CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sculpture - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"69b20931-bcb4-4bf1-9a50-63366e96e269","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sculpture","wgTitle":"Sculpture","wgCurRevisionId":1258186953,"wgRevisionId":1258186953,"wgArticleId":26714,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from September 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022","Articles containing Latin-language text", "Articles containing Japanese-language text","Commons link is defined as the pagename","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Sculpture","Sculptures","Sculpture techniques","Visual arts terminology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sculpture","wgRelevantArticleId":26714,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength": 200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11634","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/1200px-Dying_gaul.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="976"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/800px-Dying_gaul.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="651"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/640px-Dying_gaul.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="521"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sculpture - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sculpture rootpage-Sculpture skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sculpture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sculpture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sculpture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sculpture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purposes_and_subjects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes_and_subjects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Purposes and subjects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purposes_and_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materials_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materials_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Materials and techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Materials_and_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Materials and techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Materials_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Stone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pottery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood_carving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_carving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Wood carving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_carving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Soft materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_status_of_sculptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_status_of_sculptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Social status of sculptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_status_of_sculptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-sculpture_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-sculpture_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anti-sculpture movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-sculpture_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Prehistoric periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Ancient Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ancient Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ancient Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Ancient Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.1</span> <span>Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellenistic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellenistic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1.2</span> <span>Hellenistic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellenistic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_after_the_Greeks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_after_the_Greeks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2</span> <span>Europe after the Greeks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_after_the_Greeks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2.1</span> <span>Roman sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Medieval_and_Byzantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Medieval_and_Byzantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2.2</span> <span>Early Medieval and Byzantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Medieval_and_Byzantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanesque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanesque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2.3</span> <span>Romanesque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanesque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gothic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gothic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.2.4</span> <span>Gothic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gothic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.3</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mannerist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mannerist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.4</span> <span>Mannerist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mannerist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque_and_Rococo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque_and_Rococo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.5</span> <span>Baroque and Rococo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque_and_Rococo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Classical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Classical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.6</span> <span>Neo-Classical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Classical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greco-Buddhist_sculpture_and_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greco-Buddhist_sculpture_and_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Greco-Buddhist sculpture and Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greco-Buddhist_sculpture_and_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.4</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South-East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.5</span> <span>South-East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia_and_Eritrea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.1</span> <span>Ethiopia and Eritrea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia_and_Eritrea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7.2</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moving_toward_modern_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_toward_modern_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Moving toward modern art</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Moving_toward_modern_art-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Moving toward modern art subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Moving_toward_modern_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th–early_20th_century,_early_Modernism_and_continuing_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th–early_20th_century,_early_Modernism_and_continuing_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>19th–early 20th century, early Modernism and continuing realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th–early_20th_century,_early_Modernism_and_continuing_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modernism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modernism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery_of_modernist_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_of_modernist_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Gallery of modernist sculpture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_of_modernist_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Contemporary movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minimalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Minimalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postminimalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postminimalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Postminimalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postminimalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Contemporary genres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Form</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Form-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Form subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Cultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sculpture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 134 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeldhoukuns" title="Beeldhoukuns – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beeldhoukuns" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%AA" title="نحت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քանդակագործութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քանդակագործութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%C3%B1op%C4%A9" title="Ñeñopĩ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñeñopĩ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyk%C9%99ltara%C5%9Fl%C4%B1q" title="Heykəltaraşlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heykəltaraşlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ভাস্কর্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাস্কর্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiau-khek" title="Tiau-khek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiau-khek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskultura" title="Iskultura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iskultura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скулптура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скулптура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buidhauarei" title="Buidhauarei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Buidhauarei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptura" title="Skulptura – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Skulptura" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizella%C3%B1" title="Kizellañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kizellañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskultura" title="Eskultura – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Eskultura" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socha%C5%99stv%C3%AD" title="Sochařství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sochařství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerfluniaeth" title="Cerfluniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerfluniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptur" title="Skulptur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skulptur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildhauerkunst" title="Bildhauerkunst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bildhauerkunst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptuur" title="Skulptuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Skulptuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Γλυπτική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλυπτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptarto" title="Skulptarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skulptarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskulturagintza" title="Eskulturagintza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskulturagintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مجسمه‌سازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجسمه‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sculpture" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sculpture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptuer" title="Skulptuer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skulptuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculture" title="Sculture – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sculture" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealbh%C3%B3ireacht" title="Dealbhóireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dealbhóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallooderys" title="Jallooderys – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jallooderys" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%88%BB" title="雕刻 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雕刻" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EA%B0%81" title="조각 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քանդակագործություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քանդակագործություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="मूर्ति कला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मूर्ति कला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiparstvo" title="Kiparstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kiparstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulto" title="Skulto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Skulto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskultura" title="Eskultura – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eskultura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_patung" title="Seni patung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seni patung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptura" title="Sculptura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sculptura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6ggmyndalist" title="Höggmyndalist – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Höggmyndalist" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C" title="פיסול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיסול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C9%A3%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Saɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Saɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA" title="ಶಿಲ್ಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಿಲ್ಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ქანდაკება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქანდაკება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Мүсіндеме – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мүсіндеме" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravyans" title="Gravyans – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gravyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchongaji" title="Uchongaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchongaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilti" title="Eskilti – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Eskilti" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiltir" title="Skiltir – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Skiltir" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peyker" title="Peyker – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peyker" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskultura" title="Eskultura – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Eskultura" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptura" title="Sculptura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sculptura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93lniec%C4%ABba" title="Tēlniecība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tēlniecība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulpt%C5%ABra" title="Skulptūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skulptūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beildhouwkuns" title="Beildhouwkuns – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beildhouwkuns" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculta" title="Sculta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sculta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoltura" title="Scoltura – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scoltura" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szobr%C3%A1szat" title="Szobrászat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szobrászat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вајарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вајарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokitra" title="Sokitra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sokitra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2" title="ശില്പകല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശില്പകല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skultura" title="Skultura – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Skultura" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="शिल्पकला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शिल्पकला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ნაწახნაკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნაწახნაკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%AA" title="نحت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نحت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_arca" title="Seni arca – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni arca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Скульптурась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Скульптурась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF" title="ပန်းပု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းပု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeldhouwkunst" title="Beeldhouwkunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beeldhouwkunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%AB%E5%88%BB" title="彫刻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="彫刻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stchulptuthe" title="Stchulptuthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Stchulptuthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haykaltaroshlik" title="Haykaltaroshlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Haykaltaroshlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੂਰਤੀਕਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੂਰਤੀਕਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="بت سازی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بت سازی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="مجسمه سازي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مجسمه سازي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolpcha" title="Skolpcha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Skolpcha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildhaueree" title="Bildhaueree – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bildhaueree" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rze%C5%BAbiarstwo" title="Rzeźbiarstwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rzeźbiarstwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CE%BD" title="Γλυπτικήν – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γλυπτικήν" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eykel" title="Eykel – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Eykel" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculptur%C4%83" title="Sculptură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sculptură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27iquy" title="Ch'iquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'iquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скулптура – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Скулптура" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bieldehauer%C3%A4i" title="Bieldehaueräi – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bieldehaueräi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptura" title="Skulptura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Skulptura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="මූර්ති ශිල්පය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මූර්ති ශිල්පය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sculpture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%99%DA%BB" title="مجسما جوڙڻ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مجسما جوڙڻ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soch%C3%A1rstvo" title="Sochárstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sochárstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiparstvo" title="Kiparstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kiparstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="پەیکەرتاشی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیکەرتاشی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вајарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вајарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptura" title="Skulptura – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skulptura" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvanveisto" title="Kuvanveisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuvanveisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptur" title="Skulptur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skulptur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilok" title="Lilok – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lilok" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிற்பம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிற்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasre%C9%A3ta" title="Tasreɣta – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasreɣta" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82" title="శిల్పం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శిల్పం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="ประติมากรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประติมากรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9F%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%85" title="ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heykel" title="Heykel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Heykel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Скульптура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скульптура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%81_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مجسمہ سازی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مجسمہ سازی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultura" title="Scultura – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Scultura" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skul%27ptur" title="Skul'ptur – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Skul'ptur" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%C3%AAu_kh%E1%BA%AFc" title="Điêu khắc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điêu khắc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptuur" title="Skulptuur – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Skulptuur" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scultreye" title="Scultreye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Scultreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskultura" title="Iskultura – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iskultura" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatt" title="Yatt – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Yatt" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雕塑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8" title="סקולפטור – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סקולפטור" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雕塑" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heykel" title="Heykel – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heykel" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%AAldouwkunst" title="Beêldouwkunst – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Beêldouwkunst" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolpt%C5%ABra" title="Skolptūra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Skolptūra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="雕塑 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雕塑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejk%C9%99lt%C9%99ro%C5%A1%C9%99ti" title="Hejkəltərošəti – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hejkəltərošəti" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11634#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sculpture" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sculpture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sculpture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sculpture" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sculpture" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&oldid=1258186953" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sculpture&id=1258186953&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSculpture"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSculpture"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sculpture&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sculpturing" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sculpture" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11634" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Artworks that are three-dimensional objects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sculpture (disambiguation)">Sculpture (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sculpting" redirects here. For sculpting in computer graphics, see <a href="/wiki/Digital_sculpting" title="Digital sculpting">Digital sculpting</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sculptor" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sculptor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sculptor (disambiguation)">Sculptor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dying_gaul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/220px-Dying_gaul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/330px-Dying_gaul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/440px-Dying_gaul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1186" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dying_Gaul" title="Dying Gaul">Dying Gaul</a></i>, or <i>The Capitoline Gaul</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Roman marble copy of a <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> work of the late 3rd century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lammasu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lammasu.jpg/220px-Lammasu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lammasu.jpg/330px-Lammasu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Lammasu.jpg/440px-Lammasu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">lamassu</a></i> gate guardian from <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–721 BCE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moses_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moses_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli.jpg/220px-Moses_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moses_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli.jpg/330px-Moses_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Moses_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli.jpg/440px-Moses_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)">Moses</a></i>, (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513–1515</span>), <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">San Pietro in Vincoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, for the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg/220px-Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg/330px-Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg/440px-Miyasaka_Hakuryu_II_-_Tigress_with_Two_Cubs_-_Walters_71909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">Netsuke</a> of tigress with two cubs, mid-19th-century Japan, ivory with shell inlay</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_of_the_North_2016_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Angel_of_the_North_2016_006.jpg/220px-Angel_of_the_North_2016_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Angel_of_the_North_2016_006.jpg/330px-Angel_of_the_North_2016_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Angel_of_the_North_2016_006.jpg/440px-Angel_of_the_North_2016_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_of_the_North" class="mw-redirect" title="The Angel of the North">The Angel of the North</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Antony_Gormley" title="Antony Gormley">Antony Gormley</a>, 1998</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sculpture</b> is the branch of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a> that operates in <a href="/wiki/Three_dimensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Three dimensions">three dimensions</a>. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">plastic arts</a>. Durable sculptural processes originally used <a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a> (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, as clay), in <a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> and other materials but, since <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, there has been almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> or modelling, or <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">moulded</a> or <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a>. </p><p>Sculpture in stone survives far better than works of art in perishable materials, and often represents the majority of the surviving works (other than <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>) from ancient cultures, though conversely traditions of sculpture in wood may have vanished almost entirely. However, most ancient sculpture was brightly painted, and this has been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-artmuseums.harvard.edu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artmuseums.harvard.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sculpture has been central in religious devotion in many cultures, and until recent centuries, large sculptures, too expensive for private individuals to create, were usually an expression of religion or politics. Those cultures whose sculptures have survived in quantities include the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and China, as well as many in Central and South America and Africa. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> tradition of sculpture began in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, and Greece is widely seen as producing great masterpieces in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical</a> period. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_sculpture" title="Gothic sculpture">Gothic sculpture</a> represented the agonies and passions of the Christian faith. The revival of classical models in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> produced famous sculptures such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i>. Modernist sculpture moved away from traditional processes and the emphasis on the depiction of the human body, with the making of <a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">constructed sculpture</a>, and the presentation of <a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">found objects</a> as finished artworks. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8-Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8-Buddha.jpg/220px-%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8-Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8-Buddha.jpg/330px-%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8-Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8-Buddha.jpg/440px-%E9%BE%99%E9%97%A8-Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5753" data-file-height="3179" /></a><figcaption>Open air Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">rock reliefs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Longmen_Grottoes" title="Longmen Grottoes">Longmen Grottoes</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>A distinction exists between sculpture "in the round", free-standing sculpture such as <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statues</a>, not attached except possibly at the base to any other surface, and the various types of <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>, which are at least partly attached to a background surface. Relief is often classified by the degree of projection from the wall into low or <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto-relievo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alto-relievo">high relief</a>, and sometimes an intermediate <a href="/wiki/Mid-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-relief">mid-relief</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sunk-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunk-relief">Sunk-relief</a> is a technique restricted to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>. Relief is the usual sculptural medium for large figure groups and narrative subjects, which are difficult to accomplish in the round, and is the typical technique used both for <a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">architectural sculpture</a>, which is attached to buildings, and for small-scale sculpture decorating other objects, as in much <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, metalwork and <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>. Relief sculpture may also decorate <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a>, upright slabs, usually of stone, often also containing inscriptions. </p><p>Another basic distinction is between subtractive carving techniques, which remove material from an existing block or lump, for example of stone or wood, and modelling techniques which shape or build up the work from the material. Techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a>, stamping and moulding use an intermediate matrix containing the design to produce the work; many of these allow the production of several copies. </p><p>The term "sculpture" is often used mainly to describe large works, which are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a>, meaning either or both of sculpture that is large, or that is attached to a building. But the term properly covers many types of small works in three dimensions using the same techniques, including coins and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carvings</a>, a term for small carvings in stone that can take detailed work. </p><p>The very large or "colossal" statue has had an enduring appeal since <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>; the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">largest on record</a> at 182 m (597 ft) is the 2018 Indian <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a>. Another grand form of portrait sculpture is the <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> of a rider on horse, which has become rare in recent decades. The smallest forms of life-size portrait sculpture are the "head", showing just that, or the <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a>, a representation of a person from the chest up. Small forms of sculpture include the <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurine</a>, normally a statue that is no more than 18 inches (46 cm) tall, and for reliefs the <a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">plaquette</a>, medal or coin. </p><p>Modern and contemporary art have added a number of non-traditional forms of sculpture, including <a href="/wiki/Sound_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound sculpture">sound sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Light sculpture">light sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">environmental art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">environmental sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lock_On_(street_art)" title="Lock On (street art)">street art sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">kinetic sculpture</a> (involving aspects of <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">physical motion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">land art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">site-specific art</a>. Sculpture is an important form of <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a>. A collection of sculpture in a garden setting can be called a <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">sculpture garden</a>. There is also a view that buildings are a type of sculpture, with <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a> describing architecture as "inhabited sculpture". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes_and_subjects">Purposes and subjects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purposes and subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mo%C3%A1is.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mo%C3%A1is.jpg/220px-Mo%C3%A1is.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mo%C3%A1is.jpg/330px-Mo%C3%A1is.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mo%C3%A1is.jpg/440px-Mo%C3%A1is.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, where the concentration of resources on large sculpture may have had serious political effects</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisanello,_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo,_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG/220px-Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG/330px-Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG/440px-Pisanello%2C_medaglia_di_giovanni_paleologo%2C_I_esemplare_del_bargello.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_John_VIII_Palaeologus" title="Medal of John VIII Palaeologus">Medal of John VIII Palaeologus</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1435</span>, by <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a>, the first portrait medal, a medium essentially made for collecting</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most common purposes of sculpture is in some form of association with religion. <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">Cult images</a> are common in many cultures, though they are often not the colossal statues of deities which characterized <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">ancient Greek art</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a>. The actual cult images in the innermost sanctuaries of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Egyptian temples</a>, of which none have survived, were evidently rather small, even in the largest temples. The same is often true in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, where the very simple and ancient form of the <a href="/wiki/Lingam" title="Lingam">lingam</a> is the most common. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> brought the sculpture of religious figures to <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, where there seems to have been no earlier equivalent tradition, though again simple shapes like the <i><a href="/wiki/Bi_(jade)" title="Bi (jade)">bi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cong_(jade)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cong (jade)">cong</a></i> probably had religious significance. </p><p>Small sculptures as personal possessions go back to the earliest prehistoric art, and the use of very large sculpture as <a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">public art</a>, especially to impress the viewer with the power of a ruler, goes back at least to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sphinx">Great Sphinx</a> of some 4,500 years ago. In <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and art history the appearance, and sometimes disappearance, of large or monumental sculpture in a culture is regarded as of great significance, though tracing the emergence is often complicated by the presumed existence of sculpture in wood and other perishable materials of which no record remains;<sup id="cite_ref-Google_books_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_books-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">totem pole</a> is an example of a tradition of monumental sculpture in wood that would leave no traces for archaeology. The ability to summon the resources to create monumental sculpture, by transporting usually very heavy materials and arranging for the payment of what are usually regarded as full-time sculptors, is considered a mark of a relatively advanced culture in terms of social organization. Recent unexpected discoveries of ancient Chinese <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> figures at <a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a>, some more than twice human size, have disturbed many ideas held about early Chinese civilization, since only much smaller bronzes were previously known.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some undoubtedly advanced cultures, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a>, appear to have had no monumental sculpture at all, though producing very sophisticated figurines and seals. The <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> seems to have been progressing towards its use, with small stone figures, when it collapsed. Other cultures, such as ancient Egypt and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island" title="History of Easter Island">Easter Island culture</a>, seem to have devoted enormous resources to very large-scale monumental sculpture from a very early stage. </p><p>The collecting of sculpture, including that of earlier periods, goes back some 2,000 years in Greece, China and Mesoamerica, and many collections were available on semi-public display long before the modern <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> was invented. From the 20th century the relatively restricted range of subjects found in large sculpture expanded greatly, with abstract subjects and the use or representation of any type of subject now common. Today much sculpture is made for intermittent display in galleries and museums, and the ability to transport and store the increasingly large works is a factor in their construction. </p><p>Small decorative <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurines</a>, most often in ceramics, are as popular today (though strangely neglected by <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary art</a>) as they were in the <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, or in ancient Greece when <a href="/wiki/Tanagra_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanagra figurines">Tanagra figurines</a> were a major industry, or in East Asian and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a>. Small sculpted fittings for furniture and other objects go well back into antiquity, as in the <a href="/wiki/Nimrud_ivories" title="Nimrud ivories">Nimrud ivories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begram_ivories" title="Begram ivories">Begram ivories</a> and finds from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>. </p><p>Portrait sculpture began in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Palette" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a> shows a ruler of the 32nd century BCE, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, where we have 27 surviving <a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Gudea" title="Statues of Gudea">statues of Gudea</a>, who ruled <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> c. 2144–2124 BCE. In ancient Greece and Rome, the erection of a portrait statue in a public place was almost the highest mark of honour, and the ambition of the elite, who might also be depicted on a coin.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other cultures such as Egypt and the Near East public statues were almost exclusively the preserve of the ruler, with other wealthy people only being portrayed in their tombs. Rulers are typically the only people given portraits in Pre-Columbian cultures, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Olmec_colossal_heads" title="Olmec colossal heads">Olmec colossal heads</a> of about 3,000 years ago. East Asian portrait sculpture was entirely religious, with leading clergy being commemorated with statues, especially the founders of monasteries, but not rulers, or ancestors. The Mediterranean tradition revived, initially only for tomb effigies and coins, in the Middle Ages, but expanded greatly in the Renaissance, which invented new forms such as the personal portrait <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medal</a>. </p><p>Animals are, with the human figure, the earliest subject for sculpture, and have always been popular, sometimes realistic, but often imaginary monsters; in China animals and monsters are almost the only traditional subjects for stone sculpture outside tombs and temples. The kingdom of plants is important only in jewellery and decorative reliefs, but these form almost all the large sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>, and are very important in most Eurasian traditions, where motifs such as the <a href="/wiki/Palmette" title="Palmette">palmette</a> and vine scroll have passed east and west for over two millennia. </p><p>One form of sculpture found in many prehistoric cultures around the world is specially enlarged versions of ordinary tools, weapons or vessels created in impractical precious materials, for either some form of ceremonial use or display or as offerings. <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a> or other types of <a href="/wiki/Greenstone_(archaeology)" title="Greenstone (archaeology)">greenstone</a> were used in China, <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> Mexico, and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a>, and in early Mesopotamia large pottery shapes were produced in stone. Bronze was used in Europe and China for large axes and blades, like the <a href="/wiki/Oxborough_Dirk" title="Oxborough Dirk">Oxborough Dirk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials_and_techniques">Materials and techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Materials and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg/220px-Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg/330px-Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg/440px-Mesopotamia_male_worshiper_2750-2600_B.C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="2260" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> male worshipper, alabaster with shell eyes, 2750–2600 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The materials used in sculpture are diverse, changing throughout history. The classic materials, with outstanding durability, are metal, especially <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, stone and pottery, with wood, bone and <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antler</a> less durable but cheaper options. Precious materials such as <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> are often used for small luxury works, and sometimes in larger ones, as in <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">chryselephantine</a> statues. More common and less expensive materials were used for sculpture for wider consumption, including <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwoods</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">box/boxwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">lime/linden</a>); <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a>, wax (a very common material for models for casting, and receiving the impressions of <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a> and engraved gems), and cast metals such as <a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">pewter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (spelter). But a vast number of other materials have been used as part of sculptures, in ethnographic and ancient works as much as modern ones. </p><p>Sculptures are often <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">painted</a>, but commonly lose their paint to time, or restorers. Many different painting techniques have been used in making sculpture, including <a href="/wiki/Tempera" title="Tempera">tempera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilding</a>, house paint, aerosol, enamel and sandblasting.<sup id="cite_ref-artmuseums.harvard.edu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artmuseums.harvard.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many sculptors seek new ways and materials to make art. One of <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>'s most famous sculptures included <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> parts. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a> and other modernists made spectacular use of painted <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. Since the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Acrylyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylyl group">acrylics</a> and other plastics have been used as well. <a href="/wiki/Andy_Goldsworthy" title="Andy Goldsworthy">Andy Goldsworthy</a> makes his unusually ephemeral sculptures from almost entirely natural materials in natural settings. Some sculpture, such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">ice sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand sculpture">sand sculpture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gas_sculpture" title="Gas sculpture">gas sculpture</a>, is deliberately short-lived. Recent sculptors have used <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a>, tools, machine parts, hardware and consumer packaging to fashion their works. Sculptors sometimes use <a href="/wiki/Found_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Found objects">found objects</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_scholar%27s_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese scholar's rocks">Chinese scholar's rocks</a> have been appreciated for many centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone">Stone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_08_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_08_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/220px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_08_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_08_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/330px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_08_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_08_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg/440px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeologico_-_Mostra_sul_colore_nell%27antichit%C3%A0_08_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Modern plaster recreation of the original painted appearance of a Late Archaic Greek marble figure from the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Temple of Aphaea</a>, based on analysis of pigment traces,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BCE</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stone_sculpture" title="Stone sculpture">Stone sculpture</a> is an ancient activity where pieces of rough natural <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> are shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">controlled removal of stone</a>. Owing to the permanence of the material, evidence can be found that even the earliest societies indulged in some form of stone work, though not all areas of the world have such abundance of good stone for carving as Egypt, Greece, India and most of Europe. <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyphs</a> (also called rock engravings) are perhaps the earliest form: images created by removing part of a rock surface which remains <i>in situ</i>, by incising, pecking, carving, and abrading. <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">Monumental sculpture</a> covers large works, and <a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">architectural sculpture</a>, which is attached to buildings. <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Hardstone carving</a> is the carving for artistic purposes of <a href="/wiki/Semi-precious" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-precious">semi-precious</a> stones such as <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock crystal">rock crystal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sard">sard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>, and a general term for an object made in this way. <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">Alabaster</a> or mineral <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> is a soft mineral that is easy to carve for smaller works and still relatively durable. <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gems" class="mw-redirect" title="Engraved gems">Engraved gems</a> are small carved gems, including <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameos</a>, originally used as <a href="/wiki/Seal_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal ring">seal rings</a>. </p><p>The copying of an original statue in stone, which was very important for ancient Greek statues, which are nearly all known from copies, was traditionally achieved by "<a href="/wiki/Pointing_machine" title="Pointing machine">pointing</a>", along with more freehand methods. Pointing involved setting up a grid of string squares on a wooden frame surrounding the original, and then measuring the position on the grid and the distance between grid and statue of a series of individual points, and then using this information to carve into the block from which the copy is made.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal">Metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG/220px-Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG/330px-Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG/440px-Refugees_medal_DSCF9937.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Gies" title="Ludwig Gies">Ludwig Gies</a>, cast iron <a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">plaquette</a>, 8 x 9.8 cm, <i>Refugees</i>, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Copper_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper alloy">copper alloys</a> are the oldest and still the most popular metals for <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">cast</a> metal sculptures; a cast <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze sculpture</a> is often called simply a "bronze". Common bronze alloys have the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mould. Their strength and lack of brittleness (ductility) is an advantage when figures in action are to be created, especially when compared to various <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> or stone materials (see <a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">marble sculpture</a> for several examples). <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> is the softest and most precious metal, and very important in <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>; with <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> it is soft enough to be worked with hammers and other tools as well as cast; <a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">repoussé and chasing</a> are among the techniques used in gold and <a href="/wiki/Silversmithing" class="mw-redirect" title="Silversmithing">silversmithing</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a> is a group of manufacturing processes by which a liquid material (bronze, copper, glass, aluminum, iron) is (usually) poured into a mould, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. The solid casting is then ejected or broken out to complete the process,<sup id="cite_ref-jepsculpture_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jepsculpture-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a final stage of "cold work" may follow on the finished cast. Casting may be used to form hot liquid metals or various materials that <i>cold set</i> after mixing of components (such as <a href="/wiki/Epoxy" title="Epoxy">epoxies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>). Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be otherwise difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. The oldest surviving casting is a copper Mesopotamian frog from 3200 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-mco_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mco-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific techniques include <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a>, plaster mould casting, and <a href="/wiki/Sand_casting" title="Sand casting">sand casting</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a> is a process where different pieces of metal are fused together to create different shapes and designs. There are many different forms of welding, such as <a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxy-fuel welding">Oxy-fuel welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stick_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Stick welding">Stick welding</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIG_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="MIG welding">MIG welding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TIG_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="TIG welding">TIG welding</a>. Oxy-fuel is probably the most common method of welding when it comes to creating steel sculptures because it is the easiest to use for shaping the steel as well as making clean and less noticeable joins of the steel. The key to Oxy-fuel welding is heating each piece of metal to be joined evenly until all are red and have a shine to them. Once that shine is on each piece, that shine will soon become a 'pool' where the metal is liquified and the welder must get the pools to join, fusing the metal. Once cooled off, the location where the pools joined are now one continuous piece of metal. Also used heavily in Oxy-fuel sculpture creation is forging. <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">Forging</a> is the process of heating metal to a certain point to soften it enough to be shaped into different forms. One very common example is heating the end of a steel rod and hitting the red heated tip with a hammer while on an anvil to form a point. In between hammer swings, the forger rotates the rod and gradually forms a sharpened point from the blunt end of a steel rod. