CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Earl Warren - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e5df37e4-6066-48f3-853d-5893b98dc612","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Earl_Warren","wgTitle":"Earl Warren","wgCurRevisionId":1275120697,"wgRevisionId":1275120697,"wgArticleId":71908, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Earl_Warren","wgRelevantArticleId":71908,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym" :"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym": "Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym": "Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym": "македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym": "Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se", "autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw", "autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym": "ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu", "ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"], "isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q311197","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages", "ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1496"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="997"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="798"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Earl Warren - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.tKc6KWkFf-8.O/am=gAE/d=1/rs=AN8SPfrf36LIV3DkhtRBGWFnLWWzaykPyw/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.tKc6KWkFf-8.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfrf36LIV3DkhtRBGWFnLWWzaykPyw/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Earl_Warren rootpage-Earl_Warren stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.tKc6KWkFf-8.O/am=gAE/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfrf36LIV3DkhtRBGWFnLWWzaykPyw/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="en" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Home </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Random?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Random </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Earl+Warren&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Earl+Warren&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source%3Ddonate%26wmf_medium%3Dsidebar%26wmf_campaign%3Den.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Den%26wmf_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Main_Page?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Earl Warren</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Earl+Warren&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> For the saxophonist and singer, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earle_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earle Warren">Earle Warren</a>. For the Wisconsin politician, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_W._Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earl W. Warren">Earl W. Warren</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> "Justice Warren" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Justice_Warren_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Justice Warren (disambiguation)">Justice Warren (disambiguation)</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style> Earl Warren (March 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 30th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governor of California">governor of California</a> from 1943 to 1953 and as the 14th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> from 1953 to 1969. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> presided over a major shift in American <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution of the United States">constitutional jurisprudence</a>, which has been recognized by many as a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitutionalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutional Revolution</a>" in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> direction, with Warren writing the majority opinions in landmark cases such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a> (1964), <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a> (1966), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a> (1967). Warren also led the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidential_Commission_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Commission (United States)">presidential commission</a> that investigated the 1963 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of President John F. Kennedy</a>. He served as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> from 1943 to 1953, and is the last chief justice to have served in an elected office before nomination to the Supreme Court. Warren is generally considered to be one of the most influential Supreme Court justices and political leaders in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the United States">history of the United States</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"> <table class="infobox vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"> <div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;"> Earl Warren </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earl_Warren.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/330px-Earl_Warren.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/440px-Earl_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="773"></a> <div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"> Official portrait </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office October 5, 1953 – June 23, 1969</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_E._Burger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">30th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 4, 1943 – October 5, 1953</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lieutenant Governor of California">Lieutenant</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederick_F._Houser?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederick F. Houser">Frederick F. Houser</a> Goodwin Knight</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culbert_Olson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goodwin_Knight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goodwin Knight">Goodwin Knight</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">20th <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Attorney_General?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="California Attorney General">Attorney General of California</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1939 – January 4, 1943</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culbert_Olson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulysses_S._Webb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulysses S. Webb">Ulysses S. Webb</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_W._Kenny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert W. Kenny">Robert W. Kenny</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Republican_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Republican Party">California Republican Party</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1932–1938</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data">Justus Craemer</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">23rd <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alameda_County_District_Attorney%27s_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alameda County District Attorney's Office">District Attorney of Alameda County</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1925–1939</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th> <td class="infobox-data">Ezra Decoto</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th> <td class="infobox-data">Ralph Hoyt</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th> <td class="infobox-data">(1891-03-19)March 19, 1891 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th> <td class="infobox-data">July 9, 1974(1974-07-09) (aged 83) <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th> <td class="infobox-data label"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th> <td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"> Nina Meyers </div> <div style="display:inline-block;"> </div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr>  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1925) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th> <td class="infobox-data">6</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_Signature.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Earl Warren's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Earl_Warren_Signature.svg/128px-Earl_Warren_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Earl_Warren_Signature.svg/192px-Earl_Warren_Signature.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Earl_Warren_Signature.svg/256px-Earl_Warren_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="76"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States">United States</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th> <td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> 1917–1918 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg/23px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg/35px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg/46px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Army_Reserve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army Reserve">United States Army Reserve</a> 1918–1934</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/25px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/38px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/50px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:US_91st_Infantry_Division.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_91st_Infantry_Division.svg/23px-US_91st_Infantry_Division.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_91st_Infantry_Division.svg/35px-US_91st_Infantry_Division.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/US_91st_Infantry_Division.svg/46px-US_91st_Infantry_Division.