comparison-of-synthetic-lunar-immiscible-melts"><img alt="Fic. 1. Comparison of synthetic lunar immiscible melts produced experimentally by Rutherford et al. (1974) and Hess et al. (1975) with fields of lunar immiscible glasses, based on data of Roedder and Weiblen. Diagram is in mole %. Symbols indicate synthetic melt compositions, some of which are joined by tie lines. LS, LF signify fields of naturally occurring silica-rich and iron-rich glasses, respectively. 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It discusses the discrepancies between experimental results and natural occurrences of two-liquid textures in tholeitic lavas, with a focus on the sizes and morphologies of globules. The conclusion suggests that while stable immiscibility may occur, many two-liquid textures likely result from metastable processes, highlighting the complexity of magmatic processes and the need for further integrated studies.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1979,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Freestone, I.C. 1979, Immiscibility in tholeiites, Mineralogical Magazine, 43 543 4. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4590157-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4590100"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4590100/Liquid_immiscibility_in_alkali_rich_magmas"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Liquid immiscibility in alkali rich magmas" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Liquid immiscibility in alkali rich magmas</div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Freestone, I.C. 1978, Liquid immiscibility in alkali rich magmas, Chemical Geology, 23 115 23</span><span>, 1978</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4590100"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4590100"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4590100; 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London, Nov 7th 2016" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/49477242/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/29027621/Workshop_Glass_in_imitation_of_other_materials_London_Nov_7th_2016">Workshop: Glass in imitation of other materials. London, Nov 7th 2016</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The classification of materials is a practice with deep roots in the past, but the multifarious p...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The classification of materials is a practice with deep roots in the past, but the multifarious properties of glass lent it an intermediary or ambiguous position in many classification systems: from the Bronze Age description of glasses with reference to precious stones, and the role of glasses in alchemical theories of the Middle Ages, to the difficulties encountered by modern science in attempting to determine its physical state, glass has resisted classification. This ambiguous position also stems from the chameleonic properties of man-made glasses, which can be worked to shape when either hot or cold, can be produced in almost limitless hues, and can be either transparent or opaque. Glass is particularly suited to mimicking the properties of stones and gemstones, though it also has strong connections with metals and pottery. Much like the plastics of the twentieth century, glass may at times in its history have been a byword for ersatz. Yet imitation was often a very complex matter, for the properties of glass also lend it a unique value in many applications. Just as the Roman vessel known as the Portland Vase originally reflected cameo work in natural stones, which would have been impossible to achieve on such a large object, so it too was imitated in ceramic by Josiah Wedgwood in the late 18th century. The aim of this study day is to explore aspects of the use of glass in imitation of other materials. What purposes were behind this practice, and how was it achieved from a technical perspective? Which materials were mimicked, and how did this affect the value of the glass itself and the material it was imitating? 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Unpublished reports on erratic- and calcite-tempered pottery from northern Britain" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47816136/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27561982/Unpublished_reports_on_erratic_and_calcite_tempered_pottery_from_northern_Britain">Unpublished reports on erratic- and calcite-tempered pottery from northern Britain</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In the late 1980s and early 1990s, I worked extensively with Val Rigby, Andrew Middleton and Sylv...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In the late 1980s and early 1990s, I worked extensively with Val Rigby, Andrew Middleton and Sylvia Humphrey on the petrography of pottery from Yorkshire and Humberside, particularly types tempered with glacial erratics and crushed calcite.  Very few of these data were published, beyond a short report on Burton Fleming by Freestone and Middleton (1991).  Additionally, a poster presentation on the implications of the use of crushed erratics in pottery was presented at the 23rd International Symposium on Archaeometry in Naples, April 1983.  I am therefore making the reports more widely available before they are completely forgotten. <br />I should issue a health warning.  These reports were subject only to an internal review process, and were not independently refereed.  Furthermore, times change and understanding improves.  To use the results for research purposes, it is recommended that you look at the thin sections, which are held in the British Museum.<br />This file contains reports on the petrography of pottery from Burton Fleming, West Heslerton, Wetwang, Scarborough, Weaverthorpe, Cottam, Thornton Dale, Ulrome and Staple Howe.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-27561982-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-27561982-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/50217893/table-3-unpublished-reports-on-erratic-and-calcite-tempered"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/47816136/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4579020-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="2225080" id="posters"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="9548740"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/9548740/A_cutting_and_leading_workshop_for_window_glass_in_Early_Medieval_France"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A cutting and leading workshop for window glass in Early Medieval France" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35768375/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/9548740/A_cutting_and_leading_workshop_for_window_glass_in_Early_Medieval_France">A cutting and leading workshop for window glass in Early Medieval France</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ciuhct.academia.edu/UmbertoVeronesi">Umberto Veronesi</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone">Ian Freestone</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This project focuses on the analysis of twenty fragments of stained window glass excavated in a F...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This project focuses on the analysis of twenty fragments of stained window glass excavated in a French monastic site and dated between the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th century AD. On a large number of pieces some red traces are visible, very powdery and prone to detach. The main focus of the study was the investigation of the nature and function of these traces, whether they were added intentionally or are the result of post-depositional processes and whether they could be associated with a specific technological tradition. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the red traces are an intentional mixture of a red iron-rich pigment and a calcium-rich material. An initial interpretation as a painted decorative layer on the glass has later been ruled out owing to their extremely detachable nature and the fact that they would not transmit light, an essential feature of coloured decoration in windows. Thanks to the testimony of Theophilus, who wrote in the early twelfth century, it has been possible to interpret the traces as the outlines drawn upon the glass to guide the cutting of the pieces according to an underlying design painted on a board beneath the glass. The fact that paint compositions are not standardized supports this interpretation as they only had a functional value and the glassworkers did not need precise recipes and corresponding ratios of chemical elements. Coupled with the use of a potash-lime-silica glass for the windows, and several examples of fused lead-silicate grisaille paint, this assemblage demonstrates the very early development of a window technology which is traditionally associated with the high medieval period.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9f7590508448cadca03f005b1c5939e2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":35768375,"asset_id":9548740,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35768375/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="9548740"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9548740"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9548740; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9548740]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9548740]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9548740; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='9548740']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9f7590508448cadca03f005b1c5939e2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=9548740]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":9548740,"title":"A cutting and leading workshop for window glass in Early Medieval France","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This project focuses on the analysis of twenty fragments of stained window glass excavated in a French monastic site and dated between the end of the 8th and the beginning of the 9th century AD. 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The main focus of the study was the investigation of the nature and function of these traces, whether they were added intentionally or are the result of post-depositional processes and whether they could be associated with a specific technological tradition. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the red traces are an intentional mixture of a red iron-rich pigment and a calcium-rich material. An initial interpretation as a painted decorative layer on the glass has later been ruled out owing to their extremely detachable nature and the fact that they would not transmit light, an essential feature of coloured decoration in windows. Thanks to the testimony of Theophilus, who wrote in the early twelfth century, it has been possible to interpret the traces as the outlines drawn upon the glass to guide the cutting of the pieces according to an underlying design painted on a board beneath the glass. The fact that paint compositions are not standardized supports this interpretation as they only had a functional value and the glassworkers did not need precise recipes and corresponding ratios of chemical elements. 