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass">Glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chihuly_at_Kew_Gardens_031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chihuly_at_Kew_Gardens_031.jpg/220px-Chihuly_at_Kew_Gardens_031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chihuly_at_Kew_Gardens_031.jpg/330px-Chihuly_at_Kew_Gardens_031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chihuly_at_Kew_Gardens_031.jpg/440px-Chihuly_at_Kew_Gardens_031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dale_Chihuly" title="Dale Chihuly">Dale Chihuly</a>, 2006, (<a href="/wiki/Blown_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Blown glass">Blown glass</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood_Bodhisattva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wood_Bodhisattva.jpg/220px-Wood_Bodhisattva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wood_Bodhisattva.jpg/330px-Wood_Bodhisattva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Wood_Bodhisattva.jpg/440px-Wood_Bodhisattva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A carved wooden <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> from China's <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> 960–1279, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Museum" title="Shanghai Museum">Shanghai Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a> may be used for sculpture through a wide range of working techniques, though the use of it for large works is a recent development. It can be carved, though with considerable difficulty; the Roman <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a> is all but unique.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various ways of <a href="/wiki/Early_American_molded_glass" title="Early American molded glass">moulding glass</a>: hot casting can be done by ladling molten glass into moulds that have been created by pressing shapes into sand, carved graphite or detailed plaster/silica moulds. Kiln casting glass involves heating chunks of glass in a kiln until they are liquid and flow into a waiting mould below it in the kiln. Hot glass can also <a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">be blown</a> and/or hot sculpted with hand tools either as a solid mass or as part of a blown object. More recent techniques involve chiseling and bonding plate glass with polymer silicates and UV light.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pottery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pottery#Shaping_methods" title="Pottery">Pottery § Shaping methods</a></div> <p>Pottery is one of the oldest materials for sculpture, as well as clay being the medium in which many sculptures cast in metal are originally modelled for casting. Sculptors often build small preliminary works called <a href="/wiki/Maquette" title="Maquette">maquettes</a> of ephemeral materials such as <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster of Paris</a>, wax, unfired clay, or <a href="/wiki/Plasticine" title="Plasticine">plasticine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cultures have produced pottery which combines a function as a vessel with a sculptural form, and small <a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">figurines</a> have often been as popular as they are in modern Western culture. Stamps and moulds were used by most ancient civilizations, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">ancient Rome</a> and Mesopotamia to China.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wood_carving">Wood carving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Wood carving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez,_1793.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg/220px-Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg/330px-Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg/440px-Detalle_crucificado_Luj%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez%2C_1793.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Crucifixion of Jesus Christ, Spanish, wood and polychrome, 1793</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a> has been extremely widely practiced, but survives much less well than the other main materials, being vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. It therefore forms an important hidden element in the art history of many cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_books_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_books-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outdoor wood sculpture does not last long in most parts of the world, so that we have little idea how the <a href="/wiki/Totem_pole" title="Totem pole">totem pole</a> tradition developed. Many of the most important sculptures of China and Japan in particular are in wood, and the great majority of <a href="/wiki/African_sculpture" title="African sculpture">African sculpture</a> and that of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and other regions. </p><p>Wood is light, so suitable for masks and other sculpture intended to be carried, and can take very fine detail. It is also much easier to work than stone. It has been very often painted after carving, but the paint wears less well than the wood, and is often missing in surviving pieces. Painted wood is often technically described as "wood and <a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">polychrome</a>". Typically a layer of <a href="/wiki/Gesso" title="Gesso">gesso</a> or plaster is applied to the wood, and then the paint is applied to that. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_materials">Soft materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Soft materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three dimensional work incorporating unconventional materials such as cloth, fur, plastics, rubber and nylon, that can thus be stuffed, sewn, hung, draped or woven, are known as <a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">soft sculptures</a>. Well known creators of soft sculptures include <a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_Kusama" title="Yayoi Kusama">Yayoi Kusama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Hesse" title="Eva Hesse">Eva Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lucas" title="Sarah Lucas">Sarah Lucas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Abakanowicz" title="Magdalena Abakanowicz">Magdalena Abakanowicz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_status_of_sculptors">Social status of sculptors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social status of sculptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Kraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Adam_Kraft.jpg/220px-Adam_Kraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Adam_Kraft.jpg/330px-Adam_Kraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Adam_Kraft.jpg/440px-Adam_Kraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> sculptor <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kraft" title="Adam Kraft">Adam Kraft</a>, self-portrait from <i>St Lorenz Church</i>, 1490s</figcaption></figure> <p>Worldwide, sculptors have usually been tradespeople whose work is unsigned; in some traditions, for example China, where sculpture did not share the prestige of <a href="/wiki/Literati_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Literati painting">literati painting</a>, this has affected the status of sculpture itself.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, where sculptors such as <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a> became famous, they appear to have retained much the same social status as other artisans, and perhaps not much greater financial rewards, although some signed their works.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> artists such as the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Gislebertus" title="Gislebertus">Gislebertus</a> sometimes signed their work, and were sought after by different cities, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> onwards in Italy, with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Arnolfo_di_Cambio" title="Arnolfo di Cambio">Arnolfo di Cambio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni</a>. Goldsmiths and jewellers, dealing with precious materials and often doubling as bankers, belonged to powerful <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> and had considerable status, often holding civic office. Many sculptors also practised in other arts; <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio" title="Andrea del Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a> also painted, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni Pisano</a>, Michelangelo, and <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Sansovino" title="Jacopo Sansovino">Jacopo Sansovino</a> were <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architects</a>. Some sculptors maintained large workshops. Even in the Renaissance the physical nature of the work was perceived by Leonardo da Vinci and others as pulling down the status of sculpture in the arts, though the reputation of Michelangelo perhaps put this long-held idea to rest. </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> artists such as Michelangelo, <a href="/wiki/Leone_Leoni" title="Leone Leoni">Leone Leoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giambologna" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a> could become wealthy, and ennobled, and enter the circle of princes, after a period of sharp argument over the relative status of sculpture and painting.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much decorative sculpture on buildings remained a trade, but sculptors producing individual pieces were recognised on a level with painters. From the 18th century or earlier sculpture also attracted middle-class students, although it was slower to do so than painting. Women sculptors took longer to appear than women painters, and were less prominent until the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-sculpture_movements">Anti-sculpture movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Anti-sculpture movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aniconism" title="Aniconism">Aniconism</a> originated with <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, which did not accept figurative sculpture until the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before expanding to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">Christianity</a>, which initially accepted large sculptures. In Christianity and Buddhism, sculpture became very significant. Christian <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> has never accepted monumental sculpture, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> has consistently rejected nearly all figurative sculpture, except for very small figures in reliefs and some animal figures that fulfill a useful function, like the famous lions supporting a fountain in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>. Many forms of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> also do not approve of religious sculpture. There has been much <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> of sculpture for religious motives, from the Early Christians and the <a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">Beeldenstorm</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> to the 2001 destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhas of Bamyan">Buddhas of Bamyan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History<span class="anchor" id="History_of_sculpture"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg/220px-Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg/330px-Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg/440px-Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a>, c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>24,000–26,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BP</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_periods">Prehistoric periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prehistoric periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest undisputed examples of sculpture belong to the <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurignacian culture">Aurignacian culture</a>, which was located in Europe and southwest Asia and active at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>. As well as producing some of the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave art</a>, the people of this culture developed finely-crafted stone tools, manufacturing pendants, bracelets, ivory beads, and bone-flutes, as well as three-dimensional figurines.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 30 cm tall <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenmensch_figurine" class="mw-redirect" title="Löwenmensch figurine">Löwenmensch</a> found in the Hohlenstein Stadel area of Germany is an <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> lion-human figure carved from <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> ivory. It has been dated to about 35–40,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BP, making it, along with the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Hohle_Fels" title="Venus of Hohle Fels">Venus of Hohle Fels</a>, the oldest known uncontested examples of sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much surviving <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">prehistoric art</a> is small portable sculptures, with a small group of female <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Willendorf" title="Venus of Willendorf">Venus of Willendorf</a> (24–26,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BP) found across central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</a> of about 13,000 years ago is one of the finest of a number of <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> carvings in bone or antler of animals in the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">art of the Upper Paleolithic</a>, although they are outnumbered by engraved pieces, which are sometimes classified as sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the largest prehistoric sculptures can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Trois_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Trois Frères">Tuc d'Audobert caves</a> in France, where around 12–17,000 years ago a masterful sculptor used a spatula-like stone tool and fingers to model a pair of large bison in clay against a limestone rock.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> in Europe figurative sculpture greatly reduced,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and remained a less common element in art than relief decoration of practical objects until the Roman period, despite some works such as the <a href="/wiki/Gundestrup_cauldron" title="Gundestrup cauldron">Gundestrup cauldron</a> from the <a href="/wiki/European_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Iron Age">European Iron Age</a> and the Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Trundholm_sun_chariot" title="Trundholm sun chariot">Trundholm sun chariot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>, the over-life sized stone <a href="/wiki/Urfa_Man" title="Urfa Man">Urfa Man</a> from modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> comes from about 9,000 BCE, and the <a href="/wiki/%27Ain_Ghazal_Statues" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ain Ghazal Statues">'Ain Ghazal Statues</a> from around 7200 and 6500 BCE. These are from modern <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, made of lime plaster and reeds, and about half life-size; there are 15 statues, some with two heads side by side, and 15 busts. Small clay figures of people and animals are found at many sites across the Near East from the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a>, and represent the start of a more-or-less continuous tradition in the region. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Loewenmensch2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Löwenmensch, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, now in Ulmer Museum, Ulm, Germany, the oldest known anthropomorphic animal-human statuette, Aurignacian era, c. 35–40,000 BP"><img alt="Löwenmensch, from Hohlenstein-Stadel, now in Ulmer Museum, Ulm, Germany, the oldest known anthropomorphic animal-human statuette, Aurignacian era, c. 35–40,000 BP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Loewenmensch2.jpg/67px-Loewenmensch2.jpg" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Loewenmensch2.jpg/101px-Loewenmensch2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Loewenmensch2.jpg/135px-Loewenmensch2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="3221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenmensch_figurine" class="mw-redirect" title="Löwenmensch figurine">Löwenmensch</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Hohlenstein-Stadel" title="Hohlenstein-Stadel">Hohlenstein-Stadel</a>, now in Ulmer Museum, <a href="/wiki/Ulm" title="Ulm">Ulm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> animal-human statuette, <a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a> era, c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>35–40,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adorant_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adorant from the Geißenklösterle cave, Germany, c. 35–40,000 BP"><img alt="Adorant from the Geißenklösterle cave, Germany, c. 35–40,000 BP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Adorant_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg/80px-Adorant_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Adorant_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg/120px-Adorant_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Adorant_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg/160px-Adorant_Geissenkloesterle_Blaubeuren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adorant_from_the_Gei%C3%9Fenkl%C3%B6sterle_cave" title="Adorant from the Geißenklösterle cave">Adorant from the Geißenklösterle cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>35–40,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MUT-9846.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wild horse from the Vogelherd cave, Germany, c. 33–35,000 BP"><img alt="Wild horse from the Vogelherd cave, Germany, c. 33–35,000 BP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MUT-9846.jpg/120px-MUT-9846.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MUT-9846.jpg/180px-MUT-9846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MUT-9846.jpg/240px-MUT-9846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3318" data-file-height="2278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">Wild horse</a> from the Vogelherd cave, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>33–35,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus of Laussel c. 27,000 BP, an Upper Palaeolithic carving, Bordeaux museum, France"><img alt="Venus of Laussel c. 27,000 BP, an Upper Palaeolithic carving, Bordeaux museum, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpg/87px-Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpg/130px-Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpg/174px-Venus-de-Laussel-vue-generale-noir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1379" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Venus_of_Laussel" title="Venus of Laussel">Venus of Laussel</a> c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>27,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BP, an Upper Palaeolithic carving, Bordeaux museum, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speerschleuder_LaMadeleine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Creeping Hyena, c. 12–17,000 BP, mammoth ivory, found in La Madeleine, France"><img alt="Creeping Hyena, c. 12–17,000 BP, mammoth ivory, found in La Madeleine, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Speerschleuder_LaMadeleine.jpg/120px-Speerschleuder_LaMadeleine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Speerschleuder_LaMadeleine.jpg/180px-Speerschleuder_LaMadeleine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Speerschleuder_LaMadeleine.jpg/240px-Speerschleuder_LaMadeleine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="1223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Creeping Hyena,</i> c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>12–17,000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BP, <a href="/wiki/Elephant_and_mammoth_ivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant and mammoth ivory">mammoth ivory</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">La Madeleine</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GLAM_Ice_Age_238.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swimming Reindeer c. 13,000 BP, female and male swimming reindeer – late Magdalenian period, found at Montastruc, Tarn et Garonne, France"><img alt="Swimming Reindeer c. 13,000 BP, female and male swimming reindeer – late Magdalenian period, found at Montastruc, Tarn et Garonne, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GLAM_Ice_Age_238.jpg/120px-GLAM_Ice_Age_238.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GLAM_Ice_Age_238.jpg/180px-GLAM_Ice_Age_238.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GLAM_Ice_Age_238.jpg/240px-GLAM_Ice_Age_238.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Swimming_Reindeer" title="Swimming Reindeer">Swimming Reindeer</a></i> c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>13,000 BP, female and male swimming reindeer – late <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> period, found at Montastruc, Tarn et Garonne, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Urfa_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Urfa Man, in the Şanlıurfa Museum; sandstone, 1.80 meters, c. 9,000 BCE"><img alt="Urfa Man, in the Şanlıurfa Museum; sandstone, 1.80 meters, c. 9,000 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Urfa_man.jpg/72px-Urfa_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Urfa_man.jpg/108px-Urfa_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Urfa_man.jpg/144px-Urfa_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="2111" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Urfa_Man" title="Urfa Man">Urfa Man</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa Museum">Şanlıurfa Museum</a>; sandstone, 1.80 meters, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9,000 BCE</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_statue,_late_Jomon_period.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Jōmon dogū figure, 1st millennium BCE, Japan"><img alt="A Jōmon dogū figure, 1st millennium BCE, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG/91px-Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG/136px-Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG/182px-Stone_statue%2C_late_Jomon_period.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2617" data-file-height="3453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jōmon">Jōmon</a> <a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">dogū</a> figure, 1st millennium BCE, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvognen-00100.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Trundholm sun chariot, perhaps 1800–1500 BCE; this side is gilded, the other is "dark"."><img alt="The Trundholm sun chariot, perhaps 1800–1500 BCE; this side is gilded, the other is "dark"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/120px-Solvognen-00100.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/180px-Solvognen-00100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/240px-Solvognen-00100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6088" data-file-height="4550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Trundholm_sun_chariot" title="Trundholm sun chariot">Trundholm sun chariot</a>, perhaps 1800–1500 BCE; this side is <a href="/wiki/Gilding" title="Gilding">gilded</a>, the other is "dark".</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_East_2">Ancient Near East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art of Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian sculpture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Persian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167.jpg/220px-Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167.jpg/330px-Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167.jpg/440px-Cylinder_seal_lions_Louvre_MNB1167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2110" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">Cylinder seal</a> with its impression on clay; <a href="/wiki/Serpopard" title="Serpopard">serpopards</a> and eagles, Uruk Period, 4100–3000 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protoliterate_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoliterate period">Protoliterate period</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, dominated by <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, saw the production of sophisticated works like the <a href="/wiki/Warka_Vase" title="Warka Vase">Warka Vase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Guennol_Lioness" title="Guennol Lioness">Guennol Lioness</a> is an outstanding small <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> figure from <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> of about 3000–2800 BCE, part human and part lioness.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A little later there are a number of figures of large-eyed priests and worshippers, mostly in alabaster and up to a foot high, who attended temple <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">cult images</a> of the deity, but very few of these have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sculptures from the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> period generally had large, staring eyes, and long beards on the men. Many masterpieces have also been found at the Royal Cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> (c. 2650 BCE), including the two figures of a <i><a href="/wiki/Ram_in_a_Thicket" title="Ram in a Thicket">Ram in a Thicket</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Copper_Bull" title="Copper Bull">Copper Bull</a></i> and a bull's head on one of the <a href="/wiki/Lyres_of_Ur" title="Lyres of Ur">Lyres of Ur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the many subsequent periods before the ascendency of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> in the 10th century BCE, Mesopotamian art survives in a number of forms: <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a>, relatively small figures in the round, and reliefs of various sizes, including cheap plaques of moulded pottery for the home, some religious and some apparently not.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</a> is an unusually elaborate and relatively large (20 x 15 inches, 50 x 37 cm) <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> plaque of a naked winged goddess with the feet of a bird of prey, and attendant owls and lions. It comes from the 18th or 19th century BCE, and may also be moulded.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stelae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offerings</a>, or ones probably commemorating victories and showing feasts, are also found from temples, which unlike more official ones lack inscriptions that would explain them;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_the_Vultures" title="Stele of the Vultures">Stele of the Vultures</a> is an early example of the inscribed type,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III" title="Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III">Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III</a> a large and solid late one.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conquest of the whole of Mesopotamia and much surrounding territory by the Assyrians created a larger and wealthier state than the region had known before, and very grandiose art in palaces and public places, no doubt partly intended to match the splendour of the art of the neighbouring Egyptian empire. Unlike earlier states, the Assyrians could use easily carved stone from northern Iraq, and did so in great quantity. The Assyrians developed a style of extremely <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture#Palace_reliefs" title="Assyrian sculpture">large schemes of very finely detailed narrative low reliefs</a> in stone for palaces, with scenes of war or hunting; the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> has an outstanding collection, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Lachish_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachish relief">Lachish reliefs</a> showing a campaign. They produced very little sculpture in the round, except for colossal guardian figures of the human-headed <a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">lamassu</a>, which are sculpted in high relief on two sides of a rectangular block, with the heads effectively in the round (and also five legs, so that both views seem complete). Even before dominating the region they had continued the cylinder seal tradition with designs which are often exceptionally energetic and refined.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guennol_Lioness.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Guennol Lioness, 3rd millennium BCE, 3.25 inches (8.3 cm) high"><img alt="The Guennol Lioness, 3rd millennium BCE, 3.25 inches (8.3 cm) high" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Guennol_Lioness.jpg/82px-Guennol_Lioness.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Guennol_Lioness.jpg/124px-Guennol_Lioness.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Guennol_Lioness.jpg/165px-Guennol_Lioness.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Guennol_Lioness" title="Guennol Lioness">Guennol Lioness</a>, 3rd millennium BCE, 3.25 inches (8.3 cm) high</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Gudea_Met_59.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of 18 Statues of Gudea, a ruler around 2090 BCE"><img alt="One of 18 Statues of Gudea, a ruler around 2090 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Statue_Gudea_Met_59.2.jpg/80px-Statue_Gudea_Met_59.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Statue_Gudea_Met_59.2.jpg/119px-Statue_Gudea_Met_59.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Statue_Gudea_Met_59.2.jpg/159px-Statue_Gudea_Met_59.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="4044" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of 18 <a href="/wiki/Statues_of_Gudea" title="Statues of Gudea">Statues of Gudea</a>, a ruler around 2090 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilith_Periodo_de_Isin_Larsa_y_Babilonia.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Burney Relief, Old Babylonian, around 1800 BCE"><img alt="The Burney Relief, Old Babylonian, around 1800 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lilith_Periodo_de_Isin_Larsa_y_Babilonia.JPG/94px-Lilith_Periodo_de_Isin_Larsa_y_Babilonia.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lilith_Periodo_de_Isin_Larsa_y_Babilonia.JPG/141px-Lilith_Periodo_de_Isin_Larsa_y_Babilonia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lilith_Periodo_de_Isin_Larsa_y_Babilonia.JPG/188px-Lilith_Periodo_de_Isin_Larsa_y_Babilonia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Burney_Relief" title="Burney Relief">Burney Relief</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Old Babylonian</a>, around 1800 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal,_the_last_great_Assyrian_king,_hunting_lions,_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_(Irak),_c._645-635_BC,_British_Museum_(16722368932).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, c. 640 BCE, Nineveh"><img alt="Part of the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal, c. 640 BCE, Nineveh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Sculpted_reliefs_depicting_Ashurbanipal%2C_the_last_great_Assyrian_king%2C_hunting_lions%2C_gypsum_hall_relief_from_the_North_Palace_of_Nineveh_%28Irak%29%2C_c._645-635_BC%2C_British_Museum_%2816722368932%29.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4811" data-file-height="3178" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lion_Hunt_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal">Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal</a></i>, c. 640 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/220px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/330px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg/440px-Nofretete_Neues_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(sculptor)" title="Thutmose (sculptor)">Thutmose</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Nefertiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Bust of Nefertiti">Bust of Nefertiti</a></i>, 1345 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Egyptian Museum of Berlin">Egyptian Museum of Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art of ancient Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">Amarna art</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">monumental sculpture</a> of ancient Egypt is world-famous, but refined and delicate small works exist in much greater numbers. The Egyptians used the distinctive technique of <a href="/wiki/Sunk_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunk relief">sunk relief</a>, which is well suited to very bright sunlight. The main figures in reliefs adhere to the same figure convention as in painting, with parted legs (where not seated) and head shown from the side, but the torso from the front, and a standard set of proportions making up the figure, using 18 "fists" to go from the ground to the hair-line on the forehead.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appears as early as the <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Palette" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a> from Dynasty I. However, there as elsewhere the convention is not used for minor figures shown engaged in some activity, such as the captives and corpses.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other conventions make statues of males darker than females ones. Very conventionalized portrait statues appear from as early as Dynasty II, before 2,780 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">art of the Amarna period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahkenaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahkenaten">Ahkenaten</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some other periods such as Dynasty XII, the idealized features of rulers, like other Egyptian artistic conventions, changed little until after the Greek conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaohs</a> were always regarded as deities, but other deities are much less common in large statues, except when they represent the pharaoh <i>as</i> another deity; however the other deities are frequently shown in paintings and reliefs. The famous row of four colossal statues outside the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Simbel temples">main temple at Abu Simbel</a> each show <a href="/wiki/Rameses_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rameses II">Rameses II</a>, a typical scheme, though here exceptionally large.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small figures of deities, or their animal personifications, are very common, and found in popular materials such as pottery. Most larger sculpture survives from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_temple" title="Egyptian temple">Egyptian temples</a> or tombs; by Dynasty IV (2680–2565 BCE) at the latest the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Ka_statue" title="Ka statue">Ka statue</a> was firmly established. These were put in tombs as a resting place for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul"><i>ka</i> portion of the soul</a>, and so we have a good number of less conventionalized statues of well-off administrators and their wives, many in wood as Egypt is one of the few places in the world where the climate allows wood to survive over millennia. The so-called <a href="/wiki/Reserve_head" title="Reserve head">reserve heads</a>, plain hairless heads, are especially naturalistic. Early tombs also contained small models of the slaves, animals, buildings and objects such as boats necessary for the deceased to continue his lifestyle in the afterworld, and later <i><a href="/wiki/Ushabti" title="Ushabti">Ushabti</a></i> figures.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette,_Egypt,_c._3100_BC_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09726.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Facsimile of the Narmer Palette, c. 3100 BCE, which already shows the canonical Egyptian profile view and proportions of the figure"><img alt="Facsimile of the Narmer Palette, c. 3100 BCE, which already shows the canonical Egyptian profile view and proportions of the figure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Narmer_Palette%2C_Egypt%2C_c._3100_BC_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09726.JPG/90px-Narmer_Palette%2C_Egypt%2C_c._3100_BC_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09726.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Narmer_Palette%2C_Egypt%2C_c._3100_BC_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09726.JPG/135px-Narmer_Palette%2C_Egypt%2C_c._3100_BC_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09726.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Narmer_Palette%2C_Egypt%2C_c._3100_BC_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09726.JPG/180px-Narmer_Palette%2C_Egypt%2C_c._3100_BC_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC09726.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">Facsimile</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Narmer_Palette" title="Narmer Palette">Narmer Palette</a>, c. 3100 BCE, which already shows the canonical Egyptian profile view and proportions of the figure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Menkaura_(Mycerinus)_and_queen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Menkaura (Mycerinus) and queen, Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, 2490–2472 BCE. The formality of the pose is reduced by the queen's arm round her husband"><img alt="Menkaura (Mycerinus) and queen, Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, 2490–2472 BCE. The formality of the pose is reduced by the queen's arm round her husband" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/King_Menkaura_%28Mycerinus%29_and_queen.jpg/78px-King_Menkaura_%28Mycerinus%29_and_queen.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/King_Menkaura_%28Mycerinus%29_and_queen.jpg/118px-King_Menkaura_%28Mycerinus%29_and_queen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/King_Menkaura_%28Mycerinus%29_and_queen.jpg/157px-King_Menkaura_%28Mycerinus%29_and_queen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="3817" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Menkaura" class="mw-redirect" title="Menkaura">Menkaura</a> (Mycerinus) and queen, Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4, 2490–2472 BCE. The formality of the pose is reduced by the queen's arm round her husband</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e120.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wooden tomb models, Dynasty XI; a high administrator counts his cattle"><img alt="Wooden tomb models, Dynasty XI; a high administrator counts his cattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e120.JPG/120px-GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e120.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e120.JPG/180px-GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e120.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e120.JPG/240px-GD-EG-Caire-Mus%C3%A9e120.JPG 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="638" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wooden tomb models, Dynasty XI; a high administrator counts his cattle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mask_of_Tutankhamun_2003-12-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun's mask, c. late Eighteenth dynasty, Egyptian Museum"><img alt="Tutankhamun's mask, c. late Eighteenth dynasty, Egyptian Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mask_of_Tutankhamun_2003-12-07.jpg/83px-Mask_of_Tutankhamun_2003-12-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mask_of_Tutankhamun_2003-12-07.jpg/124px-Mask_of_Tutankhamun_2003-12-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mask_of_Tutankhamun_2003-12-07.jpg/166px-Mask_of_Tutankhamun_2003-12-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun%27s_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutankhamun's mask">Tutankhamun's mask</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth dynasty</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BM,_AES_Egyptian_Sulpture_~_Colossal_bust_of_Ramesses_II,_the_%27Younger_Memnon%27_(1250_BC)_(Room_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Younger Memnon c. 1250 BCE, British Museum"><img alt="The Younger Memnon c. 1250 BCE, British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BM%2C_AES_Egyptian_Sulpture_~_Colossal_bust_of_Ramesses_II%2C_the_%27Younger_Memnon%27_%281250_BC%29_%28Room_4%29.jpg/90px-BM%2C_AES_Egyptian_Sulpture_~_Colossal_bust_of_Ramesses_II%2C_the_%27Younger_Memnon%27_%281250_BC%29_%28Room_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BM%2C_AES_Egyptian_Sulpture_~_Colossal_bust_of_Ramesses_II%2C_the_%27Younger_Memnon%27_%281250_BC%29_%28Room_4%29.jpg/135px-BM%2C_AES_Egyptian_Sulpture_~_Colossal_bust_of_Ramesses_II%2C_the_%27Younger_Memnon%27_%281250_BC%29_%28Room_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/BM%2C_AES_Egyptian_Sulpture_~_Colossal_bust_of_Ramesses_II%2C_the_%27Younger_Memnon%27_%281250_BC%29_%28Room_4%29.jpg/180px-BM%2C_AES_Egyptian_Sulpture_~_Colossal_bust_of_Ramesses_II%2C_the_%27Younger_Memnon%27_%281250_BC%29_%28Room_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Younger_Memnon" title="Younger Memnon">Younger Memnon</a></i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BCE</span>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypte_louvre_066.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osiris on a lapis lazuli pillar in the middle, flanked by Horus on the left, and Isis on the right, 22nd dynasty, Louvre"><img alt="Osiris on a lapis lazuli pillar in the middle, flanked by Horus on the left, and Isis on the right, 22nd dynasty, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Egypte_louvre_066.jpg/88px-Egypte_louvre_066.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Egypte_louvre_066.jpg/132px-Egypte_louvre_066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Egypte_louvre_066.jpg/177px-Egypte_louvre_066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a> pillar in the middle, flanked by <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> on the left, and <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> on the right, 22nd dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ka_Statue_of_horawibra.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ka statue provided a physical place for the ka to manifest. Egyptian Museum, Cairo"><img alt="The ka statue provided a physical place for the ka to manifest. Egyptian Museum, Cairo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ka_Statue_of_horawibra.jpg/81px-Ka_Statue_of_horawibra.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ka_Statue_of_horawibra.jpg/121px-Ka_Statue_of_horawibra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Ka_Statue_of_horawibra.jpg/161px-Ka_Statue_of_horawibra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Ka_statue" title="Ka statue">ka statue</a> provided a physical place for the ka to manifest. <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum,_Cairo" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian Museum, Cairo">Egyptian Museum, Cairo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Block_statue_Pa-Akh-Ra_CdM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Block statue of Pa-Ankh-Ra, ship master, bearing a statue of Ptah. Late Period, c. 650–633 BCE, Cabinet des Médailles"><img alt="Block statue of Pa-Ankh-Ra, ship master, bearing a statue of Ptah. Late Period, c. 650–633 BCE, Cabinet des Médailles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Block_statue_Pa-Akh-Ra_CdM.jpg/71px-Block_statue_Pa-Akh-Ra_CdM.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Block_statue_Pa-Akh-Ra_CdM.jpg/107px-Block_statue_Pa-Akh-Ra_CdM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Block_statue_Pa-Akh-Ra_CdM.jpg/143px-Block_statue_Pa-Akh-Ra_CdM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="2840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Block_statue" title="Block statue">Block statue</a> of Pa-Ankh-Ra, ship master, bearing a statue of <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a>. <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Period of Ancient Egypt">Late Period</a>, c. 650–633 BCE, Cabinet des Médailles</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_2">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculpture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vognstyreren-fra_Delfi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vognstyreren-fra_Delfi2.jpg/220px-Vognstyreren-fra_Delfi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vognstyreren-fra_Delfi2.jpg/330px-Vognstyreren-fra_Delfi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Vognstyreren-fra_Delfi2.jpg/440px-Vognstyreren-fra_Delfi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charioteer_of_Delphi" title="Charioteer of Delphi">Charioteer of Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Art in ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze sculpture</a>, 5th century BCE, close up head detail</figcaption></figure> <p>The first distinctive style of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">ancient Greek sculpture</a> developed in the Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Cycladic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycladic">Cycladic</a> period (3rd millennium BCE), where marble figures, usually female and small, are represented in an elegantly simplified geometrical style. Most typical is a standing pose with arms crossed in front, but other figures are shown in different poses, including a complicated figure of a harpist seated on a chair.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> cultures developed sculpture further, under influence from Syria and elsewhere, but it is in the later <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a> from around 650 BCE that the <a href="/wiki/Kouros" title="Kouros">kouros</a> developed. These are large standing statues of naked youths, found in temples and tombs, with the <a href="/wiki/Kore_(sculpture)" title="Kore (sculpture)">kore</a> as the clothed female equivalent, with elaborately dressed hair; both have the "<a href="/wiki/Archaic_smile" title="Archaic smile">archaic smile</a>". They seem to have served a number of functions, perhaps sometimes representing deities and sometimes the person buried in a grave, as with the <a href="/wiki/Kroisos_Kouros" title="Kroisos Kouros">Kroisos Kouros</a>. They are clearly influenced by Egyptian and Syrian styles, but the Greek artists were much more ready to experiment within the style. </p><p>During the 6th century Greek sculpture developed rapidly, becoming more naturalistic, and with much more active and varied figure poses in narrative scenes, though still within idealized conventions. Sculptured <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a> were added to <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">temples</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> in Athens, where the remains of the pediment of around 520 using figures in the round were fortunately used as infill for new buildings after the Persian sack in 480 BCE, and recovered from the 1880s on in fresh unweathered condition. Other significant remains of architectural sculpture come from <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Temple of Aphaea</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aegina" title="Aegina">Aegina</a> (much now in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Greek sculpture originally included at least some colour; the <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek Museum</a> in Copenhagen, Denmark, has done extensive research and recreation of the original colours.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_figurine_Spedos_Louvre_Ma2709.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cycladic statue 2700–2300 BCE. Head from the figure of a woman, H. 27 centimetres (11 in)"><img alt="Cycladic statue 2700–2300 BCE. Head from the figure of a woman, H. 27 centimetres (11 in)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Head_figurine_Spedos_Louvre_Ma2709.jpg/79px-Head_figurine_Spedos_Louvre_Ma2709.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Head_figurine_Spedos_Louvre_Ma2709.jpg/119px-Head_figurine_Spedos_Louvre_Ma2709.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Head_figurine_Spedos_Louvre_Ma2709.jpg/158px-Head_figurine_Spedos_Louvre_Ma2709.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1930" data-file-height="2925" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cycladic statue 2700–2300 BCE. Head from the figure of a woman, H. 27 centimetres (11 in)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goulandris_Master_-_Cycladic_Female_Figurine_-_Walters_23253.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cycladic Female Figurine, c. 2500–2400 BCE, 41.5 cm (16.3 in) high"><img alt="Cycladic Female Figurine, c. 2500–2400 BCE, 41.5 cm (16.3 in) high" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Goulandris_Master_-_Cycladic_Female_Figurine_-_Walters_23253.jpg/66px-Goulandris_Master_-_Cycladic_Female_Figurine_-_Walters_23253.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Goulandris_Master_-_Cycladic_Female_Figurine_-_Walters_23253.jpg/100px-Goulandris_Master_-_Cycladic_Female_Figurine_-_Walters_23253.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Goulandris_Master_-_Cycladic_Female_Figurine_-_Walters_23253.jpg/133px-Goulandris_Master_-_Cycladic_Female_Figurine_-_Walters_23253.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cycladic Female Figurine, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500–2400 BCE</span>, 41.5 cm (16.3 in) high</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Athens_Bull_Rhyton_020911.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mycenae, 1600−1500 BCE. Silver rhyton with gold horns and rosette on the forehead"><img alt="Mycenae, 1600−1500 BCE. Silver rhyton with gold horns and rosette on the forehead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Athens_Bull_Rhyton_020911.jpg/80px-Athens_Bull_Rhyton_020911.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Athens_Bull_Rhyton_020911.jpg/120px-Athens_Bull_Rhyton_020911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Athens_Bull_Rhyton_020911.jpg/160px-Athens_Bull_Rhyton_020911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mycenae, 1600−1500 BCE. Silver rhyton with gold horns and rosette on the forehead</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_(youth)_MET_DT263.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lifesize New York Kouros, c. 590–580 BCE, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Lifesize New York Kouros, c. 590–580 BCE, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg/76px-Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg/114px-Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg/152px-Marble_statue_of_a_kouros_%28youth%29_MET_DT263.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2363" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lifesize <a href="/wiki/New_York_Kouros" title="New York Kouros">New York Kouros</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 590</span>–580 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:028MAD_Sphinx.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Naxian Sphinx" from Delphi, 570–560 BCE, the figure 222 cm (87 in) high"><img alt="The "Naxian Sphinx" from Delphi, 570–560 BCE, the figure 222 cm (87 in) high" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/028MAD_Sphinx.jpg/87px-028MAD_Sphinx.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/028MAD_Sphinx.jpg/130px-028MAD_Sphinx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/028MAD_Sphinx.jpg/173px-028MAD_Sphinx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="990" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/wiki/Naxos" title="Naxos">Naxian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">Sphinx</a>" from <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, 570–560 BCE, the figure 222 cm (87 in) high</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Peplos Kore, c. 530 BCE, Athens, Acropolis Museum"><img alt="Peplos Kore, c. 530 BCE, Athens, Acropolis Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG/44px-ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="44" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG/67px-ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG/89px-ACMA_679_Kore_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="2676" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Peplos_Kore" title="Peplos Kore">Peplos Kore</a></i>, c. 530 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_Museum" title="Acropolis Museum">Acropolis Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aphaia_pediment_Laomedon_E-XI_Glyptothek_Munich_85.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Archaic warrior from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea, c. 500"><img alt="Late Archaic warrior from the east pediment of the Temple of Aphaea, c. 500" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aphaia_pediment_Laomedon_E-XI_Glyptothek_Munich_85.jpg/120px-Aphaia_pediment_Laomedon_E-XI_Glyptothek_Munich_85.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aphaia_pediment_Laomedon_E-XI_Glyptothek_Munich_85.jpg/180px-Aphaia_pediment_Laomedon_E-XI_Glyptothek_Munich_85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aphaia_pediment_Laomedon_E-XI_Glyptothek_Munich_85.jpg/240px-Aphaia_pediment_Laomedon_E-XI_Glyptothek_Munich_85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Archaic warrior from the east pediment of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Temple of Aphaea</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Amathus sarcophagus, from Amathus, Cyprus, 2nd quarter of the 5th century BCE Archaic period, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="The Amathus sarcophagus, from Amathus, Cyprus, 2nd quarter of the 5th century BCE Archaic period, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg/120px-Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg/180px-Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg/240px-Limestone_sarcophagus-_the_Amathus_sarcophagus_MET_DT257.