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="1152"></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/91st_Division_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="91st Division (United States)">91st Division</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War I">World War I</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"> <div></div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style> Warren was born in 1891 in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and was raised in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bakersfield,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a>. After graduating from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">University of California, Berkeley, School of Law</a>, he began a legal career in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oakland,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>. He was hired as a deputy district attorney for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alameda_County,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda County</a> in 1920 and was appointed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alameda_County_District_Attorney%27s_Office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alameda County District Attorney's Office">district attorney</a> in 1925. He emerged as a leader of the state <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and won election as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attorney General of California">Attorney General of California</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1938_California_Attorney_General_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1938 California Attorney General election">1938</a>. In that position he supported, and was a firm proponent of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">forced removal and internment</a> of over 100,000 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Japanese_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a> during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a>. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_gubernatorial_election,_1942?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="California gubernatorial election, 1942">1942 California gubernatorial election</a>, Warren defeated incumbent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> governor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culbert_Olson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a>. As the 30th Governor of California, Warren presided over a period of major growth—for the state as well as the nation. Serving from 1943 to 1953, Warren is the only governor of California to be elected for three consecutive terms. Warren served as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>'s running mate in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a>, but the ticket lost the election to incumbent President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_S._Truman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> in an election upset. Warren sought the Republican nomination in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 presidential election</a>, but the party nominated General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>. After Eisenhower won election as president, he appointed Warren as Chief Justice. A series of rulings made by the Warren Court in the 1950s helped lead to the decline of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McCarthyism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>. Warren helped arrange a unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which ruled that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation</a> in public schools was unconstitutional. After Brown, the Warren Court continued to issue rulings that helped bring an end to the segregationist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> that were prevalent throughout the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a> (1964), the Court upheld the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, a federal law that prohibits racial segregation in public institutions and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_accommodations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Public accommodations">public accommodations</a>. In the 1960s, the Warren Court handed down several landmark rulings that significantly transformed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Criminal_procedure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Redistricting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redistricting">redistricting</a>, and other areas of the law. Many of the Court's decisions <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">incorporated</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>, making the protections of the Bill of Rights apply to state and local governments. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gideon v. Wainwright">Gideon v. Wainwright</a> (1963) established a criminal defendant's right to an attorney in felony cases, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a> (1966) required police officers to give what became known as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miranda_warning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miranda warning">Miranda warning</a> to suspects taken into police custody that advises them of their constitutional protections. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a> (1964) established that all state legislative districts must be of roughly equal population size, while the Court's holding in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wesberry_v._Sanders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wesberry v. Sanders">Wesberry v. Sanders</a> (1964) required equal populations for congressional districts, thus achieving "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_man,_one_vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a>" in the United States. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schmerber_v._California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schmerber v. California">Schmerber v. California</a> (1966) established that forced extraction of a blood sample is not compelled testimony, illuminating the limits on the protections of the 4th and 5th Amendments and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warden_v._Hayden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warden v. Hayden">Warden v. Hayden</a> (1967) dramatically expanded the rights of police to seize evidence with a search warrant, reversing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mere_evidence_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mere evidence rule">mere evidence rule</a>. Furthermore, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a> (1965) established a constitutional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_privacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a> and struck down a state law that restricted access to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Birth_control?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Birth control">contraceptives</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a> (1967) struck down state <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">anti-miscegenation laws</a>, which had banned or otherwise regulated interracial marriage. Warren announced his retirement in 1968 and was succeeded by Appellate Judge <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_E._Burger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> in 1969. The Warren Court's rulings have received criticism but have received widespread support and acclamation from both liberals and conservatives, and few of the Court's decisions have been overturned. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Early_life,_family,_and_education">1 Early life, family, and education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#City_and_district_attorney">2 City and district attorney</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#State_party_leader">2.1 State party leader</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Family_and_social_life">3 Family and social life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Attorney_General_of_California">4 Attorney General of California</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Internment_of_Japanese_Americans">4.1 Internment of Japanese Americans</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Governor_of_California">5 Governor of California</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Election">5.1 Election</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Policies">5.2 Policies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Re-election_campaigns">5.3 Re-election campaigns</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#National_politics,_1942%E2%80%931952">5.4 National politics, 1942–1952</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States">6 Chief Justice of the United States</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Appointment">6.1 Appointment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Leadership_and_philosophy">6.2 Leadership and philosophy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1950s">6.3 1950s</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Brown_v._Board_of_Education">6.3.1 Brown v. Board of Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Other_decisions_and_events">6.3.2 Other decisions and events</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#1960s">6.4 1960s</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bill_of_Rights">6.4.1 Bill of Rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Criminal_procedure">6.4.2 Criminal procedure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reapportionment_(one_man,_one_vote)">6.4.3 Reapportionment (one man, one vote)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Civil_rights">6.4.4 Civil rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Warren_Commission">6.4.5 Warren Commission</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Retirement">6.5 Retirement</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Final_years_and_death">7 Final years and death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Legacy">8 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Historical_reputation">8.1 Historical reputation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Memorials_and_honors">8.2 Memorials and honors</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Electoral_history">9 Electoral history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Explanatory_notes">11 Explanatory notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Citations">12 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#General_bibliography">13 General bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Works_cited">13.1 Works cited</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Primary_sources">13.2 Primary sources</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Early_life,_family,_and_education">Early life, family, and education</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Early life, family, and education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_1918.