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class="devsite-book-nav-filter" hidden> <span class="filter-list-icon material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></span> <input type="text" placeholder="Filter" aria-label="Type to filter" role="searchbox"> <span class="filter-clear-button hidden" data-title="Clear filter" aria-label="Clear filter" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <nav class="devsite-book-nav devsite-nav nocontent" aria-label="Side menu"> <div class="devsite-mobile-header"> <button type="button" id="devsite-close-nav" class="devsite-header-icon-button button-flat material-icons gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Close navigation" aria-label="Close navigation"> </button> <div class="devsite-product-name-wrapper"> <a href="/" class="devsite-site-logo-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Site logo" track-type="globalNav" track-name="webDev" track-metadata-position="nav" track-metadata-eventDetail="nav"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/web/images/lockup-dark-theme.svg" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" class="devsite-dark-theme" alt="web.dev"> <img src="https://www.gstatic.com/devrel-devsite/prod/v870e399c64f7c43c99a3043db4b3a74327bb93d0914e84a0c3dba90bbfd67625/web/images/lockup.svg" class="devsite-site-logo" alt="web.dev"> </picture> </a> <span class="devsite-product-name"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" > <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> </li> </ul> </span> </div> </div> <div class="devsite-book-nav-wrapper"> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-top"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/about" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: About" track-name="about" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: About" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > About </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/html" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: HTML" track-name="html" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: HTML" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > HTML </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/css" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: CSS" track-name="css" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: CSS" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > CSS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/javascript" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: JavaScript" track-name="javascript" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: JavaScript" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > JavaScript </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/blog" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Blog" track-name="blog" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Blog" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Blog </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/learn" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Learn" track-name="learn" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Learn" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Learn </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Explore" track-name="explore" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Explore" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Explore </span> </a> <ul class="devsite-nav-responsive-tabs"> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/learn-core-web-vitals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Core Web Vitals" track-name="core web vitals" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Core Web Vitals" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core Web Vitals </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/metrics" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Metrics" track-name="metrics" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Metrics" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Metrics </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/fast" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Fast load times" track-name="fast load times" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Fast load times" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Fast load times </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: AI" track-name="ai" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: AI" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > AI </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/how-to-optimize-inp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Optimize Interaction to Next Paint (INP)" track-name="optimize interaction to next paint (inp)" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Optimize Interaction to Next Paint (INP)" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Optimize Interaction to Next Paint (INP) </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/progressive-web-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Progressive Web Apps" track-name="progressive web apps" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Progressive Web Apps" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Progressive Web Apps </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/accessibility" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Accessible to all" track-name="accessible to all" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Accessible to all" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Accessible to all </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/reliable" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Network reliability" track-name="network reliability" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Network reliability" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Network reliability </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/secure" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children devsite-nav-active" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Safe and secure" track-name="safe and secure" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Safe and secure" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip menu="_book"> Safe and secure </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" menu="_book"> </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/discoverable" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Easily discoverable" track-name="easily discoverable" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Easily discoverable" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Easily discoverable </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/payments" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Web Payments" track-name="web payments" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Web Payments" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Web Payments </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Media" track-name="media" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Media" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Media </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/devices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Devices" track-name="devices" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Devices" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Devices </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/animations" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Animations" track-name="animations" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Animations" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Animations </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/identity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Identity" track-name="identity" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Identity" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Identity </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/webassembly" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: WebAssembly" track-name="webassembly" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: WebAssembly" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > WebAssembly </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/test-automation" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Test automation" track-name="test automation" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Test automation" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Test automation </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/react" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: React" track-name="react" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: React" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > React </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/angular" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Angular" track-name="angular" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Angular" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Angular </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/explore/mini-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event devsite-nav-has-children " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Mini apps" track-name="mini apps" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Mini apps" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Mini apps </span> <span class="devsite-nav-icon material-icons" data-icon="forward" > </span> </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/patterns" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Patterns" track-name="patterns" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Patterns" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Patterns </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/case-studies" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Tab: Case studies" track-name="case studies" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Case studies" track-type="globalNav" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Case studies </span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="devsite-mobile-nav-bottom"> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="_book"> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understand security basics</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/security-not-scary" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/security-not-scary" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/security-not-scary" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Security should not be so scary!</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/security-attacks" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/security-attacks" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/security-attacks" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>What are security attacks?</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/same-site-same-origin" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/same-site-same-origin" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/same-site-same-origin" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understanding "same-site" and "same-origin"</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/security-headers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/security-headers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/security-headers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Security headers quick reference</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Secure connections with HTTPS</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/why-https-matters" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/why-https-matters" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/why-https-matters" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Why HTTPS matters</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/enable-https" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/enable-https" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/enable-https" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Enabling HTTPS on your servers</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/what-is-mixed-content" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/what-is-mixed-content" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/what-is-mixed-content" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>What is mixed content?</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fixing-mixed-content" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fixing-mixed-content" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fixing-mixed-content" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fixing mixed content</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/when-to-use-local-https" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/when-to-use-local-https" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/when-to-use-local-https" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>When to use HTTPS for local development</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/how-to-use-local-https" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/how-to-use-local-https" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/how-to-use-local-https" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How to use HTTPS for local development</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prevent info leaks</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/browser-sandbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/browser-sandbox" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/browser-sandbox" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Browser sandbox</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/same-origin-policy" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/same-origin-policy" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/same-origin-policy" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Same-origin policy</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/cross-origin-resource-sharing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/cross-origin-resource-sharing" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/cross-origin-resource-sharing" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/coop-coep" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/coop-coep" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/coop-coep" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Making your website "cross-origin isolated" using COOP and COEP</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/why-coop-coep" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/why-coop-coep" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/why-coop-coep" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Why you need "cross-origin isolated" for powerful features</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fetch-metadata" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fetch-metadata" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fetch-metadata" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Protect your resources from web attacks with Fetch Metadata</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Protect websites from XSS</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/trusted-types" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/trusted-types" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/trusted-types" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Prevent DOM-based cross-site scripting vulnerabilities with Trusted Types</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/strict-csp" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/strict-csp" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/strict-csp" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Mitigate cross-site scripting (XSS) with a strict Content Security Policy (CSP)</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/securely-hosting-user-data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/securely-hosting-user-data" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/securely-hosting-user-data" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Securely hosting user data in modern web applications</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Protect users from tracking</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/digging-into-the-privacy-sandbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/digging-into-the-privacy-sandbox" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/digging-into-the-privacy-sandbox" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Digging into the Privacy Sandbox</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/understanding-cookies" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/understanding-cookies" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/understanding-cookies" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Understanding cookies</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/samesite-cookies-explained" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/samesite-cookies-explained" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/samesite-cookies-explained" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>SameSite cookies explained</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/samesite-cookie-recipes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/samesite-cookie-recipes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>SameSite cookie recipes</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/first-party-cookie-recipes" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/first-party-cookie-recipes" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/first-party-cookie-recipes" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>First-party