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="1525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Amathus_sarcophagus" title="Amathus sarcophagus">Amathus sarcophagus</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Amathus" title="Amathus">Amathus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, 2nd quarter of the 5th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Classical">Classical</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg/220px-South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg/330px-South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg/440px-South_metope_27_Parthenon_BM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2490" data-file-height="2371" /></a><figcaption>High Classical high relief from the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a>, which originally decorated the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, c. 447–433 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>There are fewer original remains from the first phase of the Classical period, often called the <a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a>; free-standing statues were now mostly made in bronze, which always had value as scrap. The Severe style lasted from around 500 in reliefs, and soon after 480 in statues, to about 450. The relatively rigid poses of figures relaxed, and asymmetrical turning positions and oblique views became common, and deliberately sought. This was combined with a better understanding of anatomy and the harmonious structure of sculpted figures, and the pursuit of naturalistic representation as an aim, which had not been present before. Excavations at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Temple of Zeus, Olympia</a> since 1829 have revealed the largest group of remains, from about 460, of which many are in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "High Classical" period lasted only a few decades from about 450 to 400, but has had a momentous influence on art, and retains a special prestige, despite a very restricted number of original survivals. The best known works are the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon_Marbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenon Marbles">Parthenon Marbles</a>, traditionally (since <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>) executed by a team led by the most famous ancient Greek sculptor <a href="/wiki/Phidias" title="Phidias">Phidias</a>, active from about 465–425, who was in his own day more famous for his colossal <a href="/wiki/Chryselephantine_sculpture" title="Chryselephantine sculpture">chryselephantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Zeus_at_Olympia" title="Statue of Zeus at Olympia">Statue of Zeus at Olympia</a> (c. 432), one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, his <i><a href="/wiki/Athena_Parthenos" title="Athena Parthenos">Athena Parthenos</a></i> (438), the cult image of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Athena_Promachos" title="Athena Promachos">Athena Promachos</a></i>, a colossal bronze figure that stood next to the Parthenon; all of these are lost but are known from many representations. He is also credited as the creator of some life-size bronze statues known only from later copies whose identification is controversial, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Ludovisi" title="Hermes Ludovisi">Ludovisi Hermes</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The High Classical style continued to develop realism and sophistication in the human figure, and improved the depiction of drapery (clothes), using it to add to the impact of active poses. Facial expressions were usually very restrained, even in combat scenes. The composition of groups of figures in reliefs and on pediments combined complexity and harmony in a way that had a permanent influence on Western art. Relief could be very high indeed, as in the Parthenon illustration below, where most of the leg of the warrior is completely detached from the background, as were the missing parts; relief this high made sculptures more subject to damage.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Late Classical style developed the free-standing female nude statue, supposedly an innovation of <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a>, and developed increasingly complex and subtle poses that were interesting when viewed from a number of angles, as well as more expressive faces; both trends were to be taken much further in the Hellenistic period.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hellenistic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fregio_della_gigantomachia_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fregio_della_gigantomachia_02.JPG/220px-Fregio_della_gigantomachia_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fregio_della_gigantomachia_02.JPG/330px-Fregio_della_gigantomachia_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Fregio_della_gigantomachia_02.JPG/440px-Fregio_della_gigantomachia_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>The Pergamene style of the Hellenistic period, from the <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Altar" title="Pergamon Altar">Pergamon Altar</a>, early 2nd century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanagra_o_corinto,_figura_di_donna_seduta,_325-150_ac_ca._11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tanagra_o_corinto%2C_figura_di_donna_seduta%2C_325-150_ac_ca._11.JPG/220px-Tanagra_o_corinto%2C_figura_di_donna_seduta%2C_325-150_ac_ca._11.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tanagra_o_corinto%2C_figura_di_donna_seduta%2C_325-150_ac_ca._11.JPG/330px-Tanagra_o_corinto%2C_figura_di_donna_seduta%2C_325-150_ac_ca._11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tanagra_o_corinto%2C_figura_di_donna_seduta%2C_325-150_ac_ca._11.JPG/440px-Tanagra_o_corinto%2C_figura_di_donna_seduta%2C_325-150_ac_ca._11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Small <a href="/wiki/Greek_terracotta_figurines" title="Greek terracotta figurines">Greek terracotta figurines</a> were very popular as ornaments in the home</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic period</a> is conventionally dated from the death of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> in 323 BCE, and ending either with the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> in 146 BCE or with the final defeat of the last remaining successor-state to Alexander's empire after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> in 31 BCE, which also marks the end of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Rome">Republican Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thus much longer than the previous periods, and includes at least two major phases: a "Pergamene" style of experimentation, exuberance and some sentimentality and vulgarity, and in the 2nd century BCE a classicising return to a more austere simplicity and elegance; beyond such generalizations dating is typically very uncertain, especially when only later copies are known, as is usually the case. The initial Pergamene style was not especially associated with <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a>, from which it takes its name, but the very wealthy kings of that state were among the first to collect and also copy Classical sculpture, and also commissioned much new work, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Altar" title="Pergamon Altar">Pergamon Altar</a> whose sculpture is now mostly in Berlin and which exemplifies the new style, as do the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a> (another of the Seven Wonders), the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Laocoön and his Sons">Laocoön and his Sons</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>, a late example, and the bronze original of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dying_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dying Gaul">The Dying Gaul</a></i> (illustrated at top), which we know was part of a group actually commissioned for Pergamon in about 228 BCE, from which the <a href="/wiki/Ludovisi_Gaul" title="Ludovisi Gaul">Ludovisi Gaul</a> was also a copy. The group called the <a href="/wiki/Farnese_Bull" title="Farnese Bull">Farnese Bull</a>, possibly a 2nd-century marble original, is still larger and more complex,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hellenistic sculpture greatly expanded the range of subjects represented, partly as a result of greater general prosperity, and the emergence of a very wealthy class who had large houses decorated with sculpture, although we know that some examples of subjects that seem best suited to the home, such as children with animals, were in fact placed in temples or other public places. For a much more popular home decoration market there were <a href="/wiki/Tanagra_figurine" title="Tanagra figurine">Tanagra figurines</a>, and those from other centres where small pottery figures were produced on an industrial scale, some religious but others showing animals and elegantly dressed ladies. Sculptors became more technically skilled in representing facial expressions conveying a wide variety of emotions and the portraiture of individuals, as well representing different ages and races. The reliefs from the Mausoleum are rather atypical in that respect; most work was free-standing, and group compositions with several figures to be seen in the round, like the <i>Laocoon</i> and the Pergamon group celebrating victory over the Gauls became popular, having been rare before. The <a href="/wiki/Barberini_Faun" title="Barberini Faun">Barberini Faun</a>, showing a <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a> sprawled asleep, presumably after drink, is an example of the moral relaxation of the period, and the readiness to create large and expensive sculptures of subjects that fall short of the heroic.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conquests of Alexander <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic culture">Hellenistic culture</a> was dominant in the courts of most of the Near East, and some of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and increasingly being adopted by European elites, especially in Italy, where <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greek colonies</a> initially controlled most of the South. Hellenistic art, and artists, spread very widely, and was especially influential in the expanding Roman Republic and when it encountered Buddhism in the easternmost extensions of the Hellenistic area. The massive so-called <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sarcophagus" title="Alexander Sarcophagus">Alexander Sarcophagus</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> in modern Lebanon, was probably made there at the start of the period by expatriate Greek artists for a Hellenized Persian governor.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wealth of the period led to a greatly increased production of luxury forms of small sculpture, including <a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">engraved gems</a> and cameos, jewellery, and gold and silverware. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Riace Bronzes, very rare bronze figures recovered from the sea, c. 460–430"><img alt="The Riace Bronzes, very rare bronze figures recovered from the sea, c. 460–430" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg/96px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg/144px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg/193px-Reggio_calabria_museo_nazionale_bronzi_di_riace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Riace_Bronzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Riace Bronzes">Riace Bronzes</a>, very rare bronze figures recovered from the sea, c. 460–430</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermes_and_the_infant_Dionysus_by_Praxiteles.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hermes and the Infant Dionysos, possibly an original by Praxiteles, 4th century"><img alt="Hermes and the Infant Dionysos, possibly an original by Praxiteles, 4th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hermes_and_the_infant_Dionysus_by_Praxiteles.jpg/113px-Hermes_and_the_infant_Dionysus_by_Praxiteles.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hermes_and_the_infant_Dionysus_by_Praxiteles.jpg/169px-Hermes_and_the_infant_Dionysus_by_Praxiteles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hermes_and_the_infant_Dionysus_by_Praxiteles.jpg/225px-Hermes_and_the_infant_Dionysus_by_Praxiteles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="2237" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Hermes_and_the_Infant_Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermes and the Infant Dionysos">Hermes and the Infant Dionysos</a></i>, possibly an original by <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a>, 4th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italia_del_sud,_due_statuette_femminili_dolenti,_350-300_ac._ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Two elegant ladies, pottery figurines, 350–300"><img alt="Two elegant ladies, pottery figurines, 350–300" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Italia_del_sud%2C_due_statuette_femminili_dolenti%2C_350-300_ac._ca.JPG/175px-Italia_del_sud%2C_due_statuette_femminili_dolenti%2C_350-300_ac._ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Italia_del_sud%2C_due_statuette_femminili_dolenti%2C_350-300_ac._ca.JPG/263px-Italia_del_sud%2C_due_statuette_femminili_dolenti%2C_350-300_ac._ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Italia_del_sud%2C_due_statuette_femminili_dolenti%2C_350-300_ac._ca.JPG/350px-Italia_del_sud%2C_due_statuette_femminili_dolenti%2C_350-300_ac._ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two elegant ladies, pottery figurines, 350–300</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statuette_of_a_horse_MET_DP120125.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Statuette of a Horse, late 2nd – 1st century BCE Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Bronze Statuette of a Horse, late 2nd – 1st century BCE Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bronze_statuette_of_a_horse_MET_DP120125.jpg/150px-Bronze_statuette_of_a_horse_MET_DP120125.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bronze_statuette_of_a_horse_MET_DP120125.jpg/225px-Bronze_statuette_of_a_horse_MET_DP120125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bronze_statuette_of_a_horse_MET_DP120125.jpg/300px-Bronze_statuette_of_a_horse_MET_DP120125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2881" data-file-height="3842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Bronze Statuette of a Horse,</i> late 2nd – 1st century BCE <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Winged Victory of Samothrace, c. 190 BCE, Louvre"><img alt="The Winged Victory of Samothrace, c. 190 BCE, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/132px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/198px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/264px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The <a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 190 BCE</span>, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus de Milo, c. 130–100 BCE, Greek, the Louvre"><img alt="Venus de Milo, c. 130–100 BCE, Greek, the Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg/119px-Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg/179px-Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg/238px-Venus_de_Milo_Louvre_Ma399_n4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="3775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>–100 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Laocoön and his Sons, Greek, (Late Hellenistic), perhaps a copy, between 200 BCE and 20 CE, white marble, Vatican Museum"><img alt="Laocoön and his Sons, Greek, (Late Hellenistic), perhaps a copy, between 200 BCE and 20 CE, white marble, Vatican Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/175px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/263px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg/350px-Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_sons_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8744" data-file-height="9502" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_his_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Laocoön and his Sons">Laocoön and his Sons</a></i>, Greek, (Late <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a>), perhaps a copy, between 200 BCE and 20 CE, <a href="/wiki/White_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="White marble">white marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Museum">Vatican Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Apollon_du_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_-_Cortile_Ottagono_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Leochares, Apollo Belvedere, c. 130–140 CE. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original of 330–320 BCE. Vatican Museums"><img alt="Leochares, Apollo Belvedere, c. 130–140 CE. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original of 330–320 BCE. Vatican Museums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/0_Apollon_du_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_-_Cortile_Ottagono_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%282%29.JPG/138px-0_Apollon_du_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_-_Cortile_Ottagono_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/0_Apollon_du_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_-_Cortile_Ottagono_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%282%29.JPG/207px-0_Apollon_du_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_-_Cortile_Ottagono_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/0_Apollon_du_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_-_Cortile_Ottagono_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%282%29.JPG/276px-0_Apollon_du_Belv%C3%A9d%C3%A8re_-_Cortile_Ottagono_-_Museo_Pio-Clementino_-_Vatican_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2404" data-file-height="3486" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Leochares" title="Leochares">Leochares</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>–140 CE. Roman copy after a Greek bronze original of 330–320 BCE. Vatican Museums</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe_after_the_Greeks">Europe after the Greeks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Europe after the Greeks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Roman_sculpture">Roman sculpture</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Roman sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman sculpture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:26_colonna_traiana_da_estt_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/26_colonna_traiana_da_estt_05.jpg/220px-26_colonna_traiana_da_estt_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/26_colonna_traiana_da_estt_05.jpg/330px-26_colonna_traiana_da_estt_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/26_colonna_traiana_da_estt_05.jpg/440px-26_colonna_traiana_da_estt_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>Section of <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan's Column</a>, CE 113, with scenes from the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ara_Pacis_Relief_Pax.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ara_Pacis_Relief_Pax.jpg/220px-Ara_Pacis_Relief_Pax.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ara_Pacis_Relief_Pax.jpg/330px-Ara_Pacis_Relief_Pax.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ara_Pacis_Relief_Pax.jpg/440px-Ara_Pacis_Relief_Pax.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustan</a> state Greco-Roman style on the <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></span></span>, 13 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>Early Roman art was influenced by the art of Greece and that of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscans</a>, themselves greatly influenced by their Greek trading partners. An Etruscan speciality was near life size tomb effigies in <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>, usually lying on top of a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> lid propped up on one elbow in the pose of a diner in that period. As the expanding <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> began to conquer Greek territory, at first in Southern Italy and then the entire Hellenistic world except for the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> far east, official and <a href="/wiki/Roman_patrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman patrician">patrician</a> sculpture became largely an extension of the Hellenistic style, from which specifically Roman elements are hard to disentangle, especially as so much Greek sculpture survives only in copies of the Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 2nd century BCE, "most of the sculptors working at Rome" were Greek,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often enslaved in conquests such as that of <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> (146 BCE), and sculptors continued to be mostly Greeks, often slaves, whose names are very rarely recorded. Vast numbers of Greek statues were imported to Rome, whether as booty or the result of extortion or commerce, and temples were often decorated with re-used Greek works.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A native Italian style can be seen in the tomb monuments, which very often featured portrait busts, of prosperous middle-class Romans, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">portraiture</a> is arguably the main strength of Roman sculpture. There are no survivals from the tradition of masks of ancestors that were worn in processions at the funerals of the great families and otherwise displayed in the home, but many of the busts that survive must represent ancestral figures, perhaps from the large family tombs like the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Scipios" title="Tomb of the Scipios">Tomb of the Scipios</a> or the later mausolea outside the city. The famous bronze head supposedly of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a> is very variously dated, but taken as a very rare survival of Italic style under the Republic, in the preferred medium of bronze.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly stern and forceful heads are seen on coins of the Late Republic, and in the Imperial period coins as well as busts sent around the Empire to be placed in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a> of provincial cities were the main visual form of imperial propaganda; even <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a> had a near-colossal statue of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, though far smaller than the 30-metre-high <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Nero" title="Colossus of Nero">Colossus of Nero</a> in Rome, now lost.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romans did not generally attempt to compete with free-standing Greek works of heroic exploits from history or mythology, but from early on produced historical works in relief, culminating in the great <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumphal_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman triumphal column">Roman triumphal columns</a> with continuous narrative reliefs winding around them, of which those commemorating <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Column" title="Trajan's Column">Trajan</a> (CE 113) and <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Column of Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (by 193) survive in Rome, where the <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></span></span> ("Altar of Peace", 13 BCE) represents the official Greco-Roman style at its most classical and refined. Among other major examples are the earlier re-used reliefs on the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a> and the base of the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Antoninus_Pius" title="Column of Antoninus Pius">Column of Antoninus Pius</a> (161),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Campana_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Campana relief">Campana reliefs</a> were cheaper pottery versions of marble reliefs and the taste for relief was from the imperial period expanded to the sarcophagus. All forms of luxury small sculpture continued to be patronized, and quality could be extremely high, as in the silver <a href="/wiki/Warren_Cup" title="Warren Cup">Warren Cup</a>, glass <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_Cup" title="Lycurgus Cup">Lycurgus Cup</a>, and large cameos like the <a href="/wiki/Gemma_Augustea" title="Gemma Augustea">Gemma Augustea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonzaga_Cameo" title="Gonzaga Cameo">Gonzaga Cameo</a> and the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Cameo_of_France" title="Great Cameo of France">Great Cameo of France</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a much wider section of the population, moulded relief decoration of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_pottery" title="Ancient Roman pottery">pottery vessels</a> and small figurines were produced in great quantity and often considerable quality.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After moving through a late 2nd-century "baroque" phase,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 3rd century, Roman art largely abandoned, or simply became unable to produce, sculpture in the classical tradition, a change whose causes remain much discussed. Even the most important imperial monuments now showed stumpy, large-eyed figures in a harsh frontal style, in simple compositions emphasizing power at the expense of grace. The contrast is famously illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a> of 315 in Rome, which combines sections in the new style with <a href="/wiki/Roundel" title="Roundel">roundels</a> in the earlier full Greco-Roman style taken from elsewhere, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Four_Tetrarchs" title="Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs">Four Tetrarchs</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 305</span>) from the new capital of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, now in Venice. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kitzinger" title="Ernst Kitzinger">Ernst Kitzinger</a> found in both monuments the same "stubby proportions, angular movements, an ordering of parts through symmetry and repetition and a rendering of features and drapery folds through incisions rather than modelling... The hallmark of the style wherever it appears consists of an emphatic hardness, heaviness and angularity—in short, an almost complete rejection of the classical tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This revolution in style shortly preceded the period in which <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was adopted by the Roman state and the great majority of the people, leading to the end of large religious sculpture, with large statues now only used for emperors. However, rich Christians continued to commission reliefs for sarcophagi, as in the <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus_of_Junius_Bassus" title="Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus">Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus</a>, and very small sculpture, especially in ivory, was continued by Christians, building on the style of the <a href="/wiki/Consular_diptych" title="Consular diptych">consular diptych</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze,_coperchio_di_sepolcro_muliebre_da_Tuscania,_terracotta_con_tracce_di_policromia_III_sec._d.c.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Etruscan sarcophagus, 3rd century BCE"><img alt="Etruscan sarcophagus, 3rd century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_coperchio_di_sepolcro_muliebre_da_Tuscania%2C_terracotta_con_tracce_di_policromia_III_sec._d.c.JPG/200px-Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_coperchio_di_sepolcro_muliebre_da_Tuscania%2C_terracotta_con_tracce_di_policromia_III_sec._d.c.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_coperchio_di_sepolcro_muliebre_da_Tuscania%2C_terracotta_con_tracce_di_policromia_III_sec._d.c.JPG/300px-Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_coperchio_di_sepolcro_muliebre_da_Tuscania%2C_terracotta_con_tracce_di_policromia_III_sec._d.c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_coperchio_di_sepolcro_muliebre_da_Tuscania%2C_terracotta_con_tracce_di_policromia_III_sec._d.c.JPG/400px-Museo_archeologico_di_Firenze%2C_coperchio_di_sepolcro_muliebre_da_Tuscania%2C_terracotta_con_tracce_di_policromia_III_sec._d.c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>, 3rd century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Capitoline Brutus", dated to the 3rd or 1st century BCE"><img alt="The "Capitoline Brutus", dated to the 3rd or 1st century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183_02.jpg/133px-Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183_02.jpg/200px-Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183_02.jpg/266px-Capitoline_Brutus_Musei_Capitolini_MC1183_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1950" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Brutus" title="Capitoline Brutus">Capitoline Brutus</a>", dated to the 3rd or 1st century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Augustus of Prima Porta, statue of the emperor Augustus, 1st century CE. Vatican Museums"><img alt="Augustus of Prima Porta, statue of the emperor Augustus, 1st century CE. Vatican Museums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/133px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/200px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/266px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></i>, statue of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, 1st century CE. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomba_dei_decii,_dalla_via_ostiense,_98-117_dc..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb relief of the Decii, 98–117 CE"><img alt="Tomb relief of the Decii, 98–117 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tomba_dei_decii%2C_dalla_via_ostiense%2C_98-117_dc..JPG/200px-Tomba_dei_decii%2C_dalla_via_ostiense%2C_98-117_dc..JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tomba_dei_decii%2C_dalla_via_ostiense%2C_98-117_dc..JPG/300px-Tomba_dei_decii%2C_dalla_via_ostiense%2C_98-117_dc..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tomba_dei_decii%2C_dalla_via_ostiense%2C_98-117_dc..JPG/400px-Tomba_dei_decii%2C_dalla_via_ostiense%2C_98-117_dc..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1926" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb relief of the Decii, 98–117 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_Pio-Clementino_Inv243.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Emperor Claudius, c. 50 CE, (reworked from a bust of emperor Caligula), It was found in the so-called Otricoli basilica in Lanuvium, Italy, Vatican Museums"><img alt="Bust of Emperor Claudius, c. 50 CE, (reworked from a bust of emperor Caligula), It was found in the so-called Otricoli basilica in Lanuvium, Italy, Vatican Museums" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Claudius_Pio-Clementino_Inv243.jpg/132px-Claudius_Pio-Clementino_Inv243.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Claudius_Pio-Clementino_Inv243.jpg/198px-Claudius_Pio-Clementino_Inv243.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Claudius_Pio-Clementino_Inv243.jpg/264px-Claudius_Pio-Clementino_Inv243.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Claudius" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Claudius">Emperor Claudius</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 CE</span>, (reworked from a bust of emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>), It was found in the so-called Otricoli basilica in <a href="/wiki/Lanuvium" title="Lanuvium">Lanuvium</a>, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COMMODE_HERCULE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commodus dressed as Hercules, c. 191 CE, in the late imperial "baroque" style"><img alt="Commodus dressed as Hercules, c. 191 CE, in the late imperial "baroque" style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/COMMODE_HERCULE.jpg/131px-COMMODE_HERCULE.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/COMMODE_HERCULE.jpg/197px-COMMODE_HERCULE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/COMMODE_HERCULE.jpg/262px-COMMODE_HERCULE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="2850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> dressed as <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 191 CE</span>, in the late imperial "baroque" style</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Four Tetrarchs, c. 305, showing the new anti-classical style, in porphyry, now San Marco, Venice"><img alt="The Four Tetrarchs, c. 305, showing the new anti-classical style, in porphyry, now San Marco, Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg/133px-Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg/200px-Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg/266px-Venice_%E2%80%93_The_Tetrarchs_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Four_Tetrarchs" title="Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs">The Four Tetrarchs</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 305</span>, showing the new anti-classical style, in <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">porphyry</a>, now <a href="/wiki/San_Marco,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marco, Venice">San Marco, Venice</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The cameo gem known as the "Great Cameo of France", c. 23 CE, with an allegory of Augustus and his family"><img alt="The cameo gem known as the "Great Cameo of France", c. 23 CE, with an allegory of Augustus and his family" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg/185px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg/277px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg/370px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_white_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">cameo gem</a> known as the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Cameo_of_France" title="Great Cameo of France">Great Cameo of France</a>", <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 23 CE</span>, with an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> and his family</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Early_Medieval_and_Byzantine">Early Medieval and Byzantine</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Early Medieval and Byzantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg/220px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg/330px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg/440px-St_Ninian%27s_Isle_TreasureDSCF6209det.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption>Silver monster on a <a href="/wiki/Chape" title="Chape">chape</a>, Scottish or Anglo-Saxon, <a href="/wiki/St_Ninian%27s_Isle_Treasure" title="St Ninian's Isle Treasure">St Ninian's Isle Treasure</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg/220px-Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg/330px-Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg/440px-Gerokreuz_full_20050903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="2009" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gero_Cross" title="Gero Cross">Gero Cross</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 965–970</span>, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Germany, the first great example of the revival of large sculpture</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christians</a> were opposed to monumental religious sculpture, though Roman traditions continued in portrait busts and <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> reliefs, as well as smaller objects such as the consular diptych. Such objects, often in valuable materials, were also the main sculptural traditions (as far as is known) of the civilizations of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration period">Migration period</a>, as seen in the objects found in the 6th-century burial treasure at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>, and the jewellery of <a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian art</a> and the hybrid Christian and <a href="/wiki/Animal_style" title="Animal style">animal style</a> productions of <a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a>. Following the continuing Byzantine tradition, <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian art</a> revived ivory carving in the West, often in panels for the <a href="/wiki/Treasure_binding" title="Treasure binding">treasure bindings</a> of grand <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">crozier</a> heads and other small fittings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine art</a>, though producing superb ivory reliefs and architectural decorative carving, never returned to monumental sculpture, or even much small sculpture in the round.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the West during the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottonian">Ottonian</a> periods there was the beginnings of a production of monumental statues, in courts and major churches. This gradually spread; by the late 10th and 11th century there are records of several apparently life-size sculptures in <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a> churches, probably of precious metal around a wooden frame, like the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Madonna_of_Essen" title="Golden Madonna of Essen">Golden Madonna of Essen</a>. No Anglo-Saxon example has survived,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and survivals of large non-architectural sculpture from before the year 1000 are exceptionally rare. Much the finest is the <a href="/wiki/Gero_Cross" title="Gero Cross">Gero Cross</a>, of 965–970, which is a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, which was evidently the commonest type of sculpture; <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> had set one up in the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Chapel_in_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatine Chapel in Aachen">Palatine Chapel in Aachen</a> around 800. These continued to grow in popularity, especially in Germany and Italy. The <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> world, the <a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a> of Scotland and possibly the <a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">high cross</a> reliefs of Christian Great Britain, were northern sculptural traditions that bridged the period of Christianization. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archangel Ivory, 525–550, Constantinople"><img alt="Archangel Ivory, 525–550, Constantinople" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg/133px-Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg/200px-Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg/266px-Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Archangel_Ivory" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Ivory">Archangel Ivory</a></i>, 525–550, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Remigius_binding_Medieval_Picardie_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Carolingian ivory panel, probably meant for a book-cover"><img alt="Late Carolingian ivory panel, probably meant for a book-cover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Saint_Remigius_binding_Medieval_Picardie_Museum.jpg/138px-Saint_Remigius_binding_Medieval_Picardie_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Saint_Remigius_binding_Medieval_Picardie_Museum.jpg/208px-Saint_Remigius_binding_Medieval_Picardie_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Saint_Remigius_binding_Medieval_Picardie_Museum.jpg/277px-Saint_Remigius_binding_Medieval_Picardie_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a> ivory panel, probably meant for a book-cover</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Harbaville Triptych, Byzantine ivory, mid-10th century"><img alt="The Harbaville Triptych, Byzantine ivory, mid-10th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg/200px-Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg/300px-Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg/400px-Triptych_Harbaville_Louvre_OA3247_recto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2610" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Harbaville_Triptych" title="Harbaville Triptych">Harbaville Triptych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, mid-10th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Romanesque">Romanesque</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Romanesque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braunschweiger_L%C3%B6we,_original_in_the_Dankwarderode_Castle_-_Braunschweig,_Germany_-_DSC04562.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Braunschweiger_L%C3%B6we%2C_original_in_the_Dankwarderode_Castle_-_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC04562.JPG/220px-Braunschweiger_L%C3%B6we%2C_original_in_the_Dankwarderode_Castle_-_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC04562.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Braunschweiger_L%C3%B6we%2C_original_in_the_Dankwarderode_Castle_-_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC04562.JPG/330px-Braunschweiger_L%C3%B6we%2C_original_in_the_Dankwarderode_Castle_-_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC04562.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Braunschweiger_L%C3%B6we%2C_original_in_the_Dankwarderode_Castle_-_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC04562.JPG/440px-Braunschweiger_L%C3%B6we%2C_original_in_the_Dankwarderode_Castle_-_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC04562.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Lion" title="Brunswick Lion">Brunswick Lion</a></i>, 1166, the first large hollow casting of a figure since antiquity, 1.78 metres tall and 2.79 metres long</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg/220px-Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg/330px-Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg/440px-Cologne_Cathedral_Shrine_of_Magi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in roughly 1000 A.D., there was a rebirth of artistic production in all Europe, led by general economic growth in production and commerce, and the new style of <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a> was the first medieval style to be used in the whole of Western Europe. The new cathedrals and pilgrim's churches were increasingly decorated with architectural stone reliefs, and new focuses for sculpture developed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> over church doors in the 12th century, and the inhabited <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)#Romanesque_and_Gothic_capitals" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a> with figures and often narrative scenes. Outstanding abbey churches with sculpture include in France <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_la_Madaleine,_V%C3%A9zelay" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of la Madaleine, Vézelay">Vézelay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moissac_Abbey" title="Moissac Abbey">Moissac</a> and in Spain <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Santo_Domingo_de_Silos" title="Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos">Silos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanesque art was characterised by a very vigorous style in both sculpture and painting. The capitals of columns were never more exciting than in this period, when they were often carved with complete scenes with several figures.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large wooden <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a> was a German innovation right at the start of the period, as were free-standing statues of the enthroned Madonna, but the <a href="/wiki/High_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="High relief">high relief</a> was above all the sculptural mode of the period. Compositions usually had little depth, and needed to be flexible to squeeze themselves into the shapes of capitals, and church typanums; the tension between a tightly enclosing frame, from which the composition sometimes escapes, is a recurrent theme in Romanesque art. Figures still often varied in size in relation to their importance portraiture hardly existed. </p><p>Objects in precious materials such as ivory and metal had a very high status in the period, much more so than monumental sculpture — we know the names of more makers of these than painters, illuminators or architect-masons. Metalwork, including decoration in <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamel</a>, became very sophisticated, and many spectacular shrines made to hold relics have survived, of which the best known is the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings_at_Cologne_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral">Shrine of the Three Kings at Cologne Cathedral</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Verdun" title="Nicholas of Verdun">Nicholas of Verdun</a>. The bronze <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_candlestick" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloucester candlestick">Gloucester candlestick</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font_at_St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège">brass font of 1108–17 now in Liège</a> are superb examples, very different in style, of metal casting, the former highly intricate and energetic, drawing on manuscript painting, while the font shows the Mosan style at its most classical and majestic. The bronze doors, a triumphal column and other fittings at <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Hildesheim" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim">Hildesheim Cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gniezno_Doors" title="Gniezno Doors">Gniezno Doors</a>, and the doors of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Zeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Zeno">Basilica di San Zeno</a> in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> are other substantial survivals. The <a href="/wiki/Aquamanile" title="Aquamanile">aquamanile</a>, a container for water to wash with, appears to have been introduced to Europe in the 11th century, and often took fantastic <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomorphic">zoomorphic</a> forms; surviving examples are mostly in brass. Many wax impressions from impressive seals survive on charters and documents, although Romanesque coins are generally not of great aesthetic interest.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cloisters_Cross" title="Cloisters Cross">Cloisters Cross</a> is an unusually large <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, with complex carving including many figures of <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> and others, which has been attributed to one of the relatively few artists whose name is known, <a href="/wiki/Master_Hugo" title="Master Hugo">Master Hugo</a>, who also illuminated manuscripts. Like many pieces it was originally partly coloured. The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a> are well-preserved examples of small ivories, of which many pieces or fragments remain from <a href="/wiki/Crozier" title="Crozier">croziers</a>, plaques, <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_cross" title="Pectoral cross">pectoral crosses</a> and similar objects. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège, Baptism of Christ, 1107–1118"><img alt="Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège, Baptism of Christ, 1107–1118" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg/200px-Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg/300px-Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg/400px-Renier_de_Huy_JPG0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2454" data-file-height="1604" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font_at_St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège">Baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism of Christ</a></i>, 1107–1118</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:02_Basilique_Ste-Marie-Madeleine_de_V%C3%A9zelay_-_Tympan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tympanum of Vézelay Abbey, Burgundy, France, 1130s"><img alt="The tympanum of Vézelay Abbey, Burgundy, France, 1130s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/02_Basilique_Ste-Marie-Madeleine_de_V%C3%A9zelay_-_Tympan.jpg/200px-02_Basilique_Ste-Marie-Madeleine_de_V%C3%A9zelay_-_Tympan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/02_Basilique_Ste-Marie-Madeleine_de_V%C3%A9zelay_-_Tympan.jpg/300px-02_Basilique_Ste-Marie-Madeleine_de_V%C3%A9zelay_-_Tympan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/02_Basilique_Ste-Marie-Madeleine_de_V%C3%A9zelay_-_Tympan.jpg/400px-02_Basilique_Ste-Marie-Madeleine_de_V%C3%A9zelay_-_Tympan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tympanum of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">Vézelay Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, France, 1130s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Ourense_(Spain).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade, Cathedral of Ourense 1160, Spain"><img alt="Facade, Cathedral of Ourense 1160, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cathedral_of_Ourense_%28Spain%29.jpg/200px-Cathedral_of_Ourense_%28Spain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cathedral_of_Ourense_%28Spain%29.jpg/300px-Cathedral_of_Ourense_%28Spain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cathedral_of_Ourense_%28Spain%29.jpg/400px-Cathedral_of_Ourense_%28Spain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="2014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Facade,</i> Cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Ourense" title="Ourense">Ourense</a> 1160, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ap%C3%B3stoles_del_P%C3%B3rtico_de_la_Gloria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pórtico da Gloria, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, c. 12th–13th centuries"><img alt="Pórtico da Gloria, Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, c. 12th–13th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ap%C3%B3stoles_del_P%C3%B3rtico_de_la_Gloria.jpg/200px-Ap%C3%B3stoles_del_P%C3%B3rtico_de_la_Gloria.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ap%C3%B3stoles_del_P%C3%B3rtico_de_la_Gloria.jpg/300px-Ap%C3%B3stoles_del_P%C3%B3rtico_de_la_Gloria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ap%C3%B3stoles_del_P%C3%B3rtico_de_la_Gloria.jpg/400px-Ap%C3%B3stoles_del_P%C3%B3rtico_de_la_Gloria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Pórtico da Gloria</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela">Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, Spain, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 12th</span>–13th centuries</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Gothic">Gothic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gothic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/220px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="421" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/330px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg/440px-Vierge_a_l%27Enfant_debout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1355" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption>French ivory Virgin and Child, end of 13th century, 25 cm high, curving to fit the shape of the ivory tusk</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gothic period is essentially defined by <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>, and does not entirely fit with the development of style in sculpture in either its start or finish. The facades of large churches, especially around doors, continued to have large typanums, but also rows of sculpted figures spreading around them. The statues on the Western (Royal) Portal at <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1145</span>) show an elegant but exaggerated columnar elongation, but those on the south <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a> portal, from 1215 to 1220, show a more naturalistic style and increasing detachment from the wall behind, and some awareness of the classical tradition. These trends were continued in the west portal at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> of a few years later, where the figures are almost in the round, as became usual as Gothic spread across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a> (1258–1278) and his son <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pisano" title="Giovanni Pisano">Giovanni</a> developed a style that is often called <a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a>, with unmistakable influence from Roman sarcophagi and sophisticated and crowded compositions, including a sympathetic handling of nudity, in relief panels on their <a href="/wiki/Siena_Cathedral_Pulpit" title="Siena Cathedral Pulpit">Siena Cathedral Pulpit</a> (1265–68), <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery">Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery</a> (1260), the <a href="/wiki/Fontana_Maggiore" title="Fontana Maggiore">Fontana Maggiore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a>, and Giovanni's <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_by_Giovanni_Pisano_in_Sant%27Andrea,_Pistoia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea, Pistoia">pulpit in Pistoia</a> of 1301.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another revival of classical style is seen in the <a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a> work of <a href="/wiki/Claus_Sluter" title="Claus Sluter">Claus Sluter</a> and his followers in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (historical region)">Burgundy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> around 1400.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late Gothic sculpture continued in the North, with a fashion for very large wooden sculpted altarpieces with increasingly virtuoso carving and large numbers agitated expressive figures; most surviving examples are in Germany, after much iconoclasm elsewhere. <a href="/wiki/Tilman_Riemenschneider" title="Tilman Riemenschneider">Tilman Riemenschneider</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veit_Stoss" title="Veit Stoss">Veit Stoss</a> and others continued the style well into the 16th century, gradually absorbing Italian Renaissance influences.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Life-size tomb effigies in stone or <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> became popular for the wealthy, and grand multi-level tombs evolved, with the <a href="/wiki/Scaliger_Tombs" title="Scaliger Tombs">Scaliger Tombs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> so large they had to be moved outside the church. By the 15th century there was an industry exporting <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_alabaster" title="Nottingham alabaster">Nottingham alabaster</a> altar reliefs in groups of panels over much of Europe for economical parishes who could not afford stone retables.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small carvings, for a mainly lay and often female market, became a considerable industry in Paris and some other centres. Types of ivories included small devotional <a href="/wiki/Polyptych" title="Polyptych">polyptychs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_and_Child_from_the_Sainte-Chapelle" title="Virgin and Child from the Sainte-Chapelle">single figures, especially of the Virgin</a>, mirror-cases, combs, and <a href="/wiki/Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_(Walters_71264)" title="Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264)">elaborate caskets with scenes from Romances</a>, used as engagement presents.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The very wealthy collected extravagantly elaborate jewelled and enamelled metalwork, both secular and religious, like the <a href="/wiki/Duc_de_Berry" class="mw-redirect" title="Duc de Berry">Duc de Berry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a>, until they ran short of money, when they were melted down again for cash.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres2006_077.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West portal of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1145)"><img alt="West portal of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1145)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chartres2006_077.jpg/150px-Chartres2006_077.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chartres2006_077.jpg/225px-Chartres2006_077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chartres2006_077.jpg/300px-Chartres2006_077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West portal of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1145</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="South portal of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1215–1220)"><img alt="South portal of Chartres Cathedral (c. 1215–1220)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/150px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/225px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/300px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South portal of <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span>–1220)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reims6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West portal at Reims Cathedral, Annunciation group"><img alt="West portal at Reims Cathedral, Annunciation group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/200px-Reims6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/300px-Reims6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Reims6.jpg/400px-Reims6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West portal at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> group</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nicola Pisano, Nativity and Adoration of the Magi from the Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery"><img alt="Nicola Pisano, Nativity and Adoration of the Magi from the Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg/200px-Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg/300px-Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg/400px-Pisa.Baptistery.pulpit02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Pisano" title="Nicola Pisano">Nicola Pisano</a>, <i>Nativity</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit_in_the_Pisa_Baptistery" title="Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery">Pulpit in the Pisa Baptistery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamberger_Dom-Bamberger_Reiter.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bamberg Horseman 1237, near life-size stone equestrian statue, the first of this kind since antiquity."><img alt="The Bamberg Horseman 1237, near life-size stone equestrian statue, the first of this kind since antiquity." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bamberger_Dom-Bamberger_Reiter.JPG/147px-Bamberger_Dom-Bamberger_Reiter.JPG" decoding="async" width="147" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bamberger_Dom-Bamberger_Reiter.JPG/221px-Bamberger_Dom-Bamberger_Reiter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bamberger_Dom-Bamberger_Reiter.JPG/295px-Bamberger_Dom-Bamberger_Reiter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Bamberg_Horseman" title="Bamberg Horseman">Bamberg Horseman</a> 1237, near life-size stone <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a>, the first of this kind since <a href="/wiki/Antiquities" title="Antiquities">antiquity</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lid of the Walters Casket, with the Siege of the Castle of Love at left, and jousting. Paris, 1330–1350"><img alt="Lid of the Walters Casket, with the Siege of the Castle of Love at left, and jousting. Paris, 1330–1350" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg/200px-French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg/300px-French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg/400px-French_-_Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_-_Walters_71264_-_Top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lid of the <a href="/wiki/Casket_with_Scenes_of_Romances_(Walters_71264)" title="Casket with Scenes of Romances (Walters 71264)">Walters Casket</a>, with the <i>Siege of the Castle of Love</i> at left, and <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>. Paris, 1330–1350</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siege of the Castle of Love on a mirror-case in the Louvre, 1350–1370; the ladies are losing."><img alt="Siege of the Castle of Love on a mirror-case in the Louvre, 1350–1370; the ladies are losing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg/190px-Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg/285px-Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg/380px-Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Siege of the Castle of Love</i> on a mirror-case in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Louvre</a>, 1350–1370; the ladies are losing.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piet%C3%A0_Naumburg_Cathedral_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central German Pietà, 1330–1340"><img alt="Central German Pietà, 1330–1340" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Piet%C3%A0_Naumburg_Cathedral_01a.jpg/160px-Piet%C3%A0_Naumburg_Cathedral_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Piet%C3%A0_Naumburg_Cathedral_01a.jpg/240px-Piet%C3%A0_Naumburg_Cathedral_01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Piet%C3%A0_Naumburg_Cathedral_01a.jpg/320px-Piet%C3%A0_Naumburg_Cathedral_01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="3371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central German <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0" title="Pietà">Pietà</a>, 1330–1340</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Claus Sluter, David and a prophet from the Well of Moses"><img alt="Claus Sluter, David and a prophet from the Well of Moses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg/200px-Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg/300px-Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg/400px-Dijon_mosesbrunnen4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Claus_Sluter" title="Claus Sluter">Claus Sluter</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_(biblical_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="David (biblical king)">David</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> from the <i>Well of Moses</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Base of the Holy Thorn Reliquary, a Resurrection of the Dead in gold, enamel and gems"><img alt="Base of the Holy Thorn Reliquary, a Resurrection of the Dead in gold, enamel and gems" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg/200px-Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg/300px-Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg/400px-Holy_Thorn_Reliquary_base.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Base of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a>, a <i>Resurrection of the Dead</i> in gold, enamel and gems</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of a panelled altarpiece with Resurrection of Christ, English, 1450–1490, Nottingham alabaster with remains of colour"><img alt="Section of a panelled altarpiece with Resurrection of Christ, English, 1450–1490, Nottingham alabaster with remains of colour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg/110px-English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg/166px-English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg/221px-English_-_Resurrection_-_Walters_27308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of a panelled altarpiece with <i><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of Christ">Resurrection of Christ</a></i>, English, 1450–1490, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_alabaster" title="Nottingham alabaster">Nottingham alabaster</a> with remains of colour</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the Last Supper from Tilman Riemenschneider's Altar of the Holy Blood, 1501–1505, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Bavaria"><img alt="Detail of the Last Supper from Tilman Riemenschneider's Altar of the Holy Blood, 1501–1505, Rothenburg ob der Tauber, Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG/200px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG/300px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG/400px-Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber_2011_St_Jakob_002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tilman_Riemenschneider" title="Tilman Riemenschneider">Tilman Riemenschneider</a>'s <i>Altar of the Holy Blood</i>, 1501–1505, <a href="/wiki/Rothenburg_ob_der_Tauber" title="Rothenburg ob der Tauber">Rothenburg ob der Tauber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/220px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/330px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg/440px-Michelangelo%27s_Pieta_5450_cropncleaned_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i>, 1499</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome-Basilique_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli-Moise_MichelAnge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rome-Basilique_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli-Moise_MichelAnge.jpg/220px-Rome-Basilique_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli-Moise_MichelAnge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rome-Basilique_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli-Moise_MichelAnge.jpg/330px-Rome-Basilique_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli-Moise_MichelAnge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Rome-Basilique_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli-Moise_MichelAnge.jpg/440px-Rome-Basilique_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli-Moise_MichelAnge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="3252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II" title="Tomb of Pope Julius II">Tomb of Pope Julius II</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1545</span>, with statues of <a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a> on the left and right of his <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)">Moses</a></i></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Renaissance_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture in the Renaissance Period">Sculpture in the Renaissance Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">Italian Renaissance sculpture</a></div> <p>Renaissance sculpture proper is often taken to begin with the famous competition for the doors of the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Baptistry">Florence Baptistry</a> in 1403, from which the trial models submitted by the winner, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> survive. Ghiberti's doors are still in place, but were undoubtedly eclipsed by his second pair for the other entrance, the so-called <i>Gates of Paradise</i>, which took him from 1425 to 1452, and are dazzlingly confident classicizing compositions with varied depths of relief allowing extensive backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intervening years had seen Ghiberti's early assistant <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a> develop with seminal statues including his <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Donatello,_marble)" title="David (Donatello, marble)">Davids</a></i> in marble (1408–09) and bronze (1440s), and his <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Gattamelata" title="Equestrian statue of Gattamelata">Equestrian statue of Gattamelata</a>, as well as reliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A leading figure in the later period was <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio" title="Andrea del Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a>, best known for his <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue" title="Equestrian statue">equestrian statue</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Colleoni" title="Bartolomeo Colleoni">Bartolomeo Colleoni</a> in Venice;<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his pupil <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> designed an equine sculpture in 1482 <i><a href="/wiki/Leonardo%27s_horse" title="Leonardo's horse">The Horse</a></i> for <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, but only succeeded in making a 24-foot (7.3 m) clay model which was destroyed by French archers in 1499, and his other ambitious sculptural plans were never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period was marked by a great increase in patronage of sculpture by the state for public art and by the wealthy for their homes; especially in Italy, public sculpture remains a crucial element in the appearance of historic city centres. Church sculpture mostly moved inside just as outside public monuments became common. Portrait sculpture, usually in busts, became popular in Italy around 1450, with the <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neapolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Laurana" title="Francesco Laurana">Francesco Laurana</a> specializing in young women in meditative poses, while <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rossellino" title="Antonio Rossellino">Antonio Rossellino</a> and others more often depicted knobbly-faced men of affairs, but also young children.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portrait <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medal</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Pisanello" title="Pisanello">Pisanello</a> also often depicted women; relief <a href="/wiki/Plaquette" title="Plaquette">plaquettes</a> were another new small form of sculpture in cast metal. </p><p>Michelangelo was an active sculptor from about 1500 to 1520, and his great masterpieces including his <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pieta_(Michelangelo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieta (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)">Moses</a></i>, and pieces for the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Pope_Julius_II" title="Tomb of Pope Julius II">Tomb of Pope Julius II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medici_Chapels" title="Medici Chapels">Medici Chapel</a> could not be ignored by subsequent sculptors. His iconic David (1504) has a <i><a href="/wiki/Contrapposto" title="Contrapposto">contrapposto</a></i> pose, borrowed from classical sculpture. It differs from previous representations of the subject in that David is depicted before his battle with Goliath and not after the giant's defeat. Instead of being shown victorious, as Donatello and Verocchio had done, David looks tense and battle ready.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghiberti-porta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti, panel of the Sacrifice of Isaac from the Florence Baptistry doors; oblique view here"><img alt="Lorenzo Ghiberti, panel of the Sacrifice of Isaac from the Florence Baptistry doors; oblique view here" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ghiberti-porta.jpg/200px-Ghiberti-porta.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ghiberti-porta.jpg/300px-Ghiberti-porta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ghiberti-porta.jpg/400px-Ghiberti-porta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>, panel of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice_of_Isaac" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrifice of Isaac">Sacrifice of Isaac</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Florence_Baptistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence Baptistry">Florence Baptistry</a> doors; <a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_(Gates_of_Paradise)_01.JPG" title="File:Abraham (Gates of Paradise) 01.JPG">oblique view here</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luca della Robbia, detail of Cantoria, c. 1438, Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence"><img alt="Luca della Robbia, detail of Cantoria, c. 1438, Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_6.jpg/196px-Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_6.jpg/294px-Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_6.jpg/393px-Cantoria_Della_Robbia_OPA_Florence_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1340" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luca_della_Robbia" title="Luca della Robbia">Luca della Robbia</a>, detail of <i>Cantoria</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1438</span>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_dell%27Opera_del_Duomo_(Florence)" title="Museo dell'Opera del Duomo (Florence)">Museo dell'Opera del Duomo</a>, Florence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_-_David_by_Donatello.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Donatello, David c. 1440s, Bargello Museum, Florence"><img alt="Donatello, David c. 1440s, Bargello Museum, Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Florence_-_David_by_Donatello.jpg/133px-Florence_-_David_by_Donatello.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Florence_-_David_by_Donatello.jpg/200px-Florence_-_David_by_Donatello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Florence_-_David_by_Donatello.jpg/266px-Florence_-_David_by_Donatello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Donatello,_bronze)" title="David (Donatello, bronze)">David</a></i> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1440s</span>, <a href="/wiki/Bargello_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bargello Museum">Bargello Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firenze.PalVecchio.Donatello.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Donatello, Judith and Holofernes, c. 1460, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence"><img alt="Donatello, Judith and Holofernes, c. 1460, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Firenze.PalVecchio.Donatello.JPG/113px-Firenze.PalVecchio.Donatello.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Firenze.PalVecchio.Donatello.JPG/169px-Firenze.PalVecchio.Donatello.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Firenze.PalVecchio.Donatello.JPG/225px-Firenze.PalVecchio.Donatello.JPG 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Judith_and_Holofernes_(Donatello)" title="Judith and Holofernes (Donatello)">Judith and Holofernes</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1460</span>, <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Vecchio" title="Palazzo Vecchio">Palazzo Vecchio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Laurana_pushkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Francesco Laurana, female bust (cast)"><img alt="Francesco Laurana, female bust (cast)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Francesco_Laurana_pushkin.jpg/200px-Francesco_Laurana_pushkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Francesco_Laurana_pushkin.jpg/300px-Francesco_Laurana_pushkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Francesco_Laurana_pushkin.jpg/400px-Francesco_Laurana_pushkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Laurana" title="Francesco Laurana">Francesco Laurana</a>, female bust (cast)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Verrocchio, Doubting Thomas, 1467–1483, Orsanmichele, Florence"><img alt="Verrocchio, Doubting Thomas, 1467–1483, Orsanmichele, Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg/200px-Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg/300px-Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg/400px-Verrochioorsanmichelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Verrocchio" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrocchio">Verrocchio</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christ_and_St._Thomas_(Verrocchio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ and St. Thomas (Verrocchio)">Doubting Thomas</a></i>, 1467–1483, <a href="/wiki/Orsanmichele" title="Orsanmichele">Orsanmichele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU005_denoised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michelangelo, David, c. 1504, Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence"><img alt="Michelangelo, David, c. 1504, Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU005_denoised.jpg/133px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU005_denoised.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU005_denoised.jpg/200px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU005_denoised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU005_denoised.jpg/266px-%27David%27_by_Michelangelo_Fir_JBU005_denoised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1504</span>, <a href="/wiki/Galleria_dell%27Accademia" title="Galleria dell'Accademia">Galleria dell'Accademia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Dying_Slave%27_Michelangelo_JBU001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Michelangelo, Dying Slave, c. 1513–1516"><img alt="Michelangelo, Dying Slave, c. 1513–1516" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%27Dying_Slave%27_Michelangelo_JBU001.jpg/78px-%27Dying_Slave%27_Michelangelo_JBU001.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%27Dying_Slave%27_Michelangelo_JBU001.jpg/117px-%27Dying_Slave%27_Michelangelo_JBU001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%27Dying_Slave%27_Michelangelo_JBU001.jpg/156px-%27Dying_Slave%27_Michelangelo_JBU001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1737" data-file-height="4433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dying_Slave" title="Dying Slave">Dying Slave</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1513–1516</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mannerist">Mannerist</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mannerist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devries-mercuriocrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Devries-mercuriocrop.jpg/220px-Devries-mercuriocrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Devries-mercuriocrop.jpg/330px-Devries-mercuriocrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Devries-mercuriocrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adriaen_de_Vries" title="Adriaen de Vries">Adriaen de Vries</a>, <i>Mercury and Psyche</i> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Mannerist">Northern Mannerist</a> life-size bronze, made in 1593 for <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As in painting, early Italian <a href="/wiki/Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a> sculpture was very largely an attempt to find an original style that would top the achievement of the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a>, which in sculpture essentially meant Michelangelo, and much of the struggle to achieve this was played out in commissions to fill other places in the <a href="/wiki/Piazza_della_Signoria" title="Piazza della Signoria">Piazza della Signoria</a> in Florence, next to Michelangelo's <i>David</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baccio_Bandinelli" title="Baccio Bandinelli">Baccio Bandinelli</a> took over the project of <i><a href="/wiki/Hercules_and_Cacus" title="Hercules and Cacus">Hercules and Cacus</a></i> from the master himself, but it was little more popular than it is now, and maliciously compared by <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a> to "a sack of melons", though it had a long-lasting effect in apparently introducing relief panels on the <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">pedestal</a> of statues for the first time. Like other works of his, and other Mannerists, it removes far more of the original block than Michelangelo would have done.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cellini's bronze <i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_with_the_head_of_Medusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus with the head of Medusa">Perseus with the head of Medusa</a></i> is certainly a masterpiece, designed with eight angles of view, another Mannerist characteristic, but is indeed mannered compared to the <i>David</i>s of Michelangelo and Donatello.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally a goldsmith, his famous gold and enamel <a href="/wiki/Cellini_Salt_Cellar" title="Cellini Salt Cellar">Salt Cellar</a> (1543) was his first sculpture, and shows his talent at its best.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these examples show, the period extended the range of secular subjects for large works beyond portraits, with mythological figures especially favoured; previously these had mostly been found in small works. </p><p>Small bronze figures for collector's <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(room)" title="Cabinet (room)">cabinets</a>, often mythological subjects with nudes, were a popular Renaissance form at which <a href="/wiki/Giambologna" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a>, originally <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish</a> but based in Florence, excelled in the later part of the century, also creating life-size sculptures, of which two joined the collection in the Piazza della Signoria. He and his followers devised elegant elongated examples of the <i><a href="/wiki/Figura_serpentinata" title="Figura serpentinata">figura serpentinata</a></i>, often of two intertwined figures, that were interesting from all angles.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fontainebleau_escalier_roi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stucco overdoor at Fontainebleau, probably designed by Primaticcio, who painted the oval inset, 1530s or 1540s"><img alt="Stucco overdoor at Fontainebleau, probably designed by Primaticcio, who painted the oval inset, 1530s or 1540s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fontainebleau_escalier_roi.jpg/200px-Fontainebleau_escalier_roi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fontainebleau_escalier_roi.jpg/300px-Fontainebleau_escalier_roi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Fontainebleau_escalier_roi.jpg/400px-Fontainebleau_escalier_roi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">Stucco</a> <a href="/wiki/Overdoor" title="Overdoor">overdoor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>, probably designed by <a href="/wiki/Primaticcio" class="mw-redirect" title="Primaticcio">Primaticcio</a>, who painted the oval inset, 1530s or 1540s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Persee-florence.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus with the head of Medusa, 1545–1554"><img alt="Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus with the head of Medusa, 1545–1554" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Persee-florence.jpg/102px-Persee-florence.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Persee-florence.jpg/154px-Persee-florence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Persee-florence.jpg/205px-Persee-florence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Cellini" title="Benvenuto Cellini">Benvenuto Cellini</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Perseus_with_the_head_of_Medusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus with the head of Medusa">Perseus with the head of Medusa</a></i>, 1545–1554</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giambologna, Samson Slaying a Philistine, about 1562"><img alt="Giambologna, Samson Slaying a Philistine, about 1562" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg/133px-Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg/200px-Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg/267px-Samson_slaying_a_philistine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giambologna" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Samson_Slaying_a_Philistine" title="Samson Slaying a Philistine">Samson Slaying a Philistine</a></i>, about 1562</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giambologna_raptodasabina.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giambologna, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1583, Florence, Italy, 13' 6" (4.1 m) high, marble"><img alt="Giambologna, Rape of the Sabine Women, 1583, Florence, Italy, 13' 6" (4.1 m) high, marble" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Giambologna_raptodasabina.jpg/116px-Giambologna_raptodasabina.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Giambologna_raptodasabina.jpg/174px-Giambologna_raptodasabina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Giambologna_raptodasabina.jpg/232px-Giambologna_raptodasabina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giambologna" title="Giambologna">Giambologna</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abduction_of_a_Sabine_Woman" title="Abduction of a Sabine Woman">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></i>, 1583, Florence, Italy, 13' 6" (4.1 m) high, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baroque_and_Rococo">Baroque and Rococo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Baroque and Rococo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Baroque sculpture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_and_Daphne_(Bernini).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/220px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/330px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/440px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="7800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphne_(Bernini)" title="Apollo and Daphne (Bernini)">Apollo and Daphne</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Borghese" title="Galleria Borghese">Galleria Borghese</a>, 1622–1625</figcaption></figure> <p>In Baroque sculpture, groups of figures assumed new importance, and there was a dynamic movement and energy of human forms— they spiralled around an empty central vortex, or reached outwards into the surrounding space. Baroque sculpture often had multiple ideal viewing angles, and reflected a general continuation of the Renaissance move away from the relief to sculpture created in the round, and designed to be placed in the middle of a large space—elaborate fountains such as Bernini's <a href="/wiki/Fontana_dei_Quattro_Fiumi" title="Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi">Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi</a> (Rome, 1651), or those in the <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Gardens of Versailles</a> were a Baroque speciality. The <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style was perfectly suited to sculpture, with <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> the dominating figure of the age in works such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ecstasy_of_St_Theresa" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ecstasy of St Theresa">The Ecstasy of St Theresa</a></i> (1647–1652).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much Baroque sculpture added extra-sculptural elements, for example, concealed lighting, or water fountains, or fused sculpture and architecture to create a transformative experience for the viewer. Artists saw themselves as in the classical tradition, but admired <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> and later Roman sculpture, rather than that of the more "Classical" periods as they are seen today.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> brought an almost total stop to religious sculpture in much of Northern Europe, and though secular sculpture, especially for portrait busts and <a href="/wiki/Tomb_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb monument">tomb monuments</a>, continued, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> has no significant sculptural component outside goldsmithing.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly in direct reaction, sculpture was as prominent in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic church">Roman Catholicism</a> as in the late Middle Ages. Statues of rulers and the nobility became increasingly popular. In the 18th century much sculpture continued on Baroque lines—the <a href="/wiki/Trevi_Fountain" title="Trevi Fountain">Trevi Fountain</a> was only completed in 1762. <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> style was better suited to smaller works, and arguably found its ideal sculptural form in <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art#Porcelain" title="Ceramic art">early European porcelain</a>, and interior decorative schemes in wood or plaster such as those in French domestic interiors and <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches#Rococo" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Austrian and Bavarian pilgrimage churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Dijon_-_Louis_XIV_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bust of Louis XIV, 1686, by Antoine Coysevox"><img alt="Bust of Louis XIV, 1686, by Antoine Coysevox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Dijon_-_Louis_XIV_1.jpg/150px-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Dijon_-_Louis_XIV_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Dijon_-_Louis_XIV_1.jpg/224px-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Dijon_-_Louis_XIV_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Dijon_-_Louis_XIV_1.jpg/299px-Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Arts_de_Dijon_-_Louis_XIV_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bust of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, 1686, by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Coysevox" title="Antoine Coysevox">Antoine Coysevox</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Mochi_Santa_Ver%C3%B3nica_1629-32_Vaticano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Veronica by Francesco Mochi (1640), Saint Peter's Basilica"><img alt="Saint Veronica by Francesco Mochi (1640), Saint Peter's Basilica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Francesco_Mochi_Santa_Ver%C3%B3nica_1629-32_Vaticano.jpg/124px-Francesco_Mochi_Santa_Ver%C3%B3nica_1629-32_Vaticano.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Francesco_Mochi_Santa_Ver%C3%B3nica_1629-32_Vaticano.jpg/186px-Francesco_Mochi_Santa_Ver%C3%B3nica_1629-32_Vaticano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Francesco_Mochi_Santa_Ver%C3%B3nica_1629-32_Vaticano.jpg/248px-Francesco_Mochi_Santa_Ver%C3%B3nica_1629-32_Vaticano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="1083" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Veronica by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mochi" title="Francesco Mochi">Francesco Mochi</a> (1640), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pierre Paul Puget, Perseus and Andromeda, 1715, Musée du Louvre"><img alt="Pierre Paul Puget, Perseus and Andromeda, 1715, Musée du Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg/120px-Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg/180px-Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg/240px-Perseus_Andromeda_Puget_Louvre_MR2076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="2915" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Puget" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Puget">Pierre Paul Puget</a>, <i>Perseus and Andromeda</i>, 1715, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bustelli_Liebesgruppe_Der_gest%C3%B6rte_Schl%C3%A4fer_BNM.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Franz Anton Bustelli, Rococo Nymphenburg Porcelain group"><img alt="Franz Anton Bustelli, Rococo Nymphenburg Porcelain group" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bustelli_Liebesgruppe_Der_gest%C3%B6rte_Schl%C3%A4fer_BNM.jpg/144px-Bustelli_Liebesgruppe_Der_gest%C3%B6rte_Schl%C3%A4fer_BNM.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bustelli_Liebesgruppe_Der_gest%C3%B6rte_Schl%C3%A4fer_BNM.jpg/216px-Bustelli_Liebesgruppe_Der_gest%C3%B6rte_Schl%C3%A4fer_BNM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bustelli_Liebesgruppe_Der_gest%C3%B6rte_Schl%C3%A4fer_BNM.jpg/289px-Bustelli_Liebesgruppe_Der_gest%C3%B6rte_Schl%C3%A4fer_BNM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1955" data-file-height="2709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Anton_Bustelli" title="Franz Anton Bustelli">Franz Anton Bustelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <a href="/wiki/Nymphenburg_Porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphenburg Porcelain">Nymphenburg Porcelain</a> group</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Classical">Neo-Classical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Neo-Classical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical sculpture">Neoclassical sculpture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0_Psych%C3%A9_ranim%C3%A9e_par_le_baiser_de_l%27Amour_-_Canova_-_Louvre_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/0_Psych%C3%A9_ranim%C3%A9e_par_le_baiser_de_l%27Amour_-_Canova_-_Louvre_1.JPG/220px-0_Psych%C3%A9_ranim%C3%A9e_par_le_baiser_de_l%27Amour_-_Canova_-_Louvre_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/0_Psych%C3%A9_ranim%C3%A9e_par_le_baiser_de_l%27Amour_-_Canova_-_Louvre_1.JPG/330px-0_Psych%C3%A9_ranim%C3%A9e_par_le_baiser_de_l%27Amour_-_Canova_-_Louvre_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/0_Psych%C3%A9_ranim%C3%A9e_par_le_baiser_de_l%27Amour_-_Canova_-_Louvre_1.JPG/440px-0_Psych%C3%A9_ranim%C3%A9e_par_le_baiser_de_l%27Amour_-_Canova_-_Louvre_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_Revived_by_Cupid%27s_Kiss" title="Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss">Psyche Revived by Love's Kiss</a></i>, 1787</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoclassical sculpture">Neoclassical style</a> that arrived in the late 18th century gave great emphasis to sculpture. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Jean-Antoine Houdon</a> exemplifies the penetrating portrait sculpture the style could produce, and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>'s nudes the idealist aspect of the movement. The Neoclassical period was one of the great ages of public sculpture, though its "classical" prototypes were more likely to be Roman copies of Hellenistic sculptures. In sculpture, the most familiar representatives are the Italian <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>, the Englishman <a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a> and the Dane <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>. The European neoclassical manner also took hold in the United States, where its pinnacle occurred somewhat later and is exemplified in the sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Powers" title="Hiram Powers">Hiram Powers</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Franklin_(1706%E2%80%931790)_MET_DT2883.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon, Bust of Benjamin Franklin, 1778, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Jean-Antoine Houdon, Bust of Benjamin Franklin, 1778, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_%281706%E2%80%931790%29_MET_DT2883.jpg/156px-Benjamin_Franklin_%281706%E2%80%931790%29_MET_DT2883.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_%281706%E2%80%931790%29_MET_DT2883.jpg/234px-Benjamin_Franklin_%281706%E2%80%931790%29_MET_DT2883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Benjamin_Franklin_%281706%E2%80%931790%29_MET_DT2883.jpg/312px-Benjamin_Franklin_%281706%E2%80%931790%29_MET_DT2883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Jean-Antoine Houdon</a>, <i>Bust of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></i>, 1778, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jas%C3%A3o_e_o_Velo_de_ouro_-_Bertel_Thorvaldsen_-_1803.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen: Jason and the Golden Fleece (1803)"><img alt="Bertel Thorvaldsen: Jason and the Golden Fleece (1803)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jas%C3%A3o_e_o_Velo_de_ouro_-_Bertel_Thorvaldsen_-_1803.jpg/103px-Jas%C3%A3o_e_o_Velo_de_ouro_-_Bertel_Thorvaldsen_-_1803.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jas%C3%A3o_e_o_Velo_de_ouro_-_Bertel_Thorvaldsen_-_1803.jpg/155px-Jas%C3%A3o_e_o_Velo_de_ouro_-_Bertel_Thorvaldsen_-_1803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jas%C3%A3o_e_o_Velo_de_ouro_-_Bertel_Thorvaldsen_-_1803.jpg/207px-Jas%C3%A3o_e_o_Velo_de_ouro_-_Bertel_Thorvaldsen_-_1803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="3044" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Bertel Thorvaldsen</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Jason" title="Jason">Jason and the Golden Fleece</a></i> (1803)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badger_church_-_Jane_and_Henrietta_Browne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Flaxman, Memorial in the church at Badger, Shropshire, c. 1780s"><img alt="John Flaxman, Memorial in the church at Badger, Shropshire, c. 1780s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Badger_church_-_Jane_and_Henrietta_Browne.jpg/112px-Badger_church_-_Jane_and_Henrietta_Browne.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Badger_church_-_Jane_and_Henrietta_Browne.jpg/168px-Badger_church_-_Jane_and_Henrietta_Browne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Badger_church_-_Jane_and_Henrietta_Browne.jpg/225px-Badger_church_-_Jane_and_Henrietta_Browne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="3376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Flaxman" title="John Flaxman">John Flaxman</a>, Memorial in the church at <a href="/wiki/Badger,_Shropshire" title="Badger, Shropshire">Badger, Shropshire</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1780s</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 195px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Greek_Slave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hiram Powers, 1851, The Greek Slave, Yale University Art Gallery"><img alt="Hiram Powers, 1851, The Greek Slave, Yale University Art Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Greek_Slave.jpg/80px-The_Greek_Slave.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Greek_Slave.jpg/120px-The_Greek_Slave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/The_Greek_Slave.jpg/161px-The_Greek_Slave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="2109" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Powers" title="Hiram Powers">Hiram Powers</a>, 1851, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Greek_Slave" title="The Greek Slave">The Greek Slave</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Yale University Art Gallery</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greco-Buddhist_sculpture_and_Asia">Greco-Buddhist sculpture and Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Greco-Buddhist sculpture and Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara_Buddha_(tnm).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/220px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/330px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg/440px-Gandhara_Buddha_%28tnm%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Standing_Buddha_(Tokyo_National_Museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing Buddha (Tokyo National Museum)">One of the first representations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, 1st–2nd century CE, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a> is the artistic manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a>, a cultural <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Classical Greek</a> culture and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, which developed over a period of close to 1000 years in Central Asia, between the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">conquests of Alexander the Great</a> in the 4th century BCE, and the Islamic conquests of the 7th century CE. Greco-Buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic realism of Hellenistic art and the first representations of the Buddha in human form, which have helped define the artistic (and particularly, sculptural) canon for Buddhist art throughout the Asian continent up to the present. Though dating is uncertain, it appears that strongly Hellenistic styles lingered in the East for several centuries after they had declined around the Mediterranean, as late as the 5th century CE. Some aspects of Greek art were adopted while others did not spread beyond the Greco-Buddhist area; in particular the standing figure, often with a relaxed pose and one leg flexed, and the flying cupids or victories, who became popular across Asia as <a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">apsaras</a>. Greek foliage decoration was also influential, with Indian versions of the <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_capital" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian capital">Corinthian capital</a> appearing.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of Greco-Buddhist art are to be found in the Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom">Greco-Bactrian kingdom</a> (250–130 BCE), located in today's <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, from which Hellenistic culture radiated into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> with the establishment of the small <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek kingdom">Indo-Greek kingdom</a> (180–10 BCE). Under the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greeks</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushans</a>, the interaction of Greek and Buddhist culture flourished in the area of <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>, in today's northern Pakistan, before spreading further into India, influencing the art of <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> art of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta empire">Gupta empire</a>, which was to extend to the rest of South-East Asia. The influence of Greco-Buddhist art also spread northward towards <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, strongly affecting the art of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a>, and ultimately the sculpted figure in China, Korea, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandhara frieze with devotees, holding plantain leaves, in purely Hellenistic style, inside Corinthian columns, 1st–2nd century CE. Buner, Swat, Pakistan. Victoria and Albert Museum"><img alt="Gandhara frieze with devotees, holding plantain leaves, in purely Hellenistic style, inside Corinthian columns, 1st–2nd century CE. Buner, Swat, Pakistan. Victoria and Albert Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/200px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/300px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG/400px-GandharaDonorFrieze2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gandhara frieze with devotees, holding <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantain</a> leaves, in purely Hellenistic style, inside <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian column">Corinthian columns</a>, 1st–2nd century CE. <a href="/wiki/Buner" class="mw-redirect" title="Buner">Buner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swat_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat (Pakistan)">Swat</a>, Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WindGod2.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of the wind god Boreas, Hadda, Afghanistan."><img alt="Fragment of the wind god Boreas, Hadda, Afghanistan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/WindGod2.JPG/167px-WindGod2.JPG" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/WindGod2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="297" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of the wind god <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a>, Afghanistan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Demetrius_I_MET_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Demetrius I of Bactria, who reigned circa 200–180 BCE and invaded Northern India"><img alt="Coin of Demetrius I of Bactria, who reigned circa 200–180 BCE and invaded Northern India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Demetrius_I_MET_coin.jpg/200px-Demetrius_I_MET_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Demetrius_I_MET_coin.jpg/300px-Demetrius_I_MET_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Demetrius_I_MET_coin.jpg/400px-Demetrius_I_MET_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I of Bactria</a>, who reigned circa 200–180 BCE and invaded Northern India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouddha_Hadda_Guimet_181171.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stucco Buddha head, once painted, from Hadda, Afghanistan, 3rd–4th centuries"><img alt="Stucco Buddha head, once painted, from Hadda, Afghanistan, 3rd–4th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bouddha_Hadda_Guimet_181171.jpg/127px-Bouddha_Hadda_Guimet_181171.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bouddha_Hadda_Guimet_181171.jpg/190px-Bouddha_Hadda_Guimet_181171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Bouddha_Hadda_Guimet_181171.jpg/254px-Bouddha_Hadda_Guimet_181171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">Stucco</a> Buddha head, once painted, from <a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda, Afghanistan</a>, 3rd–4th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PoseidonGandhara.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gandhara Poseidon (Ancient Orient Museum)"><img alt="Gandhara Poseidon (Ancient Orient Museum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PoseidonGandhara.JPG/158px-PoseidonGandhara.JPG" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PoseidonGandhara.JPG/236px-PoseidonGandhara.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/PoseidonGandhara.JPG/315px-PoseidonGandhara.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1438" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gandhara <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Orient_Museum" title="Ancient Orient Museum">Ancient Orient Museum</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Buddhist gods Pancika (left) and Hariti (right), 3rd century, Gandhara"><img alt="The Buddhist gods Pancika (left) and Hariti (right), 3rd century, Gandhara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg/187px-PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg/280px-PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg/374px-PharroAndArdoxsho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Buddhist gods <a href="/wiki/Pancika" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancika">Pancika</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Hariti" title="Hariti">Hariti</a> (right), 3rd century, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taller Buddha of Bamiyan, c. 547 CE, in 1963 and in 2008 after they were dynamited and destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban"><img alt="Taller Buddha of Bamiyan, c. 547 CE, in 1963 and in 2008 after they were dynamited and destroyed in March 2001 by the Taliban" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/200px-Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/300px-Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg/400px-Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Taller Buddha of Bamiyan</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 547 CE</span>, in 1963 and in 2008 after they were dynamited and destroyed in March 2001 by the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Chinese ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacquerware" title="Lacquerware">Lacquerware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_jade" title="Chinese jade">Chinese jade</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanyin_00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/220px-Guanyin_00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/330px-Guanyin_00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Guanyin_00.jpg/440px-Guanyin_00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Seated <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>, wood and pigment, 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song dynasty">Northern Song dynasty</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzes" title="Chinese ritual bronzes">Chinese ritual bronzes</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Western Zhou dynasties</a> come from a period of over a thousand years from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BCE</span>, and have exerted a continuing influence over <a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese art</a>. They are cast with complex patterned and <a href="/wiki/Zoomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoomorphic">zoomorphic</a> decoration, but avoid the human figure, unlike the huge figures only recently discovered at <a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spectacular <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> was assembled for the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, the first emperor of a unified China from 221 to 210 BCE, as a grand imperial version of the figures long placed in tombs to enable the deceased to enjoy the same lifestyle in the afterlife as when alive, replacing actual sacrifices of very early periods. Smaller figures in pottery or wood were placed in tombs for many centuries afterwards, reaching a peak of quality in <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_tomb_figures" title="Tang dynasty tomb figures">Tang dynasty tomb figures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of unusually large pottery figures persisted in China, through Tang <a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">sancai</a> tomb figures to later Buddhist statues such as the near life-size set of <a href="/wiki/Yixian_glazed_pottery_luohans" title="Yixian glazed pottery luohans">Yixian glazed pottery luohans</a> and later figures for temples and tombs. These came to replace earlier equivalents in wood. </p><p>Native Chinese religions do not usually use cult images of deities, or even represent them, and large religious sculpture is nearly all Buddhist, dating mostly from the 4th to the 14th century, and initially using Greco-Buddhist models arriving via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. Buddhism is also the context of all large portrait sculpture; in total contrast to some other areas, in medieval China even painted images of the emperor were regarded as private. Imperial tombs have spectacular avenues of approach lined with real and mythological animals on a scale matching Egypt, and smaller versions decorate temples and palaces.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Small Buddhist figures and groups were produced to a very high quality in a range of media,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was relief decoration of all sorts of objects, especially in metalwork and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_jade" title="Chinese jade">jade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the earlier periods, large quantities of sculpture were cut from the living rock in pilgrimage cave-complexes, and as outside <a href="/wiki/Rock_reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock reliefs">rock reliefs</a>. These were mostly originally painted. In notable contrast to <a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">literati</a> painters, sculptors of all sorts were regarded as artisans and very few names are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> onwards, statuettes of religious and secular figures were produced in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_porcelain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese porcelain">Chinese porcelain</a> and other media, which became an important export. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Liu_Ding.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A bronze ding from late Shang dynasty (13th century–10th century BCE)"><img alt="A bronze ding from late Shang dynasty (13th century–10th century BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/198px-Liu_Ding.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/297px-Liu_Ding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Liu_Ding.jpg/396px-Liu_Ding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1901" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bronze <a href="/wiki/Ding_(vessel)" title="Ding (vessel)">ding</a> from late <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (13th century–10th century BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_tomb_guardian_300_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A tomb guardian usually placed inside the doors of the tomb to protect or guide the soul, Warring States period, c. 3rd century BCE"><img alt="A tomb guardian usually placed inside the doors of the tomb to protect or guide the soul, Warring States period, c. 3rd century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chinese_tomb_guardian_300_BC.jpg/159px-Chinese_tomb_guardian_300_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chinese_tomb_guardian_300_BC.jpg/238px-Chinese_tomb_guardian_300_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chinese_tomb_guardian_300_BC.jpg/317px-Chinese_tomb_guardian_300_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1190" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A tomb guardian usually placed inside the doors of the tomb to protect or guide the soul, <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd century BCE</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldier_Horse.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lifesize calvalryman from the Terracotta Army, Qin dynasty, c. 3rd century BCE"><img alt="Lifesize calvalryman from the Terracotta Army, Qin dynasty, c. 3rd century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soldier_Horse.JPG/150px-Soldier_Horse.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soldier_Horse.JPG/224px-Soldier_Horse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Soldier_Horse.JPG/299px-Soldier_Horse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lifesize calvalryman from the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3rd century BCE</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_monster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold stag with eagle's head, and ten further heads in the antlers. An object inspired by the art of the Siberian Altai mountain, possibly Pazyryk, unearthed at the site of Nalinggaotu, Shenmu County, near Xi'an, China.[101] Possibly from the "Hun people who lived in the prairie in Northern China". Dated to the 4th-3rd century BCE,[101] or Han dynasty period.[102] Shaanxi History Museum.[102]"><img alt="Gold stag with eagle's head, and ten further heads in the antlers. An object inspired by the art of the Siberian Altai mountain, possibly Pazyryk, unearthed at the site of Nalinggaotu, Shenmu County, near Xi'an, China.[101] Possibly from the "Hun people who lived in the prairie in Northern China". Dated to the 4th-3rd century BCE,[101] or Han dynasty period.[102] Shaanxi History Museum.[102]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gold_monster.jpg/182px-Gold_monster.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gold_monster.jpg/273px-Gold_monster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gold_monster.jpg/364px-Gold_monster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2127" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold stag with eagle's head, and ten further heads in the antlers. An object inspired by the art of the Siberian Altai mountain, possibly <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a>, unearthed at the site of Nalinggaotu, <a href="/wiki/Shenmu_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenmu County">Shenmu County</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JR_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly from the "Hun people who lived in the prairie in Northern China". Dated to the 4th-3rd century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-JR_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JR-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-SHM_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHM-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_History_Museum" title="Shaanxi History Museum">Shaanxi History Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SHM_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHM-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nswag,_dinastia_han,_figurina_dipinta_di_danzatrice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb figure of dancing girl, Han dynasty (202 BCE—220 CE)"><img alt="Tomb figure of dancing girl, Han dynasty (202 BCE—220 CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nswag%2C_dinastia_han%2C_figurina_dipinta_di_danzatrice.jpg/95px-Nswag%2C_dinastia_han%2C_figurina_dipinta_di_danzatrice.