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Earl_Warren_1918.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1192"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 296px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Earl_Warren_1918.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_1918.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Earl_Warren_1918.jpg/330px-Earl_Warren_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Earl_Warren_1918.jpg/440px-Earl_Warren_1918.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Warren as a U.S. Army officer in 1918 </figcaption> </figure> Warren was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California">California</a>, on March 19, 1891, to Matt Warren and his wife, Crystal. Matt, whose original family name was Vaare, was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stavanger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norway?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norway">Norway</a>, in 1864, and he and his family migrated to the United States in 1866. Crystal, whose maiden name was Hernlund, was born in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/H%C3%A4lsingland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hälsingland">Hälsingland</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sweden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>; she and her family migrated to the United States when she was an infant. After marrying in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minneapolis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Minnesota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, Mathias and Crystal settled in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> in 1889, where Matthias found work with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Pacific Railroad">Southern Pacific Railroad</a>. Earl Warren was the second of two children, after his older sister, Ethel. Earl did not receive a middle name; his father later commented that "when you were born I was too poor to give you a middle name."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199716%E2%80%9318-1">[1]</a> In 1896, the family resettled in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bakersfield,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a>, where Warren grew up.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Though not an exceptional student, Warren graduated from Kern County High School in 1908.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199719%E2%80%9321-4">[4]</a> Hoping to become a trial lawyer, Warren enrolled in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> after graduating from high school. He majored in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political science">political science</a> and became a member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma Phi Society">Sigma Phi</a> fraternity. Like many other students at Berkeley, Warren was influenced by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressive movement</a>, and he was especially affected by Governor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hiram_Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> of California and Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> of Wisconsin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199723%E2%80%9328,_31-5">[5]</a> While at Berkeley, Warren was little more than an average student who earned decent but undistinguished grades and after his third year, he entered the school's Department of Jurisprudence (now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">UC Berkeley School of Law</a>). He received a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> degree in 1914. Like his classmates upon graduation, Warren was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">admitted to the California bar</a> without examination. After graduation, he took a position with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Associated_Oil_Company?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Associated Oil Company">Associated Oil Company</a> in San Francisco. Warren disliked working at the company and was disgusted by the corruption he saw in San Francisco, so he took a position with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oakland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oakland">Oakland</a> law firm of Robinson and Robinson.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199728%E2%80%9332-6">[6]</a> After the United States entered World War I in April 1917, Warren volunteered for an officer training camp, but was rejected due to hemorrhoids. Still hoping to become an officer, Warren underwent a procedure to remove the hemorrhoids, but by the time he fully recovered from the operation the officer training camp had closed. Warren enlisted in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> as a private in August 1917, and was assigned to Company I of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/91st_Division_(United_States)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="91st Division (United States)">91st Division</a>'s 363rd Infantry Regiment at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fort_Lewis_(Washington)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fort Lewis (Washington)">Camp Lewis, Washington</a>. He was made acting <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_sergeant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First sergeant">first sergeant</a> of the company before being sent to a three-month officer training course. After he returned to the company in May 1918 as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_lieutenant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a>, the regiment was sent to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camp_Lee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Lee">Camp Lee, Virginia</a>, to train draftees. Warren spent the rest of the war there and was discharged less than a month after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armistice_Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armistice Day">Armistice Day</a>, following a promotion to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Lieutenant?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">first lieutenant</a>. Warren remained in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Army_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Army Reserve">United States Army Reserve</a> until 1934, rising to the rank of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199732%E2%80%9333-7">[7]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="City_and_district_attorney">City and district attorney</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: City and district attorney" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Rene_C._Davidson_Courthouse.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rene_C._Davidson_Courthouse.jpg/220px-Rene_C._Davidson_Courthouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3208" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 237px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rene_C._Davidson_Courthouse.jpg/220px-Rene_C._Davidson_Courthouse.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rene_C._Davidson_Courthouse.jpg/330px-Rene_C._Davidson_Courthouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Rene_C._Davidson_Courthouse.jpg/440px-Rene_C._Davidson_Courthouse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_C._Davidson_Courthouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="René C. Davidson Courthouse">René C. Davidson Courthouse</a>, the main courthouse of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alameda_County_Superior_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alameda County Superior Court">Alameda County Superior Court</a>, completed in 1934 </figcaption> </figure> In late 1918, Warren returned to Oakland, where he accepted a position as the legislative assistant to Leon E. Gray, a newly elected member of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_State_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California State Assembly">California State Assembly</a>. Shortly after arriving in the state capital of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacramento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, Warren was appointed as the clerk of the Assembly Judiciary Committee.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199735%E2%80%9336-8">[8]</a> After a brief stint as a deputy city attorney for Oakland, in 1920 Warren was hired as a deputy district attorney for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alameda_County,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda County</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199737%E2%80%9338-9">[9]</a> By the end of 1924, Warren had become the most senior person in the department outside of the district attorney, Ezra Decoto. Though many of his professional colleagues supported <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>, Warren cast his vote for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%9334)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–34)">Progressive Party</a> candidate Robert La Follette in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924 presidential election</a>. That same year, Warren made his first foray into electoral politics, serving as the campaign manager for his friend, Republican Assemblyman Frank Anderson.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199741%E2%80%9342-10">[10]</a> With the support of Governor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friend_Richardson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friend Richardson">Friend Richardson</a> and publisher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_R._Knowland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph R. Knowland">Joseph R. Knowland</a>, a leader of the conservative faction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> Republicans, Warren was appointed as the Alameda County district attorney in 1925.