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Coupled with the use of a potash-lime-silica glass for the windows, and several examples of fused lead-silicate grisaille paint, this assemblage demonstrates the very early development of a window technology which is traditionally associated with the high medieval period.\r\n \r\n","owner":{"id":1934502,"first_name":"Umberto","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Veronesi","page_name":"UmbertoVeronesi","domain_name":"ciuhct","created_at":"2012-06-12T07:02:24.115-07:00","display_name":"Umberto Veronesi","url":"https://ciuhct.academia.edu/UmbertoVeronesi"},"attachments":[{"id":35768375,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/35768375/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"poster_tesi_.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35768375/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_cutting_and_leading_workshop_for_windo.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35768375/poster_tesi_-libre.pdf?1417246003=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_cutting_and_leading_workshop_for_windo.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460671\u0026Signature=aGo0W~Vdwq9nLYrpo59NJkYcMLx1ph0Z2TDbS8ggFHwdO5f2wJbis8dSax8cgBf5hD-eHNmqJXQPFasdog1Mdqik3tda-DzALQ-uc81yfYtE0YKUC6BdiCWpOJdHfSfyw4U7aSkVF2raA19pZ~4Tbh8wJeFsbacAQEu-6JnTs7JKcSk-Q9dTW2PfmdN9BzENWFHnhPn6eNHamijrqH9gI~HhGldjufrB6dMnXH6acY3~wPOVEJI8JM5lVzgFE1azLf5fBYryUCJhxpDMKGWuvj71ASzW6AXR-EywmNhJOctpXSaNlr7-RBlFsEDixKvPdbWhXt4-ISPA99hqS7pxFA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":511,"name":"Materials Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Science"},{"id":2527,"name":"Heritage Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heritage_Studies"},{"id":7870,"name":"Medieval Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Archaeology"},{"id":12807,"name":"Archaeometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometry"},{"id":30877,"name":"French Colonial Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_Colonial_Archaeology"},{"id":34393,"name":"Stained Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stained_Glass"},{"id":663638,"name":"Medieval Stained Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Stained_Glass"}],"urls":[{"id":3931776,"url":"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/research/directory/glass-technology-network/conferences"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-9548740-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="17415726" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104872904"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872904/Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_Window_in_England"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484527/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872904/Dating_Nathan_The_Oldest_Stained_Glass_Window_in_England">Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Heritage</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130–1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the secon...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="74d5a302fedc4d8ca743e38615569883" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104484527,"asset_id":104872904,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484527/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104872904"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104872904"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872904; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872904]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872904]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872904; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='104872904']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "74d5a302fedc4d8ca743e38615569883" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=104872904]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":104872904,"title":"Dating Nathan: The Oldest Stained Glass Window in England?","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130–1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. In the secon...","publisher":"MDPI AG","ai_title_tag":"Earliest Stained Glass in England Confirmed?","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Heritage"},"translated_abstract":"Relatively little is known about stained glass windows in England predating c. 1170; however, art-historical evaluation by Caviness (1987) argued that four figures from the “Ancestors series” of Canterbury Cathedral, usually dated to the late 12th and early 13th century, in fact date earlier (c. 1130–1160). This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. 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This would place them amongst the earliest stained glass in England, and the world. Building on our previous work, we address Caviness’s hypothesis using a methodology based upon analysis of a few, well-measured heavy trace elements and a 3D-printed attachment for a pXRF spectrometer that facilitates in situ analysis. The results confirm two major periods of “recycling” or re-using medieval glass. The first is consistent with Caviness’s argument that figures predating the 1174 fire were reused in the early 13th century. The results suggest that in addition to figures, ornamental borders were reused, indicating the presence of more early glass than previously thought. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-104872904-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104872903"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872903/Regional_patterns_in_medieval_European_glass_composition_as_a_provenancing_tool"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Regional patterns in medieval European glass composition as a provenancing tool" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484567/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872903/Regional_patterns_in_medieval_European_glass_composition_as_a_provenancing_tool">Regional patterns in medieval European glass composition as a provenancing tool</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A legacy dataset of 1329 major element analyses of medieval glass (12 th-15 th centuries) has bee...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A legacy dataset of 1329 major element analyses of medieval glass (12 th-15 th centuries) has been compiled and analysed for geographical distribution of compositional characteristics. Three regional compositional types may be distinguished using simple elemental plots, associated with glass production in northwestern France, in the region around the Rhine, and in central Europe. Distribution maps are presented to aid interpretation and use of the data. The application of the approach is illustrated through three case studies. Late thirteenth-early fourteenth century medieval stained glass from York Minster (n=91), late fourteenth-century stained glass from New College Oxford (n=79) and a single medieval mirror found in Egypt were analysed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive analysis. The York coloured and white glasses were identical and consistent with an origin in NW France. In the late fourteenth century, the coloured glass samples from Oxford were from the Rhenish region, while the white glass is consistent with an origin in NW France or England. The mirror glass from Egypt is of central European origin, and similar mirror glass is known from Italy. The apparent dominance of German mirror production may reflect an advantage of the glass, which is low in iron. The meta-analysis of the legacy data shows significant potential for developing an understanding of the production and movement of medieval glass.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b27fa84825a9ef4dc08c67880ba23ede" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104484567,"asset_id":104872903,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484567/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104872903"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104872903"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872903; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872903]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872903]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872903; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='104872903']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b27fa84825a9ef4dc08c67880ba23ede" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=104872903]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":104872903,"title":"Regional patterns in medieval European glass composition as a provenancing tool","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","ai_title_tag":"Medieval European Glass Composition and Provenance Mapping","grobid_abstract":"A legacy dataset of 1329 major element analyses of medieval glass (12 th-15 th centuries) has been compiled and analysed for geographical distribution of compositional characteristics. Three regional compositional types may be distinguished using simple elemental plots, associated with glass production in northwestern France, in the region around the Rhine, and in central Europe. Distribution maps are presented to aid interpretation and use of the data. The application of the approach is illustrated through three case studies. Late thirteenth-early fourteenth century medieval stained glass from York Minster (n=91), late fourteenth-century stained glass from New College Oxford (n=79) and a single medieval mirror found in Egypt were analysed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive analysis. The York coloured and white glasses were identical and consistent with an origin in NW France. In the late fourteenth century, the coloured glass samples from Oxford were from the Rhenish region, while the white glass is consistent with an origin in NW France or England. The mirror glass from Egypt is of central European origin, and similar mirror glass is known from Italy. The apparent dominance of German mirror production may reflect an advantage of the glass, which is low in iron. The meta-analysis of the legacy data shows significant potential for developing an understanding of the production and movement of medieval glass.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":104484567},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104872903/Regional_patterns_in_medieval_European_glass_composition_as_a_provenancing_tool","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-07-24T01:37:11.544-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":104484567,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484567/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2019_20Adlington_20et_20al_20Regional_20Patterns_Accepted.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484567/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Regional_patterns_in_medieval_European_g.