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nswag%2C_dinastia_han%2C_figurina_dipinta_di_danzatrice.jpg/143px-Nswag%2C_dinastia_han%2C_figurina_dipinta_di_danzatrice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Nswag%2C_dinastia_han%2C_figurina_dipinta_di_danzatrice.jpg/191px-Nswag%2C_dinastia_han%2C_figurina_dipinta_di_danzatrice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1747" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb figure of dancing girl, <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BCE—220 CE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_cowrie_container.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze cowrie container with yaks, from the Dian Kingdom (4th century BCE – 109 BCE) tradition of the Western Han"><img alt="Bronze cowrie container with yaks, from the Dian Kingdom (4th century BCE – 109 BCE) tradition of the Western Han" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_cowrie_container.jpg/133px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_cowrie_container.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_cowrie_container.jpg/200px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_cowrie_container.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_cowrie_container.jpg/266px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_cowrie_container.jpg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="858" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze <a href="/wiki/Cowrie" title="Cowrie">cowrie</a> container with <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yaks</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian Kingdom</a> (4th century BCE – 109 BCE) tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Han">Western Han</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wei-Maitreya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Wei dynasty Maitreya (386–534)"><img alt="Northern Wei dynasty Maitreya (386–534)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Wei-Maitreya.jpg/150px-Wei-Maitreya.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Wei-Maitreya.jpg/225px-Wei-Maitreya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Wei-Maitreya.jpg/300px-Wei-Maitreya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wei_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Wei dynasty">Northern Wei dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> (386–534)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Pferd_und_Pferdeknecht_Linden-Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tang dynasty tomb figure in sancai glaze pottery, horse and groom (618–907)"><img alt="Tang dynasty tomb figure in sancai glaze pottery, horse and groom (618–907)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/China_Pferd_und_Pferdeknecht_Linden-Museum.jpg/200px-China_Pferd_und_Pferdeknecht_Linden-Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/China_Pferd_und_Pferdeknecht_Linden-Museum.jpg/300px-China_Pferd_und_Pferdeknecht_Linden-Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/China_Pferd_und_Pferdeknecht_Linden-Museum.jpg/400px-China_Pferd_und_Pferdeknecht_Linden-Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2483" data-file-height="2282" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty_tomb_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang dynasty tomb figure">Tang dynasty tomb figure</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Sancai" title="Sancai">sancai</a></i> glaze pottery, horse and groom (618–907)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahayanabuddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seated Buddha, Tang dynasty c. 650."><img alt="Seated Buddha, Tang dynasty c. 650." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mahayanabuddha.jpg/178px-Mahayanabuddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mahayanabuddha.jpg/267px-Mahayanabuddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Mahayanabuddha.jpg/356px-Mahayanabuddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seated <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> c. 650.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Song-Bodhisattva1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wooden Bodhisattva from the Song dynasty (960–1279)"><img alt="A wooden Bodhisattva from the Song dynasty (960–1279)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Song-Bodhisattva1.jpg/150px-Song-Bodhisattva1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Song-Bodhisattva1.jpg/225px-Song-Bodhisattva1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Song-Bodhisattva1.jpg/300px-Song-Bodhisattva1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wooden <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_-_Cup_with_Dragon_Handles_-_Walters_42250_-_Profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese jade Cup with Dragon Handles, Song dynasty, 12th century"><img alt="Chinese jade Cup with Dragon Handles, Song dynasty, 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chinese_-_Cup_with_Dragon_Handles_-_Walters_42250_-_Profile.jpg/159px-Chinese_-_Cup_with_Dragon_Handles_-_Walters_42250_-_Profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chinese_-_Cup_with_Dragon_Handles_-_Walters_42250_-_Profile.jpg/238px-Chinese_-_Cup_with_Dragon_Handles_-_Walters_42250_-_Profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chinese_-_Cup_with_Dragon_Handles_-_Walters_42250_-_Profile.jpg/318px-Chinese_-_Cup_with_Dragon_Handles_-_Walters_42250_-_Profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_jade" title="Chinese jade">Chinese jade</a> Cup with Dragon Handles, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattva_Guanyin_from_Nantoy%C5%8Ds%C5%8D_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guanyin Bodhisattva in Blanc de Chine (Dehua porcelain), by He Chaozong, Ming dynasty, early 17th century"><img alt="Guanyin Bodhisattva in Blanc de Chine (Dehua porcelain), by He Chaozong, Ming dynasty, early 17th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bodhisattva_Guanyin_from_Nantoy%C5%8Ds%C5%8D_Collection.jpg/133px-Bodhisattva_Guanyin_from_Nantoy%C5%8Ds%C5%8D_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bodhisattva_Guanyin_from_Nantoy%C5%8Ds%C5%8D_Collection.jpg/200px-Bodhisattva_Guanyin_from_Nantoy%C5%8Ds%C5%8D_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Bodhisattva_Guanyin_from_Nantoy%C5%8Ds%C5%8D_Collection.jpg/266px-Bodhisattva_Guanyin_from_Nantoy%C5%8Ds%C5%8D_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Blanc_de_Chine" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanc de Chine">Blanc de Chine</a> (Dehua porcelain)</i>, by <a href="/wiki/He_Chaozong" title="He Chaozong">He Chaozong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, early 17th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_blowing_conch_(Wanli_Reign_Period).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue underglaze statue of a man with his pipe, Jingdezhen porcelain, Ming Wanli period (1573–1620)"><img alt="Blue underglaze statue of a man with his pipe, Jingdezhen porcelain, Ming Wanli period (1573–1620)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Man_blowing_conch_%28Wanli_Reign_Period%29.JPG/150px-Man_blowing_conch_%28Wanli_Reign_Period%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Man_blowing_conch_%28Wanli_Reign_Period%29.JPG/225px-Man_blowing_conch_%28Wanli_Reign_Period%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Man_blowing_conch_%28Wanli_Reign_Period%29.JPG/300px-Man_blowing_conch_%28Wanli_Reign_Period%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue underglaze statue of a man with his pipe, <a href="/wiki/Jingdezhen_porcelain" title="Jingdezhen porcelain">Jingdezhen porcelain</a>, Ming <a href="/wiki/Wanli_Emperor" title="Wanli Emperor">Wanli period</a> (1573–1620)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_-_Beijing_12_-_lion_outside_the_Tibetan_Monastery_(134036069).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Chinese guardian lion outside Yonghe Temple, Beijing, Qing dynasty, c. 1694"><img alt="A Chinese guardian lion outside Yonghe Temple, Beijing, Qing dynasty, c. 1694" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/China_-_Beijing_12_-_lion_outside_the_Tibetan_Monastery_%28134036069%29.jpg/150px-China_-_Beijing_12_-_lion_outside_the_Tibetan_Monastery_%28134036069%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/China_-_Beijing_12_-_lion_outside_the_Tibetan_Monastery_%28134036069%29.jpg/225px-China_-_Beijing_12_-_lion_outside_the_Tibetan_Monastery_%28134036069%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/China_-_Beijing_12_-_lion_outside_the_Tibetan_Monastery_%28134036069%29.jpg/300px-China_-_Beijing_12_-_lion_outside_the_Tibetan_Monastery_%28134036069%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Chinese_guardian_lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese guardian lion">Chinese guardian lion</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Yonghe_Temple" title="Yonghe Temple">Yonghe Temple</a>, Beijing, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1694</span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sculpture" title="Japanese sculpture">Japanese sculpture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan_(sculptures)" title="List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)">List of National Treasures of Japan (sculptures)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg/220px-NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg/330px-NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg/440px-NaraTodaijiDaibutsu0212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Nara Daibutsu</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 752</span>, <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Nara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nara, Nara">Nara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Towards the end of the long <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a>, some <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">pottery vessels</a> were "flame-rimmed" with extravagant extensions to the rim that can only be called sculptural,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and very stylized pottery <a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">dogū</a> figures were produced, many with the characteristic "snow-goggle" eyes. During the Kofun period of the 3rd to 6th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">haniwa</a> terracotta figures of humans and animals in a simplistic style were erected outside important tombs. The arrival of Buddhism in the 6th century brought with it sophisticated traditions in sculpture, Chinese styles mediated via Korea. The 7th-century <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a> and its contents have survived more intact than any East Asian Buddhist temple of its date, with works including a <i>Shaka Trinity</i> of 623 in bronze, showing the historical Buddha flanked by two bodhisattvas and also the <a href="/wiki/Four_Heavenly_Kings" title="Four Heavenly Kings">Guardian Kings of the Four Directions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Jōchō">Jōchō</a> is said to be one of the greatest Buddhist sculptors not only in <a href="/wiki/Heian_period" title="Heian period">Heian period</a> but also in the history of Buddhist statues in Japan. Jōchō redefined the body shape of Buddha statues by perfecting the technique of "yosegi zukuri" (寄木造り) which is a combination of several woods. The peaceful expression and graceful figure of the Buddha statue that he made completed a Japanese style of sculpture of Buddha statues called "Jōchō yō" (Jōchō style, 定朝様) and determined the style of Japanese Buddhist statues of the later period. His achievement dramatically raised the social status of <i><a href="/wiki/Busshi" title="Busshi">busshi</a></i> (Buddhist sculptor) in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_period" title="Kamakura period">Kamakura period</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Minamoto_clan" title="Minamoto clan">Minamoto clan</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura shogunate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class virtually ruled Japan for the first time. Jocho's successors, sculptors of the <a href="/wiki/Kei_school" title="Kei school">Kei school</a> of Buddhist statues, created realistic and dynamic statues to suit the tastes of samurai, and Japanese Buddhist sculpture reached its peak. <a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaikei" title="Kaikei">Kaikei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tankei" title="Tankei">Tankei</a> were famous, and they made many new Buddha statues at many temples such as <a href="/wiki/Kofuku-ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofuku-ji">Kofuku-ji</a>, where many Buddha statues had been lost in wars and fires.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all subsequent significant large sculpture in Japan was Buddhist, with some <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> equivalents, and after Buddhism declined in Japan in the 15th century, monumental sculpture became largely architectural decoration and less significant.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However sculptural work in the decorative arts was developed to a remarkable level of technical achievement and refinement in small objects such as <a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">inro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">netsuke</a> in many materials, and metal <i><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja">tosogu</i></span></i> or <a href="/wiki/Japanese_sword_mountings" title="Japanese sword mountings">Japanese sword mountings</a>. In the 19th century there were export industries of small bronze sculptures of extreme virtuosity, ivory and porcelain figurines, and other types of small sculpture, increasingly emphasizing technical accomplishment. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Flame-style' vessel, Neolithic Jōmon period; c. 2750 BCE; earthenware with carved and applied decoration; height: 61 cm, diameter: 55.8 cm"><img alt="'Flame-style' vessel, Neolithic Jōmon period; c. 2750 BCE; earthenware with carved and applied decoration; height: 61 cm, diameter: 55.8 cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg/170px-Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg/255px-Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg/339px-Clevelandart_1984.68.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="3400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'Flame-style' vessel, Neolithic <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2750 BCE</span>; earthenware with carved and applied decoration; height: 61 cm, diameter: 55.8 cm</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dogū with "snow-goggle" eyes, 1000–400 BCE"><img alt="Dogū with "snow-goggle" eyes, 1000–400 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg/123px-Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg/185px-Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg/246px-Dogu_Miyagi_1000_BCE_400_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="2718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dog%C5%AB" title="Dogū">Dogū</a> with "snow-goggle" eyes, 1000–400 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_giapponese,_nobile_haniwa,_VI_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="6th-century haniwa figure"><img alt="6th-century haniwa figure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG/97px-Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="97" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG/145px-Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG/194px-Arte_giapponese%2C_nobile_haniwa%2C_VI_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="2408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">6th-century <a href="/wiki/Haniwa" title="Haniwa">haniwa</a> figure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kongo Rishiki (Guardian Deity) at the Central Gate of Hōryū-ji"><img alt="Kongo Rishiki (Guardian Deity) at the Central Gate of Hōryū-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg/133px-Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg/200px-Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg/266px-Horyu-ji14s3200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="4200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kongo Rishiki (Guardian Deity) at the Central Gate of <a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji" title="Hōryū-ji">Hōryū-ji</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra,_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taishakuten Śakra, 839, Tō-ji"><img alt="Taishakuten Śakra, 839, Tō-ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg/169px-Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg/254px-Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg/338px-Taishakuten_%C5%9Aakra%2C_T%C5%8D-ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Taishakuten <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra</a>, 839, <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-ji" title="Tō-ji">Tō-ji</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muchaku by Unkei, 1212, Kōfuku-ji, National Treasure"><img alt="Muchaku by Unkei, 1212, Kōfuku-ji, National Treasure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg/145px-Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg/218px-Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg/290px-Kofukuji_Hokuendo_Muchaku_Unkei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="3440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Muchaku by <a href="/wiki/Unkei" title="Unkei">Unkei</a>, 1212, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dfuku-ji" title="Kōfuku-ji">Kōfuku-ji</a>, National Treasure</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsuchiya_Yasuchika_-_Tsuba_with_a_Rabbit_Viewing_the_Autumn_Moon_-_Walters_51163.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tsuba sword fitting with a "Rabbit Viewing the Autumn Moon", bronze, gold and silver, between 1670 and 1744"><img alt="Tsuba sword fitting with a "Rabbit Viewing the Autumn Moon", bronze, gold and silver, between 1670 and 1744" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tsuchiya_Yasuchika_-_Tsuba_with_a_Rabbit_Viewing_the_Autumn_Moon_-_Walters_51163.jpg/181px-Tsuchiya_Yasuchika_-_Tsuba_with_a_Rabbit_Viewing_the_Autumn_Moon_-_Walters_51163.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tsuchiya_Yasuchika_-_Tsuba_with_a_Rabbit_Viewing_the_Autumn_Moon_-_Walters_51163.jpg/272px-Tsuchiya_Yasuchika_-_Tsuba_with_a_Rabbit_Viewing_the_Autumn_Moon_-_Walters_51163.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Tsuchiya_Yasuchika_-_Tsuba_with_a_Rabbit_Viewing_the_Autumn_Moon_-_Walters_51163.jpg/363px-Tsuchiya_Yasuchika_-_Tsuba_with_a_Rabbit_Viewing_the_Autumn_Moon_-_Walters_51163.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tsuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuba">Tsuba</a> sword fitting with a "Rabbit Viewing the Autumn Moon", bronze, gold and silver, between 1670 and 1744</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Izumiya Tomotada, netsuke in the form of a dog, late 18th century"><img alt="Izumiya Tomotada, netsuke in the form of a dog, late 18th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/185px-Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/278px-Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg/370px-Izumiya_Tomotada_-_Netsuke_in_the_Form_of_a_Dog_-_Walters_711020_-_Three_Quarter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Izumiya Tomotada, <a href="/wiki/Netsuke" title="Netsuke">netsuke</a> in the form of a dog, late 18th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle,_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle by Suzuki Chokichi, 1892, Tokyo National Museum"><img alt="Eagle by Suzuki Chokichi, 1892, Tokyo National Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg/185px-Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg/278px-Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg/370px-Eagle%2C_By_Suzuki_Chokichi_Suzuki_%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%95%B7%E5%90%89%E3%80%8C%E9%B7%B2%E7%BD%AE%E7%89%A9%E3%80%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eagle by Suzuki Chokichi, 1892, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_National_Museum" title="Tokyo National Museum">Tokyo National Museum</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sculpture in South Asia">Sculpture in South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rock-cut_temples_in_India" title="List of rock-cut temples in India">List of rock-cut temples in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Bangladesh" title="Sculpture of Bangladesh">Sculpture of Bangladesh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Met,_india_(uttar_pradesh),_gupta_period,_krishna_battling_the_horse_demon_keshi,_5th_century.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Met%2C_india_%28uttar_pradesh%29%2C_gupta_period%2C_krishna_battling_the_horse_demon_keshi%2C_5th_century.JPG/220px-Met%2C_india_%28uttar_pradesh%29%2C_gupta_period%2C_krishna_battling_the_horse_demon_keshi%2C_5th_century.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Met%2C_india_%28uttar_pradesh%29%2C_gupta_period%2C_krishna_battling_the_horse_demon_keshi%2C_5th_century.JPG/330px-Met%2C_india_%28uttar_pradesh%29%2C_gupta_period%2C_krishna_battling_the_horse_demon_keshi%2C_5th_century.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Met%2C_india_%28uttar_pradesh%29%2C_gupta_period%2C_krishna_battling_the_horse_demon_keshi%2C_5th_century.JPG/440px-Met%2C_india_%28uttar_pradesh%29%2C_gupta_period%2C_krishna_battling_the_horse_demon_keshi%2C_5th_century.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Hindu <a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">Gupta</a> <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> relief, 5th century CE, of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> Killing the Horse Demon <a href="/wiki/Keshi_(demon)" title="Keshi (demon)">Keshi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first known <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent">sculpture in the Indian subcontinent</a> is from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> (3300–1700 BCE), found in sites at <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. These include the famous <a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)">small bronze female dancer</a> and the so-called <a href="/wiki/Priest-king_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priest-king (sculpture)"><i>Priest-king</i></a>. However, such figures in bronze and stone are rare and greatly outnumbered by pottery figurines and stone seals, often of animals or deities very finely depicted. After the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization there is little record of sculpture until the Buddhist era, apart from a hoard of copper figures of (somewhat controversially) <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BCE</span> from <a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the great tradition of Indian monumental sculpture in stone appears to begin, relative to other cultures, and the development of Indian civilization, relatively late, with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Asoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asoka">Asoka</a> from 270 to 232 BCE, and the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Pillars of Ashoka</a> he erected around India, carrying his edicts and topped by famous sculptures of animals, mostly lions, of which six survive.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large amounts of figurative sculpture, mostly in relief, survive from Early Buddhist pilgrimage stupas, above all <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>; these probably developed out of a tradition using wood that also embraced <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harle,_26–38_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harle,_26–38-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pink sandstone Hindu, <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> and Buddhist sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Mathura,_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathura, Uttar Pradesh">Mathura</a> from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE reflected both native Indian traditions and the Western influences received through the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara, and effectively established the basis for subsequent Indian religious sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-Harle,_26–38_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harle,_26–38-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style was developed and diffused through most of India under the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 320</span>–550) which remains a <a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">"classical" period for Indian sculpture</a>, covering the earlier <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a> are probably slightly later.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later large-scale sculpture remains almost exclusively religious, and generally rather conservative, often reverting to simple frontal standing poses for deities, though the attendant spirits such as apsaras and <a href="/wiki/Yakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakshi">yakshi</a> often have sensuously curving poses. Carving is often highly detailed, with an intricate backing behind the main figure in high relief. The celebrated bronzes of the <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> dynasty (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850</span>–1250) from south India, many designed to be carried in processions, include the iconic form of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the massive granite carvings of <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a> dating from the previous <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "Dancing Girl" of Mohenjo-daro, 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE (replica)"><img alt="The "Dancing Girl" of Mohenjo-daro, 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE (replica)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/111px-Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/166px-Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg/222px-Dancing_Girl_of_Mohenjo-daro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="2530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)">Dancing Girl</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, 3rd or 2nd millennium BCE (replica)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asokanpillar-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ashoka Pillar, Vaishali, Bihar, c. 250 BCE"><img alt="Ashoka Pillar, Vaishali, Bihar, c. 250 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Asokanpillar-crop.jpg/149px-Asokanpillar-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Asokanpillar-crop.jpg/224px-Asokanpillar-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Asokanpillar-crop.jpg/299px-Asokanpillar-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="1317" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Ashoka" title="Pillars of Ashoka">Ashoka Pillar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BCE</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Column,_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stupa gateway at Sanchi, c. 100 CE or perhaps earlier, with densely packed reliefs"><img alt="Stupa gateway at Sanchi, c. 100 CE or perhaps earlier, with densely packed reliefs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Column%2C_Sanchi.jpg/200px-Column%2C_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Column%2C_Sanchi.jpg/300px-Column%2C_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Column%2C_Sanchi.jpg/400px-Column%2C_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3886" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a> gateway at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100 CE</span> or perhaps earlier, with densely packed reliefs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_from_Sarnath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha from Sarnath, 5th–6th century CE"><img alt="Buddha from Sarnath, 5th–6th century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Buddha_from_Sarnath.jpg/150px-Buddha_from_Sarnath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Buddha_from_Sarnath.jpg/225px-Buddha_from_Sarnath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Buddha_from_Sarnath.jpg/300px-Buddha_from_Sarnath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha from <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a>, 5th–6th century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves"><img alt="The Colossal trimurti at the Elephanta Caves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg/176px-Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg/264px-Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg/351px-Elephanta_Caves_Trimurti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2501" data-file-height="2846" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Colossal <a href="/wiki/Sadashiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadashiva">trimurti</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellora_cave16_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rock-cut temples at Ellora"><img alt="Rock-cut temples at Ellora" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ellora_cave16_001.jpg/200px-Ellora_cave16_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ellora_cave16_001.jpg/300px-Ellora_cave16_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ellora_cave16_001.jpg/400px-Ellora_cave16_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rock-cut temples at <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_(Rishabhanatha_(Adinatha)),_Parshvanatha,_Neminatha,_and_Mahavira)_LACMA_M.85.55_(1_of_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jain shrine with Rishabhanatha, Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira, 6th century"><img alt="Jain shrine with Rishabhanatha, Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and Mahavira, 6th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg/160px-Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg/240px-Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg/320px-Shrine_with_Four_Jinas_%28Rishabhanatha_%28Adinatha%29%29%2C_Parshvanatha%2C_Neminatha%2C_and_Mahavira%29_LACMA_M.85.55_%281_of_4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> shrine with <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neminatha" title="Neminatha">Neminatha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>, 6th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NatarajaMET.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hindu, Chola period, 1000"><img alt="Hindu, Chola period, 1000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NatarajaMET.JPG/200px-NatarajaMET.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NatarajaMET.JPG/300px-NatarajaMET.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NatarajaMET.JPG/400px-NatarajaMET.JPG 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hindu, <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> period, 1000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hindu_deity_Vishnu_-_Indian_Art_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Typical medieval frontal standing statue of Vishnu, 950–1150"><img alt="Typical medieval frontal standing statue of Vishnu, 950–1150" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Hindu_deity_Vishnu_-_Indian_Art_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco.jpg/133px-The_Hindu_deity_Vishnu_-_Indian_Art_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Hindu_deity_Vishnu_-_Indian_Art_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco.jpg/200px-The_Hindu_deity_Vishnu_-_Indian_Art_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Hindu_deity_Vishnu_-_Indian_Art_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco.jpg/267px-The_Hindu_deity_Vishnu_-_Indian_Art_-_Asian_Art_Museum_of_San_Francisco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1367" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Typical medieval frontal standing statue of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, 950–1150</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khajuraho Temple"><img alt="Khajuraho Temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Khajuraho8.jpg/200px-Khajuraho8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Khajuraho8.jpg/300px-Khajuraho8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Khajuraho8.jpg/400px-Khajuraho8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho</a> Temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble Sculpture of female yakshi in typical curving pose, c. 1450, Rajasthan"><img alt="Marble Sculpture of female yakshi in typical curving pose, c. 1450, Rajasthan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg/150px-WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg/225px-WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg/300px-WLA_lacma_Celestial_Nymph_ca_1450_Rajasthan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble Sculpture of female <a href="/wiki/Yakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakshi">yakshi</a> in typical curving pose, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450</span>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natarajartemple1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gopuram of the Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, densely packed with rows of painted statues"><img alt="Gopuram of the Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, densely packed with rows of painted statues" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Natarajartemple1.jpg/200px-Natarajartemple1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Natarajartemple1.jpg/300px-Natarajartemple1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Natarajartemple1.jpg/400px-Natarajartemple1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">Gopuram</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thillai_Nataraja_Temple,_Chidambaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram">Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, densely packed with rows of painted statues</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture of Guardian at the entrance of the Mandapam of Sri Jalagandeeswarar Temple, Vellore, Tamil Nadu"><img alt="Sculpture of Guardian at the entrance of the Mandapam of Sri Jalagandeeswarar Temple, Vellore, Tamil Nadu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82.JPG/133px-%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82.JPG/200px-%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82.JPG/267px-%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2685" data-file-height="4027" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture of Guardian at the entrance of the Mandapam of Sri Jalagandeeswarar Temple, Vellore, Tamil Nadu</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South-East_Asia">South-East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: South-East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_1097_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_1097_01.jpg/220px-Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_1097_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_1097_01.jpg/330px-Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_1097_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_1097_01.jpg/440px-Linteau_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_1097_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2463" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>9th-century Khmer <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The sculpture of the region tends to be characterised by a high degree of ornamentation, as seen in the great monuments of Hindu and Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Khmer_sculpture" title="Khmer sculpture">Khmer sculpture</a> (9th to 13th centuries) at <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> and elsewhere, the enormous 9th-century Buddhist complex at <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, and the Hindu monuments of <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these include many reliefs as well as figures in the round; Borobudur has 2,672 relief panels, 504 Buddha statues, many semi-concealed in openwork <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a>, and many large guardian figures. </p><p>In Thailand and Laos, sculpture was mainly of <a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Buddha images</a>, often gilded, both large for temples and monasteries, and small figurines for private homes. Traditional sculpture in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> emerged before the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Bagan period</a>. As elsewhere in the region, most of the wood sculptures of the Bagan and Ava periods have been lost. </p><p>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Anitist</a> sculptures from the Philippines are dominated by Anitist designs mirroring the medium used and the culture involved, while being highlighted by the environments where such sculptures are usually placed on. Christian and Islamic sculptures from the Philippines have different motifs compared to other Christian and Islamic sculptures elsewhere. In later periods Chinese influence predominated in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, and more wooden sculpture survives from across the region. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_Borobudur_TMnr_20025652.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief sculpture from Borobudur temple, Indonesia, c. 760–830"><img alt="Relief sculpture from Borobudur temple, Indonesia, c. 760–830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_Borobudur_TMnr_20025652.jpg/200px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_Borobudur_TMnr_20025652.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_Borobudur_TMnr_20025652.jpg/300px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_Borobudur_TMnr_20025652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_Borobudur_TMnr_20025652.jpg/400px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Reli%C3%ABf_op_de_Borobudur_TMnr_20025652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> temple, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 760</span>–830</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Borobudur_-_Buddha_Statue_-_035_Dhyana_Mudra,_Amitabha_(11679385166).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vairocana Buddha from Borobudur temple, Indonesia, c. 760–830"><img alt="Vairocana Buddha from Borobudur temple, Indonesia, c. 760–830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Borobudur_-_Buddha_Statue_-_035_Dhyana_Mudra%2C_Amitabha_%2811679385166%29.jpg/150px-Borobudur_-_Buddha_Statue_-_035_Dhyana_Mudra%2C_Amitabha_%2811679385166%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Borobudur_-_Buddha_Statue_-_035_Dhyana_Mudra%2C_Amitabha_%2811679385166%29.jpg/225px-Borobudur_-_Buddha_Statue_-_035_Dhyana_Mudra%2C_Amitabha_%2811679385166%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Borobudur_-_Buddha_Statue_-_035_Dhyana_Mudra%2C_Amitabha_%2811679385166%29.jpg/300px-Borobudur_-_Buddha_Statue_-_035_Dhyana_Mudra%2C_Amitabha_%2811679385166%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vairocana" title="Vairocana">Vairocana</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> from <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> temple, Indonesia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 760</span>–830</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_32843892691.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the Anitist Maitum anthropomorphic pottery from Sarangani, Philippines c. 5 BC-370 AD"><img alt="One of the Anitist Maitum anthropomorphic pottery from Sarangani, Philippines c. 5 BC-370 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_32843892691.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_32843892691.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_32843892691.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_32843892691.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_32843892691.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Burial_Pottery_-_32843892691.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Anitist</a> <a href="/wiki/Maitum_anthropomorphic_pottery" title="Maitum anthropomorphic pottery">Maitum anthropomorphic pottery</a> from Sarangani, Philippines <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5 BC</span>-370 AD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bodhisattava_Avalokiteshvara,_Chaiya_Art_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya torso from Chaiya, Southern Thailand, Srivijayan art, c. 8th century"><img alt="Bronze Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya torso from Chaiya, Southern Thailand, Srivijayan art, c. 8th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bodhisattava_Avalokiteshvara%2C_Chaiya_Art_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_01.jpg/150px-Bodhisattava_Avalokiteshvara%2C_Chaiya_Art_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bodhisattava_Avalokiteshvara%2C_Chaiya_Art_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_01.jpg/225px-Bodhisattava_Avalokiteshvara%2C_Chaiya_Art_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bodhisattava_Avalokiteshvara%2C_Chaiya_Art_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_01.jpg/300px-Bodhisattava_Avalokiteshvara%2C_Chaiya_Art_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara_of_Chaiya" title="Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya">Avalokiteshvara of Chaiya</a> torso from <a href="/wiki/Chaiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaiya">Chaiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijayan</a> art, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th century</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzium_Negara_KL67.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze Avalokiteshvara from Bidor, Perak, Malaysia, c. 8th-9th century"><img alt="Bronze Avalokiteshvara from Bidor, Perak, Malaysia, c. 8th-9th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Muzium_Negara_KL67.JPG/150px-Muzium_Negara_KL67.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Muzium_Negara_KL67.JPG/225px-Muzium_Negara_KL67.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Muzium_Negara_KL67.JPG/300px-Muzium_Negara_KL67.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> from Bidor, Perak, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8th</span>-9th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Anitist Agusan image from Agusan del Sur, Philippines, 9th-10th century"><img alt="The Anitist Agusan image from Agusan del Sur, Philippines, 9th-10th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/124px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/186px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/248px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Anitist</a> <a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Agusan image</a> from Agusan del Sur, Philippines, 9th-10th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambogia,_visnu,_dintorni_di_prasat_rup_arak,_stile_din_kulen,_800-875_ca._02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Vishnu from Prasat Rup Arak, Kulen, Khmer art, Cambodia, c. 800–875"><img alt="Vishnu from Prasat Rup Arak, Kulen, Khmer art, Cambodia, c. 800–875" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cambogia%2C_visnu%2C_dintorni_di_prasat_rup_arak%2C_stile_din_kulen%2C_800-875_ca._02.JPG/141px-Cambogia%2C_visnu%2C_dintorni_di_prasat_rup_arak%2C_stile_din_kulen%2C_800-875_ca._02.JPG" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cambogia%2C_visnu%2C_dintorni_di_prasat_rup_arak%2C_stile_din_kulen%2C_800-875_ca._02.JPG/212px-Cambogia%2C_visnu%2C_dintorni_di_prasat_rup_arak%2C_stile_din_kulen%2C_800-875_ca._02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cambogia%2C_visnu%2C_dintorni_di_prasat_rup_arak%2C_stile_din_kulen%2C_800-875_ca._02.JPG/282px-Cambogia%2C_visnu%2C_dintorni_di_prasat_rup_arak%2C_stile_din_kulen%2C_800-875_ca._02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="2732" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> from Prasat Rup Arak, Kulen, <a href="/wiki/Khmer_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer art">Khmer art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–875</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Anitist sarimanok sculpture from Lanao, Philippines"><img alt="An Anitist sarimanok sculpture from Lanao, Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg/200px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg/300px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg/400px-Mindanao_Bangsamoro_Islamic_Art_-_24556378753.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Anitist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarimanok" title="Sarimanok">sarimanok</a> sculpture from Lanao, Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Head of Jayavarman VII, Khmer art, Cambodia, c. late 12th century"><img alt="Head of Jayavarman VII, Khmer art, Cambodia, c. late 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_2.jpg/157px-Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_2.jpg/236px-Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_2.jpg/314px-Jayavarman_VII_Guimet_90508_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="1701" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Head of <a href="/wiki/Jayavarman_VII" title="Jayavarman VII">Jayavarman VII</a>, Khmer art, Cambodia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 12th century</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ananda_Temple_-_Bagan,_Myanmar_20130209-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha in Ananda Temple, Bagan, Myanmar, c. 1105"><img alt="Buddha in Ananda Temple, Bagan, Myanmar, c. 1105" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ananda_Temple_-_Bagan%2C_Myanmar_20130209-03.jpg/133px-Ananda_Temple_-_Bagan%2C_Myanmar_20130209-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ananda_Temple_-_Bagan%2C_Myanmar_20130209-03.jpg/200px-Ananda_Temple_-_Bagan%2C_Myanmar_20130209-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ananda_Temple_-_Bagan%2C_Myanmar_20130209-03.jpg/266px-Ananda_Temple_-_Bagan%2C_Myanmar_20130209-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha in <a href="/wiki/Ananda_Temple" title="Ananda Temple">Ananda Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1105</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fronton_Guimet_240907_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone bas-relief of apsaras from Bayon temple, Cambodia, c. 1200"><img alt="Stone bas-relief of apsaras from Bayon temple, Cambodia, c. 1200" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fronton_Guimet_240907_3.jpg/200px-Fronton_Guimet_240907_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fronton_Guimet_240907_3.jpg/300px-Fronton_Guimet_240907_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fronton_Guimet_240907_3.jpg/400px-Fronton_Guimet_240907_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone bas-relief of <a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">apsaras</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bayon" title="Bayon">Bayon</a> temple, Cambodia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prajnaparamita_Java_Side_Detail.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Prajnaparamita Singhasari art, East Java, Indonesia, c. 13th century"><img alt="Prajnaparamita Singhasari art, East Java, Indonesia, c. 13th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Prajnaparamita_Java_Side_Detail.JPG/140px-Prajnaparamita_Java_Side_Detail.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Prajnaparamita_Java_Side_Detail.JPG/211px-Prajnaparamita_Java_Side_Detail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Prajnaparamita_Java_Side_Detail.JPG/281px-Prajnaparamita_Java_Side_Detail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita</a> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> art, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, Indonesia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 13th century</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Islamic sculpture of a buraq, southern Philippines"><img alt="An Islamic sculpture of a buraq, southern Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg/200px-Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg/300px-Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg/400px-Buraq_sculpture_from_Mindanao_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2809" data-file-height="2152" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Islamic sculpture of a <a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">buraq</a>, southern Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wat_Si_Chum_in_Sukhothai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phra Achana, Wat Si Chum, Big Buddha image in Sukhothai, Thailand, c. 14th century"><img alt="Phra Achana, Wat Si Chum, Big Buddha image in Sukhothai, Thailand, c. 14th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wat_Si_Chum_in_Sukhothai.jpg/140px-Wat_Si_Chum_in_Sukhothai.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wat_Si_Chum_in_Sukhothai.jpg/210px-Wat_Si_Chum_in_Sukhothai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wat_Si_Chum_in_Sukhothai.jpg/280px-Wat_Si_Chum_in_Sukhothai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Phra Achana, Wat Si Chum, Big Buddha image in <a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_(city)" title="Sukhothai (city)">Sukhothai</a>, Thailand, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 14th century</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddhaimage7.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title=""the Buddha calling the earth to witness", The Buddha's hands are in the bhūmisparsa mudrā (subduing Māra) position. Ho Phra Kaeo temple, Vientiane, Laos"><img alt=""the Buddha calling the earth to witness", The Buddha's hands are in the bhūmisparsa mudrā (subduing Māra) position. Ho Phra Kaeo temple, Vientiane, Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Buddhaimage7.JPG/150px-Buddhaimage7.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Buddhaimage7.JPG/225px-Buddhaimage7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Buddhaimage7.JPG/300px-Buddhaimage7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"the Buddha calling the earth to witness", The Buddha's hands are in the <i>bhūmisparsa mudrā</i> (subduing Māra) position. Ho Phra Kaeo temple, <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, Laos</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg/220px-Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg/330px-Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg/440px-Panel_hunters_Louvre_OA_6265-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Ivory with traces of paint, 11th–12th century, Egypt</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is <a href="/wiki/Aniconism_in_Islam" title="Aniconism in Islam">famously aniconic</a>, so the vast majority of sculpture is <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesque</a> decoration in relief or openwork, based on vegetable motifs, but tending to geometrical abstract forms. In the very early <a href="/wiki/Mshatta_Facade" title="Mshatta Facade">Mshatta Facade</a> (740s), now mostly in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, there are animals within the dense arabesques in high relief, and figures of animals and men in mostly low relief are found in conjunction with decoration on many later pieces in various materials, including metalwork, ivory and ceramics.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figures of animals in the round were often acceptable for works used in private contexts if the object was clearly practical, so medieval Islamic art contains many metal animals that are <a href="/wiki/Aquamanile" title="Aquamanile">aquamaniles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a> burners or supporters for fountains, as in the stone lions supporting the famous one in the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra" title="Alhambra">Alhambra</a>, culminating in the largest medieval Islamic animal figure known, the <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Griffin" title="Pisa Griffin">Pisa Griffin</a>. In the same way, luxury <a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">hardstone carvings</a> such as dagger hilts and cups may be formed as animals, especially in <a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal art</a>. The degree of acceptability of such relaxations of strict Islamic rules varies between periods and regions, with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Spain">Islamic Spain</a>, Persia and India often leading relaxation, and is typically highest in courtly contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mschatta-Fassade_(Pergamonmuseum).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mshatta Facade, from a palace near Damascus, 740s"><img alt="The Mshatta Facade, from a palace near Damascus, 740s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mschatta-Fassade_%28Pergamonmuseum%29.jpg/200px-Mschatta-Fassade_%28Pergamonmuseum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mschatta-Fassade_%28Pergamonmuseum%29.jpg/300px-Mschatta-Fassade_%28Pergamonmuseum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Mschatta-Fassade_%28Pergamonmuseum%29.jpg/400px-Mschatta-Fassade_%28Pergamonmuseum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Mshatta_Facade" title="Mshatta Facade">Mshatta Facade</a>, from a palace near <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, 740s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arte_islamica,_ippogrifo,_XI_sec_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pisa Griffin, 107 cm high, probably 11th century"><img alt="The Pisa Griffin, 107 cm high, probably 11th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Arte_islamica%2C_ippogrifo%2C_XI_sec_02.JPG/113px-Arte_islamica%2C_ippogrifo%2C_XI_sec_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Arte_islamica%2C_ippogrifo%2C_XI_sec_02.JPG/169px-Arte_islamica%2C_ippogrifo%2C_XI_sec_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Arte_islamica%2C_ippogrifo%2C_XI_sec_02.JPG/225px-Arte_islamica%2C_ippogrifo%2C_XI_sec_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="2356" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Griffin" title="Pisa Griffin">Pisa Griffin</a>, 107 cm high, probably 11th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turquoise_epigraphic_ornament_MBA_Lyon_A1969-333.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part of a 15th-century ceramic panel from Samarkand with white calligraphy on a blue arabesque background."><img alt="Part of a 15th-century ceramic panel from Samarkand with white calligraphy on a blue arabesque background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turquoise_epigraphic_ornament_MBA_Lyon_A1969-333.jpg/153px-Turquoise_epigraphic_ornament_MBA_Lyon_A1969-333.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turquoise_epigraphic_ornament_MBA_Lyon_A1969-333.jpg/230px-Turquoise_epigraphic_ornament_MBA_Lyon_A1969-333.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Turquoise_epigraphic_ornament_MBA_Lyon_A1969-333.jpg/307px-Turquoise_epigraphic_ornament_MBA_Lyon_A1969-333.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part of a 15th-century ceramic panel from <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> with white calligraphy on a blue <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">arabesque</a> background.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mughal dagger with hilt in jade, gold, rubies and emeralds. Blade of damascened steel inlaid with gold."><img alt="Mughal dagger with hilt in jade, gold, rubies and emeralds. Blade of damascened steel inlaid with gold." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg/131px-Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg/196px-Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg/261px-Dagger_horse_head_Louvre_OA7891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> dagger with hilt in <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, gold, <a href="/wiki/Rubies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubies">rubies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emeralds</a>. Blade of <a href="/wiki/Damascened" class="mw-redirect" title="Damascened">damascened</a> steel inlaid with gold.