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199745%E2%80%9347-11">[11]</a> Warren faced a tough re-election campaign in 1926, as local Republican <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_boss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political boss">boss</a> Michael Joseph Kelly sought to unseat him. Warren rejected political contributions and largely self-funded his campaign, leaving him at a financial disadvantage to Kelly's preferred candidate, Preston Higgins. Nonetheless, Warren won a landslide victory over Higgins, taking over two-thirds of the vote.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199744,_50%E2%80%9353-12">[12]</a> When he ran for re-election again in 1930, he faced only token opposition.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199757-13">[13]</a> Warren gained a statewide reputation as a tough, no-nonsense district attorney who fought corruption in government and ran his office in a nonpartisan manner. Warren strongly supported the autonomy of law enforcement agencies, but also believed that police and prosecutors had to act fairly.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1982Ch._2-14">[14]</a> Unlike many other local law enforcement officials in the 1920s, Warren vigorously enforced <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199755-15">[15]</a> In 1927, he launched a corruption investigation against Sheriff <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burton_Becker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burton Becker">Burton Becker</a>. After a trial that some in the press described as "the most sweeping exposé of graft in the history of the country," Warren won a conviction against Becker in 1930.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199754%E2%80%9357-16">[16]</a> When one of his own undercover agents admitted that he had perjured himself in order to win convictions in bootleg cases, Warren personally took charge of prosecuting the agent.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199758-17">[17]</a> Warren's efforts gained him national attention; a 1931 nationwide poll of law enforcement officials found that Warren was "the most intelligent and politically independent district attorney in the United States".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199760%E2%80%9361-18">[18]</a> In 1932, he argued his first Supreme Court case, Central Pacific Railway Co. v. Alameda County. That happened to be the last oral argument that Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a> heard, as he announced his retirement later that afternoon, and stepped down from the court just five days later. Warren would be teased by his friends, who would say "He was 30 years on the State Court, he was 20 years on the Supreme Court, he listened to you just once and he said, "I've had it."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a> hit the San Francisco Bay area hard in the 1930s, leading to high levels of unemployment and a destabilization of the political order.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199765%E2%80%9366-21">[21]</a> Warren took a hard stance against labor in the buildup to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1934_West_Coast_waterfront_strike?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1934 West Coast waterfront strike">San Francisco General Strike</a>. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Whitney_v._California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Whitney v. California">Whitney v. California</a> (1927) Warren prosecuted a woman under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Criminal_Syndicalism_Act?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Criminal Syndicalism Act">California Criminal Syndicalism Act</a> for attending a communist meeting in Oakland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1936, Warren faced one of the most controversial cases of his career after George W. Alberts, the chief engineer of a freighter, was found dead. Warren believed that Alberts was murdered in a conspiracy orchestrated by radical left-wing union members, and he won the conviction of union officials George Wallace, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_King,_Ernest_Ramsay,_and_Frank_Conner?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl King, Ernest Ramsay, and Frank Conner">Earl King, Ernest Ramsay, and Frank Conner</a>. Many union members argued that the defendants had been framed by Warren's office, and they organized protests of the trial.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199782%E2%80%9389-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="State_party_leader">State party leader</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: State party leader" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While continuing to serve as the district attorney of Alameda County, Warren emerged as leader of the state Republican Party. He served as the county chairman for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herbert_Hoover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932 campaign</a> and, after <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> won that election, he attacked Roosevelt's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Deal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> policies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199769%E2%80%9371-24">[24]</a> In 1934, Warren became chairman of the state Republican Party and he took a leading public role in opposing the gubernatorial candidacy of Democrat <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upton_Sinclair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199774%E2%80%9376-25">[25]</a> Warren earned national notoriety in 1936 for leading a successful campaign to elect a slate of unpledged delegates to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 Republican National Convention</a>; he was motivated largely by his opposition to the influence of Governor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Merriam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Merriam">Frank Merriam</a> and publisher <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>. In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936 presidential election</a>, Warren campaigned on behalf of the unsuccessful Republican nominee, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alf_Landon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199779%E2%80%9381-26">[26]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Family_and_social_life">Family and social life</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Family and social life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> After World War I, Warren lived with his sister and her husband in Oakland.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199733,_39-27">[27]</a> In 1921, he met Nina Elisabeth Meyers (née Palmquist), a widowed, 28-year-old store manager with a three-year-old son. Nina had been born in Sweden to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baptists?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> minister and his wife, and her family had migrated to the United States when she was an infant.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199740%E2%80%9341-28">[28]</a> On October 4, 1925, shortly after Warren was appointed district attorney, Warren and Nina married. Their first child, Virginia, was born in 1928, and they had four more children: Earl Jr. (born 1930), Dorothy (born 1931), Nina Elisabeth (born 1933), and Robert (born 1935). Warren also adopted Nina's son, James.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199749%E2%80%9350,_61-29">[29]</a> Warren was the father-in-law of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Charles_Daly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Charles Daly">John Charles Daly</a>, the host of the television game show <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/What%27s_My_Line%3F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="What's My Line?">What's My Line?</a> through his daughter Virginia's marriage. Warren enjoyed a close relationship with his wife; one of their daughters later described it as "the most ideal relationship I could dream of."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997150-30">[30]</a> In 1935, the family moved to a seven-bedroom home just outside of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Downtown_Oakland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Downtown Oakland">downtown Oakland</a>. Though the Warrens sent their children to Sunday school at a local Baptist church, Warren was not a regular churchgoer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199761%E2%80%9362-31">[31]</a> In 1938, Warren's father, Matt, was murdered at the family home in Bakersfield; investigators never discovered the identity of the murderer.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199794%E2%80%9396-32">[32]</a> Warren and his family moved to the state capital of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacramento?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a> in 1943,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997133-33">[33]</a> and to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marriott_Wardman_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriott Wardman Park">Wardman Park Hotel</a>, a residential hotel in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1953.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997270%E2%80%93271-34">[34]</a> Warren was very active after 1919 in such groups as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freemasonry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Odd_Fellows?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Independent Order of Odd Fellows">Independent Order of Odd Fellows</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Benevolent_and_Protective_Order_of_Elks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks">Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loyal_Order_of_Moose?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loyal Order of Moose">Loyal Order of Moose</a> (obtained the Pilgrim Degree of Merit, the highest award given in the fraternity) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Legion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>. Each one introduced Warren to new friends and political connections. He rose through the ranks in the Masons, culminating in his election in 1935 as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grand_Master_(order)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Master (order)">Grand Master</a> of the Freemasons for the state of California from 1935 to 1936.