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104484567/2019_20Adlington_20et_20al_20Regional_20Patterns_Accepted-libre.pdf?1690190408=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRegional_patterns_in_medieval_European_g.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460672\u0026Signature=KXxyB41TuWGZ73KydoQerRSfabPJnGAQW9gNva5j9TZsF5PsFGx5J6BbAq5pPh5kgbIoAnWhXmaXkNqwpCsxaPw0KV1vX8T~FBsEwQnBMmvtPp87pRD-m9zkOlNueqqzvg24GcH8tkzIy32j7dso2jeV4zMKTDUSdKFr1Uvr37DIa1cDt8IsLxXIgkPzkxLGqCmr~P9tBNhFPCF-ynzQnKiCNilpD7PuH~saO3nZewTGA6P8ulQ43QcOLFH-87mSLFjjd-~rDQdpfwSNdrDzkZwAJVVk5iE1w7nOOV56PXnq-wcgfdeC8bokil~uHBgKBs0XiHRSVSvPtDwlpGXcVA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Regional_patterns_in_medieval_European_glass_composition_as_a_provenancing_tool","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"A legacy dataset of 1329 major element analyses of medieval glass (12 th-15 th centuries) has been compiled and analysed for geographical distribution of compositional characteristics. Three regional compositional types may be distinguished using simple elemental plots, associated with glass production in northwestern France, in the region around the Rhine, and in central Europe. Distribution maps are presented to aid interpretation and use of the data. The application of the approach is illustrated through three case studies. Late thirteenth-early fourteenth century medieval stained glass from York Minster (n=91), late fourteenth-century stained glass from New College Oxford (n=79) and a single medieval mirror found in Egypt were analysed using scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive analysis. The York coloured and white glasses were identical and consistent with an origin in NW France. In the late fourteenth century, the coloured glass samples from Oxford were from the Rhenish region, while the white glass is consistent with an origin in NW France or England. The mirror glass from Egypt is of central European origin, and similar mirror glass is known from Italy. The apparent dominance of German mirror production may reflect an advantage of the glass, which is low in iron. The meta-analysis of the legacy data shows significant potential for developing an understanding of the production and movement of medieval glass.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":104484567,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484567/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"2019_20Adlington_20et_20al_20Regional_20Patterns_Accepted.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484567/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Regional_patterns_in_medieval_European_g.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104484567/2019_20Adlington_20et_20al_20Regional_20Patterns_Accepted-libre.pdf?1690190408=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRegional_patterns_in_medieval_European_g.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460672\u0026Signature=KXxyB41TuWGZ73KydoQerRSfabPJnGAQW9gNva5j9TZsF5PsFGx5J6BbAq5pPh5kgbIoAnWhXmaXkNqwpCsxaPw0KV1vX8T~FBsEwQnBMmvtPp87pRD-m9zkOlNueqqzvg24GcH8tkzIy32j7dso2jeV4zMKTDUSdKFr1Uvr37DIa1cDt8IsLxXIgkPzkxLGqCmr~P9tBNhFPCF-ynzQnKiCNilpD7PuH~saO3nZewTGA6P8ulQ43QcOLFH-87mSLFjjd-~rDQdpfwSNdrDzkZwAJVVk5iE1w7nOOV56PXnq-wcgfdeC8bokil~uHBgKBs0XiHRSVSvPtDwlpGXcVA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry"},{"id":3316,"name":"Archaeological Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_Science"},{"id":31043,"name":"Medieval Glasses (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Glasses_Archaeology_"},{"id":41438,"name":"Ancient Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass"},{"id":50747,"name":"Elemental analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Elemental_analysis"},{"id":663638,"name":"Medieval Stained Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval_Stained_Glass"},{"id":993832,"name":"Second Language Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Language_Composition"}],"urls":[{"id":33047124,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0305440319300792?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-104872903-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104872902"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872902/Using_handheld_pXRF_to_study_medieval_stained_glass_A_methodology_using_trace_elements"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Using handheld pXRF to study medieval stained glass: A methodology using trace elements" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484565/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872902/Using_handheld_pXRF_to_study_medieval_stained_glass_A_methodology_using_trace_elements">Using handheld pXRF to study medieval stained glass: A methodology using trace elements</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>MRS Advances</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The surfaces of 30 pieces of glass from panel 3b of the Great East Window of York Minster (1405-1...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The surfaces of 30 pieces of glass from panel 3b of the Great East Window of York Minster (1405-1408 CE) were analyzed by handheld portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and small samples from the same pieces were analyzed by electron microprobe (EPMA). Comparison of the two methods reveals significant divergences which are not systematic, particularly for elements lighter than Ti. Rather than a problem with pXRF calibration or correction software, the non-systematic error is attributable to the presence of a thin surface layer of weathered glass. Analysis of the depths of X-ray generation indicate that virtually all X-rays characteristic of Ca and K are generated within the top 50 µm of the glass. However, for heavier elements such as Rb, Sr and Zr, most emitted X-rays are generated below 100 µm. Using pXRF data for the heavier elements, it is possible to replicate the compositional groupings identified by quantitative EPMA. White glass in the window is likely to have originated in Eng...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="eea2e52f0e075cc5295eba179c327667" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104484565,"asset_id":104872902,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484565/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104872902"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104872902"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872902; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872902]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872902]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872902; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='104872902']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "eea2e52f0e075cc5295eba179c327667" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=104872902]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":104872902,"title":"Using handheld pXRF to study medieval stained glass: A methodology using trace elements","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The surfaces of 30 pieces of glass from panel 3b of the Great East Window of York Minster (1405-1408 CE) were analyzed by handheld portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and small samples from the same pieces were analyzed by electron microprobe (EPMA). Comparison of the two methods reveals significant divergences which are not systematic, particularly for elements lighter than Ti. Rather than a problem with pXRF calibration or correction software, the non-systematic error is attributable to the presence of a thin surface layer of weathered glass. Analysis of the depths of X-ray generation indicate that virtually all X-rays characteristic of Ca and K are generated within the top 50 µm of the glass. However, for heavier elements such as Rb, Sr and Zr, most emitted X-rays are generated below 100 µm. Using pXRF data for the heavier elements, it is possible to replicate the compositional groupings identified by quantitative EPMA. 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(2013) The chemical composition of glass from the Hungarian glasshouses and glass utilized in Hungary from the 14th century to the 17th century. In: Michalik J, Smułek W, Godlewska-Para E (eds). Annual Report 2012. Warszawa: Institute of Nuclear Chemi..." class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title">Kunicki-Goldfinge JJ, Mester E, Freestone IC. (2013) The chemical composition of glass from the Hungarian glasshouses and glass utilized in Hungary from the 14th century to the 17th century. In: Michalik J, Smułek W, Godlewska-Para E (eds). Annual Report 2012. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-104872898-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104872897"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872897/Technology_production_and_chronology_of_red_window_glass_in_the_medieval_period_rediscovery_of_a_lost_technology"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Technology, production and chronology of red window glass in the medieval period – rediscovery of a lost technology" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484568/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872897/Technology_production_and_chronology_of_red_window_glass_in_the_medieval_period_rediscovery_of_a_lost_technology">Technology, production and chronology of red window glass in the medieval period – rediscovery of a lost technology</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Archaeological Science</span><span>, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">SEM-EDXA of 132 examples of medieval red window glass reveals the presence of around 1% copper ox...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">SEM-EDXA of 132 examples of medieval red window glass reveals the presence of around 1% copper oxide in all cases. SEM and TEM of selected samples confirm the presence of Cu nanoparticles. Two structural categories of red glass sheet are identified. Sheets comprising a single layer of red glass from a few tens to around 300 mm thick overlying a supporting substrate of white glass, with or without a protective cover of white glass, are typically found from the fourteenth century onwards. However, in 12the14th century England, France and Spain, and perhaps elsewhere, typical red glass sheets have a complex microstructure comprising multiple coloured striae about 1 mm thick in a white background. SEMeEDXA, TEM and LA-ICP-MS have been used to characterise and investigate the technologies of the two types in detail. The single-layered glasses were produced using an approach analogous to that of copper red glass in the modern period, where a red glass is flashed onto a colourless base. In contrast, the multi-layered glasses were formed by the incomplete mixing of an oxidised high-Cu and a reduced low-Cu glass. The red colour forms due to the diffusion of oxidised copper into the reduced glass and the nucleation and growth of metallic copper during heat-treatment. This represents a previously unrecognised medieval glass technology, where red was created by mixing two weakly coloured glasses, a complex, arcane and mysterious procedure which must have reinforced the exclusivity of the craft. The occurrence of the technique has implications for dating windows and the identification of glass which has been inserted in early restorations and repairs, for the trade in coloured glass and for the transfer of glassmaking technologies in medieval times. It provides a link between stained glass window technology of the high medieval period and the glass-colouring practices of the late first millennium CE.