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masque_blanc_Punu-Gabon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Masque_blanc_Punu-Gabon.jpg/220px-Masque_blanc_Punu-Gabon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Masque_blanc_Punu-Gabon.jpg/330px-Masque_blanc_Punu-Gabon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Masque_blanc_Punu-Gabon.jpg/440px-Masque_blanc_Punu-Gabon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="3071" /></a><figcaption>Mask from <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg/220px-Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg/330px-Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg/440px-Chiwara_Chicago_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/Chiwara" title="Chiwara">Chiwara</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> late 19th</span> early 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago" title="Art Institute of Chicago">Art Institute of Chicago</a>. Female (left) and male Vertical styles</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, with the exception of some monumental Egyptian sculpture, most African sculpture was created in wood and other organic materials that have not survived from earlier than a few centuries ago; older pottery figures are found from a number of areas. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_masks" title="Traditional African masks">Masks</a> are important elements in the art of many peoples, along with human figures, often highly stylized. There is a vast variety of styles, often varying within the same context of origin depending on the use of the object, but wide regional trends are apparent; sculpture is most common among "groups of settled cultivators in the areas drained by the <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo</a> rivers" in West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Honour_&_Fleming,_557_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honour_&_Fleming,_557-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct images of deities are relatively infrequent, but masks in particular are or were often made for religious ceremonies; today many are made for tourists as "airport art".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African masks were an influence on European <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernist</a> art, which was inspired by their lack of concern for naturalistic depiction. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> in modern Sudan was in close and often hostile contact with Egypt, and produced monumental sculpture mostly derivative of styles to the north. In West Africa, the earliest known sculptures are from the <a href="/wiki/Nok_culture" title="Nok culture">Nok culture</a> which thrived between 500 BCE and 500 CE in modern Nigeria, with clay figures typically with elongated bodies and angular shapes. Later West African cultures developed bronze casting for reliefs to decorate palaces like the famous <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a>, and very fine naturalistic royal heads from around the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a> in terracotta and metal from the 12th–14th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Akan_goldweights" title="Akan goldweights">Akan goldweights</a> are a form of small metal sculptures produced over the period 1400–1900, some apparently representing <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a> and so with a narrative element rare in African sculpture, and royal regalia included impressive gold sculptured elements.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many West African figures are used in religious rituals and are often coated with materials placed on them for ceremonial offerings. The <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mande</a>-speaking peoples of the same region make pieces of wood with broad, flat surfaces and arms and legs are shaped like cylinders. In Central Africa, however, the main distinguishing characteristics include heart-shaped faces that are curved inward and display patterns of circles and dots. </p><p>Populations in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> are not known for their sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-Honour_&_Fleming,_557_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honour_&_Fleming,_557-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one style from the region is pole sculptures, carved in human shapes and decorated with geometric forms, while the tops are carved with figures of animals, people, and various objects. These poles are, then, placed next to graves and are associated with death and the ancestral world. The culture known from <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a> left more impressive buildings than sculpture but the eight <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe_Bird" title="Zimbabwe Bird">Zimbabwe Birds</a> appear to have had a special significance and were mounted on <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monoliths</a>. Modern Zimbabwean sculptors in soapstone have achieved <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_Zimbabwe" title="Sculpture of Zimbabwe">considerable international success</a>. Southern Africa's oldest known clay figures date from 400 to 600 CE and have cylindrical heads with a mixture of human and animal features. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nok terracotta, 6th century BCE–6th century CE"><img alt="Nok terracotta, 6th century BCE–6th century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/133px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/199px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg/265px-Nok_sculpture_Louvre_70-1998-11-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nok_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nok Culture">Nok</a> terracotta, 6th century BCE–6th century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ife_sculpture_Inv.A96-1-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ife head, terracotta, probably 12–14th centuries CE"><img alt="Ife head, terracotta, probably 12–14th centuries CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ife_sculpture_Inv.A96-1-4.jpg/150px-Ife_sculpture_Inv.A96-1-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ife_sculpture_Inv.A96-1-4.jpg/226px-Ife_sculpture_Inv.A96-1-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ife_sculpture_Inv.A96-1-4.jpg/301px-Ife_sculpture_Inv.A96-1-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1340" data-file-height="1780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a> head, <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a>, probably 12–14th centuries CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yoruba bronze head sculpture, Ife, Nigeria c. 12th century"><img alt="Yoruba bronze head sculpture, Ife, Nigeria c. 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg/155px-Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg/233px-Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Yoruba-bronze-head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="386" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> bronze head sculpture, <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a>, Nigeria <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 12th century</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_29.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture of a 'Queen Mother' from Benin, 16th century."><img alt="Sculpture of a 'Queen Mother' from Benin, 16th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_29.JPG/133px-Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_29.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_29.JPG/200px-Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_29.JPG/266px-Afrikaabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture of a 'Queen Mother' from Benin, 16th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="16th-century ivory mask from Benin"><img alt="16th-century ivory mask from Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg/148px-Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg/222px-Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg/296px-Queen_Mother_Pendant_Mask-_Iyoba_MET_DP231460.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">16th-century ivory mask from Benin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin_kingdom_Louvre_A97-4-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the Benin Bronzes, 16th–18th century, Nigeria."><img alt="One of the Benin Bronzes, 16th–18th century, Nigeria." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Benin_kingdom_Louvre_A97-4-1.jpg/180px-Benin_kingdom_Louvre_A97-4-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Benin_kingdom_Louvre_A97-4-1.jpg/270px-Benin_kingdom_Louvre_A97-4-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Benin_kingdom_Louvre_A97-4-1.jpg/360px-Benin_kingdom_Louvre_A97-4-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin Bronzes</a>, 16th–18th century, Nigeria.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Masque_probablement_Bobo-Burkina_Faso_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mask from Burkina Faso, 19th century"><img alt="Mask from Burkina Faso, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Masque_probablement_Bobo-Burkina_Faso_%282%29.jpg/200px-Masque_probablement_Bobo-Burkina_Faso_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Masque_probablement_Bobo-Burkina_Faso_%282%29.jpg/300px-Masque_probablement_Bobo-Burkina_Faso_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Masque_probablement_Bobo-Burkina_Faso_%282%29.jpg/400px-Masque_probablement_Bobo-Burkina_Faso_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="2584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mask from <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, 19th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_Mambia_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mambila figure, Nigeria"><img alt="Mambila figure, Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Statuette_Mambia_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg/150px-Statuette_Mambia_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Statuette_Mambia_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg/225px-Statuette_Mambia_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Statuette_Mambia_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg/300px-Statuette_Mambia_Nig%C3%A9ria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mambila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambila">Mambila</a> figure, Nigeria</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopia_and_Eritrea">Ethiopia and Eritrea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ethiopia and Eritrea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lalibela_Cross" title="Lalibela Cross">Lalibela Cross</a></div> <p>The creation of sculptures in Ethiopia and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> can be traced back to its ancient past with the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> was established in Ethiopia with the conversion from <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">paganism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Christianity</a> in the 4th century CE, during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Ezana_of_Axum" title="Ezana of Axum">Ezana of Axum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian imagery decorated churches during the Asksumite period and later eras.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, at <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a>, life-size <a href="/wiki/Christian_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian saints">saints</a> were carved into the Church of Bet Golgotha; by tradition these were made during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebre Mesqel Lalibela">Gebre Mesqel Lalibela</a> in the 12th century, but they were more likely crafted in the 15th century during the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_2015_p331_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs_2015_p331-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George,_Lalibela" title="Church of Saint George, Lalibela">Church of Saint George, Lalibela</a>, one of several examples of <a href="/wiki/Rock_cut_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock cut architecture">rock cut architecture</a> at Lalibela containing intricate carvings, was built in the 10th–13th centuries as proven by archaeology.<sup id="cite_ref-sobania_2012_p.462_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sobania_2012_p.462-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Figurine,_National_Museum,_Addis_Ababa,_Ethiopia_(2130296832).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone statue from Addi-Galamo, Tigray Province, 6th–5th century BCE"><img alt="Stone statue from Addi-Galamo, Tigray Province, 6th–5th century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ancient_Figurine%2C_National_Museum%2C_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia_%282130296832%29.jpg/200px-Ancient_Figurine%2C_National_Museum%2C_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia_%282130296832%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ancient_Figurine%2C_National_Museum%2C_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia_%282130296832%29.jpg/300px-Ancient_Figurine%2C_National_Museum%2C_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia_%282130296832%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ancient_Figurine%2C_National_Museum%2C_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia_%282130296832%29.jpg/400px-Ancient_Figurine%2C_National_Museum%2C_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia_%282130296832%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1948" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone statue from <a href="/wiki/Addi-Galamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Addi-Galamo">Addi-Galamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray Province</a>, 6th–5th century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Axumite_Jar_Spout_(2822628227).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A jar spout from the early Kingdom of Aksum"><img alt="A jar spout from the early Kingdom of Aksum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Axumite_Jar_Spout_%282822628227%29.jpg/200px-Axumite_Jar_Spout_%282822628227%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Axumite_Jar_Spout_%282822628227%29.jpg/300px-Axumite_Jar_Spout_%282822628227%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Axumite_Jar_Spout_%282822628227%29.jpg/400px-Axumite_Jar_Spout_%282822628227%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="1654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A jar spout from the early <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img37_Stelae_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Obelisk of Axum, 4th century CE"><img alt="The Obelisk of Axum, 4th century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img37_Stelae_Park.jpg/160px-ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img37_Stelae_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img37_Stelae_Park.jpg/240px-ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img37_Stelae_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img37_Stelae_Park.jpg/320px-ET_Axum_asv2018-01_img37_Stelae_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3678" data-file-height="4597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Axum" title="Obelisk of Axum">Obelisk of Axum</a>, 4th century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopian_-_Processional_Cross_-_Walters_542889.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A processional cross, Zagwe dynasty, 12th century"><img alt="A processional cross, Zagwe dynasty, 12th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ethiopian_-_Processional_Cross_-_Walters_542889.jpg/114px-Ethiopian_-_Processional_Cross_-_Walters_542889.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ethiopian_-_Processional_Cross_-_Walters_542889.jpg/171px-Ethiopian_-_Processional_Cross_-_Walters_542889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ethiopian_-_Processional_Cross_-_Walters_542889.jpg/228px-Ethiopian_-_Processional_Cross_-_Walters_542889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Processional_cross" title="Processional cross">processional cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a>, 12th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bet_Golgotha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the seven life-size saints carved into the wall of the Church of Bet Golgotha, Lalibela, 15th century (traditionally believed to have been made during the reign of Gebre Mesqel Lalibela)[123]"><img alt="One of the seven life-size saints carved into the wall of the Church of Bet Golgotha, Lalibela, 15th century (traditionally believed to have been made during the reign of Gebre Mesqel Lalibela)[123]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bet_Golgotha.jpg/150px-Bet_Golgotha.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bet_Golgotha.jpg/225px-Bet_Golgotha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bet_Golgotha.jpg/300px-Bet_Golgotha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the seven life-size <a href="/wiki/Christian_saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian saints">saints</a> carved into the wall of the Church of Bet Golgotha, <a href="/wiki/Lalibela" title="Lalibela">Lalibela</a>, 15th century (traditionally believed to have been made during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gebre_Mesqel_Lalibela" class="mw-redirect" title="Gebre Mesqel Lalibela">Gebre Mesqel Lalibela</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-briggs_2015_p331_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-briggs_2015_p331-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sudan">Sudan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">Nubian pyramids</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan" title="History of Sudan">ancient Sudan</a>, the development of sculpture stretches from the simple pottery of the <a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma culture</a> beginning around 2500 BCE to the monumental statuary and architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic Empire">Kingdom of Kush</a>, its last phase—the <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic period">Meroitic period</a>—ending around 350 CE (with its conquest by Ethiopia's Aksum).<sup id="cite_ref-harkless_2006_174_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harkless_2006_174-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond pottery items, the Kerma culture also made furniture that contained sculptures, such as gold cattle hoofs as the legs of beds.<sup id="cite_ref-harkless_2006_174_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harkless_2006_174-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sculpture during the Kingdom of Kush included full-sized statues (especially of kings and queens), smaller figurines (most commonly depicting royal servants), and reliefs in stone, which were influenced by the contemporary ancient Egyptian sculptural tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dipper_National_Museum_Sudan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceramic jug of the Kerma culture"><img alt="A ceramic jug of the Kerma culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dipper_National_Museum_Sudan.jpg/200px-Dipper_National_Museum_Sudan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dipper_National_Museum_Sudan.jpg/300px-Dipper_National_Museum_Sudan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dipper_National_Museum_Sudan.jpg/400px-Dipper_National_Museum_Sudan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A ceramic jug of the <a href="/wiki/Kerma_culture" title="Kerma culture">Kerma culture</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabti_of_King_Taharqa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A shabti of the Nubian King Taharqa, from a pyramid of Nuri, Sudan, Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, 690–664 BCE"><img alt="A shabti of the Nubian King Taharqa, from a pyramid of Nuri, Sudan, Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt, 690–664 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Shabti_of_King_Taharqa.jpg/66px-Shabti_of_King_Taharqa.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Shabti_of_King_Taharqa.jpg/100px-Shabti_of_King_Taharqa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Shabti_of_King_Taharqa.jpg/133px-Shabti_of_King_Taharqa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="2190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Shabti" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabti">shabti</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> King <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">pyramid</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nuri" title="Nuri">Nuri</a>, Sudan, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a>, 690–664 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anlamani-Statue-CloseUpOfHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of the Kushite Pharaoh Aspelta, Napata period (c. 620–580 BCE)"><img alt="Statue of the Kushite Pharaoh Aspelta, Napata period (c. 620–580 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Anlamani-Statue-CloseUpOfHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/127px-Anlamani-Statue-CloseUpOfHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Anlamani-Statue-CloseUpOfHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/191px-Anlamani-Statue-CloseUpOfHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Anlamani-Statue-CloseUpOfHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png/255px-Anlamani-Statue-CloseUpOfHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1953" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of the <a href="/wiki/Kushite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushite">Kushite</a> Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Aspelta" title="Aspelta">Aspelta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a> period (c. 620–580 BCE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archaeological_Sites_of_the_Island_of_Meroe-114985.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Column and elephant - part of the temple complex in Musawwarat es-Sufra, 3rd century BCE"><img alt="Column and elephant - part of the temple complex in Musawwarat es-Sufra, 3rd century BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Archaeological_Sites_of_the_Island_of_Meroe-114985.jpg/200px-Archaeological_Sites_of_the_Island_of_Meroe-114985.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Archaeological_Sites_of_the_Island_of_Meroe-114985.jpg/300px-Archaeological_Sites_of_the_Island_of_Meroe-114985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Archaeological_Sites_of_the_Island_of_Meroe-114985.jpg/400px-Archaeological_Sites_of_the_Island_of_Meroe-114985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Column and elephant - part of the temple complex in <a href="/wiki/Musawwarat_es-Sufra" title="Musawwarat es-Sufra">Musawwarat es-Sufra</a>, 3rd century BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Arikankharer_Slaying_His_Enemies,_Meroitic,_beginning_of_first_century_AD,_sandstone_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7535.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Traces of paint on a relief depicting Prince Arikhankharer smiting his enemies, from the Meroitic period of the Kingdom of Kush, early 1st century CE"><img alt="Traces of paint on a relief depicting Prince Arikhankharer smiting his enemies, from the Meroitic period of the Kingdom of Kush, early 1st century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Prince_Arikankharer_Slaying_His_Enemies%2C_Meroitic%2C_beginning_of_first_century_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7535.JPG/200px-Prince_Arikankharer_Slaying_His_Enemies%2C_Meroitic%2C_beginning_of_first_century_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7535.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Prince_Arikankharer_Slaying_His_Enemies%2C_Meroitic%2C_beginning_of_first_century_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7535.JPG/300px-Prince_Arikankharer_Slaying_His_Enemies%2C_Meroitic%2C_beginning_of_first_century_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7535.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Prince_Arikankharer_Slaying_His_Enemies%2C_Meroitic%2C_beginning_of_first_century_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7535.JPG/400px-Prince_Arikankharer_Slaying_His_Enemies%2C_Meroitic%2C_beginning_of_first_century_AD%2C_sandstone_-_Worcester_Art_Museum_-_IMG_7535.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="2419" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traces of paint on a relief depicting Prince <a href="/wiki/Arikhankharer" title="Arikhankharer">Arikhankharer</a> smiting his enemies, from the <a href="/wiki/Meroitic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroitic period">Meroitic period</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a>, early 1st century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanitore_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relief of a ruler, a Candace of Meroë named Kandake Amanitore, 1st century CE"><img alt="Relief of a ruler, a Candace of Meroë named Kandake Amanitore, 1st century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Amanitore_bust.jpg/193px-Amanitore_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Amanitore_bust.jpg/290px-Amanitore_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Amanitore_bust.jpg/387px-Amanitore_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relief of a ruler, a <a href="/wiki/Candace_of_Mero%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Candace of Meroë">Candace of Meroë</a> named <a href="/wiki/Amanitore" title="Amanitore">Kandake Amanitore</a>, 1st century CE</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_the_United_States" title="Sculpture of the United States">Sculpture of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas">Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art" title="Northwest Coast art">Northwest Coast art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit art</a></div> <p>Sculpture in present-day <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> developed in two separate and distinct areas, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> in the north and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> in the south. In both areas, sculpture was initially of stone, and later of <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> and metal as the civilizations in these areas became more technologically proficient.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_region" title="Mesoamerican region">Mesoamerican region</a> produced more monumental sculpture, from the massive block-like works of the <a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltec</a> cultures, to the superb low <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> that characterize the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> cultures. In the Andean region, sculptures were typically small, but often show superb skill. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Baby_Figure.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olmec Baby Figure 1200-900 BCE"><img alt="Olmec Baby Figure 1200-900 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Baby_Figure.jpg/133px-WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Baby_Figure.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Baby_Figure.jpg/200px-WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Baby_Figure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Baby_Figure.jpg/266px-WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Baby_Figure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Olmec" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmec">Olmec</a> Baby Figure 1200-900 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Jadeite_Mask_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olmec Jadeite Mask 1000–600 BCE"><img alt="Olmec Jadeite Mask 1000–600 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Jadeite_Mask_3.jpg/200px-WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Jadeite_Mask_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Jadeite_Mask_3.jpg/300px-WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Jadeite_Mask_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Jadeite_Mask_3.jpg/400px-WLA_metmuseum_Olmec_Jadeite_Mask_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Olmec Jadeite Mask 1000–600 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Lorenzo_Monument_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olmec Colossal Head No. 3 1200–900 BCE"><img alt="Olmec Colossal Head No. 3 1200–900 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/San_Lorenzo_Monument_3.jpg/200px-San_Lorenzo_Monument_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/San_Lorenzo_Monument_3.jpg/300px-San_Lorenzo_Monument_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/San_Lorenzo_Monument_3.jpg/400px-San_Lorenzo_Monument_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Olmec_colossal_heads" title="Olmec colossal heads">Olmec Colossal Head</a> No. 3 1200–900 BCE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvestermountainlord.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La Mojarra Stela 1 2nd century CE"><img alt="La Mojarra Stela 1 2nd century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Harvestermountainlord.jpg/121px-Harvestermountainlord.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Harvestermountainlord.jpg/181px-Harvestermountainlord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Harvestermountainlord.jpg/242px-Harvestermountainlord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/La_Mojarra_Stela_1" title="La Mojarra Stela 1">La Mojarra Stela 1</a> 2nd century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teotihuac%C3%A1n_-_Chalchiuhtlicue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chalchiuhtlicue from Teotihuacán 200–500 CE"><img alt="Chalchiuhtlicue from Teotihuacán 200–500 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Teotihuac%C3%A1n_-_Chalchiuhtlicue.jpg/150px-Teotihuac%C3%A1n_-_Chalchiuhtlicue.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Teotihuac%C3%A1n_-_Chalchiuhtlicue.jpg/225px-Teotihuac%C3%A1n_-_Chalchiuhtlicue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Teotihuac%C3%A1n_-_Chalchiuhtlicue.jpg/300px-Teotihuac%C3%A1n_-_Chalchiuhtlicue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chalchiuhtlicue from Teotihuacán 200–500 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teotihuacan_mask_Branly_70-1999-12-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teotihuacan mask 200–600 CE"><img alt="Teotihuacan mask 200–600 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Teotihuacan_mask_Branly_70-1999-12-1.jpg/190px-Teotihuacan_mask_Branly_70-1999-12-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Teotihuacan_mask_Branly_70-1999-12-1.jpg/285px-Teotihuacan_mask_Branly_70-1999-12-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Teotihuacan_mask_Branly_70-1999-12-1.jpg/380px-Teotihuacan_mask_Branly_70-1999-12-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> mask 200–600 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teotihuacan-Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent-3035.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teotihuacan- Detail of the Temple of the Feathered Serpent 200–250 CE"><img alt="Teotihuacan- Detail of the Temple of the Feathered Serpent 200–250 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Teotihuacan-Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent-3035.jpg/200px-Teotihuacan-Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent-3035.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Teotihuacan-Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent-3035.jpg/300px-Teotihuacan-Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent-3035.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Teotihuacan-Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent-3035.jpg/400px-Teotihuacan-Temple_of_the_Feathered_Serpent-3035.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Teotihuacan- Detail of the Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Feathered_Serpent" title="Feathered Serpent">Feathered Serpent</a> 200–250 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_Urn_from_Oaxaca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A funerary urn in the shape of a "bat god" or a jaguar, Oaxaca, 300–650 CE"><img alt="A funerary urn in the shape of a "bat god" or a jaguar, Oaxaca, 300–650 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Funerary_Urn_from_Oaxaca.jpg/200px-Funerary_Urn_from_Oaxaca.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Funerary_Urn_from_Oaxaca.jpg/300px-Funerary_Urn_from_Oaxaca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Funerary_Urn_from_Oaxaca.jpg/400px-Funerary_Urn_from_Oaxaca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="1696" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">funerary urn</a> in the shape of a "bat god" or a jaguar, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a>, 300–650 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moche portrait vessel with stirrup spout, Peru, 100 BCE–700 CE"><img alt="Moche portrait vessel with stirrup spout, Peru, 100 BCE–700 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg/140px-Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg/210px-Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg/280px-Moche_portrait_ceramic_Quai_Branly_71.1930.19.162_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1291" data-file-height="1844" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moche_portrait_vessel" title="Moche portrait vessel">Moche portrait vessel</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stirrup_spout_vessel" title="Stirrup spout vessel">stirrup spout</a>, Peru, 100 BCE–700 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="K'inich Janaab Pakal I of Palenque, Maya, 603–683 CE"><img alt="K'inich Janaab Pakal I of Palenque, Maya, 603–683 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I.jpg/150px-K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I.jpg/225px-K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I.jpg/300px-K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I" class="mw-redirect" title="K'inich Janaab Pakal I">K'inich Janaab Pakal I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, Maya, 603–683 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahkal_Mo%27_Naab_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ahkal Mo' Naab III Of Palenque, 8th century CE"><img alt="Ahkal Mo' Naab III Of Palenque, 8th century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ahkal_Mo%27_Naab_III.jpg/133px-Ahkal_Mo%27_Naab_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ahkal_Mo%27_Naab_III.jpg/199px-Ahkal_Mo%27_Naab_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ahkal_Mo%27_Naab_III.jpg/266px-Ahkal_Mo%27_Naab_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ahkal Mo' Naab III Of Palenque, 8th century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palenque_Relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upakal K'inich 8th century CE, Palenque"><img alt="Upakal K'inich 8th century CE, Palenque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Palenque_Relief.jpg/87px-Palenque_Relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Palenque_Relief.jpg/131px-Palenque_Relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Palenque_Relief.jpg/175px-Palenque_Relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Upakal K'inich 8th century CE, Palenque</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaina_Island_type_figure,_Art_Institute.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jaina Island type figure (Mayan) 650–800 CE"><img alt="Jaina Island type figure (Mayan) 650–800 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jaina_Island_type_figure%2C_Art_Institute.jpg/135px-Jaina_Island_type_figure%2C_Art_Institute.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jaina_Island_type_figure%2C_Art_Institute.jpg/202px-Jaina_Island_type_figure%2C_Art_Institute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Jaina_Island_type_figure%2C_Art_Institute.jpg/270px-Jaina_Island_type_figure%2C_Art_Institute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="2075" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jaina_Island" title="Jaina Island">Jaina Island</a> type figure (Mayan) 650–800 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Remojadas_-_Lachendes_Gesicht_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Classic Veracruz culture face 600–900 CE"><img alt="Classic Veracruz culture face 600–900 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Remojadas_-_Lachendes_Gesicht_1.jpg/200px-Remojadas_-_Lachendes_Gesicht_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Remojadas_-_Lachendes_Gesicht_1.jpg/300px-Remojadas_-_Lachendes_Gesicht_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Remojadas_-_Lachendes_Gesicht_1.jpg/400px-Remojadas_-_Lachendes_Gesicht_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2019" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Classic_Veracruz_culture" title="Classic Veracruz culture">Classic Veracruz culture</a> face 600–900 CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlante-Tollan-Xicocotitlan-Hidalgo_Mexico.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlante from Tula, c. 1000 CE"><img alt="Atlante from Tula, c. 1000 CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Atlante-Tollan-Xicocotitlan-Hidalgo_Mexico.JPG/150px-Atlante-Tollan-Xicocotitlan-Hidalgo_Mexico.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Atlante-Tollan-Xicocotitlan-Hidalgo_Mexico.JPG/225px-Atlante-Tollan-Xicocotitlan-Hidalgo_Mexico.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Atlante-Tollan-Xicocotitlan-Hidalgo_Mexico.JPG/299px-Atlante-Tollan-Xicocotitlan-Hidalgo_Mexico.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="2580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atlante from <a href="/wiki/Tula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Tula (Mesoamerican site)">Tula</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 CE</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_Headed_Turquoise_Serpent.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Double-headed serpent, Turquoise, red and white mosaic on wood, Aztec (possibly) Mixtec, c. 1400–1521,"><img alt="Double-headed serpent, Turquoise, red and white mosaic on wood, Aztec (possibly) Mixtec, c. 1400–1521," src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Double_Headed_Turquoise_Serpent.jpg/200px-Double_Headed_Turquoise_Serpent.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Double_Headed_Turquoise_Serpent.jpg/300px-Double_Headed_Turquoise_Serpent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Double_Headed_Turquoise_Serpent.jpg/400px-Double_Headed_Turquoise_Serpent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Double-headed_serpent" title="Double-headed serpent">Double-headed serpent</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a>, red and white mosaic on wood, <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a> (possibly) <a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400</span>–1521,</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="North_America"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_James_-Cristo_del_Rey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St_James_-Cristo_del_Rey.jpg/220px-St_James_-Cristo_del_Rey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St_James_-Cristo_del_Rey.jpg/330px-St_James_-Cristo_del_Rey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St_James_-Cristo_del_Rey.jpg/440px-St_James_-Cristo_del_Rey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">St. James</a> panel, from <a href="/wiki/Reredos" title="Reredos">reredos</a> in Cristo Rey Church, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1760</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Degas-dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Degas-dancer.jpg/220px-Degas-dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Degas-dancer.jpg/330px-Degas-dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Degas-dancer.jpg/440px-Degas-dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Degas" title="Edgar Degas">Edgar Degas</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/La_Petite_Danseuse_de_Quatorze_Ans" class="mw-redirect" title="La Petite Danseuse de Quatorze Ans">Little Dancer of Fourteen Years</a></i>, cast in 1922 from a <a href="/wiki/Mixed-media" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-media">mixed-media</a> sculpture modeled <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1879</span>–80, Bronze, partly tinted, with cotton</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, wood was sculpted for <a href="/wiki/Totem_poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Totem poles">totem poles</a>, masks, utensils, <a href="/wiki/War_canoe" title="War canoe">War canoes</a> and a variety of other uses, with distinct variation between different cultures and regions. The most developed styles are those of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art" title="Northwest Coast art">Pacific Northwest Coast</a>, where a group of elaborate and highly stylized formal styles developed forming the basis of a tradition that continues today. In addition to the famous totem poles, painted and carved <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">house fronts</a> were complemented by carved posts inside and out, as well as mortuary figures and other items. Among the <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> of the far north, traditional carving styles in ivory and soapstone are still continued.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrival of European Catholic culture readily adapted local skills to the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style, producing enormously elaborate <a href="/wiki/Retablo" title="Retablo">retablos</a> and other mostly church sculptures in a variety of hybrid styles.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous of such examples in Canada is the altar area of the <a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_Basilica_(Montreal)" title="Notre-Dame Basilica (Montreal)">Notre Dame Basilica</a> in Montreal, Quebec, which was carved by peasant <i><a href="/wiki/Habitant" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitant">habitant</a></i> labourers. Later, artists trained in the Western academic tradition followed European styles until in the late 19th century they began to draw again on indigenous influences, notably in the Mexican baroque grotesque style known as <a href="/wiki/Churrigueresque" title="Churrigueresque">Churrigueresque</a>. Aboriginal peoples also adapted church sculpture in variations on <a href="/wiki/Carpenter_Gothic" title="Carpenter Gothic">Carpenter Gothic</a>; one famous example is the <i>Church of the Holy Cross</i> in <a href="/wiki/Skookumchuck_Hot_Springs,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Skookumchuck Hot Springs, British Columbia">Skookumchuck Hot Springs, British Columbia</a>. </p><p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_of_the_United_States" title="Sculpture of the United States">sculpture in the United States</a> after Europeans' arrival reflects the country's 18th-century foundation in <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman</a> republican civic values and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christianity</a>. Compared to areas colonized by the Spanish, sculpture got off to an extremely slow start in the British colonies, with next to no place in churches, and was only given impetus by the need to assert nationality after independence. American sculpture of the mid- to late-19th century was often classical, often romantic, but showed a bent for a dramatic, narrative, almost journalistic realism. Public buildings during the last quarter of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century often provided an architectural setting for sculpture, especially in relief. By the 1930s the <a href="/wiki/International_Style_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Style (architecture)">International Style</a> of architecture and design and <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> characterized by the work of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Manship" title="Paul Manship">Paul Manship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Lawrie" title="Lee Lawrie">Lee Lawrie</a> and others became popular. By the 1950s, traditional sculpture education would almost be completely replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a>-influenced concern for <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract</a> design. <a href="/wiki/Minimalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimalist">Minimalist</a> sculpture replaced the figure in public settings and architects almost completely stopped using sculpture in or on their designs. Modern sculptors (21st century) use both classical and abstract inspired designs. Beginning in the 1980s, there was a swing back toward figurative public sculpture; by 2000, many of the new public pieces in the United States were figurative in design. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gutzon Borglum and his son, Lincoln Borglum, Mount Rushmore, 1927–1941. L–R, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln."><img alt="Gutzon Borglum and his son, Lincoln Borglum, Mount Rushmore, 1927–1941. L–R, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg/200px-Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg/300px-Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg/400px-Mount_Rushmore_Closeup_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="2221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum" title="Lincoln Borglum">Lincoln Borglum</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></i>, 1927–1941. L–R, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_-_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Gould Shaw Memorial by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, 1884–1897, plaster version"><img alt="Robert Gould Shaw Memorial by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, 1884–1897, plaster version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_-_detail.jpg/200px-Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_-_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_-_detail.jpg/300px-Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_-_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_-_detail.jpg/400px-Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial_-_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="2558" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gould_Shaw_Memorial" title="Robert Gould Shaw Memorial">Robert Gould Shaw Memorial</a> by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a>, 1884–1897, plaster version</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaumont_Tower_-_Lee_Lawrie,_sculptor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lee Lawrie, The Sower, 1928 Art Deco relief on Beaumont Tower, Michigan State University"><img alt="Lee Lawrie, The Sower, 1928 Art Deco relief on Beaumont Tower, Michigan State University" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Beaumont_Tower_-_Lee_Lawrie%2C_sculptor.jpg/137px-Beaumont_Tower_-_Lee_Lawrie%2C_sculptor.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Beaumont_Tower_-_Lee_Lawrie%2C_sculptor.jpg/205px-Beaumont_Tower_-_Lee_Lawrie%2C_sculptor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Beaumont_Tower_-_Lee_Lawrie%2C_sculptor.jpg/274px-Beaumont_Tower_-_Lee_Lawrie%2C_sculptor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Lawrie" title="Lee Lawrie">Lee Lawrie</a>, <i>The Sower</i>, 1928 <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> relief on <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Tower" title="Beaumont Tower">Beaumont Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_statue,_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daniel Chester French, Abraham Lincoln (1920) in the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C."><img alt="Daniel Chester French, Abraham Lincoln (1920) in the Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/200px-Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/300px-Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/400px-Lincoln_statue%2C_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1004" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(French_1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln (French 1920)">Abraham Lincoln</a></i> (1920) in the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks.ádi Clan, erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka"><img alt="The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks.ádi Clan, erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg/133px-Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg/200px-Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg/266px-Tlingit_K%27alyaan_Totem_Pole_August_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="2580" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>K'alyaan</i> Totem Pole of the <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a> Kiks.ádi Clan, erected at <a href="/wiki/Sitka_National_Historical_Park" title="Sitka National Historical Park">Sitka National Historical Park</a> to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sitka" title="Battle of Sitka">Battle of Sitka</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Broncho_Buster_MET_DP361132.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frederic Remington, The Bronco Buster, 1895, cast 1918. Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Frederic Remington, The Bronco Buster, 1895, cast 1918. Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Broncho_Buster_MET_DP361132.jpg/152px-The_Broncho_Buster_MET_DP361132.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Broncho_Buster_MET_DP361132.jpg/228px-The_Broncho_Buster_MET_DP361132.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Broncho_Buster_MET_DP361132.jpg/304px-The_Broncho_Buster_MET_DP361132.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="3884" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bronco_Buster" title="The Bronco Buster">The Bronco Buster</a></i>, 1895, cast 1918. Metropolitan Museum of Art</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancer_and_Gazelles_-_Manship.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Manship, Dancer and Gazelles, 1916, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC"><img alt="Paul Manship, Dancer and Gazelles, 1916, Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dancer_and_Gazelles_-_Manship.jpg/200px-Dancer_and_Gazelles_-_Manship.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dancer_and_Gazelles_-_Manship.jpg/300px-Dancer_and_Gazelles_-_Manship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dancer_and_Gazelles_-_Manship.jpg/400px-Dancer_and_Gazelles_-_Manship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="2888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Manship" title="Paul Manship">Paul Manship</a>, <i>Dancer and Gazelles</i>, 1916, <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum" title="Smithsonian American Art Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</a>, Washington, DC</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scout_by_Gertrude_Vanderbilt_Whitney.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, Buffalo Bill - The Scout, 1924, commemorating Buffalo Bill in Cody, Wyoming"><img alt="Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, Buffalo Bill - The Scout, 1924, commemorating Buffalo Bill in Cody, Wyoming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Scout_by_Gertrude_Vanderbilt_Whitney.jpg/200px-The_Scout_by_Gertrude_Vanderbilt_Whitney.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Scout_by_Gertrude_Vanderbilt_Whitney.jpg/300px-The_Scout_by_Gertrude_Vanderbilt_Whitney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Scout_by_Gertrude_Vanderbilt_Whitney.jpg/400px-The_Scout_by_Gertrude_Vanderbilt_Whitney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Vanderbilt_Whitney" title="Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney">Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill_-_The_Scout_(statue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Bill - The Scout (statue)">Buffalo Bill - The Scout</a></i>, 1924, commemorating <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cody,_Wyoming" title="Cody, Wyoming">Cody, Wyoming</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moving_toward_modern_art">Moving toward modern art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Moving toward modern art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th–early_20th_century,_early_Modernism_and_continuing_realism"><span id="19th.E2.80.93early_20th_century.2C_early_Modernism_and_continuing_realism"></span>19th–early 20th century, early Modernism and continuing realism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: 19th–early 20th century, early Modernism and continuing realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeanne_d%27Arc_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="François Rude, a Romantic Jeanne d' Arc, 1852, Louvre"><img alt="François Rude, a Romantic Jeanne d' Arc, 1852, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jeanne_d%27Arc_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude.jpg/132px-Jeanne_d%27Arc_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jeanne_d%27Arc_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude.jpg/198px-Jeanne_d%27Arc_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Jeanne_d%27Arc_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude.jpg/264px-Jeanne_d%27Arc_Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="455" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">François Rude</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_d%27_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeanne d' Arc">Jeanne d' Arc</a></i>, 1852, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ugolino_and_His_Sons_MET_DP247545.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, Ugolino and His Sons, 1857–1860, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux, Ugolino and His Sons, 1857–1860, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ugolino_and_His_Sons_MET_DP247545.jpg/150px-Ugolino_and_His_Sons_MET_DP247545.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ugolino_and_His_Sons_MET_DP247545.jpg/225px-Ugolino_and_His_Sons_MET_DP247545.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Ugolino_and_His_Sons_MET_DP247545.jpg/300px-Ugolino_and_His_Sons_MET_DP247545.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux" title="Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux">Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_and_His_Sons_(Carpeaux)" title="Ugolino and His Sons (Carpeaux)">Ugolino and His Sons</a></i>, 1857–1860, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Per_Hasselberg_Sn%C3%B6klockan_Rottneros_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Per Hasselberg, Snöklockan (snowdrop), Paris 1881. Copy from 1953 in bronze by C & A Nicci (Rome/Italy) placed in Rottneros Park near Sunne in Värmland/Sweden."><img alt="Per Hasselberg, Snöklockan (snowdrop), Paris 1881. Copy from 1953 in bronze by C & A Nicci (Rome/Italy) placed in Rottneros Park near Sunne in Värmland/Sweden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Per_Hasselberg_Sn%C3%B6klockan_Rottneros_Park.jpg/156px-Per_Hasselberg_Sn%C3%B6klockan_Rottneros_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Per_Hasselberg_Sn%C3%B6klockan_Rottneros_Park.jpg/234px-Per_Hasselberg_Sn%C3%B6klockan_Rottneros_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Per_Hasselberg_Sn%C3%B6klockan_Rottneros_Park.jpg/312px-Per_Hasselberg_Sn%C3%B6klockan_Rottneros_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="3491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Per_Hasselberg" title="Per Hasselberg">Per Hasselberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowdrop_(sculpture)" title="Snowdrop (sculpture)">Snöklockan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Snowdrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowdrop">snowdrop</a>), Paris 1881. Copy from 1953 in bronze by C & A Nicci (Rome/Italy) placed in Rottneros Park near <a href="/wiki/Sunne,_Sweden" title="Sunne, Sweden">Sunne</a> in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rmland" title="Värmland">Värmland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auguste_Rodin-Burghers_of_Calais_(photo).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auguste Rodin The Burghers of Calais 1889, Calais, France"><img alt="Auguste Rodin The Burghers of Calais 1889, Calais, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Auguste_Rodin-Burghers_of_Calais_%28photo%29.jpg/200px-Auguste_Rodin-Burghers_of_Calais_%28photo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Auguste_Rodin-Burghers_of_Calais_%28photo%29.jpg/300px-Auguste_Rodin-Burghers_of_Calais_%28photo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Auguste_Rodin-Burghers_of_Calais_%28photo%29.jpg/400px-Auguste_Rodin-Burghers_of_Calais_%28photo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="508" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burghers_of_Calais" title="The Burghers of Calais">The Burghers of Calais</a></i> 1889, <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros@Piccadilly.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alfred Gilbert, the so-called Eros, 1893, the world's first aluminium statue, Piccadilly Circus, London"><img alt="Alfred Gilbert, the so-called Eros, 1893, the world's first aluminium statue, Piccadilly Circus, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eros%40Piccadilly.jpg/160px-Eros%40Piccadilly.