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Biographer Jim Newton says that Warren "thrived in the Masons because he shared their ideals, but those ideals also helped shape him, nurturing his commitment to service, deepening his conviction that society's problems were best addressed by small groups of enlightened, well-meaning citizens. Those ideals knitted together Warren's Progressivism, his Republicanism, and his Masonry."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton200672%E2%80%9373-38">[38]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Attorney_General_of_California">Attorney General of California</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Attorney General of California" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_1944.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Earl_Warren_1944.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5298" data-file-height="6806"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Earl_Warren_1944.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_1944.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Earl_Warren_1944.jpg/330px-Earl_Warren_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Earl_Warren_1944.jpg/440px-Earl_Warren_1944.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Warren in 1944 </figcaption> </figure> In 1934, Warren and his allies won passage of a state ballot measure that transformed the position of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attorney General of California">Attorney General of California</a> into a full-time office; previous officeholders had worked part-time while maintaining their own private practice.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199771%E2%80%9372-39">[39]</a> After incumbent <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ulysses_S._Webb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ulysses S. Webb">Ulysses S. Webb</a> announced his retirement, Warren jumped into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1938_California_Attorney_General_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1938 California Attorney General election">1938 state attorney general election</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199790-40">[40]</a> Earlier in the 20th century, progressives had passed a state constitutional amendment allowing for "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cross-filing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cross-filing">cross-filing</a>," whereby a candidate could file to run in multiple party primaries for the same office. Warren took advantage of that amendment and ran in multiple primaries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199777%E2%80%9378-41">[41]</a> Even though he continued to serve as chairman of the state Republican Party until April 1938, Warren won the Republican, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Progressive_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Progressive Party">Progressive</a>, and, crucially, Democratic primaries for attorney general. He faced no serious opposition in the 1938 elections, even while incumbent Republican Governor <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Merriam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Merriam">Frank Merriam</a> was defeated by Democratic nominee <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culbert_Olson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199792%E2%80%9394-42">[42]</a> Once elected, he organized state law enforcement officials into regions and led a statewide anti-crime effort. One of his major initiatives was to crack down on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gambling_ship?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gambling ship">gambling ships</a> operating off the coast of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite198244%E2%80%9367-43">[43]</a> Warren continued many of the policies from his predecessor Ulysses S. Webb's four decades in office. These included <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eugenics_in_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eugenics in California">eugenic forced sterilizations</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Alien_Land_Law_of_1913?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Alien Land Law of 1913">confiscation of land</a> from Japanese owners.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Warren, who was a member of the outspoken anti-Asian society <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Native_Sons_of_the_Golden_West?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Native Sons of the Golden West">Native Sons of the Golden West</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> successfully sought legislation expanding the land confiscations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> During his time as Attorney General, Warren appointed as one of his deputy attorneys general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_J._Traynor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roger J. Traynor">Roger J. Traynor</a>, who was then a law professor at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UC_Berkeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> and later became the 23rd <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of California">chief justice of California</a>, as well as one of the most influential judges of his time.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:02-47">[47]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:22-48">[48]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:12-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Internment_of_Japanese_Americans">Internment of Japanese Americans</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Internment of Japanese Americans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/World_War_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in Europe in 1939, foreign policy became an increasingly important issue in the United States; Warren rejected the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationist</a> tendencies of many Republicans and supported Roosevelt's rearmament campaign. The United States entered World War II after the Japanese <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997112%E2%80%93114-50">[50]</a> Following the attack, Warren organized the state's civilian defense program, warning in January 1942 that "the Japanese situation as it exists in this state today may well be the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Achilles%27_heel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Achilles' heel">Achilles' heel</a> of the entire civilian defense effort." He became a driving force behind the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">internment of over one hundred thousand Japanese Americans</a> without any charges or due process.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite198269%E2%80%9371-51">[51]</a> Though the decision to intern Japanese Americans was made by General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_L._DeWitt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John L. DeWitt">John L. DeWitt</a>, and the internment was carried out by federal officials, Warren's advocacy played a major role in providing public justification for the internment.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997120%E2%80%93123-52">[52]</a> In particular, Warren had claimed that Japanese Americans had willfully infiltrated "every strategic spot" in California coastal and valley counties, had warned of potentially greater danger from American born ethnic Japanese than from first-generation immigrants,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-weglyn30-53">[53]</a> and asserted that although there were means to test the loyalty of a "Caucasian" that the same could not be said for ethnic Japanese.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-weglyn38-54">[54]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-white-55">[55]</a> Warren further argued that the complete lack of disloyal acts among Japanese Americans in California to date indicated that they intended to commit such acts in the future.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hosokawa288-56">[56]</a> Later, Warren vigorously protested the return of released internees back into California.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-weglyn154-57">[57]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-white-55">[55]</a> By early 1944, Warren had come to regret his role in the internment of Japanese Americans, and he eventually approved of the federal government's decision to allow Japanese Americans to begin returning to California in December 1944;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997157%E2%80%93159-58">[58]</a> however, he long resisted any public expression of regret in spite of years of repeated requests from the Japanese American community.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-weglyn31-59">[59]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-white-55">[55]</a> In a 1972 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oral_history?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oral history">oral history</a> interview, Warren said that "I feel that everybody who had anything to do with the relocation of the Japanese, after it was all over, had something of a guilty consciousness about it, and wanted to show that it wasn't a racial thing as much as it was a defense matter."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite198276-60">[60]</a> When during the interview Warren mentioned the faces of the children separated from their parents, he broke down in tears and the interview was temporarily halted.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite198277-61">[61]</a> In 1974, shortly before his death, Warren privately confided to journalist and former internee Morse Saito that he greatly regretted his actions during the evacuation.