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-104872897-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-104872897-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54079975/figure-1-panel-from-the-great-east-window-at-york-minster"><img alt="Fig. 1. Panel 8e from the Great East Window (1405-1408) at York Minster, showing the Army of the Horsemen, described in Revelations ix: 16—19 (Photograph the York Glaziers Trust, reproduced courtesy of the Chapter of York). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54079987/figure-3-layer-structure-type-showing-single-layer-of-red"><img alt="Fig. 3. 2-layer structure (Type B-2), showing a single layer of red glass overlying a white substrate. Panel 2e, Great East Window, York Minster (1405-1408). Glass thickness c. 1.9 mm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080011/figure-2-striated-structure-type-panel-window-chn-york"><img alt="Fig. 2. Striated structure (Type A). Panel 1a, window CHn9, York Minster (c. 1290- 1300). Glass thickness c. 2.8 mm. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080029/figure-4-layer-structure-type-with-additional-layer-of-white"><img alt="Fig. 4. 3-layer structure (Type B-3), with additional layer of white (‘coperta’) overlying the red. Panel 2b, Great East Window, York Minster (1405-1408). Glass thickness c. 2.7 mm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080038/figure-5-scatter-plot-of-cao-versus-mgo-for-white-supporting"><img alt="Fig. 5. Scatter plot of CaO versus MgO for 120 white supporting layers of red sheets StD — St Denis, C — Canterbury, Z — Zutphen. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080052/figure-6-light-photomicrograph-of-type-glass-captured"><img alt="Fig. 6. Light photomicrograph of Type A glass, captured obliquely to visualise the in- dividual red striations [Sample 11: Great East Window, York Minster, probably 14th century or earlier glass inserted as a repair]. Glass thickness c. 2.8 mm. (For inter- pretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) SEM-EDXA reveals that Type A glass consists of alternating layers of two white glasses which can be distinguished in high contrast back-scattered images and by X-ray mapping (Fig. 7a, b). These two glasses differ in their concentrations of copper and associated trace metals, which have high and low concentrations in alternate layers " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080065/figure-7-sem-image-of-type-glass-shown-in-ray-map-of-cu"><img alt="Fig. 7. a, b. SEM image of Type A glass shown in Fig. 6. a) X-ray map of Cu distribution. Lighter areas depict higher Cu concentration. b) Backscattered electron (BSE) image. Lighter areas depict higher average atomic mass (i.e. an elevated content of heavy elements). Comparison of light optical micrographs with back-scattered electron images indicates that the red striae occur in the low-Cu " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080079/figure-8-detail-of-comparing-ray-line-scans-for-cu-and-zn"><img alt="Fig. 8. Detail of Fig. 7 comparing X-ray line scans for Cu and Zn with BSE image. The position of the red striae in the glass is marked by the vertical lines lines. a Ia The relationships of the compositional profiles to the red stria- tions were determined by examining in optical photomicrographs Scans using LA-ICP-MS (Fig. 9a, b) confirm and expand the findings using EDXA. Among over forty elements analysed, the concentrations (signal intensities) of only nine (Cu, Pb, Zn, Sn, As, In, Sb, Ag and Au) were found to change when moving from the low-Cu to the high-Cu glass. For all of these elements, the signal intensity was always higher within the high-Cu layer. Quantitative concentration data for the high and low copper glasses in Type A sample 11 from York are given in Table 3. Total concentration of this suite of metallic elements in the high-Cu layers is typically around 2% by weight element, and excluding Cu, is still around 0.8%. The total concentrations of these elements, including Cu, in the low-Cu glass is only around 0.2% by weight. However, it is re-emphasised that the concentration of Cu measured in the low-Cu glass is dependent upon the thickness of the low-Cu layer. Where the low- Cu layer is thicker, then the Cu concentration in the centre is lower; this is consistent with a process of diffusion of copper from the high-Cu glass into the low-Cu glass. When major elements are normalised (i.e. excluding copper), EDXA analyses of high- and low- Cu layers are often (but not always) identical. The differences in intensity observed in the back-scattered images of Figs. 7 and 8, for example, are due entirely to the small differences in the contents of copper and other of the associated metallic elements listed above. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080086/figure-9-la-icp-ms-scan-across-the-cross-section-of-red-type"><img alt="Fig. 9. a, b. LA-ICP-MS scan across the cross-section of red Type A shown in Fig. 6. a) linear scale showing detail of Cu, Zn, Sn, Pb. b) logarithmic scale comparing less abundant elements, note especially the coincidence of the behaviour of Ag with Cu. The approximate position of the red striae in the glass is marked by the vertical hatched lines. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080100/figure-10-bse-images-of-red-type-sem-feg-the-dark-grey-area"><img alt="Fig. 10. a, b, c. BSE images of red type A (SEM FEG). (a) The dark grey area at the bottom of the image is high-Cu glass. Above this is the Cu-poor glass with a zone with precipitated nanoparticles, which become coarser away from the high-Cu glass. (b) detail of Cu nanoparticles. (c) sample from Canterbury showing undulating boundary. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_010.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080109/figure-11-composite-tem-image-across-nanoparticle-zone-in"><img alt="Fig. 11. Composite TEM image across a nanoparticle zone in red type A from Burgos, Spain, 13th century. Note the gradation in particle size from bottom left to top right. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_011.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080127/figure-12-detail-of-largest-copper-nanoparticles-in"><img alt="Fig. 12. Detail of largest copper nanoparticles in Fig. 11. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_012.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080138/figure-14-in-situ-type-with-wavy-pattern-due-to-the-uneven"><img alt="Fig. 14. In situ type A with ‘wavy’ pattern due to the uneven distribution of red striae Canterbury cathedral, 12th century. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_013.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080146/figure-13-cross-section-of-red-type-with-red-striae-folded"><img alt="Fig. 13. A cross-section of red Type A with red striae folded and terminated unevenly. Bluish tint of some layers depicts the high-Cu glass; however this colour strongly dependant on observation angle. York Minster, New Clerestory, tracery, medallion panel (inv. no. C30 8T), probably 12th century. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_014.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080155/figure-15-la-icp-ms-scan-across-cross-section-of-red-type"><img alt="Fig. 15. LA-ICP-MS scan across cross-section of red type B. York Minster, Great East Window, panel 2b, sample R1. The occurrence of red colour is shaded. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_015.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080164/figure-16-copper-nanoparticles-in-type-high-cu-layer-bse"><img alt="Fig. 16. Copper nanoparticles in type B high-Cu layer (BSE image, SEM FEG). Zuthpen, Holland. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_016.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080174/figure-17-tem-image-of-copper-nanoparticles-in-glass-type"><img alt="Fig. 17. TEM image of copper nanoparticles in glass type B from Zuthpen, Holland. The size of the particles, at a few tens of nanometres, is broadly consistent with sizes for copper particles in glass stained with copper predicted by Mie’s theory (Rawson, 1965; Bamford, 1977) and also with previous direct observation of copper nanoparticles in a sample of medieval red glass with Type B structure (Fredrickx, 2004; Fredrickx at al. 2005). They are slightly finer than the gold nanoparticles in the Lycurgus Cup, a rare example of Au-coloured Roman glass (Barber and Freestone, 1990) but are an order of " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_017.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080177/figure-18-simplified-depicting-the-distribution-forms-and"><img alt="Fig. 18. Simplified scheme depicting the distribution, forms and concentration of copper across the red type A. Shading represents development of red colour. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_018.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080182/figure-19-cobalt-blue-glass-with-localised-development-of"><img alt="Fig. 19. Cobalt blue glass with localised development of red striae. Note associated bubbles. Great East Window, York Minster, panel 2h, sample B1. This HLLM type glass contains about 1060 ppm of Co and about 1740 ppm of Cu. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_019.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080187/figure-21-cross-section-of-an-original-rounded-not-grozed"><img alt="Fig. 21. Cross-section of an original, rounded (not grozed) edge (right hand side of image) of red type A from Chapter House (w1, window tracery), Canterbury cathedral, probably 14th century. Lines from laser scan may be observed centre left. (For inter- pretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_020.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080192/figure-20-cross-section-of-an-original-rounded-not-grozed"><img alt="Fig. 20. Cross-section of an original, rounded (not grozed) edge (left hand side of photograph) of a red type B sheet from Zutphen (Dieserstraat), Netherlands. Certainly before 1572. Note pinched termination of red layer and evidence of distortion, consistent with the cutting of a cylinder and subsequent opening while hot, with rounding of edge. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_021.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080201/figure-22-simplified-illustrating-proposed-manufacturing"><img alt="Fig. 22. Simplified scheme illustrating proposed manufacturing process of red Type B assuming a two-batch manufacturing process. (For interpretation of the references tc colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_022.