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Eros%40Piccadilly.jpg/241px-Eros%40Piccadilly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Eros%40Piccadilly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gilbert" title="Alfred Gilbert">Alfred Gilbert</a>, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus#Shaftesbury_Memorial_and_Eros" title="Piccadilly Circus">Eros</a></i>, 1893, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> statue, <a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Circus" title="Piccadilly Circus">Piccadilly Circus</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Gauguin,_1894,_Oviri_(Sauvage),_partially_glazed_stoneware,_75_x_19_x_27_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay,_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paul Gauguin, 1894, Oviri (Sauvage), partially glazed stoneware, 75 x 19 x 27 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris"><img alt="Paul Gauguin, 1894, Oviri (Sauvage), partially glazed stoneware, 75 x 19 x 27 cm, Musée d'Orsay, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/119px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/179px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg/238px-Paul_Gauguin%2C_1894%2C_Oviri_%28Sauvage%29%2C_partially_glazed_stoneware%2C_75_x_19_x_27_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay%2C_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="4280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gauguin" title="Paul Gauguin">Paul Gauguin</a>, 1894, <i><a href="/wiki/Oviri" title="Oviri">Oviri</a> (Sauvage)</i>, partially glazed stoneware, 75 x 19 x 27 cm, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay" title="Musée d'Orsay">Musée d'Orsay</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jard%C3%ADn_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_Pensador_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Auguste Rodin, The Thinker, 1902, Musée Rodin, Paris"><img alt="Auguste Rodin, The Thinker, 1902, Musée Rodin, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jard%C3%ADn_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_Pensador_01.JPG/133px-Jard%C3%ADn_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_Pensador_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jard%C3%ADn_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_Pensador_01.JPG/200px-Jard%C3%ADn_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_Pensador_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jard%C3%ADn_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_Pensador_01.JPG/266px-Jard%C3%ADn_Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin_Pensador_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thinker" title="The Thinker">The Thinker</a></i>, 1902, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Rodin" title="Musée Rodin">Musée Rodin</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Jour_et_la_Nuit_par_Antoine_Bourdelle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Antoine Bourdelle, Day and Night, marble, 1903, Musée Bourdelle, Paris"><img alt="Antoine Bourdelle, Day and Night, marble, 1903, Musée Bourdelle, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Le_Jour_et_la_Nuit_par_Antoine_Bourdelle.JPG/150px-Le_Jour_et_la_Nuit_par_Antoine_Bourdelle.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Le_Jour_et_la_Nuit_par_Antoine_Bourdelle.JPG/225px-Le_Jour_et_la_Nuit_par_Antoine_Bourdelle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Le_Jour_et_la_Nuit_par_Antoine_Bourdelle.JPG/300px-Le_Jour_et_la_Nuit_par_Antoine_Bourdelle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bourdelle" title="Antoine Bourdelle">Antoine Bourdelle</a>, <i>Day and Night</i>, marble, 1903, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bourdelle" title="Musée Bourdelle">Musée Bourdelle</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Valse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Camille Claudel, The Waltz, 1905 cast of the second version"><img alt="Camille Claudel, The Waltz, 1905 cast of the second version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/La_Valse.jpg/134px-La_Valse.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/La_Valse.jpg/201px-La_Valse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/La_Valse.jpg/268px-La_Valse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1759" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Camille Claudel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waltz_(Claudel)" title="The Waltz (Claudel)">The Waltz</a></i>, 1905 cast of the second version</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_%C5%A0tursa_-_P%C5%99ed_koupel%C3%AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jan Štursa, Before the Bath, 1906, National Gallery in Prague"><img alt="Jan Štursa, Before the Bath, 1906, National Gallery in Prague" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jan_%C5%A0tursa_-_P%C5%99ed_koupel%C3%AD.jpg/127px-Jan_%C5%A0tursa_-_P%C5%99ed_koupel%C3%AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jan_%C5%A0tursa_-_P%C5%99ed_koupel%C3%AD.jpg/191px-Jan_%C5%A0tursa_-_P%C5%99ed_koupel%C3%AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Jan_%C5%A0tursa_-_P%C5%99ed_koupel%C3%AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%A0tursa" title="Jan Štursa">Jan Štursa</a>, <i>Before the Bath,</i> 1906, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gallery in Prague">National Gallery in Prague</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol,_Paris_November_2011_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aristide Maillol, The Night (La Nuit) 1909, Tuileries Garden, Paris"><img alt="Aristide Maillol, The Night (La Nuit) 1909, Tuileries Garden, Paris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Paris_November_2011_001.jpg/150px-La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Paris_November_2011_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Paris_November_2011_001.jpg/225px-La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Paris_November_2011_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Paris_November_2011_001.jpg/300px-La_Nuit_by_Aristide_Maillol%2C_Paris_November_2011_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Maillol" title="Aristide Maillol">Aristide Maillol</a>, <i>The Night (La Nuit)</i> 1909, <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>, Paris</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La-Pensee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Wlérick, The Thought 1933, Morez"><img alt="Robert Wlérick, The Thought 1933, Morez" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/La-Pensee.jpg/131px-La-Pensee.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/La-Pensee.jpg/197px-La-Pensee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/La-Pensee.jpg/263px-La-Pensee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="7600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Robert Wlérick, <i>The Thought</i> 1933, <a href="/wiki/Morez" title="Morez">Morez</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Modern classicism contrasted in many ways with the classical sculpture of the 19th century which was characterized by commitments to naturalism (<a href="/wiki/Antoine-Louis_Barye" title="Antoine-Louis Barye">Antoine-Louis Barye</a>)—the melodramatic (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">François Rude</a>) sentimentality (<a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Carpeaux" title="Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux">Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux</a>)—or a kind of stately grandiosity (<a href="/wiki/Lord_Leighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Leighton">Lord Leighton</a>). Several different directions in the classical tradition were taken as the century turned, but the study of the live model and the post-Renaissance tradition was still fundamental to them. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> was the most renowned European sculptor of the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is often considered a sculptural <a href="/wiki/Impressionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionist">Impressionist</a>, as are his students including <a href="/wiki/Camille_Claudel" title="Camille Claudel">Camille Claudel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Rheinhold" title="Hugo Rheinhold">Hugo Rheinhold</a>, attempting to model of a fleeting moment of ordinary life. Modern classicism showed a lesser interest in naturalism and a greater interest in formal stylization. Greater attention was paid to the rhythms of volumes and spaces—as well as greater attention to the contrasting qualities of surface (open, closed, planar, broken etc.) while less attention was paid to story-telling and convincing details of anatomy or costume. Greater attention was given to psychological effect than to physical realism, and influences from earlier styles worldwide were used. </p><p>Early masters of modern classicism included: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Maillol" title="Aristide Maillol">Aristide Maillol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Matveyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Matveyev">Alexander Matveyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bernard" title="Joseph Bernard">Joseph Bernard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bourdelle" title="Antoine Bourdelle">Antoine Bourdelle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Kolbe" title="Georg Kolbe">Georg Kolbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libero_Andreotti" title="Libero Andreotti">Libero Andreotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vigeland" title="Gustav Vigeland">Gustav Vigeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stursa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Stursa">Jan Stursa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a>. As the century progressed, modern classicism was adopted as the national style of the two great European totalitarian empires: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Soviet Russia</a>, who co-opted the work of earlier artists such as Kolbe and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Lehmbruck" title="Wilhelm Lehmbruck">Wilhelm Lehmbruck</a> in Germany<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Matveyev in Russia. Over the 70 years of the USSR, new generations of sculptors were trained and chosen within their system, and a distinct style, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>, developed, that returned to the 19th century's emphasis on melodrama and naturalism. </p><p>Classical training was rooted out of art education in Western Europe (and the Americas) by 1970 and the classical variants of the 20th century were marginalized in the history of modernism. But classicism continued as the foundation of art education in the Soviet academies until 1990, providing a foundation for expressive figurative art throughout eastern Europe and parts of the Middle East. By 2000, the European classical tradition retains a wide appeal to the public but awaits an educational tradition to revive its contemporary development. </p><p>Some of the modern classical became either more decorative/art deco (<a href="/wiki/Paul_Manship" title="Paul Manship">Paul Manship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_de_Creeft" title="Jose de Creeft">Jose de Creeft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Milles" title="Carl Milles">Carl Milles</a>) or more abstractly stylized or more expressive (and Gothic) (<a href="/wiki/Anton_Hanak" title="Anton Hanak">Anton Hanak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Lehmbruck" title="Wilhelm Lehmbruck">Wilhelm Lehmbruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Barlach" title="Ernst Barlach">Ernst Barlach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Martini" title="Arturo Martini">Arturo Martini</a>)—or turned more to the Renaissance (<a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Manz%C3%B9" title="Giacomo Manzù">Giacomo Manzù</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venanzo_Crocetti" title="Venanzo Crocetti">Venanzo Crocetti</a>) or stayed the same (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Despiau" title="Charles Despiau">Charles Despiau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Gimond" title="Marcel Gimond">Marcel Gimond</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernism">Modernism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaston_lachaise_floating_figure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gaston_lachaise_floating_figure.jpg/220px-Gaston_lachaise_floating_figure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gaston_lachaise_floating_figure.jpg/330px-Gaston_lachaise_floating_figure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gaston_lachaise_floating_figure.jpg/440px-Gaston_lachaise_floating_figure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1589" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Lachaise" title="Gaston Lachaise">Gaston Lachaise</a>, <i>Floating Figure</i> 1927, bronze, no. 5 from an edition of 7, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Australia" title="National Gallery of Australia">National Gallery of Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryMoore_RecliningFigure_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HenryMoore_RecliningFigure_1951.jpg/220px-HenryMoore_RecliningFigure_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HenryMoore_RecliningFigure_1951.jpg/330px-HenryMoore_RecliningFigure_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/HenryMoore_RecliningFigure_1951.jpg/440px-HenryMoore_RecliningFigure_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Large_Reclining_Figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Reclining Figure">Large Reclining Figure</a></i>, 1984 (based on a smaller model of 1938), <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge">Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMITH_CUBI_VI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SMITH_CUBI_VI.JPG/220px-SMITH_CUBI_VI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SMITH_CUBI_VI.JPG/330px-SMITH_CUBI_VI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/SMITH_CUBI_VI.JPG/440px-SMITH_CUBI_VI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(sculptor)" title="David Smith (sculptor)">David Smith</a>, <i>CUBI VI,</i> (1963), <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">Modernist</a> sculpture movements include <a href="/wiki/Cubist_sculpture" title="Cubist sculpture">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometric_abstraction" title="Geometric abstraction">Geometric abstraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dadaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadaism">Dadaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurism (art)">Futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop-Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop-Art">Pop-Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a> among others. </p><p>In the beginning of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> revolutionized the art of sculpture when he began creating his constructions fashioned by combining disparate objects and materials into one constructed piece of sculpture; the sculptural equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a> in two-dimensional art. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> led to things occasionally being described as "sculpture" that would not have been so previously, such as "involuntary sculpture" in several senses, including <a href="/wiki/Coulage" class="mw-redirect" title="Coulage">coulage</a>. In later years Picasso became a prolific <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">potter</a>, leading, with interest in historic pottery from around the world, to a revival of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramic art</a>, with figures such as <a href="/wiki/George_E._Ohr" title="George E. Ohr">George E. Ohr</a> and subsequently <a href="/wiki/Peter_Voulkos" title="Peter Voulkos">Peter Voulkos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Price" title="Kenneth Price">Kenneth Price</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Arneson" title="Robert Arneson">Robert Arneson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a> originated the use of the "<a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">found object</a>" (French: objet trouvé) or <i>readymade</i> with pieces such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i> (1917). </p><p>Similarly, the work of <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a> at the beginning of the century paved the way for later abstract sculpture. In revolt against the naturalism of Rodin and his late-19th-century contemporaries, Brâncuși distilled subjects down to their essences as illustrated by the elegantly refined forms of his <i><a href="/wiki/Bird_in_Space" title="Bird in Space">Bird in Space</a></i> series (1924).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brâncuși's impact, with his vocabulary of reduction and abstraction, is seen throughout the 1930s and 1940s, and exemplified by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Lachaise" title="Gaston Lachaise">Gaston Lachaise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Jacob_Epstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Jacob Epstein">Sir Jacob Epstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Alberto Giacometti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(sculptor)" title="Julio González (sculptor)">Julio González</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Serrano" title="Pablo Serrano">Pablo Serrano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lipchitz" title="Jacques Lipchitz">Jacques Lipchitz</a><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the 1940s abstract sculpture was impacted and expanded by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Len_Lye" title="Len Lye">Len Lye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tinguely" title="Jean Tinguely">Jean Tinguely</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kiesler" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Kiesler">Frederick Kiesler</a> who were pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a>. </p><p>Modernist sculptors largely missed out on the huge boom in public art resulting from the demand for <a href="/wiki/War_memorial" title="War memorial">war memorials</a> for the two World Wars, but from the 1950s the public and commissioning bodies became more comfortable with Modernist sculpture and large public commissions both abstract and figurative became common. Picasso was commissioned to make a <a href="/wiki/Maquette" title="Maquette">maquette</a> for a huge 50-foot (15 m)-high public sculpture, the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Picasso" title="Chicago Picasso">Chicago Picasso</a></i> (1967). His design was ambiguous and somewhat controversial, and what the figure represents is not clear; it could be a bird, a horse, a woman or a totally abstract shape. </p><p>During the late 1950s and the 1960s abstract sculptors began experimenting with a wide array of new materials and different approaches to creating their work. Surrealist imagery, anthropomorphic abstraction, new materials and combinations of new energy sources and varied surfaces and objects became characteristic of much new modernist sculpture. Collaborative projects with landscape designers, architects, and landscape architects expanded the outdoor site and contextual integration. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Noguchi" title="Isamu Noguchi">Isamu Noguchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Smith_(sculptor)" title="David Smith (sculptor)">David Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tinguely" title="Jean Tinguely">Jean Tinguely</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lippold" title="Richard Lippold">Richard Lippold</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Rickey" title="George Rickey">George Rickey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pavia" title="Philip Pavia">Philip Pavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a> came to characterize the look of modern sculpture. </p><p>By the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometric_abstraction" title="Geometric abstraction">Geometric abstraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a>, which reduces sculpture to its most essential and fundamental features, predominated. Some works of the period are: the Cubi works of David Smith, and the welded steel works of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Caro" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anthony Caro">Sir Anthony Caro</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Welded_sculpture" title="Welded sculpture">welded sculpture</a> by a large variety of sculptors, the large-scale work of <a href="/wiki/John_Angus_Chamberlain" class="mw-redirect" title="John Angus Chamberlain">John Chamberlain</a>, and environmental installation scale works by <a href="/wiki/Mark_di_Suvero" title="Mark di Suvero">Mark di Suvero</a>. Other Minimalists include <a href="/wiki/Tony_Smith_(sculptor)" title="Tony Smith (sculptor)">Tony Smith</a>, Donald Judd, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(artist)" title="Robert Morris (artist)">Robert Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Truitt" title="Anne Truitt">Anne Truitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Benevelli" title="Giacomo Benevelli">Giacomo Benevelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Pomodoro" title="Arnaldo Pomodoro">Arnaldo Pomodoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Flavin" title="Dan Flavin">Dan Flavin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Andre" title="Carl Andre">Carl Andre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Safer" title="John Safer">John Safer</a> who added motion and monumentality to the theme of purity of line.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s and 1970s figurative sculpture by modernist artists in stylized forms was made by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Baskin" title="Leonard Baskin">Leonard Baskin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Trova" title="Ernest Trova">Ernest Trova</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Segal_(artist)" title="George Segal (artist)">George Segal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marisol_Escobar" title="Marisol Escobar">Marisol Escobar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Thek" title="Paul Thek">Paul Thek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graham_(sculptor)" title="Robert Graham (sculptor)">Robert Graham</a> in a classic articulated style, and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Botero" title="Fernando Botero">Fernando Botero</a> bringing his painting's 'oversized figures' into monumental sculptures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_of_modernist_sculpture">Gallery of modernist sculpture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Gallery of modernist sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Derain,_1907_(Automne),_Nu_debout,_limestone,_95_x_33_x_17_cm,_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="André Derain, Nu debout, 1907, limestone, Musée National d'Art Moderne"><img alt="André Derain, Nu debout, 1907, limestone, Musée National d'Art Moderne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Andr%C3%A9_Derain%2C_1907_%28Automne%29%2C_Nu_debout%2C_limestone%2C_95_x_33_x_17_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg/116px-Andr%C3%A9_Derain%2C_1907_%28Automne%29%2C_Nu_debout%2C_limestone%2C_95_x_33_x_17_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Andr%C3%A9_Derain%2C_1907_%28Automne%29%2C_Nu_debout%2C_limestone%2C_95_x_33_x_17_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg/174px-Andr%C3%A9_Derain%2C_1907_%28Automne%29%2C_Nu_debout%2C_limestone%2C_95_x_33_x_17_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Andr%C3%A9_Derain%2C_1907_%28Automne%29%2C_Nu_debout%2C_limestone%2C_95_x_33_x_17_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg/232px-Andr%C3%A9_Derain%2C_1907_%28Automne%29%2C_Nu_debout%2C_limestone%2C_95_x_33_x_17_cm%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2318" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Derain" title="André Derain">André Derain</a>, <i>Nu debout</i>, 1907, limestone, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Moderne" title="Musée National d'Art Moderne">Musée National d'Art Moderne</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_Matisse,_1908,_Figure_d%C3%A9corative,_bronze.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henri Matisse, Figure décorative, 1908, bronze"><img alt="Henri Matisse, Figure décorative, 1908, bronze" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Henri_Matisse%2C_1908%2C_Figure_d%C3%A9corative%2C_bronze.jpg/152px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1908%2C_Figure_d%C3%A9corative%2C_bronze.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Henri_Matisse%2C_1908%2C_Figure_d%C3%A9corative%2C_bronze.jpg/228px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1908%2C_Figure_d%C3%A9corative%2C_bronze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Henri_Matisse%2C_1908%2C_Figure_d%C3%A9corative%2C_bronze.jpg/304px-Henri_Matisse%2C_1908%2C_Figure_d%C3%A9corative%2C_bronze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Matisse" title="Henri Matisse">Henri Matisse</a>, <i>Figure décorative</i>, 1908, bronze</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%27s_Head_MET_DT203051.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amedeo Modigliani, Female Head, 1911–12, Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Amedeo Modigliani, Female Head, 1911–12, Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woman%27s_Head_MET_DT203051.jpg/159px-Woman%27s_Head_MET_DT203051.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woman%27s_Head_MET_DT203051.jpg/238px-Woman%27s_Head_MET_DT203051.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Woman%27s_Head_MET_DT203051.jpg/318px-Woman%27s_Head_MET_DT203051.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2959" data-file-height="3722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Modigliani" title="Amedeo Modigliani">Amedeo Modigliani</a>, <i>Female Head</i>, 1911–12, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Csaky,_1911-1912,_Deux_Femme_(Two_Women),_plaster_lost,_photo_Galerie_Ren%C3%A9_Reichard,_Frankfurt,_72dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Joseph Csaky, Groupe de femmes (Groupe de trois femmes, Groupe de trois personnages), 1911–12, plaster, lost"><img alt="Joseph Csaky, Groupe de femmes (Groupe de trois femmes, Groupe de trois personnages), 1911–12, plaster, lost" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Joseph_Csaky%2C_1911-1912%2C_Deux_Femme_%28Two_Women%29%2C_plaster_lost%2C_photo_Galerie_Ren%C3%A9_Reichard%2C_Frankfurt%2C_72dpi.jpg/151px-Joseph_Csaky%2C_1911-1912%2C_Deux_Femme_%28Two_Women%29%2C_plaster_lost%2C_photo_Galerie_Ren%C3%A9_Reichard%2C_Frankfurt%2C_72dpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Joseph_Csaky%2C_1911-1912%2C_Deux_Femme_%28Two_Women%29%2C_plaster_lost%2C_photo_Galerie_Ren%C3%A9_Reichard%2C_Frankfurt%2C_72dpi.jpg/227px-Joseph_Csaky%2C_1911-1912%2C_Deux_Femme_%28Two_Women%29%2C_plaster_lost%2C_photo_Galerie_Ren%C3%A9_Reichard%2C_Frankfurt%2C_72dpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Joseph_Csaky%2C_1911-1912%2C_Deux_Femme_%28Two_Women%29%2C_plaster_lost%2C_photo_Galerie_Ren%C3%A9_Reichard%2C_Frankfurt%2C_72dpi.jpg/303px-Joseph_Csaky%2C_1911-1912%2C_Deux_Femme_%28Two_Women%29%2C_plaster_lost%2C_photo_Galerie_Ren%C3%A9_Reichard%2C_Frankfurt%2C_72dpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Csaky" title="Joseph Csaky">Joseph Csaky</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_femmes" title="Groupe de femmes">Groupe de femmes (Groupe de trois femmes, Groupe de trois personnages)</a></i>, 1911–12, plaster, lost</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Archipenko,_La_Vie_Familiale,_Family_Life,_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Archipenko, La Vie Familiale (Family Life), 1912, destroyed"><img alt="Alexander Archipenko, La Vie Familiale (Family Life), 1912, destroyed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Alexander_Archipenko%2C_La_Vie_Familiale%2C_Family_Life%2C_1912.jpg/139px-Alexander_Archipenko%2C_La_Vie_Familiale%2C_Family_Life%2C_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Alexander_Archipenko%2C_La_Vie_Familiale%2C_Family_Life%2C_1912.jpg/208px-Alexander_Archipenko%2C_La_Vie_Familiale%2C_Family_Life%2C_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Alexander_Archipenko%2C_La_Vie_Familiale%2C_Family_Life%2C_1912.jpg/277px-Alexander_Archipenko%2C_La_Vie_Familiale%2C_Family_Life%2C_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Archipenko" title="Alexander Archipenko">Alexander Archipenko</a>, <i>La Vie Familiale</i> (<i>Family Life</i>), 1912, destroyed</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantin_Brancusi,_Portrait_of_Mlle_Pogany,_1912,_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Modern_Art,_Philadelphia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constantin Brâncuși, Portrait of Mademoiselle Pogany, 1912, white marble; limestone block, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show"><img alt="Constantin Brâncuși, Portrait of Mademoiselle Pogany, 1912, white marble; limestone block, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Exhibited at the 1913 Armory Show" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Constantin_Brancusi%2C_Portrait_of_Mlle_Pogany%2C_1912%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/155px-Constantin_Brancusi%2C_Portrait_of_Mlle_Pogany%2C_1912%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Philadelphia.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Constantin_Brancusi%2C_Portrait_of_Mlle_Pogany%2C_1912%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/232px-Constantin_Brancusi%2C_Portrait_of_Mlle_Pogany%2C_1912%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Constantin_Brancusi%2C_Portrait_of_Mlle_Pogany%2C_1912%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Philadelphia.jpg/309px-Constantin_Brancusi%2C_Portrait_of_Mlle_Pogany%2C_1912%2C_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Modern_Art%2C_Philadelphia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1151" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Br%C3%A2ncu%C8%99i" title="Constantin Brâncuși">Constantin Brâncuși</a>, <i>Portrait of Mademoiselle Pogany</i>, 1912, white marble; limestone block, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>. Exhibited at the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Armory_Show" title="Armory Show">Armory Show</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Gutfreund_(Cellista).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Otto Gutfreund, Cellist, 1912–13"><img alt="Otto Gutfreund, Cellist, 1912–13" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Otto_Gutfreund_%28Cellista%29.jpg/150px-Otto_Gutfreund_%28Cellista%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Otto_Gutfreund_%28Cellista%29.jpg/225px-Otto_Gutfreund_%28Cellista%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Otto_Gutfreund_%28Cellista%29.jpg/300px-Otto_Gutfreund_%28Cellista%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Gutfreund" title="Otto Gutfreund">Otto Gutfreund</a>, <i>Cellist</i>, 1912–13</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel_Duchamp,_1917,_Fountain,_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917"><img alt="Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg/153px-Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg/230px-Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg/306px-Marcel_Duchamp%2C_1917%2C_Fountain%2C_photograph_by_Alfred_Stieglitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1849" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp" title="Marcel Duchamp">Marcel Duchamp</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)" title="Fountain (Duchamp)">Fountain</a></i>, 1917</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JacobEpstein_DayAndNight.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacob Epstein, Day and Night, carved for the London Underground's headquarters, 1928."><img alt="Jacob Epstein, Day and Night, carved for the London Underground's headquarters, 1928." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/JacobEpstein_DayAndNight.jpg/200px-JacobEpstein_DayAndNight.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/JacobEpstein_DayAndNight.jpg/300px-JacobEpstein_DayAndNight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/JacobEpstein_DayAndNight.jpg/400px-JacobEpstein_DayAndNight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Epstein" title="Jacob Epstein">Jacob Epstein</a>, <i>Day and Night</i>, carved for the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a>'s headquarters, 1928.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orze%C5%82_ministerstwo_infrastruktury.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mieczysław Kotarbiński, Coat of arms of Poland, basalt relief in Art Deco style, Warsaw, 1931."><img alt="Mieczysław Kotarbiński, Coat of arms of Poland, basalt relief in Art Deco style, Warsaw, 1931." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orze%C5%82_ministerstwo_infrastruktury.jpg/200px-Orze%C5%82_ministerstwo_infrastruktury.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orze%C5%82_ministerstwo_infrastruktury.jpg/300px-Orze%C5%82_ministerstwo_infrastruktury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Orze%C5%82_ministerstwo_infrastruktury.jpg/400px-Orze%C5%82_ministerstwo_infrastruktury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="2406" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mieczysław Kotarbiński, <i>Coat of arms of Poland</i>, basalt relief in <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> style, Warsaw, 1931.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Het_treurende_ouderpaar_-_K%C3%A4the_Kolwitz.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Käthe Kollwitz, The Grieving Parents, 1932, World War I memorial (for her son Peter), Vladslo German war cemetery"><img alt="Käthe Kollwitz, The Grieving Parents, 1932, World War I memorial (for her son Peter), Vladslo German war cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Het_treurende_ouderpaar_-_K%C3%A4the_Kolwitz.JPG/200px-Het_treurende_ouderpaar_-_K%C3%A4the_Kolwitz.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Het_treurende_ouderpaar_-_K%C3%A4the_Kolwitz.JPG/300px-Het_treurende_ouderpaar_-_K%C3%A4the_Kolwitz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Het_treurende_ouderpaar_-_K%C3%A4the_Kolwitz.JPG/400px-Het_treurende_ouderpaar_-_K%C3%A4the_Kolwitz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz" title="Käthe Kollwitz">Käthe Kollwitz</a>, <i>The Grieving Parents</i>, 1932, World War I memorial (for her son Peter), <a href="/wiki/Vladslo_German_war_cemetery" title="Vladslo German war cemetery">Vladslo German war cemetery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques_Lipchitz,_Birth_of_the_Muses_(1944-1950),_MIT_Campus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jacques Lipchitz, Birth of the Muses, 1944–1950"><img alt="Jacques Lipchitz, Birth of the Muses, 1944–1950" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_Birth_of_the_Muses_%281944-1950%29%2C_MIT_Campus.JPG/200px-Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_Birth_of_the_Muses_%281944-1950%29%2C_MIT_Campus.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_Birth_of_the_Muses_%281944-1950%29%2C_MIT_Campus.JPG/300px-Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_Birth_of_the_Muses_%281944-1950%29%2C_MIT_Campus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_Birth_of_the_Muses_%281944-1950%29%2C_MIT_Campus.JPG/400px-Jacques_Lipchitz%2C_Birth_of_the_Muses_%281944-1950%29%2C_MIT_Campus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lipchitz" title="Jacques Lipchitz">Jacques Lipchitz</a>, <i>Birth of the Muses</i>, 1944–1950</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbara_Hepworth_monolyth_empyrean.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Barbara Hepworth, Monolith-Empyrean, 1953"><img alt="Barbara Hepworth, Monolith-Empyrean, 1953" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Barbara_Hepworth_monolyth_empyrean.jpg/150px-Barbara_Hepworth_monolyth_empyrean.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Barbara_Hepworth_monolyth_empyrean.jpg/225px-Barbara_Hepworth_monolyth_empyrean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Barbara_Hepworth_monolyth_empyrean.jpg/300px-Barbara_Hepworth_monolyth_empyrean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth" title="Barbara Hepworth">Barbara Hepworth</a>, <i>Monolith-Empyrean</i>, 1953</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Chamberlain_at_the_Hirshhorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Chamberlain, S, 1959, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC."><img alt="John Chamberlain, S, 1959, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, DC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/John_Chamberlain_at_the_Hirshhorn.jpg/200px-John_Chamberlain_at_the_Hirshhorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/John_Chamberlain_at_the_Hirshhorn.jpg/300px-John_Chamberlain_at_the_Hirshhorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/John_Chamberlain_at_the_Hirshhorn.jpg/400px-John_Chamberlain_at_the_Hirshhorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(sculptor)" title="John Chamberlain (sculptor)">John Chamberlain</a>, <i>S</i>, 1959, <a href="/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC.">Washington, DC.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moore_ThreePieceRecliningFigureNo1_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Moore, Three Piece Reclining figure No.1, 1961, Yorkshire"><img alt="Henry Moore, Three Piece Reclining figure No.1, 1961, Yorkshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Moore_ThreePieceRecliningFigureNo1_1961.jpg/200px-Moore_ThreePieceRecliningFigureNo1_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Moore_ThreePieceRecliningFigureNo1_1961.jpg/300px-Moore_ThreePieceRecliningFigureNo1_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Moore_ThreePieceRecliningFigureNo1_1961.jpg/400px-Moore_ThreePieceRecliningFigureNo1_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a>, <i>Three Piece Reclining figure No.1</i>, 1961, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2004-09-07_1800x2400_chicago_picasso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pablo Picasso, Chicago Picasso, 1967, Chicago, Illinois"><img alt="Pablo Picasso, Chicago Picasso, 1967, Chicago, Illinois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2004-09-07_1800x2400_chicago_picasso.jpg/150px-2004-09-07_1800x2400_chicago_picasso.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2004-09-07_1800x2400_chicago_picasso.jpg/225px-2004-09-07_1800x2400_chicago_picasso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/2004-09-07_1800x2400_chicago_picasso.jpg/300px-2004-09-07_1800x2400_chicago_picasso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Picasso" title="Chicago Picasso">Chicago Picasso</a>, 1967, Chicago, Illinois</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Rickey_Ri10.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="George Rickey, Four Squares in Geviert, 1969, terrace of the New National Gallery, Berlin, Germany, Rickey is considered a Kinetic sculptor"><img alt="George Rickey, Four Squares in Geviert, 1969, terrace of the New National Gallery, Berlin, Germany, Rickey is considered a Kinetic sculptor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/George_Rickey_Ri10.gif/155px-George_Rickey_Ri10.gif" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/George_Rickey_Ri10.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Rickey" title="George Rickey">George Rickey</a>, <i>Four Squares in Geviert,</i> 1969, terrace of the <a href="/wiki/New_National_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="New National Gallery">New National Gallery</a>, Berlin, Germany, Rickey is considered a <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic sculptor</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Calder_Crinkly_avec_disc_Rouge_1973-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Calder, Crinkly avec disc rouge, 1973, Schlossplatz, Stuttgart"><img alt="Alexander Calder, Crinkly avec disc rouge, 1973, Schlossplatz, Stuttgart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alexander_Calder_Crinkly_avec_disc_Rouge_1973-1.jpg/148px-Alexander_Calder_Crinkly_avec_disc_Rouge_1973-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alexander_Calder_Crinkly_avec_disc_Rouge_1973-1.jpg/222px-Alexander_Calder_Crinkly_avec_disc_Rouge_1973-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Alexander_Calder_Crinkly_avec_disc_Rouge_1973-1.jpg/296px-Alexander_Calder_Crinkly_avec_disc_Rouge_1973-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a>, <i>Crinkly avec disc rouge</i>, 1973, Schlossplatz, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmos_n_Environ_XII.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Louise Nevelson, Atmosphere and Environment XII, 1970–1973, Philadelphia Museum of Art"><img alt="Louise Nevelson, Atmosphere and Environment XII, 1970–1973, Philadelphia Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atmos_n_Environ_XII.JPG/133px-Atmos_n_Environ_XII.JPG" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atmos_n_Environ_XII.JPG/200px-Atmos_n_Environ_XII.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Atmos_n_Environ_XII.JPG/266px-Atmos_n_Environ_XII.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2730" data-file-height="4097" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Nevelson" title="Louise Nevelson">Louise Nevelson</a>, <i>Atmosphere and Environment XII</i>, 1970–1973, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caro_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sir Anthony Caro, Black Cover Flat, 1974, steel, Tel Aviv Museum of Art"><img alt="Sir Anthony Caro, Black Cover Flat, 1974, steel, Tel Aviv Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Caro_1974.jpg/200px-Caro_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Caro_1974.jpg/300px-Caro_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Caro_1974.jpg/400px-Caro_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_Caro" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anthony Caro">Sir Anthony Caro</a>, <i>Black Cover Flat</i>, 1974, steel, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Museum_of_Art" title="Tel Aviv Museum of Art">Tel Aviv Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dona_i_Ocell.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Joan Miró, Woman and Bird, 1982, Barcelona, Spain"><img alt="Joan Miró, Woman and Bird, 1982, Barcelona, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dona_i_Ocell.JPG/104px-Dona_i_Ocell.JPG" decoding="async" width="104" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dona_i_Ocell.JPG/156px-Dona_i_Ocell.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dona_i_Ocell.JPG/208px-Dona_i_Ocell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dona_i_Ocell" title="Dona i Ocell">Woman and Bird</a></i>, 1982, Barcelona, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spider._Guggenheim_Museum,_Bilbao.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Louise Bourgeois, Maman, 1999, outside Museo Guggenheim"><img alt="Louise Bourgeois, Maman, 1999, outside Museo Guggenheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Spider._Guggenheim_Museum%2C_Bilbao.JPG/200px-Spider._Guggenheim_Museum%2C_Bilbao.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Spider._Guggenheim_Museum%2C_Bilbao.JPG/300px-Spider._Guggenheim_Museum%2C_Bilbao.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Spider._Guggenheim_Museum%2C_Bilbao.JPG/400px-Spider._Guggenheim_Museum%2C_Bilbao.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Maman_(sculpture)" title="Maman (sculpture)">Maman</a></i>, 1999, outside <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao" title="Guggenheim Museum Bilbao">Museo Guggenheim</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_movements">Contemporary movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Contemporary movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg/220px-Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg/330px-Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg/440px-Umbrella_Project1991_10_27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude" title="Christo and Jeanne-Claude">Christo and Jeanne-Claude</a>, <i>Umbrellas</i> 1991, Japan<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20180317_device_to_root_out_evil_D20_5979.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/20180317_device_to_root_out_evil_D20_5979.jpg/220px-20180317_device_to_root_out_evil_D20_5979.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/20180317_device_to_root_out_evil_D20_5979.jpg/330px-20180317_device_to_root_out_evil_D20_5979.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/20180317_device_to_root_out_evil_D20_5979.jpg/440px-20180317_device_to_root_out_evil_D20_5979.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="3053" /></a><figcaption><i>Device to Root Out Evil</i> (1997) sculpture by Dennis Oppenheim at <br /><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, Plaça de la Porta de Santa Catalina</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site specific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">environmental art</a> works are represented by artists: <a href="/wiki/Andy_Goldsworthy" title="Andy Goldsworthy">Andy Goldsworthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_De_Maria" title="Walter De Maria">Walter De Maria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Long_(artist)" title="Richard Long (artist)">Richard Long</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Irwin_(artist)" title="Robert Irwin (artist)">Robert Irwin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Rickey" title="George Rickey">George Rickey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christo_and_Jeanne-Claude" title="Christo and Jeanne-Claude">Christo and Jeanne-Claude</a> led contemporary abstract sculpture in new directions. Artists created <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">environmental sculpture</a> on expansive sites in the '<a href="/wiki/Land_Arts_of_the_American_West" title="Land Arts of the American West">land art in the American West</a>' group of projects. These <a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">land art</a> or 'earth art' environmental scale sculpture works exemplified by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smithson" title="Robert Smithson">Robert Smithson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Heizer" title="Michael Heizer">Michael Heizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Turrell" title="James Turrell">James Turrell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roden_Crater" title="Roden Crater">Roden Crater</a>). <a href="/wiki/Eva_Hesse" title="Eva Hesse">Eva Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sol_LeWitt" title="Sol LeWitt">Sol LeWitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Winsor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackie Winsor">Jackie Winsor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keith_Sonnier" title="Keith Sonnier">Keith Sonnier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Nauman" title="Bruce Nauman">Bruce Nauman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Oppenheim" title="Dennis Oppenheim">Dennis Oppenheim</a> among others were pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Postminimalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Postminimalist">Postminimalist</a> sculpture. </p><p>Also during the 1960s and 1970s artists as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi" title="Eduardo Paolozzi">Eduardo Paolozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chryssa" title="Chryssa">Chryssa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claes_Oldenburg" title="Claes Oldenburg">Claes Oldenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Segal_(artist)" title="George Segal (artist)">George Segal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kienholz" title="Edward Kienholz">Edward Kienholz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nam_June_Paik" title="Nam June Paik">Nam June Paik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Vostell" title="Wolf Vostell">Wolf Vostell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duane_Hanson" title="Duane Hanson">Duane Hanson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_DeAndrea" class="mw-redirect" title="John DeAndrea">John DeAndrea</a> explored abstraction, imagery and figuration through <a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">video art</a>, environment, light sculpture, and <a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">installation art</a> in new ways. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a> is art in which the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns. Works include <i><a href="/wiki/One_and_Three_Chairs" title="One and Three Chairs">One and Three Chairs</a></i>, 1965, is by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kosuth" title="Joseph Kosuth">Joseph Kosuth</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/An_Oak_Tree" title="An Oak Tree">An Oak Tree</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Craig-Martin" title="Michael Craig-Martin">Michael Craig-Martin</a>, and those of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Beuys" title="Joseph Beuys">Joseph Beuys</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Turrell" title="James Turrell">James Turrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacek_Tylicki" title="Jacek Tylicki">Jacek Tylicki</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimalism">Minimalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Minimalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonysmith_freeride_sculpture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tony Smith, Free Ride, 1962, 6'8 x 6'8 x 6'8 (the height of a standard US door opening), Museum of Modern Art, New York"><img alt="Tony Smith, Free Ride, 1962, 6'8 x 6'8 x 6'8 (the height of a standard US door opening), Museum of Modern Art, New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tonysmith_freeride_sculpture.jpg/200px-Tonysmith_freeride_sculpture.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Tonysmith_freeride_sculpture.jpg/300px-Tonysmith_freeride_sculpture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Tonysmith_freeride_sculpture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Smith_(sculptor)" title="Tony Smith (sculptor)">Tony Smith</a>, <i>Free Ride,</i> 1962, 6'8 x 6'8 x 6'8 (the height of a standard US door opening), <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art</a>, New York</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UntitledGoldBox1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Larry Bell, Untitled 1964, bismuth, chromium, gold, and rhodium on gold-plated brass; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden"><img alt="Larry Bell, Untitled 1964, bismuth, chromium, gold, and rhodium on gold-plated brass; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UntitledGoldBox1964.jpg/150px-UntitledGoldBox1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UntitledGoldBox1964.jpg/225px-UntitledGoldBox1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/UntitledGoldBox1964.jpg/300px-UntitledGoldBox1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Bell_(artist)" title="Larry Bell (artist)">Larry Bell</a>, <i>Untitled</i> 1964, bismuth, chromium, gold, and rhodium on gold-plated brass; <a href="/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Judd_Muenster.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Donald Judd, Untitled 1977, Münster, Germany"><img alt="Donald Judd, Untitled 1977, Münster, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Judd_Muenster.JPG/200px-Judd_Muenster.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Judd_Muenster.JPG/300px-Judd_Muenster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Judd_Muenster.JPG/400px-Judd_Muenster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Judd" title="Donald Judd">Donald Judd</a>, <i>Untitled</i> 1977, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardSerra_Fulcrum2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard Serra, Fulcrum 1987, 55 ft high free standing sculpture of Cor-ten steel near Liverpool Street station, London"><img alt="Richard Serra, Fulcrum 1987, 55 ft high free standing sculpture of Cor-ten steel near Liverpool Street station, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/RichardSerra_Fulcrum2.jpg/152px-RichardSerra_Fulcrum2.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/RichardSerra_Fulcrum2.jpg/229px-RichardSerra_Fulcrum2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/RichardSerra_Fulcrum2.jpg/305px-RichardSerra_Fulcrum2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1258" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Serra" title="Richard Serra">Richard Serra</a>, <i>Fulcrum</i> 1987, 55 ft high free standing sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Cor-ten" class="mw-redirect" title="Cor-ten">Cor-ten steel</a> near <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Street_station" title="Liverpool Street station">Liverpool Street station</a>, London</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald%D6%B9Judd_IMJ.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Donald Judd, Untitled, 1991, Israel Museum Art Garden, Jerusalem"><img alt="Donald Judd, Untitled, 1991, Israel Museum Art Garden, Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Donald%D6%B9Judd_IMJ.JPG/200px-Donald%D6%B9Judd_IMJ.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Donald%D6%B9Judd_IMJ.JPG/300px-Donald%D6%B9Judd_IMJ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Donald%D6%B9Judd_IMJ.JPG/400px-Donald%D6%B9Judd_IMJ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Judd" title="Donald Judd">Donald Judd</a>, <i>Untitled,</i> 1991, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> Art Garden, Jerusalem</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ideogram_WTC_Statue_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Rosati, Ideogram, 1972-2001, World Trade Center. New York City"><img alt="James Rosati, Ideogram, 1972-2001, World Trade Center. New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Ideogram_WTC_Statue_detail.jpg/136px-The_Ideogram_WTC_Statue_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Ideogram_WTC_Statue_detail.jpg/203px-The_Ideogram_WTC_Statue_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/The_Ideogram_WTC_Statue_detail.jpg/271px-The_Ideogram_WTC_Statue_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Rosati" title="James Rosati">James Rosati</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ideogram_(sculpture)" title="Ideogram (sculpture)">Ideogram</a>,</i> 1972-2001, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postminimalism"><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Postminimalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Bank_Circle_by_Richard_Long,_Tate_Liverpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard Long, South Bank Circle, 1991 Tate Liverpool, England"><img alt="Richard Long, South Bank Circle, 1991 Tate Liverpool, England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/South_Bank_Circle_by_Richard_Long%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg/200px-South_Bank_Circle_by_Richard_Long%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/South_Bank_Circle_by_Richard_Long%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg/300px-South_Bank_Circle_by_Richard_Long%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/South_Bank_Circle_by_Richard_Long%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg/400px-South_Bank_Circle_by_Richard_Long%2C_Tate_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Long_(artist)" title="Richard Long (artist)">Richard Long</a>, <i>South Bank Circle,</i> 1991 Tate Liverpool, England</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aile_Entrav%C3%A9e.Jean_Yves_Lechevallier.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jean-Yves Lechevallier, Fettered wing. 1991"><img alt="Jean-Yves Lechevallier, Fettered wing. 1991" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aile_Entrav%C3%A9e.Jean_Yves_Lechevallier.jpg/150px-Aile_Entrav%C3%A9e.Jean_Yves_Lechevallier.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aile_Entrav%C3%A9e.Jean_Yves_Lechevallier.jpg/225px-Aile_Entrav%C3%A9e.Jean_Yves_Lechevallier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aile_Entrav%C3%A9e.Jean_Yves_Lechevallier.jpg/300px-Aile_Entrav%C3%A9e.Jean_Yves_Lechevallier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Lechevallier" title="Jean-Yves Lechevallier">Jean-Yves Lechevallier</a>, <i>Fettered wing</i>. 