cookie recipes</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/referrer-best-practices" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/referrer-best-practices" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/referrer-best-practices" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Referer and Referrer-Policy best practices</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/trust-tokens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/trust-tokens" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/trust-tokens" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Getting started with Trust Tokens</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/privacy-security/user-agent-client-hints" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/privacy-security/user-agent-client-hints" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/privacy-security/user-agent-client-hints" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>User-agent client hints</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/schemeful-samesite" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/schemeful-samesite" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/schemeful-samesite" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Schemeful Same-Site</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/floc" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/floc" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/floc" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>What is FLoC?</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Monitor security violations and deprecations</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/capabilities/web-apis/reporting-api" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://developer.chrome.com/docs/capabilities/web-apis/reporting-api" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.chrome.com/docs/capabilities/web-apis/reporting-api" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Reporting API</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="https://developer.chrome.com/blog/reporting-api-migration" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: https://developer.chrome.com/blog/reporting-api-migration" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="https://developer.chrome.com/blog/reporting-api-migration" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Migrate to Reporting API v1</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/network-error-logging" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/network-error-logging" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/network-error-logging" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Network Error Logging (NEL)</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"><div class="devsite-nav-title devsite-nav-title-no-path"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Help! I've been hacked</span> </div></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/hacked" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/hacked" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/hacked" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Help, I think I've been hacked</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/how-do-i-know-if-my-site-was-hacked" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/how-do-i-know-if-my-site-was-hacked" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/how-do-i-know-if-my-site-was-hacked" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>How do I know if my site was hacked?</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/top-ways-sites-get-hacked-by-spammers" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/top-ways-sites-get-hacked-by-spammers" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/top-ways-sites-get-hacked-by-spammers" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Top ways sites get hacked by spammers</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/build-a-support-team" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/build-a-support-team" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/build-a-support-team" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Build a support team</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/quarantine-your-site" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/quarantine-your-site" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/quarantine-your-site" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Quarantine your site</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/use-search-console" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/use-search-console" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/use-search-console" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Use Search Console</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/assess-spam-damage" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/assess-spam-damage" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/assess-spam-damage" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Assess spam damage</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fix-the-japanese-keyword-hack" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fix-the-japanese-keyword-hack" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fix-the-japanese-keyword-hack" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fix the Japanese Keyword hack</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fix-the-gibberish-hack" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fix-the-gibberish-hack" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fix-the-gibberish-hack" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fix the gibberish hack</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/fix-the-cloaked-keywords-hack" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/fix-the-cloaked-keywords-hack" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/fix-the-cloaked-keywords-hack" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Fix the cloaked keywords and links hack</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/hacked-with-malware" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/hacked-with-malware" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/hacked-with-malware" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Hacked with malware</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/identify-the-vulnerability" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/identify-the-vulnerability" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/identify-the-vulnerability" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Identify the vulnerability</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/clean-and-maintain-your-site" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/clean-and-maintain-your-site" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/clean-and-maintain-your-site" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Clean and maintain your site</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/request-a-review" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/request-a-review" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/request-a-review" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Request a review</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/glossary-for-hacked-sites" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/glossary-for-hacked-sites" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/glossary-for-hacked-sites" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>Glossary for hacked sites</span></a></li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/articles/faq-for-hacked-sites" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /articles/faq-for-hacked-sites" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/articles/faq-for-hacked-sites" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>FAQ for hacked sites</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </devsite-book-nav> <section id="gc-wrapper"> <main role="main" class="devsite-main-content" has-book-nav has-sidebar > <div class="devsite-sidebar"> <div class="devsite-sidebar-content"> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" role="navigation" aria-label="On this page" depth="2" scrollbars ></devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-sidebar class="nocontent devsite-nav"> </devsite-recommendations-sidebar> </div> </div> <devsite-content> <article class="devsite-article"> <div class="devsite-article-meta nocontent" role="navigation"> <ul class="devsite-breadcrumb-list" aria-label="Breadcrumb"> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <a href="https://web.dev/" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="1" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="1" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Home </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://web.dev/articles" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="2" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="2" track-metadata-eventdetail="Articles" > Articles </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://web.dev/explore" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="3" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="3" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Explore </a> </li> <li class="devsite-breadcrumb-item "> <div class="devsite-breadcrumb-guillemet material-icons" aria-hidden="true"></div> <a href="https://web.dev/explore/secure" class="devsite-breadcrumb-link gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Breadcrumbs" data-value="4" track-type="globalNav" track-name="breadcrumb" track-metadata-position="4" track-metadata-eventdetail="" > Safe and secure </a> </li> </ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> Request a review </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>You must request a review from Google to have your page or site unflagged as dangerous or possibly deceptive to users.