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080211/figure-23-simplified-illustrating-proposed-manufacturing"><img alt="Fig. 23. Simplified scheme illustrating proposed manufacturing process of red Type A assuming a single-batch manufacturing process. (For interpretation of the reference: to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_023.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080218/figure-24-relation-between-thickness-of-the-low-cu-base"><img alt="Fig. 24. Relation between thickness of the low-Cu base white glass and the whole glass sheet thickness for the red glass types (n = 102 — includes only the samples where the thickness could be measured). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/figure_024.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080224/table-1-red-glass-samples-examined-in-the-present-study"><img alt="Red glass samples examined in the present study: contexts, dating and number of samples. Table 1 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080228/table-2-one-unclassified-glass-not-included-occurrence-of"><img alt="* One unclassified glass not included. Occurrence of Type A and Type B red glass in the examined sample, according to date and place. Table 2 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/54080234/table-3-trace-elements-contents-in-ppm-of-red-and-white"><img alt="Trace elements contents in ppm of red and white glasses in examples of Type A and Type B red glasses from York Minster. “ Base glass. > Low-Cu glass between high-Cu layers. Table 3 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/104484568/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-104872897-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2f0428e9098e100d30c2a3a85b0c74e3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104484568,"asset_id":104872897,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484568/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104872897"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104872897"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872897; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872897]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872897]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872897; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='104872897']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2f0428e9098e100d30c2a3a85b0c74e3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=104872897]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":104872897,"title":"Technology, production and chronology of red window glass in the medieval period – rediscovery of a lost technology","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Elsevier BV","grobid_abstract":"SEM-EDXA of 132 examples of medieval red window glass reveals the presence of around 1% copper oxide in all cases. SEM and TEM of selected samples confirm the presence of Cu nanoparticles. Two structural categories of red glass sheet are identified. Sheets comprising a single layer of red glass from a few tens to around 300 mm thick overlying a supporting substrate of white glass, with or without a protective cover of white glass, are typically found from the fourteenth century onwards. However, in 12the14th century England, France and Spain, and perhaps elsewhere, typical red glass sheets have a complex microstructure comprising multiple coloured striae about 1 mm thick in a white background. SEMeEDXA, TEM and LA-ICP-MS have been used to characterise and investigate the technologies of the two types in detail. The single-layered glasses were produced using an approach analogous to that of copper red glass in the modern period, where a red glass is flashed onto a colourless base. In contrast, the multi-layered glasses were formed by the incomplete mixing of an oxidised high-Cu and a reduced low-Cu glass. The red colour forms due to the diffusion of oxidised copper into the reduced glass and the nucleation and growth of metallic copper during heat-treatment. This represents a previously unrecognised medieval glass technology, where red was created by mixing two weakly coloured glasses, a complex, arcane and mysterious procedure which must have reinforced the exclusivity of the craft. The occurrence of the technique has implications for dating windows and the identification of glass which has been inserted in early restorations and repairs, for the trade in coloured glass and for the transfer of glassmaking technologies in medieval times. It provides a link between stained glass window technology of the high medieval period and the glass-colouring practices of the late first millennium CE.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2014,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Journal of Archaeological Science","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":104484568},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104872897/Technology_production_and_chronology_of_red_window_glass_in_the_medieval_period_rediscovery_of_a_lost_technology","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-07-24T01:37:10.412-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":104484568,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484568/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.jas.2013.07.02920230724-1-qp39au.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484568/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Technology_production_and_chronology_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104484568/j.jas.2013.07.02920230724-1-qp39au-libre.pdf?1690190415=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTechnology_production_and_chronology_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544598\u0026Signature=KeXJka~QjZTVuCeNOXw4-VoWF22735BZGJRWUFz0zhYwkps-sZF1d~ZSV3WggmzXykxGHZ6ChJUiUBpB-45HCgRYFTDI0PRxnSXH0gaT0jZIKIKhIE7NCc0MOMJCh1j2AcVUrHinDST1fT9sKNN8fmBBynv3kJYeNmrgUb5d3JhmOOIvV~EK2G3y9FLii6OxzjRUedTL~gGONadkMUrkE8hKhjSxtxDesGJdmE27wuA0mnQS4JSFQtixHiql~vvVohbZ7SUrHf9d0fGDSJ75IXqp3xaJF7U4de6ISkaScV0F9R5g5n31eUE2Iw-UBxLRjZeQlDXJ~vDqYg4v1T~hyw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Technology_production_and_chronology_of_red_window_glass_in_the_medieval_period_rediscovery_of_a_lost_technology","translated_slug":"","page_count":17,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"SEM-EDXA of 132 examples of medieval red window glass reveals the presence of around 1% copper oxide in all cases. SEM and TEM of selected samples confirm the presence of Cu nanoparticles. Two structural categories of red glass sheet are identified. Sheets comprising a single layer of red glass from a few tens to around 300 mm thick overlying a supporting substrate of white glass, with or without a protective cover of white glass, are typically found from the fourteenth century onwards. However, in 12the14th century England, France and Spain, and perhaps elsewhere, typical red glass sheets have a complex microstructure comprising multiple coloured striae about 1 mm thick in a white background. SEMeEDXA, TEM and LA-ICP-MS have been used to characterise and investigate the technologies of the two types in detail. The single-layered glasses were produced using an approach analogous to that of copper red glass in the modern period, where a red glass is flashed onto a colourless base. In contrast, the multi-layered glasses were formed by the incomplete mixing of an oxidised high-Cu and a reduced low-Cu glass. The red colour forms due to the diffusion of oxidised copper into the reduced glass and the nucleation and growth of metallic copper during heat-treatment. This represents a previously unrecognised medieval glass technology, where red was created by mixing two weakly coloured glasses, a complex, arcane and mysterious procedure which must have reinforced the exclusivity of the craft. The occurrence of the technique has implications for dating windows and the identification of glass which has been inserted in early restorations and repairs, for the trade in coloured glass and for the transfer of glassmaking technologies in medieval times. It provides a link between stained glass window technology of the high medieval period and the glass-colouring practices of the late first millennium CE.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":104484568,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484568/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"j.jas.2013.07.02920230724-1-qp39au.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484568/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Technology_production_and_chronology_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104484568/j.jas.2013.07.02920230724-1-qp39au-libre.pdf?1690190415=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DTechnology_production_and_chronology_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544598\u0026Signature=KeXJka~QjZTVuCeNOXw4-VoWF22735BZGJRWUFz0zhYwkps-sZF1d~ZSV3WggmzXykxGHZ6ChJUiUBpB-45HCgRYFTDI0PRxnSXH0gaT0jZIKIKhIE7NCc0MOMJCh1j2AcVUrHinDST1fT9sKNN8fmBBynv3kJYeNmrgUb5d3JhmOOIvV~EK2G3y9FLii6OxzjRUedTL~gGONadkMUrkE8hKhjSxtxDesGJdmE27wuA0mnQS4JSFQtixHiql~vvVohbZ7SUrHf9d0fGDSJ75IXqp3xaJF7U4de6ISkaScV0F9R5g5n31eUE2Iw-UBxLRjZeQlDXJ~vDqYg4v1T~hyw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry"},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry"},{"id":3283,"name":"Medieval","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medieval"},{"id":3316,"name":"Archaeological Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeological_Science"},{"id":10655,"name":"Scanning Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scanning_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":14076,"name":"Transmission Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transmission_Electron_Microscopy"},{"id":66892,"name":"Chronology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chronology"}],"urls":[{"id":33047122,"url":"https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/PII:S0305440313002811?httpAccept=text/xml"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-104872897-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="104872863"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872863/Geochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Islamic_glass_from_Jerash_Jordan_Typology_recycling_and_provenance"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Geochemistry of Byzantine and Early Islamic glass from Jerash, Jordan: Typology, recycling, and provenance" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484510/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/104872863/Geochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Islamic_glass_from_Jerash_Jordan_Typology_recycling_and_provenance">Geochemistry of Byzantine and Early Islamic glass from Jerash, Jordan: Typology, recycling, and provenance</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geoarchaeology</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Twenty-two objects of glass from the Decapolis city of Gerasa, N. Jordan, with characteristic ves...