1991</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TWUP_Jerusalem_190810_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anish Kapoor, Turning the World Upside Down, Israel Museum, 2010"><img alt="Anish Kapoor, Turning the World Upside Down, Israel Museum, 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/TWUP_Jerusalem_190810_1.JPG/150px-TWUP_Jerusalem_190810_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/TWUP_Jerusalem_190810_1.JPG/225px-TWUP_Jerusalem_190810_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/TWUP_Jerusalem_190810_1.JPG/300px-TWUP_Jerusalem_190810_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anish_Kapoor" title="Anish Kapoor">Anish Kapoor</a>, <i>Turning the World Upside Down</i>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, 2010</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rachel_whitereadwien_holocaust_mahnmal_wien_judenplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rachel Whiteread, Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial, Vienna, 2000"><img alt="Rachel Whiteread, Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial, Vienna, 2000" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rachel_whitereadwien_holocaust_mahnmal_wien_judenplatz.jpg/200px-Rachel_whitereadwien_holocaust_mahnmal_wien_judenplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rachel_whitereadwien_holocaust_mahnmal_wien_judenplatz.jpg/300px-Rachel_whitereadwien_holocaust_mahnmal_wien_judenplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Rachel_whitereadwien_holocaust_mahnmal_wien_judenplatz.jpg/400px-Rachel_whitereadwien_holocaust_mahnmal_wien_judenplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Whiteread" title="Rachel Whiteread">Rachel Whiteread</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Judenplatz_Holocaust_Memorial" title="Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial">Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial</a></i>, Vienna, 2000</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_contemporary-light-art-sculpture-manfred-kielnhofer-illumination.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guardians of Time, light sculpture by Manfred Kielnhofer at the Light Art Biennale Austria 2010"><img alt="Guardians of Time, light sculpture by Manfred Kielnhofer at the Light Art Biennale Austria 2010" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Public_contemporary-light-art-sculpture-manfred-kielnhofer-illumination.jpg/133px-Public_contemporary-light-art-sculpture-manfred-kielnhofer-illumination.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Public_contemporary-light-art-sculpture-manfred-kielnhofer-illumination.jpg/200px-Public_contemporary-light-art-sculpture-manfred-kielnhofer-illumination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Public_contemporary-light-art-sculpture-manfred-kielnhofer-illumination.jpg/266px-Public_contemporary-light-art-sculpture-manfred-kielnhofer-illumination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Guardians of Time</i>, <a href="/wiki/Light_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Light sculpture">light sculpture</a> by <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Kielnhofer" title="Manfred Kielnhofer">Manfred Kielnhofer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Light_Art_Biennale_Austria_2010" title="Light Art Biennale Austria 2010">Light Art Biennale Austria 2010</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Spire-doyler79.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Spire of Dublin officially titled the Monument of Light, stainless steel, 121.2 metres (398 feet), the world's tallest sculpture"><img alt="The Spire of Dublin officially titled the Monument of Light, stainless steel, 121.2 metres (398 feet), the world's tallest sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Spire-doyler79.jpg/62px-The_Spire-doyler79.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Spire-doyler79.jpg/93px-The_Spire-doyler79.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/The_Spire-doyler79.jpg/124px-The_Spire-doyler79.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="7471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Dublin" title="Spire of Dublin">Spire of Dublin</a> officially titled the <i>Monument of Light</i>, stainless steel, 121.2 metres (398 feet), the world's tallest sculpture</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_genres">Contemporary genres</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Contemporary genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png/220px-Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png/330px-Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png/440px-Spiral-jetty-from-rozel-point.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Spiral_Jetty" title="Spiral Jetty">Spiral Jetty</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smithson" title="Robert Smithson">Robert Smithson</a>, in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Some modern sculpture forms are now practiced outdoors, as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">environmental art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">environmental sculpture</a>, often in full view of spectators. <a href="/wiki/Light_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Light sculpture">Light sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lock_On_(street_art)" title="Lock On (street art)">street art sculpture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">site-specific art</a> also often make use of the environment. <a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">Ice sculpture</a> is a form of ephemeral sculpture that uses ice as the raw material. It is popular in China, Japan, Canada, Sweden, and Russia. Ice sculptures feature decoratively in some cuisines, especially in Asia. <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic sculptures</a> are sculptures that are designed to move, which include <a href="/wiki/Mobile_(sculpture)" title="Mobile (sculpture)">mobiles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Snow_sculpture" title="Snow sculpture">Snow sculptures</a> are usually carved out of a single block of snow about 6 to 15 feet (1.8 to 4.6 m) on each side and weighing about 20–30 tons. The snow is densely packed into a form after having been produced by artificial means or collected from the ground after a snowfall. <a href="/wiki/Sound_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound sculpture">Sound sculptures</a> take the form of indoor sound installations, outdoor installations such as aeolian harps, automatons, or be more or less near conventional musical instruments. Sound sculpture is often site-specific. <a href="/wiki/Art_toys" title="Art toys">Art toys</a> have become another format for contemporary artists since the late 1990s, such as those produced by <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Murakami" title="Takashi Murakami">Takashi Murakami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kid_Robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kid Robot">Kid Robot</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lau" title="Michael Lau">Michael Lau</a>, or hand-made by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Leavitt_(artist)" title="Michael Leavitt (artist)">Michael Leavitt (artist)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg/220px-Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg/330px-Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg/440px-Pollution_-_Damaged_by_acid_rain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Visible damage due to <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> on a sculpture</figcaption></figure> <p>Sculptures are sensitive to environmental conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">humidity</a> and exposure to light and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>. <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a> can also cause damage to certain building materials and historical monuments. This results when <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> in the rain chemically reacts with the calcium compounds in the stones (limestone, sandstone, marble and granite) to create <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, which then flakes off. Severe air pollution also causes damage to historical monuments. </p><p>At any time many contemporary sculptures have usually been on display in public places; <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a> was not a problem as pieces were instantly recognisable. In the early 21st century the value of metal rose to such an extent that theft of massive bronze sculpture for the value of the metal became a problem; sculpture worth millions being stolen and melted down for the relatively low value of the metal, a tiny fraction of the value of the artwork.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Cultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_sculpture" title="Classical sculpture">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_sculpture" title="French sculpture">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_sculpture" title="Italian Renaissance sculpture">Italian Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Method">Method</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter_sculpture" title="Butter sculpture">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrotyping" title="Electrotyping">Electrotyping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_sculpture" title="Gas sculpture">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_sculpture" title="Living sculpture">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_(sculpture)" title="Mobile (sculpture)">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaster_cast" title="Plaster cast">Plaster cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondo_(art)" title="Tondo (art)">Tondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_shaping" title="Tree shaping">Tree shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_sculpture" title="Wax sculpture">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welded_sculpture" title="Welded sculpture">Welded</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application">Application</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_sculpture" title="Garden sculpture">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_stone" title="Marriage stone">Marriage stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_relief" title="Rock relief">Rock relief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">List of sculptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">List of female sculptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">Outline of sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">List of sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">List of most expensive sculptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">List of tallest statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sculpture_Foundation" title="Cass Sculpture Foundation">Cass Sculpture Foundation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.museicapitolini.org/collezioni/percorsi_per_sale/palazzo_nuovo/sala_del_gladiatore/statua_del_galata_capitolino">en.museicapitolini.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170903030759/http://en.museicapitolini.org/collezioni/percorsi_per_sale/palazzo_nuovo/sala_del_gladiatore/statua_del_galata_capitolino">Archived</a> 2017-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Italian).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-artmuseums.harvard.edu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-artmuseums.harvard.edu_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-artmuseums.harvard.edu_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/exhibitions/sackler/godsInColor.html">"Gods in Color: Painted Sculpture of Classical Antiquity" September 2007 to January 2008, The Arthur M. Sackler Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104060402/http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/exhibitions/sackler/godsInColor.html">Archived</a> January 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_books-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Google_books_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Google_books_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example Martin Robertson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoUsvD1_VNQC&pg=PA9">A shorter history of Greek art</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204112630/https://books.google.com/books?id=BoUsvD1_VNQC&pg=PA9">Archived</a> 2022-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 9, Cambridge University Press, 1981, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28084-6">978-0-521-28084-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_san.shtm">NGA, Washington</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215195511/http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_san.shtm">Archived</a> 2013-02-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> feature on exhibition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemies</a> began the Hellenistic tradition of ruler-portraits on coins, and the Romans began to show dead politicians in the 1st century BCE, with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> the first living figure to be portrayed; under the emperors portraits of the Imperial family became standard. See Burnett, 34–35; Howgego, 63–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flashpointmag.com/sculptur.htm">"Article by Morris Cox"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828020704/http://www.flashpointmag.com/sculptur.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+by+Morris+Cox.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flashpointmag.com%2Fsculptur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Gods_in_Color" title="Gods in Color">Gods in Color</a> exhibition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/exhibitions/past/gods-color-painted-sculpture-classical-antiquity">Harvard exhibition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006044401/http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/exhibitions/past/gods-color-painted-sculpture-classical-antiquity">Archived</a> 2014-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 147; he notes that ancient Greek copyists seem to have used many fewer points than some later ones, and copies often vary considerably in the composition as well as the finish.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jepsculpture-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jepsculpture_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jepsculpture.com/bronze.shtml">"Flash animation of the lost-wax casting process"</a>. James Peniston Sculpture. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914211709/http://www.jepsculpture.com/bronze.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flash+animation+of+the+lost-wax+casting+process&rft.pub=James+Peniston+Sculpture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jepsculpture.com%2Fbronze.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mco-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mco_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavi2004" class="citation web cs1">Ravi, B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emt-india.net/process/foundries/pdf/CDA1.pdf">"Metal Casting – Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bureau of Energy Efficiency, India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207225247/http://www.emt-india.net/process/foundries/pdf/CDA1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metal+Casting+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Energy+Efficiency%2C+India&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ravi&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emt-india.net%2Fprocess%2Ffoundries%2Fpdf%2FCDA1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/the_lycurgus_cup.aspx">"British Museum – The Lycurgus Cup"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151104233439/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/the_lycurgus_cup.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Museum+%E2%80%93+The+Lycurgus+Cup.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Fpe_mla%2Ft%2Fthe_lycurgus_cup.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Arthur (2005). <i>The Sculpture Reference Illustrated</i>. Gulfport, MS. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9755383-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9755383-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9755383-0-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sculpture+Reference+Illustrated&rft.place=Gulfport%2C+MS&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9755383-0-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/clay-into-terracotta/">V&A Museum, Sculpture techniques: modelling in clay</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802094251/http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/clay-into-terracotta/">Archived</a> August 2, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed August 31, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 140–44; Frankfort 112–13; Henig, 179–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGipson2022" class="citation book cs1">Gipson, Ferren (2022). <i>Women's work: from feminine arts to feminist art</i>. London: Frances Lincoln. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-6465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7112-6465-6"><bdi>978-0-7112-6465-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+work%3A+from+feminine+arts+to+feminist+art&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7112-6465-6&rft.aulast=Gipson&rft.aufirst=Ferren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 134–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burford, Alison, "Greece, ancient, §IV, 1: Monumental sculpture: Overview, 5 c)" in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" title="Oxford Art Online">Oxford Art Online</a>, accessed August 24, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olsen, 150–51; Blunt.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0018_0_17899.html">"Jewish virtual library, History of Jewish sculpture"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805044926/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0018_0_17899.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 5, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+virtual+library%2C+History+of+Jewish+sculpture.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0018_0_17899.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Mellars, Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe: Deconstructing the Aurignacian, <i>Evolutionary Anthropology</i>, vol. 15 (2006), pp. 167–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Laet,_Sigfried_J.1994" class="citation book cs1">de Laet, Sigfried J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e75T03MIp3sC&pg=PA211"><i>History of Humanity: Prehistory and the beginnings of civilization</i></a>. UNESCO. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102810-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102810-6"><bdi>978-92-3-102810-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+Prehistory+and+the+beginnings+of+civilization&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102810-6&rft.au=de+Laet%2C+Sigfried+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De75T03MIp3sC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, J. (2013) <i>Ice Age art: arrival of the modern mind</i>, The British Museum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2333-2">978-0-7141-2333-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandars, 8–16, 29–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hahn, Joachim, "Prehistoric Europe, §II: Palaeolithic 3. Portable art" in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" title="Oxford Art Online">Oxford Art Online</a>, accessed August 24, 2012; Sandars, 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiner,_Fred2009" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBrvazPDFoYC&pg=PT36"><i>Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective, Volume 1</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57360-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-57360-9"><bdi>978-0-495-57360-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages%3A+The+Western+Perspective%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-57360-9&rft.au=Kleiner%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBrvazPDFoYC%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandars, 75–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandars, 253−57, 183–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfort, 24–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfort, 45–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfort, 61–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfort, Chapters 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfort, 110–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfort, 66–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfort, 71–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfort, 66–74, 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frankfort, 141–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 12–13 and note 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 21–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 170–78, 192–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 102–03, 133–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 4–5, 208–09.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, 89–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Getty_Villa_-_Harp_player_-_inv._85.AA.103" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Getty Villa - Harp player - inv. 85.AA.103">images of Getty Villa 85.AA.103</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 72, 85–109; Boardman, 47–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glyptoteket.com/about-the-museum/research/">"Research"</a>. <i>Glyptoteket</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924044927/http://www.glyptoteket.com/about-the-museum/research/">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glyptoteket&rft.atitle=Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glyptoteket.com%2Fabout-the-museum%2Fresearch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trackingcolour.com/">"Tracking Colour"</a>. <i>www.trackingcolour.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209145611/http://www.trackingcolour.com/">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trackingcolour.com&rft.atitle=Tracking+Colour&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trackingcolour.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 109–19; Boardman, 87–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lapatin, Kenneth D.S., <i>Phidias</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Art_Online" title="Oxford Art Online">Oxford Art Online</a>, accessed August 24, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 119–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 131–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age, p. xiii. Green P. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2413-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2413-9">978-0-7538-2413-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 142–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 142–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, 155–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, 58–63; Hennig, 66–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hennig, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henig, 66–69; Strong, 36–39, 48; At the trial of <a href="/wiki/Verres" class="mw-redirect" title="Verres">Verres</a>, former governor of Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s prosecution details his depredations of art collections at great length.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henig, 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henig, 66–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henig, 73–82; Strong, 48–52, 80–83, 108–17, 128–32, 141–59, 177–82, 197–211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henig, Chapter 6; Strong, 303–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henig, Chapter 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, 171–76, 211–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kitzinger, 9 (both quotes), more generally his Ch 1; Strong, 250–57, 264–66, 272–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strong, 287–91, 305–08, 315–18; Henig, 234–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, 12, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodwell, Chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calkins, 79–80, 90–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calkins, 107–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calkins, 115–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour and Fleming, 297–300; Henderson, 55, 82–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 11–24; Honour and Fleming, 304; Henderson, 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, 65–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, 305–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/bbchistory/object_text07.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804003215/http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/bbchistory/object_text07.htm">Archived</a> 2012-08-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/V%26A_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="V&A Museum">V&A Museum</a> feature on the Nottingham alabaster <i>Swansea Altarpiece</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calkins, 193–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cherry, 25–48; Henderson, 134–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 41–46, 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 45–52, and see index.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 114–18, 149–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 149–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 103–10, 131–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, Chapter 8, 179–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 179–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 183–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 182–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, 194–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boucher, 134–42 on the <a href="/wiki/Cornaro_chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornaro chapel">Cornaro chapel</a>; see index for Bernini generally.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boucher, 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour and Fleming, 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour and Fleming, 460–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 370–78; Harle, 71–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boardman, 370–78; Sickman, 85–90; Paine, 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, Chapter 1, 135–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 138–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 135–45, 145–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 163–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, Chapters 4 and 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rawson, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JR-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JR_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JR_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rawson, Jessica (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018213315/https://www.zacke.at/sites/default/files/styles/artobject_huge/public/artobjects/b.1e_jessica_rawson_design_systems_in_early_chinese_art_orientations_nov._1999_p._52.jpg">"Design Systems in Early Chinese Art"</a>. <i>Orientations</i>: 52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zacke.at/sites/default/files/styles/artobject_huge/public/artobjects/b.1e_jessica_rawson_design_systems_in_early_chinese_art_orientations_nov._1999_p._52.jpg">the original</a> on October 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientations&rft.atitle=Design+Systems+in+Early+Chinese+Art&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zacke.at%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fstyles%2Fartobject_huge%2Fpublic%2Fartobjects%2Fb.1e_jessica_rawson_design_systems_in_early_chinese_art_orientations_nov._1999_p._52.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHM-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SHM_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SHM_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114125435/http://e.sxhm.com/en_product_content.asp?id=49">"Shaanxi History Museum notice"</a>. <i>Shaanxi History Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e.sxhm.com/en_product_content.asp?id=49">the original</a> on January 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shaanxi+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Shaanxi+History+Museum+notice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe.sxhm.com%2Fen_product_content.asp%3Fid%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/middlejomon.htm">Middle Jomon Sub-Period</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090525100233/http://www.nbz.or.jp/eng/middlejomon.htm">Archived</a> 2009-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Niigata Prefectural Museum of History, accessed August 15, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine & Soper, 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321090221/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%AE%9A%E6%9C%9D-79529">Kotobank, Jōchō.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Asahi_Shimbun" title="The Asahi Shimbun">The Asahi Shimbun</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703173413/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%85%B6%E6%B4%BE-59106">Kotobank, Kei school.</a> The Asahi Shimbun.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paine & Soper, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 17–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harle,_26–38-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harle,_26–38_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harle,_26–38_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 26–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 87; his Part 2 covers the period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 301–10, 325–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 276–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour & Fleming, 196–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piotrovsky and Rogers, 23, 26–27, 33–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piotrovsky and Rogers, 23, 33–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honour_&_Fleming,_557-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honour_&_Fleming,_557_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honour_&_Fleming,_557_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour & Fleming, 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour & Fleming, 559–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour & Fleming, 556–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Lorenzi (2015), pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs (2015), p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-briggs_2015_p331-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-briggs_2015_p331_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-briggs_2015_p331_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs (2015), p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sobania_2012_p.462-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sobania_2012_p.462_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobania (2012), p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harkless_2006_174-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harkless_2006_174_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-harkless_2006_174_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harkless (2006), p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.org/collections/ancient-world/tour/nubian-art">Nubian Art</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180528215532/https://www.mfa.org/collections/ancient-world/tour/nubian-art">Archived</a> 2018-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Boston" title="Museum of Fine Arts, Boston">Museum of Fine Arts, Boston</a>. Accessed 28 May 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harkless (2006), pp. 174–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">March 2011. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isaw.nyu.edu/exhibitions/nubia/highlights.html">Nubia: Ancient Kingdoms of Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619180717/http://isaw.nyu.edu/exhibitions/nubia/highlights.html">Archived</a> 2018-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Institute for the Study of the Ancient World">Institute for the Study of the Ancient World</a> (New York University). Accessed May 28, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Castedo, Leopoldo, <i>A History of Latin American Art and architecture</i>, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Publisher, 1969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour & Fleming, 553–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neumeyer, Alfred, <i>The Indian Contribution to Architectural Decoration in Spanish Colonial America</i>. <i>The Art Bulletin</i>, June 1948, Volume XXX, Number two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elsen, Albert E. (2003). <i>Rodin's Art: The Rodin Collection of the Iris & Gerald B. Cantor Center for the Visual Arts</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513381-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513381-1">0-19-513381-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psmuseum.org/exhibitions/upcoming_exhibition_new.php"><i>Rodin to Now: Modern Sculpture</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120825153524/http://www.psmuseum.org/exhibitions/upcoming_exhibition_new.php">Archived</a> 2012-08-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Palm Springs Desert Museum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis, Penelpoe, <i>Taking Positions: Figurative Sculpture and the Third Reich</i>, Henry Moore Institute, London, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Visual arts in the 20th century</i>, Author Edward Lucie-Smith, Edition illustrated, Publisher Harry N. Abrams, 1997, Original from the University of Michigan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3934-9">978-0-8109-3934-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford dictionary of American art and artists</i>, Author Ann Lee Morgan, Publisher Oxford University Press, 2007, Original from the University of Michigan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512878-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512878-9">978-0-19-512878-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Air and Space Museum Receives <i>Ascent</i> Sculpture for display at Udvar-Hazy Center <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/events/pressroomreleaseDetail.cfm?releaseID=49">[2]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/28/us/christo-umbrella-crushes-woman.html">"NY Times, <i>Umbrella Crushes Woman</i>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 28, 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205084617/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/28/us/christo-umbrella-crushes-woman.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NY+Times%2C+Umbrella+Crushes+Woman&rft.date=1991-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F10%2F28%2Fus%2Fchristo-umbrella-crushes-woman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130104152454/http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/piece/?search=Museum%20Piece&page=&f=Title&object=73.2034">"Guggenheim museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guggenheim.org/new-york/collections/collection-online/show-full/piece/?search=Museum%20Piece&page=&f=Title&object=73.2034">the original</a> on January 4, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guggenheim+museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guggenheim.org%2Fnew-york%2Fcollections%2Fcollection-online%2Fshow-full%2Fpiece%2F%3Fsearch%3DMuseum%2520Piece%26page%3D%26f%3DTitle%26object%3D73.2034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diacenter.org/exhibitions/artistbio/84">"Dia Foundation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708223339/http://diacenter.org/exhibitions/artistbio/84">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dia+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diacenter.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fartistbio%2F84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Art Army by Michael Leavitt", <i> hypediss.com</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hypediss.com/art_army_by_michael_leavitt">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118102023/http://www.hypediss.com/art_army_by_michael_leavitt">Archived</a> 2015-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 13, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-16266378">BBC: Barbara Hepworth sculpture stolen from Dulwich Park, 20 December 2011</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110005345/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-16266378">Archived</a> 10 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Example of theft of large bronze sculpture for the value of the metal.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Boucher, Bruce, <i>Italian Baroque Sculpture</i>, 1998, Thames & Hudson (World of Art), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20307-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20307-5">0-500-20307-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Blunt Anthony</a>, <i>Artistic Theory in Italy, 1450–1660</i>, OUP, 1940 (refs to 1985 ed), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-881050-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-881050-4">0-19-881050-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a> ed., <i>The Oxford History of Classical Art</i>, OUP, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814386-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814386-9">0-19-814386-9</a></li> <li>Briggs, Philip (2015) [1995]. <i>Ethiopia</i>. Chalfont St Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-922-3">978-1-84162-922-3</a>.</li> <li>Burnett, Andrew, <i>Coins; Interpreting the Past</i>, University of California/British Museum, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07628-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07628-1">0-520-07628-1</a></li> <li>Calkins, Robert G.; <i>Monuments of Medieval Art</i>, Dutton, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-47561-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-47561-3">0-525-47561-3</a></li> <li>Cherry, John. <i>The Holy Thorn Reliquary</i>, 2010, British Museum Press (British Museum objects in focus), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-2820-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-2820-1">0-7141-2820-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Manuel_Cook" title="Robert Manuel Cook">Cook, R.M.</a>, <i>Greek Art</i>, Penguin, 1986 (reprint of 1972), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-021866-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-021866-1">0-14-021866-1</a></li> <li>De Lorenzi, James (2015). <i>Guardians of the Tradition: Historians and Historical Writing in Ethiopia and Eritrea</i>. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-519-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-519-9">978-1-58046-519-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Reginald_Dodwell" title="Charles Reginald Dodwell">Dodwell, C.R.</a>, <i>Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective</i>, 1982, Manchester University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0926-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0926-X">0-7190-0926-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Frankfort" title="Henri Frankfort">Frankfort, Henri</a>, <i>The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient</i>, Pelican History of Art, 4th ed 1970, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-056107-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-056107-2">0-14-056107-2</a></li> <li>Harkless, Necia Desiree (2006). <i>Nubian Pharaohs and Meroitic Kings: The Kingdom of Kush</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4259-4496-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4259-4496-5">1-4259-4496-5</a>.</li> <li>Harle, J. C., <i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i>, 2nd ed. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06217-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06217-6">0-300-06217-6</a></li> <li>Henderson, George. <i>Gothic</i>, 1967, Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-020806-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-020806-2">0-14-020806-2</a></li> <li>Henig, Martin (ed.), <i>A Handbook of Roman Art</i>, Phaidon, 1983, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-2214-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-2214-0">0-7148-2214-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Paine, Robert Treat</a>, in: Paine, R. T., & A. Soper, <i>The Art and Architecture of Japan</i>, 3rd ed. 1981, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-056108-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-056108-0">0-14-056108-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Hugh Honour</a> and John Fleming, <i>A World History of Art</i>, 1st ed. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st ed. paperback. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-37185-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-37185-2">0-333-37185-2</a></li> <li>Howgego, Christopher, <i>Ancient History from Coins</i>, Routledge, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08993-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08993-X">0-415-08993-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kitzinger" title="Ernst Kitzinger">Kitzinger, Ernst</a>, <i>Byzantine art in the making: main lines of stylistic development in Mediterranean art, 3rd–7th century</i>, 1977, Faber & Faber, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-11154-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-11154-8">0-571-11154-8</a> (US: Cambridge UP, 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Olson" title="Roberta Olson">Olson, Roberta J. M.</a>, <i>Italian Renaissance Sculpture</i>, 1992, Thames & Hudson (World of Art), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20253-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20253-1">978-0-500-20253-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rawson" title="Jessica Rawson">Rawson, Jessica</a> (ed.). <i>The British Museum Book of Chinese Art</i>, 2007 (2nd ed), British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2446-9">978-0-7141-2446-9</a></li> <li>Piotrovsky, M. B., and J. M. Rogers (eds), <i>Heaven on Earth: Art from Islamic Lands</i>, 2004, Prestel, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-3055-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-7913-3055-1">3-7913-3055-1</a></li> <li>Robinson, James, <i>Masterpieces of Medieval Art</i>, 2008, British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2815-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2815-3">978-0-7141-2815-3</a></li> <li>Sandars, Nancy K., <i>Prehistoric Art in Europe</i>, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), 1968 (nb 1st ed.; early datings now superseded)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholten,_Frits2011" class="citation book cs1">Scholten, Frits (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/66219/rec/1"><i><span></span></i>European sculpture and metalwork<i><span></span></i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-441-5"><bdi>978-1-58839-441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+sculpture+and+metalwork&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-441-5&rft.au=Scholten%2C+Frits&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F66219%2Frec%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L., & A. Soper, "The Art and Architecture of China", <i>Pelican History of Art</i>, 3rd ed. 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/70125675">70-125675</a></li> <li>Simon, Joshua. <i>Neomaterialism</i>, Berlin: Sternberg Press, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-943365-08-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-943365-08-5">978-3-943365-08-5</a></li> <li>Smith, W. Stevenson, and Simpson, William Kelly. <i>The Art and Architecture of Ancient Egypt</i>, 3rd ed. 1998, Yale University Press (Penguin/Yale History of Art), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07747-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07747-5">0-300-07747-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Snyder_(art_historian)" title="James Snyder (art historian)">Snyder, James</a>. <i>Northern Renaissance Art</i>, 1985, Harry N. Abrams, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-623596-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-623596-4">0-13-623596-4</a></li> <li>Sobania, Neal W. (2012), "Lalibela", in Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Gates, Henry Louis Jr., <i>Dictionary of African Biography</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 462, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5">978-0-19-538207-5</a>.</li> <li>Sobania, Neal W. (2012). "Lalibela", in Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Gates, Henry Louis Jr., <i>Dictionary of African Biography</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538207-5">978-0-19-538207-5</a>.</li> <li>Strong, Donald, et al., <i>Roman Art</i>, 1995 (2nd ed), Yale University Press (Penguin/Yale History of Art), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05293-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05293-6">0-300-05293-6</a></li> <li>Williams, Dyfri. <i>Masterpieces of Classical Art</i>, 2009, British Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2254-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-2254-0">978-0-7141-2254-0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sculpture" class="extiw" title="commons:Sculpture"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sculpture</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sculpture" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sculpture">Sculpture</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sculpture" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sculpture">sculpture</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vam.ac.uk/page/s/sculpture/">Sculpture "hub"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmog.org/">Corning Museum of Glass</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sculpture.org.uk/">Cass Sculpture Foundation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831102511/http://www.sculpture.org.uk/">Archived</a> 2009-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a charity dedicated to commissioning monumental sculpture.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sculpture"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sculpture">"Sculpture" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 488–517.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sculpture&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=488-517&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASculpture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Current research on polychromy on ancient sculpture at the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trackingcolour.com">Tracking Colour</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sculpture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sculptures" title="Template:Sculptures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sculptures" title="Template talk:Sculptures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sculptures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sculptures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sculpture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sculpture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_sculpture" title="Architectural sculpture">Architectural sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas relief">Bas relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">Effigy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_sculpture" title="Gas sculpture">Gas sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Earth art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sculpture" title="Environmental sculpture">Environmental sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurine" title="Figurine">Figurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_sculpture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic sculpture">Kinetic sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_(sculpture)" title="Mobile (sculpture)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_sculpture" title="Monumental sculpture">Monumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedimental_sculpture" title="Pedimental sculpture">Pedimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles of sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_sculpture" title="Classical sculpture">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonography" title="Detonography">Detonography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_sculpture" title="Jain sculpture">Jain sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_sculpture" title="Renaissance sculpture">Renaissance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements in sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_space" title="Negative space">Negative space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_sculpture" title="Marble sculpture">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">Butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesmonite" title="Jesmonite">Jesmonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic glass">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">Fiberglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sphinx_of_Giza" title="Great Sphinx of Giza">Great Sphinx of Giza</a> (c. 2558–2532 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Simbel" title="Abu Simbel">Abu Simbel temples</a> (c. 1264 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> (438 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Rhodes" title="Colossus of Rhodes">Colossus of Rhodes</a> (c. 292 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a></i> (c. 2nd century BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terracotta_Army" title="Terracotta Army">Terracotta Army</a> (246–210 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laoco%C3%B6n_and_His_Sons" title="Laocoön and His Sons">Laocoön and His Sons</a></i> (c. 200 BCE – 70 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_de_Milo" title="Venus de Milo">Venus de Milo</a></i> (130–100 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Marcus_Aurelius" title="Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius">Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius</a> (175 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a> (507–554 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral#Portals" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartes Cathedral</a> (c. 1194–1250 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a> (1250 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a>, Easter Islands (1250–1500 CE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a></i> (1498–1499)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a></i> (1501–1504)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veiled_Christ" title="Veiled Christ">Veiled Christ</a></i> (1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamagaya_Great_Buddha" title="Kamagaya Great Buddha">Kamagaya Great Buddha</a> (1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Belfort" title="Lion of Belfort">Lion of Belfort</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty"><i>Liberty Enlightening the World</i>, Statue of Liberty</a> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gates_of_Hell" title="The Gates of Hell">The Gates of Hell</a></i> (1890–1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thinker" title="The Thinker">The Thinker</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne%27s_tomb" title="Jules Verne's tomb">Jules Verne's tomb</a> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">Abraham Lincoln</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore <i>Shrine of Democracy</i></a> (1927–1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a></i> (1927–1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Motherland_Calls" title="The Motherland Calls">The Motherland Calls</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Ukraine" title="Mother Ukraine">Mother Ukraine</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Equestrian statue of Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan Equestrian Statue</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Unity" title="Statue of Unity">Statue of Unity</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sculpture" title="Category:Sculpture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Template talk:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_the_visual_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of the visual arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">Body art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon" title="Cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_art" title="Computer art">Computer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">pallet crafts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">Decorative arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">Filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic media">List of artistic media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name" title="List of painters by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">Sculptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stolen_paintings" title="List of stolen paintings">Stolen paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Most expensive paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">works by living artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arts">Arts portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11634#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11634#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11634#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4046277-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85119004">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933241b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11933241b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573617">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sochařství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125738&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Escultura"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525481">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565867205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011168">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642810">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\S\C\Sculpture">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&oldid=1258186953">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&oldid=1258186953</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sculpture" title="Category:Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sculptures" title="Category:Sculptures">Sculptures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sculpture_techniques" title="Category:Sculpture techniques">Sculpture techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_arts_terminology" title="Category:Visual arts terminology">Visual arts terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2018">Articles with dead external links from May 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_defined_as_the_pagename" title="Category:Commons link is defined as the pagename">Commons link is defined as the pagename</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 16:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sculpture&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-prwmm","wgBackendResponseTime":196,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.217","walltime":"2.852","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17506,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":157190,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14405,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":520321,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2252.402 1 -total"," 14.84% 334.348 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.89% 267.840 36 Template:ISBN"," 6.85% 154.237 36 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 5.74% 129.282 3 Template:Lang"," 5.43% 122.381 3 Template:Navbox"," 5.33% 120.109 9 Template:Cite_web"," 5.10% 114.883 1 Template:Sculptures"," 4.85% 109.212 61 Template:Circa"," 4.01% 90.288 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.771","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21149341,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qg7t2","timestamp":"20241122140507","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sculpture","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sculpture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11634","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11634","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-17T22:52:35Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T16:25:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Dying_gaul.jpg","headline":"branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions"}</script> </body> </html>