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In his posthumously published memoirs, Warren fully acknowledged his error, stating that he <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"> since deeply regretted the removal order and my own testimony advocating it, because it was not in keeping with our American concept of freedom and the rights of citizens... Whenever I thought of the innocent little children who were torn from home, school friends, and congenial surroundings, I was conscience-stricken... [i]t was wrong to react so impulsively, without positive evidence of disloyalty. <div class="templatequotecite"> — <cite>The Memoirs of Earl Warren (1977)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-white-55">[55]</a></cite> </div> </blockquote> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Governor_of_California">Governor of California</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Governor of California" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_Portrait,_half_figure,_seated,_facing_front,_as_Governor.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="1506"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 284px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg/330px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg/440px-Earl_Warren_Portrait%2C_half_figure%2C_seated%2C_facing_front%2C_as_Governor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Warren as Governor of California </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Election">Election</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Election" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Warren frequently clashed with Governor Culbert Olson over various issues, partly because they belonged to different parties. As early as 1939, supporters of Warren began making plans for his candidacy in California's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1942_California_gubernatorial_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1942 California gubernatorial election">1942 gubernatorial election</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997112%E2%80%93114,_124%E2%80%93125-63">[63]</a> Though initially reluctant to run, Warren announced his gubernatorial candidacy in April 1942. He cross-filed in the Democratic and Republican primaries, ran without a party label, and refused to endorse candidates running for other offices. He sought to attract voters regardless of party, and stated "I can and will support President Roosevelt better than Olson ever has or ever will." Many Democrats, including Olson, criticized Warren for "put[ting] on a cloak of nonpartisanship," but Warren's attempts to appear above parties resonated with many voters. In August, Warren easily won the Republican primary, and surprised many observers by nearly defeating Olson in the Democratic primary. In November, he decisively defeated Olson in the general election, taking just under 57 percent of the vote. Warren's victory immediately made him a figure with national stature, and he enjoyed good relations with both the conservative wing of the Republican Party, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_A._Taft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moderate_wing_of_the_Republican_Party?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderate wing of the Republican Party">moderate wing of the Republican Party</a>, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997126%E2%80%93132-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Policies">Policies</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Policies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_with_young_miner.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Earl_Warren_with_young_miner.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_with_young_miner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="5688"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 278px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Earl_Warren_with_young_miner.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_with_young_miner.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Earl_Warren_with_young_miner.jpg/330px-Earl_Warren_with_young_miner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Earl_Warren_with_young_miner.jpg/440px-Earl_Warren_with_young_miner.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Governor Warren meets a young "gold miner" as part of the California centennials, 1948–1950 </figcaption> </figure> Warren modernized the office of governor, and state government generally. Like most progressives, Warren believed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Efficiency_Movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficiency Movement">efficiency</a> and planning. During World War II, he aggressively pursued postwar economic planning. Fearing another postwar decline that would rival the depression years, Governor Earl Warren initiated public works projects similar to those of the New Deal to capitalize on wartime tax surpluses and provide jobs for returning veterans. For example, his support of the Collier-Burns Act in 1947 raised gasoline taxes that funded a massive program of freeway construction. Unlike states where tolls or bonds funded highway construction, California's gasoline taxes were earmarked for building the system. Warren's support for the bill was crucial because his status as a popular governor strengthened his views, in contrast with opposition from trucking, oil, and gas lobbyists. The Collier-Burns Act helped influence passage of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956">Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956</a>, setting a pattern for national highway construction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In the mid-1940s, Warren sought to implement a state <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universal_health_care?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a>, but he was unable to pass his plan due to opposition from the medical and business communities.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2003205%E2%80%93206,_219%E2%80%93222-66">[66]</a> In 1945, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Charter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a> was signed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Francisco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> while Warren was the governor of California.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-67">[67]</a> He played an important role in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a> from April 25 to June 26, 1945, which resulted in the United Nations Charter.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Warren also pursued social legislation. He built up the state's higher education system based on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California">University of California</a> and its vast network of small universities and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Community colleges in the United States">community colleges</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a> After federal courts declared the segregation of Mexican schoolchildren illegal in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mendez_v._Westminster?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mendez v. Westminster">Mendez v. Westminster</a> (1947), Governor Warren signed legislation ending the segregation of American Indians and Asians.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> He sought the creation of a commission to study <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Employment_discrimination?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Employment discrimination">employment discrimination</a>, but his plan was blocked by Republicans in the state legislature.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997196-73">[73]</a> Governor Warren stopped enforcing California's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-miscegenation law">anti-miscegenation law</a> after it was declared unconstitutional in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perez_v._Sharp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perez v. Sharp">Perez v. Sharp</a> (1948). He also improved the hospital and prison systems.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz198318-74">[74]</a> These reforms provided new services to a fast-growing population; the 1950 Census showed that California's population had grown by over 50% over the previous ten years.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997168%E2%80%93169-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Re-election_campaigns">Re-election campaigns</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Re-election campaigns" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By 1946, California's economy was booming, Warren was widely popular, and he enjoyed excellent relations with the state's top Democratic officeholder, Attorney General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_W._Kenny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert W. Kenny">Robert W. Kenny</a>. At the urging of state party leaders, Kenny agreed to run against Warren in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1946_California_gubernatorial_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1946 California gubernatorial election">1946 gubernatorial election</a>, but Kenny was reluctant to criticize his opponent and was distracted by his role in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nuremberg_trials?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>. As in 1942, Warren refused to endorse candidates for other offices, and he sought to portray himself as an effective, nonpartisan governor. Warren easily won the Republican primary for governor and, in a much closer vote, defeated Kenny in the Democratic primary. After winning both primaries, Warren endorsed Republican <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Knowland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Knowland">William Knowland</a>'s U.S. Senate candidacy and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goodwin_Knight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goodwin Knight">Goodwin Knight</a>'s candidacy for lieutenant governor. Warren won the general election by an overwhelming margin, becoming the first Governor of California since Hiram Johnson in 1914 to win a second term.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997171%E2%80%93176-76">[76]</a> Though he considered retiring after two terms, Warren ultimately chose to seek re-election in 1950, partly to prevent Knight from succeeding him. He easily won the Republican primary, but was defeated in the Democratic primary by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Roosevelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997206%E2%80%93209-77">[77]</a> Warren consistently led Roosevelt in general election polls and won re-election in a landslide, taking 65 percent of the vote.