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Twenty-two objects of glass from the Decapolis city of Gerasa, N. Jordan, with characteristic vessel forms ranging from Hellenistic to Early Islamic (2nd century BCE to 8th century CE) were analyzed for major and trace elements, and 16 samples for Sr-isotopes. The majority were produced in the vicinity of Apollonia on the Palestine coast in the 6th-7th centuries CE, and strong interelement correlations for Fe, Ti, Mn, Mg, Nb reflect local variations in the accessory minerals in the Apollonia glassmaking sand. The ubiquity of recycling is reflected in elevated concentrations and high coefficients of variation of colorant-related elements as well as a strong positive correlation between K and P. The high level of K contamination is attributed to the use of pomace (olive processing residue) as fuel, and a negative correlation with Cl, due to volatilization as the glass was reheated. This points to an efficient system for the collection of glass for recycling in Jerash during the latter part of the first millennium CE. Differences in elemental behavior at different sites in the Levant may reflect the context of the recycling system, for example, glass from secular contexts may contain less colorants derived from mosaics than glass associated with churches.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c928796d56b74d6ed180884e8ea13109" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104484510,"asset_id":104872863,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484510/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="104872863"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="104872863"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872863; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872863]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=104872863]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 104872863; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='104872863']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c928796d56b74d6ed180884e8ea13109" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=104872863]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":104872863,"title":"Geochemistry of Byzantine and Early Islamic glass from Jerash, Jordan: Typology, recycling, and provenance","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Wiley","ai_title_tag":"Byzantine and Islamic Glass: Geochemistry Insights","grobid_abstract":"Twenty-two objects of glass from the Decapolis city of Gerasa, N. Jordan, with characteristic vessel forms ranging from Hellenistic to Early Islamic (2nd century BCE to 8th century CE) were analyzed for major and trace elements, and 16 samples for Sr-isotopes. The majority were produced in the vicinity of Apollonia on the Palestine coast in the 6th-7th centuries CE, and strong interelement correlations for Fe, Ti, Mn, Mg, Nb reflect local variations in the accessory minerals in the Apollonia glassmaking sand. The ubiquity of recycling is reflected in elevated concentrations and high coefficients of variation of colorant-related elements as well as a strong positive correlation between K and P. The high level of K contamination is attributed to the use of pomace (olive processing residue) as fuel, and a negative correlation with Cl, due to volatilization as the glass was reheated. This points to an efficient system for the collection of glass for recycling in Jerash during the latter part of the first millennium CE. Differences in elemental behavior at different sites in the Levant may reflect the context of the recycling system, for example, glass from secular contexts may contain less colorants derived from mosaics than glass associated with churches.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Geoarchaeology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":104484509},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104872863/Geochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Islamic_glass_from_Jerash_Jordan_Typology_recycling_and_provenance","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-07-24T01:36:37.464-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":104484510,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484510/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484510/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Geochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Isla.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104484510/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1690190431=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGeochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Isla.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460672\u0026Signature=aqeR-EA4AFC~1uFNLXHxGEx~FCQ99Zbmx1Dm7Q8eQaFrPPGzRqGOpTRYY8LjkmAJrtGhdN~yE1cKiUuatyWhf878WaIoOeGnniFJ4KYLSY4QNrbSx76bdhPUPLXLAgp8No0xuCIo6c9tGWPdpZ0UYrniJ3d34etmuK8vW12at9nAghElzCF59Jnrt0urHrfNdfJaKbdDVr8suGb7sZFnc3c8haAD8yw8frSUsqRHY~lqqzqlxXQMRigeMH8shYB1n8LBsJE3FEKFy-ks-IZYkzZhNIAbIBZTqNY-TuVLLULztCKQMYyJIEjTDmEoJM2~ahkNtt5Y16ldGYC9VRyfpQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Geochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Islamic_glass_from_Jerash_Jordan_Typology_recycling_and_provenance","translated_slug":"","page_count":18,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Twenty-two objects of glass from the Decapolis city of Gerasa, N. Jordan, with characteristic vessel forms ranging from Hellenistic to Early Islamic (2nd century BCE to 8th century CE) were analyzed for major and trace elements, and 16 samples for Sr-isotopes. The majority were produced in the vicinity of Apollonia on the Palestine coast in the 6th-7th centuries CE, and strong interelement correlations for Fe, Ti, Mn, Mg, Nb reflect local variations in the accessory minerals in the Apollonia glassmaking sand. The ubiquity of recycling is reflected in elevated concentrations and high coefficients of variation of colorant-related elements as well as a strong positive correlation between K and P. The high level of K contamination is attributed to the use of pomace (olive processing residue) as fuel, and a negative correlation with Cl, due to volatilization as the glass was reheated. This points to an efficient system for the collection of glass for recycling in Jerash during the latter part of the first millennium CE. Differences in elemental behavior at different sites in the Levant may reflect the context of the recycling system, for example, glass from secular contexts may contain less colorants derived from mosaics than glass associated with churches.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":104484510,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484510/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484510/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Geochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Isla.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104484510/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1690190431=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGeochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Isla.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460672\u0026Signature=aqeR-EA4AFC~1uFNLXHxGEx~FCQ99Zbmx1Dm7Q8eQaFrPPGzRqGOpTRYY8LjkmAJrtGhdN~yE1cKiUuatyWhf878WaIoOeGnniFJ4KYLSY4QNrbSx76bdhPUPLXLAgp8No0xuCIo6c9tGWPdpZ0UYrniJ3d34etmuK8vW12at9nAghElzCF59Jnrt0urHrfNdfJaKbdDVr8suGb7sZFnc3c8haAD8yw8frSUsqRHY~lqqzqlxXQMRigeMH8shYB1n8LBsJE3FEKFy-ks-IZYkzZhNIAbIBZTqNY-TuVLLULztCKQMYyJIEjTDmEoJM2~ahkNtt5Y16ldGYC9VRyfpQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":104484509,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104484509/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fullpdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104484509/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Geochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Isla.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104484509/fullpdf-libre.pdf?1690190432=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGeochemistry_of_Byzantine_and_Early_Isla.pdf\u0026Expires=1743460672\u0026Signature=SUat7b1hgzkW3cI6CedxplSIGSonSc2Q3qECMxYKufCXCgTLnUrmHT08VbULwf-fBSdIYfBYdqqTvIItQ2EOe~dz1kIpDELI7JjlUfzU~UaoeOwFGeY2hCUjA1q29DAxLTakWx64Yl7Fflcv1meRLU0-ykGlDo1HE2FInGZuVxcBbN7-zlnIXWjwLewcmHXOdDiXOWm-019MtcR4oMf9mqdhP55jv9~XKdMHRO5ApJs~eqe6z-Ex-9jkQL1g2j16phnyCJd-2m4OX3JmtHTyC8HlQXoDtxiFS547pQD0YcSu4CAfM9d0Z2qwGUi0aErUxS~dPF06RHSWM~oCaPCJ~Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":393,"name":"Classical Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classical_Archaeology"},{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences"},{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology"},{"id":407,"name":"Geochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geochemistry"},{"id":1344,"name":"Islamic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Archaeology"},{"id":1706,"name":"Geoarchaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geoarchaeology"},{"id":5041,"name":"Late Antique Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Antique_Archaeology"},{"id":5645,"name":"Recycling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recycling"},{"id":10477,"name":"Provenance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Provenance"},{"id":12807,"name":"Archaeometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometry"},{"id":14637,"name":"Byzantine Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Architecture"},{"id":14641,"name":"Byzantine Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_Archaeology"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam"},{"id":41438,"name":"Ancient Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"},{"id":93755,"name":"History and archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_archaeology"},{"id":173528,"name":"Archaeology of Jordan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Jordan"},{"id":229408,"name":"Islamic Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Glass"},{"id":324361,"name":"Byzantine glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Byzantine_glass"},{"id":1334340,"name":"Jerash","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jerash"}],"urls":[{"id":33047110,"url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/wol1/doi/10.1002/gea.21684/fullpdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-104872863-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="99263957"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/99263957/Glass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling_in_late_Roman_Carthage"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Glass groups, glass supply and recycling in late Roman Carthage" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100400657/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/99263957/Glass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling_in_late_Roman_Carthage">Glass groups, glass supply and recycling in late Roman Carthage</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Carthage played an important role in maritime exchange networks during the Roman and late antique...