</p> <p><devsite-video video-id="lc3UjnDcMxo"></devsite-video></p> <p>You'll need the following:</p> <ul> <li>Knowledge of shell or terminal commands</li> </ul> <h2 id="next-actions" data-text="What you'll do" tabindex="-1">What you'll do</h2> <h3 id="prerequisites" data-text="1. Prerequisites" tabindex="-1">1. Prerequisites</h3> <p>Before requesting a review, confirm that you've taken the following steps:</p> <ul> <li>Verified ownership of your site in Search Console</li> <li>Cleaned your site of the hacker's vandalism</li> <li>Corrected the vulnerability</li> <li>Brought your clean site back online</li> </ul> <h3 id="double-check" data-text="2. Double-check that your pages are available and clean" tabindex="-1">2. Double-check that your pages are available and clean</h3> <p>To be safe, use either Wget or cURL to view pages on your site, such as your homepage and a URL modified by the hacker. These pages should now be clean. If they are, and you're confident that the rest of the pages on your site are also clean, it's time to request a review.</p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> Your pages must be available to be crawled by Googlebot to ensure that they're clean. Make sure they're not roboted out or blocked from indexing by <code translate="no" dir="ltr">noindex</code> robots META tags or directives.</span></aside> <h3 id="3_request_a_review" data-text="3. Request a review" tabindex="-1">3. Request a review</h3> <p>Before requesting a review:</p> <ul> <li><p><strong>Be sure that the problem is truly fixed</strong>; requesting a review if the problem still exists will only prolong the period of time that your site is flagged as dangerous.</p></li> <li><p><strong>Double-check where you should request a review</strong>; the review process will take place in a specific tool, depending on the issue your site is facing. Refer to the following channels:</p></li> </ul> <h4 id="hacked-site" data-text="A. Hacked site" tabindex="-1">A. Hacked site</h4> <p>If you received a hacked site notification in the <a href="https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/security-issues" class="external"><strong>Security Issues report</strong></a> in the Search Console:</p> <ol> <li>Now that you have gone through the successive steps of the clean-up process, return to the <a href="https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/security-issues" class="external"><strong>Security Issues report</strong></a> report and find the issue either as a site-wide match, or as a partial match.</li> <li>Select <strong>Request a review</strong>. To submit a review, we recommend that you provide more information on what you did to clean your site. For each category of hacked spam, include a brief explanation of how the site was cleaned (for example, "For Content injection hacked URLs, I removed the spam content and corrected the vulnerability by updating an out-of-date plugin.").</li> </ol> <h4 id="malware" data-text="B. Unwanted software (including malware)" tabindex="-1">B. Unwanted software (including malware)</h4> <p>If you received a malware or unwanted software notification in the <a href="https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/security-issues" class="external"><strong>Security Issues report</strong></a> in the Search Console:</p> <ol> <li>Open the <a href="https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/security-issues" class="external"><strong>Security Issues report</strong></a> again in the Search Console. The report might still show the warnings and sample infected URLs you saw before.</li> <li>Select <strong>Request a review</strong>. To submit a review, we recommend that you provide more information on what you did to remove the policy violation from your site. For example, "I removed the 3rd-party code that was distributing malware on my website and replaced it with an updated version of the code".</li> </ol> <p>If you didn't receive a malware or unwanted software notification in the <a href="https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/security-issues" class="external"><strong>Security Issues report</strong></a> in the Search Console, but you received a notification in your AdWords account, instead request a review through the <a href="https://support.google.com/adspolicy/answer/9338593" class="external">AdWords support center</a>.</p> <h4 id="phishing" data-text="C. Phishing or Social Engineering" tabindex="-1">C. Phishing or Social Engineering</h4> <p>If you received a phishing notification in the <a href="https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/security-issues" class="external"><strong>Security Issues report</strong></a> in the Search Console:</p> <ol> <li>Open the <a href="https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/security-issues" class="external"><strong>Security Issues report</strong></a> again in the Search Console. The report might still show the warnings and sample infected URLs you saw before.</li> <li>Select <strong>Request a review</strong>. To submit a review, we ask you to provide more information on what you did to remove the policy violation from your site. For example, "I removed the page that was asking users to enter personal information".</li> <li>You can also request a review at <a href="https://www.google.com/safebrowsing/report_error/" class="external">google.com/safebrowsing/report_error/</a>. In addition to serving as a reporting tool for site owners who believe their page was incorrectly flagged for phishing, this report will trigger a review of phishing pages that have been cleaned to lift warnings.</li> </ol> <h3 id="timeline" data-text="4. Wait for the review to be processed" tabindex="-1">4. Wait for the review to be processed</h3> <ul> <li><strong>Hacked with spam review process time:</strong> Reviews for sites hacked with spam can require up to several weeks to process. This is because spam reviews can involve manual investigation or a complete reprocessing of the hacked pages. If the review is approved, Security Issues will no longer display hacked category types or example hacked URLs.</li> <li><strong>Malware review processing time:</strong> Reviews for sites infected with malware require a few days to process. Once the review is completed, the response will be available in your <strong>Messages</strong> in the Search Console.</li> <li><strong>Phishing review processing time:</strong> Phishing reviews take about a day to process. If successful, the user-visible phishing warning will be removed and your page can surface in search results.</li> </ul> <p>If Google finds that your site is clean, warnings from browsers and search results will be removed within 72 hours.</p> <p>If Google determines that you haven't fixed the problem, the Security Issues report might display more sample infected URLs to assist your next investigation. Malware, phishing or hacked with spam site warnings will remain in search results and browsers as a caution to protect users.</p> <h3 id="final-steps" data-text="Final steps" tabindex="-1">Final steps</h3> <h4 id="approved" data-text="If your request was approved" tabindex="-1">If your request was approved</h4> <p>Verify that your site works as expected, that pages load properly and links are clickable. To keep your site safe, we encourage all site owners to implement the maintenance and security plan created in <a href="/articles/clean-and-maintain-your-site">Clean and maintain your site</a>.</p> <h4 id="if_your_request_was_not_approved_not-approved" data-text="If your request was not approved {not-approved}" tabindex="-1">If your request was not approved {not-approved}</h4> <p>Reassess your site for <a href="/articles/hacked-with-malware">malware</a> or <a href="/articles/assess-spam-damage">spam</a>, or for any modifications or new files created by the hacker. 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