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997213%E2%80%93215-78">[78]</a> He was the first Governor of California elected to three consecutive terms.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-67">[67]</a> During the 1950 campaign, Warren refused to formally endorse <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Richard_Nixon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, the Republican nominee for the Senate. Warren disliked what he saw as Nixon's ruthless approach to politics and was wary of having a conservative rival for leadership of the state party. Despite Warren's refusal to campaign for him, Nixon defeated Democratic nominee <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helen_Gahagan_Douglas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helen Gahagan Douglas">Helen Gahagan Douglas</a> by a decisive margin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997209%E2%80%93215-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="National_politics,_1942–1952">National politics, 1942–1952</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: National politics, 1942–1952" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After his election as governor, Warren emerged as a potential candidate for president or vice president in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 election</a>. Seeking primarily to ensure his status as the most prominent Republican in California, he ran as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Favorite_son?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> candidate in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1944?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1944">1944 Republican primaries</a>. Warren won the California primary with no opposition, but Thomas Dewey clinched the party's presidential nomination by the time of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 Republican National Convention</a>. Warren delivered the keynote address of the convention, in which he called for a more liberal Republican Party. Dewey asked Warren to serve as his running mate, but Warren was uninterested in the vice presidency and correctly believed that Dewey would be defeated by President Roosevelt in the 1944 election.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997154%E2%80%93157-80">[80]</a> After his 1946 re-election victory, Warren began planning a run for president in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 election</a>. The two front-runners for the nomination were Dewey and Robert Taft, but Warren, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Stassen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Vandenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Vandenberg">Arthur Vandenberg</a>, and General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> each had significant support.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997184%E2%80%93185-81">[81]</a> Prior to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 Republican National Convention</a>, Warren attempted to position himself as a dark horse candidate who might emerge as a compromise nominee. However, Dewey won the nomination on the third ballot of the convention.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997186%E2%80%93187-82">[82]</a> Dewey once again asked Warren to serve as his running mate, and this time Warren agreed. Far ahead in the polls against President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_S._Truman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, the Democratic nominee, Dewey ran a cautious campaign that largely focused on platitudes rather than issues.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997188%E2%80%93190-83">[83]</a> Warren campaigned across the country on behalf of the ticket, but was frustrated by his inability to support specific policies.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997190%E2%80%93191-84">[84]</a> To the surprise of many observers, Truman won the election, and this became the only election Warren ever lost.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:8-85">[85]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997192%E2%80%93194-86">[86]</a> After his 1950 re-election, Warren decided that he would seek the Republican nomination in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 presidential election</a>, and he announced his candidacy in November 1951. Taft also sought the nomination, but Dewey declined to make a third run for president. Dewey and his supporters instead conducted a long campaign to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Draft_Eisenhower_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Draft Eisenhower movement">draft</a> General <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> as the Republican presidential nominee.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997218%E2%80%93223-87">[87]</a> Warren ran in three <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1952?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1952">Republican presidential primaries</a>, but won just a handful of delegates outside of his home state. In the California primary, he defeated a challenge from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_H._Werdel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas H. Werdel">Thomas H. Werdel</a>, whose conservative backers alleged that Warren had "abandoned Republicanism and embraced the objectives of the New Deal." After Eisenhower entered the race, Warren realized that his only hope of nomination was to emerge as a compromise nominee at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 Republican National Convention</a> after a deadlock between supporters of Eisenhower and Taft.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997226%E2%80%93228-88">[88]</a> After the primaries, Warren had the support of 80 delegates, while Eisenhower and Taft each had about 450 delegates. Though the California delegation was pledged to support Warren, many of the delegates personally favored Eisenhower or Taft. Unknown to Warren, Eisenhower supporters had promised Richard Nixon the vice presidency if he could swing the California delegation to Eisenhower.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997229%E2%80%93232-89">[89]</a> By the time of the convention, Nixon and his supporters had convinced most California delegates to switch their votes to Eisenhower after the first presidential ballot.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997233%E2%80%93235-90">[90]</a> Eisenhower won 595 votes on the first presidential ballot of the convention, just 9 short of the majority. Before the official end of the first ballot, several states shifted their votes to Eisenhower, giving him the nomination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997243%E2%80%93244-91">[91]</a> Warren's decision to support a convention rule that unseated several contested delegations was critical to Eisenhower's victory; Eisenhower himself said that "if anyone ever clinched the nomination for me, it was Earl Warren."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997238%E2%80%93240-92">[92]</a> Nixon was named as Eisenhower's running mate, and Warren campaigned on behalf of the Republican ticket in fourteen different states. Ultimately, Eisenhower defeated Democratic nominee <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a>, taking 55 percent of the national popular vote.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997245%E2%80%93246-93">[93]</a> Nixon resigned from the Senate to become vice president, and Warren appointed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas Kuchel">Thomas Kuchel</a> to the Senate seat vacated by Nixon.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997248-94">[94]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States">Chief Justice of the United States</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Chief Justice of the United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:EarlWarren.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EarlWarren.jpg/220px-EarlWarren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="620"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 284px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EarlWarren.jpg/220px-EarlWarren.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="284" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EarlWarren.jpg/330px-EarlWarren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/EarlWarren.jpg/440px-EarlWarren.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Chief Justice Earl Warren </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Appointment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the 1952 election, President-elect Eisenhower promised that he would appoint Warren to the next vacancy on the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. Warren turned down the position of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> in the new administration, but in August 1953 he agreed to serve as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997246%E2%80%93249-95">[95]</a> In September 1953, before Warren's nomination as solicitor general was announced, Chief Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> died.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham1992255-96">[96]</a> To fill the critical position of chief justice, Eisenhower first offered the position of chief justice to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, but Dewey declined the offer. He then considered either elevating a sitting Supreme Court justice or appointing another individual with judicial experience but ultimately chose to honor his promise to appoint Warren to the first Supreme Court vacancy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997250%E2%80%93253-97">[97]</a> Explaining Warren's qualifications for the Court, Eisenhower wrote to his brother, "Warren has had seventeen years of practice in public law, during which his record was one of remarkable accomplishment and success.... He has been very definitely a liberal-conservative; he represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997261%E2%80%93262-98">[98]</a> Warren received a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Recess_appointment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> in October 1953. In the winter of 1953–1954, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> reported him favorably by a 12–3 majority, with three southerners in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Eastland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Eastland">James Eastland</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olin D. Johnston">Olin D. Johnston</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harley_M._Kilgore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harley M. Kilgore">Harley M. Kilgore</a> reporting negatively.