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Carthage played an important role in maritime exchange networks during the Roman and late antique periods. One hundred ten glass fragments dating to the third to sixth centuries CE from a secondary deposit at the Yasmina Necropolis in Carthage have been analysed by electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) to characterise the supply of glass to the city. Detailed bivariate and multivariate data analysis identified different primary glass groups and revealed evidence of extensive recycling. Roman mixed antimony and manganese glasses with MnO contents in excess of 250 ppm were clearly the product of recycling, while iron, potassium and phosphorus oxides were frequent contaminants. Primary glass sources were discriminated using TiO 2 as a proxy for heavy minerals (ilmenite/spinel), Al 2 O 3 for feldspar and SiO 2 for quartz in the glassmaking sands. It was thus possible to draw conclusions about the chronological and geographical attributions of the primary glass types. Throughout much of the period covered in this study, glassworkers in Carthage utilised glass from both Egyptian and Levantine sources. Based on their geochemical characteristics, we conclude that Roman antimony and Roman manganese glasses originated from Egypt and the Levant, respectively, and were more or less simultaneously worked at Carthage in the fourth century as attested by their mixed recycling (Roman Sb-Mn). In the later fourth and early fifth centuries, glasses from Egypt (HIMT) and the Levant (two Levantine I groups) continued to be imported to Carthage, although the Egyptian HIMT is less well represented at Yasmina than in many other late antique glass assemblages. In contrast, in the later fifth and sixth centuries, glass seems to have been almost exclusively sourced from Egypt in the form of a manganese-decolourised glass originally described and characterised by Foy and colleagues (2003). Hence, the Yasmina assemblage testifies to significant fluctuations in the supply of glass to Carthage that require further attention.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-99263957-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-99263957-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110222/figure-1-small-chunks-of-unworked-glass-drips-blobs-mal"><img alt="small chunks of unworked glass, drips, blobs, mal- formed vessels and moils (waste glass knocked off the blowpipe after completing a vessel). These glassworking remains are visually similar in colour to the vessels in the assemblage: bluish green, green and colourless. The set of samples drawn from the glass finds for scientific analyses therefore represents a comprehensive cross- section of the whole range of artefacts (forms and types) and colours exhibited by the Yasmina assemblage as a whole. " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110234/figure-2-fourteen-vessel-bases-tentatively-attributed-to"><img alt="Fig. 2 Fourteen vessel bases tentatively attributed to a single Carthaginian workshop separated according to compositional groups. a Levantine I glass and Batch A (top); b Rom Sb-Mn samples and Batch B (top); e Rom-Sb with Batch C (top left) and Batch D (top right) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/figure_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110404/table-4-glass-groups-glass-supply-and-recycling-in-late"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/table_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110424/table-2-suspected-workshop-group-showing-compositional"><img alt="Table 2. Suspected workshop group, showing compositional affiliations and possible batches " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/table_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110248/figure-4-chemical-characteristics-of-roman-antimony"><img alt="Fig. 4 Chemical characteristics of Roman antimony-decoloured glasses. a Correlation of FeO and MgO in Rom-Sb glass, indicating the variations of heavy minerals in the glassmaking sand; b correlation of FeO and AbO3; ¢ correlation of MnO and FeO, determining that the maximum value for naturally occurring MnO is around 0.025 % or 250 ppm. The outlier (sample YAS-320C with 0.04 % MnO) appears to include deliberately added manganese This group represents glass that contains both antimony and manganese in concentrations that point to the deliberate addi- tion of these elements at some point during the lifecycle of the material (Sb.O;>detection limit of ca. 0.03 %, MnO >0.025 %). On the basis of its alumina and lime contents, this group is clearly associated with typical Roman weakly coloured glass that dates mainly to the first to third centuries CE (Gliozzo et al. 2015; Jackson and Paynter 2015; Silvestri This group comprises mainly glass with manganese above background levels (MnO >0.025 %) and Sb2O; below the detection limits of our analytical technique (ca. 0.03 %). Relative to Rom-Sb glass, it has lower soda, higher lime and alumina, along with marginally higher potash, magnesia and iron oxide levels (Fig. 3). The Roman manganese- decolourised group (Rom-Mn) incorporates both the Mn and low Mn groups of Jackson and Paynter (2015), which have more or less identical base glass compositions and are likely to " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/figure_003.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110269/figure-3-pca-of-eight-base-glass-components-six-primary"><img alt="Fig. 3 PCA of eight base glass components. Six primary production groups are clearly separated by the different amounts of flux (Na2O), varying concentrations of FeO, TiO, and MgO, reflecting the heavy minerals of the silica source, as well as CaO and AlOs, reflecting the lighter elements such as feldspar and lime. The length and direction of the vectors (right) are given on an enlarged scale and show the contribution of each variable to the principal components | and 2 " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/figure_004.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110287/figure-5-correlation-of-the-fraction-of-manganese-in-the"><img alt="Fig. 5 Correlation of the fraction of manganese in the total concentration of decolourants and alumina in all three Roman glass groups. The strong positive correlation demonstrates the mixing of Rom-Sb and Rom-Mn end members for the production of Sb-Mn glasses. Fe-black glasses (Table 1) are omitted Levantine I glass has similar characteristics to Rom-Mn. The term was coined by Freestone et al. (2000) to include a range of late Roman/early Byzantine natron glasses associated with sites in the eastern Mediterranean, and it has since been widely used. When the term was first introduced, the available ana- lytical data on Roman glass were limited and biased towards what have since been defined as the Rom-Sb and Sb-Mn groups, so it was not recognised that there was a gradation and overlap between the Rom-Mn type composition and late Roman or Byzantine Levantine I glass. It is increasingly clear that the situation is much more complex than presented in earlier studies. For example, it is now evident that the fourth-century glass from Jalame in Israel, analysed by Brill (1988) and incorporated by Freestone et al. (2000), into the Levantine I group is compositionally as close, if not closer, to " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/figure_005.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110303/figure-6-workshop-clusters-soda-and-silica-contents-for-the"><img alt="Fig. 6 Workshop clusters. Soda and silica contents for the workshop group samples with error bars (1 % relative for Na,O and 0.3 % for S102), showing the clustering of possible batches ihe converse to the identitication OF batcnes 1S that the typological variety of these vessels may be linked to second- ary workshop practices. As is clear from Fig. 2, typologica variation exists even among vessels that were possibly made from the same batch. For example, in the case of the Rom-Sb vessels attributed to the same production event (YAS-214 and 228; YAS-231 and 232), both diameter (coefficient of varia- tion (CV) =0.28) and base thickness (CV =0.33) vary consid- erably, though there are obvious similarities in form: a thick, (nearly) flat base with flaring walls, probably deriving from a bulbous bowl or jug. The large CV of these vessel bases sug- gests that they are not sufficiently similar to have come from the hand of a single expert glassworker (Longacre 1999; Sterrett-Krause 2009). Instead, multiple glassworkers might have been using the same batch of melted glass to produce vessels of the same type but with variations due to differences in skill and experience. It is easy to imagine that several glass- workers were active in the same Roman workshop at any " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/figure_006.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110317/figure-7-rom-mnh-showing-large-variability-and-elevated"><img alt="Rom-Mnh, showing a large variability and elevated levels of P,O5 in some of the mixed Rom Sb-Mn glasses; ¢ Mn fraction and FeO levels for Rom- Sb, Rom Sb-Mn and Rom-Mnh, indicating FeO contaminations in the recycled Rom Sb-Mn glasses, possibly due to the use of iron tools during recycling Fig. 7 Contaminations of Roman glasses associated with recycling. a Fraction of Mn in the total concentration of decolourants and K,O for Rom-Sb, Rom Sb-Mn and Rom-Mn, revealing an excess of KO in mixed Sb-Mn glasses, due to contamination from fuel ash and vapour; b Mn fraction and PO; concentrations for Rom-Sb, Rom Sb-Mn and " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/figure_007.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110341/figure-8-po-and-contaminations-elevated-concentrations-of"><img alt="Fig. 8 PO; and K,0 contaminations. Elevated concentrations of P05 and K,O in some of the Rom Sb-Mn, Levantine I, Foy-2 and HIMT glasses are indicative of contaminations through fuel ash and vapour. This provides additional evidence that many of these glasses have undergone recycling processes Increased potassium and phosphorus contents in the other glass groups similarly testify to recycling (Fig. 8). The Levantine I and Foy-2 groups have K,O and P2Os distribu- tions comparable to those in Rom Sb-Mn glass. Furthermore, some of the Foy-2 glasses have significant SbO; concentra- tions, suggesting that recycling of old Roman glass continued into the fifth century and beyond. Overall, these results show that recycling was standard practice throughout the period of glass working activities at Carthage. This is to be expected ina large metropolis with well-developed infrastructures to sup- port a large-scale recycling economy. It is even conceivable " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/figure_008.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110360/figure-9-primary-production-groups-based-on-the-mineralogy"><img alt="Fig. 9 Primary production groups based on the mineralogy of the glassmaking sand. TiO2/Al,03 and Al,03/SiO, ratios illustrate key compositional subdivisions into six primary production groups. The dashed line indicates the proposed division between Levantine and Egyptian primary production groups Instead, a binary plot of ratios of TiO/Al,03 versus Al,O3/ S10, proves to be extremely powerful in identifying produc- tion groups (Fig. 9), because it relates the chemical composi- tion of the glass to the mineralogy of the glassmaking sands. Within this system, SiO» represents the quartz content, Al,O3, the feldspar and TiOz, the heavy minerals in the silica source. This representation of the mineralogical characteristics shows a general disposition of groups similar to that in the principal component analysis (Fig. 3). The correspondence of the mul- tivariate statistical and geochemically based analyses provides strong evidence that our groupings are robust. HIMT glass is clearly singled out, emphasising its high titanium content " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/figure_009.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110371/table-1-mean-composition-of-multiple-measurements-for-each"><img alt="Table 1 Mean composition of multiple measurements (n >7) for each sample as determined by EPMA in wt% of the oxides " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/table_001.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110384/table-2-glass-groups-glass-supply-and-recycling-in-late"><img alt="" class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/table_002.jpg" /></a></figure><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/36110395/table-1-glass-groups-glass-supply-and-recycling-in-late"><img alt="Table 1 (continued) " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/100400657/table_003.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-99263957-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="da277a57b7bb25b2157e3a076f630bd1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":100400657,"asset_id":99263957,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100400657/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="99263957"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99263957"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99263957; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99263957]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99263957]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99263957; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='99263957']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "da277a57b7bb25b2157e3a076f630bd1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=99263957]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":99263957,"title":"Glass groups, glass supply and recycling in late Roman Carthage","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","grobid_abstract":"Carthage played an important role in maritime exchange networks during the Roman and late antique periods. One hundred ten glass fragments dating to the third to sixth centuries CE from a secondary deposit at the Yasmina Necropolis in Carthage have been analysed by electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) to characterise the supply of glass to the city. Detailed bivariate and multivariate data analysis identified different primary glass groups and revealed evidence of extensive recycling. Roman mixed antimony and manganese glasses with MnO contents in excess of 250 ppm were clearly the product of recycling, while iron, potassium and phosphorus oxides were frequent contaminants. Primary glass sources were discriminated using TiO 2 as a proxy for heavy minerals (ilmenite/spinel), Al 2 O 3 for feldspar and SiO 2 for quartz in the glassmaking sands. It was thus possible to draw conclusions about the chronological and geographical attributions of the primary glass types. Throughout much of the period covered in this study, glassworkers in Carthage utilised glass from both Egyptian and Levantine sources. Based on their geochemical characteristics, we conclude that Roman antimony and Roman manganese glasses originated from Egypt and the Levant, respectively, and were more or less simultaneously worked at Carthage in the fourth century as attested by their mixed recycling (Roman Sb-Mn). In the later fourth and early fifth centuries, glasses from Egypt (HIMT) and the Levant (two Levantine I groups) continued to be imported to Carthage, although the Egyptian HIMT is less well represented at Yasmina than in many other late antique glass assemblages. In contrast, in the later fifth and sixth centuries, glass seems to have been almost exclusively sourced from Egypt in the form of a manganese-decolourised glass originally described and characterised by Foy and colleagues (2003). Hence, the Yasmina assemblage testifies to significant fluctuations in the supply of glass to Carthage that require further attention.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":100400657},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99263957/Glass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling_in_late_Roman_Carthage","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-03-29T04:08:49.403-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5719060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":100400657,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100400657/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s12520-016-0316-1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100400657/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Glass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/100400657/s12520-016-0316-1-libre.pdf?1680091662=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGlass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544598\u0026Signature=OvMfoPwn0AevcA90o7xnPoiw6jUUCM0m8iiBVNHG3UOSos2adRX7IcIdWgben8S5bqIqNKb2I~FaPnt0H6FBJDUdxI7e3hN4g5Cl0Sp0rdZkuAmKcJKMnQdFWBNvxNbRiOYzdLs-irAs~Lj0C54rrxPW-6AADAjDh~gy~p4qE5OoMD9A50PB5tf0P1GuTlSeILL6ak61VVzLUuc9jTUjtofsZeXMGLXDGo~LRQ~5LtjNJhwPzG4hhGoDdjXqAp6Wqgqg7ZtFrenFZWi382Qv8LvK2asoEsYPoqYnIv8rOQavWyUimAUivf7mRmkv~0aT8X5rpaioIZ6AI2Mzb6P7Rw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Glass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling_in_late_Roman_Carthage","translated_slug":"","page_count":19,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Carthage played an important role in maritime exchange networks during the Roman and late antique periods. One hundred ten glass fragments dating to the third to sixth centuries CE from a secondary deposit at the Yasmina Necropolis in Carthage have been analysed by electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) to characterise the supply of glass to the city. Detailed bivariate and multivariate data analysis identified different primary glass groups and revealed evidence of extensive recycling. Roman mixed antimony and manganese glasses with MnO contents in excess of 250 ppm were clearly the product of recycling, while iron, potassium and phosphorus oxides were frequent contaminants. Primary glass sources were discriminated using TiO 2 as a proxy for heavy minerals (ilmenite/spinel), Al 2 O 3 for feldspar and SiO 2 for quartz in the glassmaking sands. It was thus possible to draw conclusions about the chronological and geographical attributions of the primary glass types. Throughout much of the period covered in this study, glassworkers in Carthage utilised glass from both Egyptian and Levantine sources. Based on their geochemical characteristics, we conclude that Roman antimony and Roman manganese glasses originated from Egypt and the Levant, respectively, and were more or less simultaneously worked at Carthage in the fourth century as attested by their mixed recycling (Roman Sb-Mn). In the later fourth and early fifth centuries, glasses from Egypt (HIMT) and the Levant (two Levantine I groups) continued to be imported to Carthage, although the Egyptian HIMT is less well represented at Yasmina than in many other late antique glass assemblages. In contrast, in the later fifth and sixth centuries, glass seems to have been almost exclusively sourced from Egypt in the form of a manganese-decolourised glass originally described and characterised by Foy and colleagues (2003). Hence, the Yasmina assemblage testifies to significant fluctuations in the supply of glass to Carthage that require further attention.","owner":{"id":5719060,"first_name":"Ian","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Freestone","page_name":"IanFreestone","domain_name":"ucl","created_at":"2013-09-23T21:01:47.610-07:00","display_name":"Ian Freestone","url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/IanFreestone"},"attachments":[{"id":100400657,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100400657/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s12520-016-0316-1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100400657/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Glass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/100400657/s12520-016-0316-1-libre.pdf?1680091662=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGlass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544598\u0026Signature=OvMfoPwn0AevcA90o7xnPoiw6jUUCM0m8iiBVNHG3UOSos2adRX7IcIdWgben8S5bqIqNKb2I~FaPnt0H6FBJDUdxI7e3hN4g5Cl0Sp0rdZkuAmKcJKMnQdFWBNvxNbRiOYzdLs-irAs~Lj0C54rrxPW-6AADAjDh~gy~p4qE5OoMD9A50PB5tf0P1GuTlSeILL6ak61VVzLUuc9jTUjtofsZeXMGLXDGo~LRQ~5LtjNJhwPzG4hhGoDdjXqAp6Wqgqg7ZtFrenFZWi382Qv8LvK2asoEsYPoqYnIv8rOQavWyUimAUivf7mRmkv~0aT8X5rpaioIZ6AI2Mzb6P7Rw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":100400655,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/100400655/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s12520-016-0316-1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/100400655/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Glass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/100400655/s12520-016-0316-1-libre.pdf?1680091662=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGlass_groups_glass_supply_and_recycling.pdf\u0026Expires=1743544598\u0026Signature=W-KYcTf~bf7TtPj~hEfqwSXM~aK2vWDaz0x2ktorCC9VfHv3KDsRBoDn-W1qXXvPKgAfXFvTCx-Eq6C6j-0-RniKo7Pxvfj4bpNZ0IFX2pFNdETVkHJorSUF9Ctq9nQdIF1iI91FvCD24aA8fxmkaVMyZFKDlr1E8hzAL7Bzo7JTFkQsWLvfffrdssPuZ8PzIFPZ5~UKZ4VLLO3AbLM67pLgA50yNptN0R3hvIw3kEhb2duorSh-dg7USE5L16Pog81-YkOLj9D0gLp5PFFomfCD0YsbD3tK5ksh3XxZQJBLQN7WOvR0db0hFQlIIuJTvGH7y4szxaily8CByzh7Vw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology"},{"id":406,"name":"Geology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geology"},{"id":12807,"name":"Archaeometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeometry"},{"id":41438,"name":"Ancient Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass"},{"id":42366,"name":"Roman Glass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Glass"},{"id":88735,"name":"Ancient Glass Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Glass_Analysis"}],"urls":[{"id":30152441,"url":"http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12520-016-0316-1.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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