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The Senate would then confirm Warren's appointment by acclamation in March 1954;<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997289%E2%80%93290-100">[100]</a> unlike the future appointments of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Marshall Harlan II">John Marshall Harlan II</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potter_Stewart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a> (who ironically would prove the most conservative members of the Warren Court) southern senators made no effort to block Warren.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[101]</a> As of 2024, Warren is the most recent chief justice to have held statewide elected office at any point in his career and the most recent serving politician to be appointed Chief Justice. Warren was also the first <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Scandinavian American</a> to be appointed to the Supreme Court.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Collective-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Leadership_and_philosophy">Leadership and philosophy</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Leadership and philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="613"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg/330px-Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg/440px-Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> (1953–1954) </figcaption> </figure> When Warren was appointed, all of the other Supreme Court justices had been appointed by Presidents <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a> or Harry Truman, and most were committed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Deal_coalition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal</a> liberal Democrats. Nonetheless, they disagreed about the role that courts should play. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a> led a faction that insisted upon <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Judicial_restraint?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Judicial restraint">judicial self-restraint</a> and deference to the policymaking prerogatives of the White House and Congress. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hugo_Black?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_O._Douglas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> led the opposing faction by agreeing the Court should defer to Congress in matters of economic policy but favored a more activist role for the courts in matters related to individual liberties. Warren's belief that the judiciary must seek to do justice placed him with the Black and Douglas faction.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelknap200513%E2%80%9314-103">[103]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a> became the intellectual leader of the activist faction after he was appointed to the court by Eisenhower in 1956 and complemented Warren's political skills by the strong legal skills that Warren lacked.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983-104">[104]</a>[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] As chief justice, Warren's most important prerogative was the power to assign opinions if he was in the majority. That power had a subtle but important role in shaping the Court's majority opinions, since different justices would write different opinions.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997268%E2%80%93270-105">[105]</a> Warren initially asked the senior associate justice, Hugo Black, to preside over conferences until he became accustomed to the processes of the Court. However, Warren learned quickly and soon was in fact, as well as in name, the Court's chief justice.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1982159%E2%80%93161-106">[106]</a> Warren's strength lay in his public gravitas, his leadership skills, and his firm belief that the Constitution guaranteed natural rights and that the Court had a unique role in protecting those rights.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrofsky2001157-107">[107]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowe2000499%E2%80%93500-108">[108]</a> His arguments did not dominate judicial conferences, but Warren excelled at putting together coalitions and cajoling his colleagues in informal meetings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997445%E2%80%93446-109">[109]</a> Warren saw the US Constitution as the embodiment of American values, and he cared deeply about the ethical implications of the Court's rulings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1981462%E2%80%93463-110">[110]</a> According to Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potter_Stewart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a>, Warren's philosophical foundations were the "eternal, rather bromidic, platitudes in which he sincerely believed" and "Warren's great strength was his simple belief in the things we now laugh at: motherhood, marriage, family, flag, and the like."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983927-111">[111]</a> The constitutional historian Melvin I. Urofsky concludes that "scholars agree that as a judge, Warren does not rank with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Brandeis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a>, Black, or Brennan in terms of jurisprudence. His opinions were not always clearly written, and his legal logic was often muddled."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Other scholars have also reached this conclusion.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1950s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">History of the United States (1945–1964)</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Brown_v._Board_of_Education">Brown v. Board of Education</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Brown v. Board of Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Soon after joining the Court, Warren presided over the case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>, which arose from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NAACP?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>'s legal challenge against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> had implemented Jim Crow laws in aftermath of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reconstruction_Era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction Era</a> to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchise</a> African Americans and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregate</a> public schools and other institutions. In the 1896 case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a>, the Court had held that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> did not prohibit segregation in public institutions if the institutions were "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Separate_but_equal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Separate but equal">separate but equal</a>." In the decades after Plessy, the NAACP had won several incremental victories, but 17 states required the segregation of public schools by 1954. In 1951, the Vinson Court had begun hearing the NAACP's legal challenge to segregated school systems but had not rendered a decision when Warren took office.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997274%E2%80%93278-115">[115]</a> By the early 1950s, Warren had become personally convinced that segregation was morally wrong and legally indefensible. Warren sought not only to overturn Plessy but also to have a unanimous verdict. Warren, Black, Douglas, Burton, and Minton supported overturning the precedent, but for different reasons, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tom_C._Clark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Stanley Forman Reed</a> were reluctant to overturn Plessy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997277%E2%80%93281-116">[116]</a> Nonetheless, Warren won over Jackson, Frankfurter, and Clark, in part by allowing states and federal courts the flexibility to pursue desegregation of schools at different speeds. Warren extensively courted the last holdout, Reed, who finally agreed to join a unanimous verdict because he feared that a dissent would encourage resistance to the Court's holding. After the Supreme Court formally voted to hold that the segregation of public schools was unconstitutional, Warren drafted an eight-page outline from which his law clerks drafted an opinion, and the Court handed down its decision in May 1954.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997283%E2%80%93286-117">[117]</a> In the Deep South at the time, people could view signs claiming "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeach</a> Earl Warren."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Other_decisions_and_events">Other decisions and events</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Other decisions and events" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In arranging a unanimous decision in Brown, Warren fully established himself as the leader of the Court.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997287%E2%80%93288-119">[119]</a> He also remained a nationally prominent figure. After a 1955 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallup_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> poll found that a plurality of Republican respondents favored Warren as the successor to Eisenhower, Warren publicly announced that he would not resign from the Court under any circumstance. Eisenhower seriously considered retiring after one term and encouraging Warren to run in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956 presidential election</a> but ultimately chose to run after he had received a positive medical report after his heart attack.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997312%E2%80%93315-120">[120]</a> Despite that brief possibility, a split developed between Eisenhower and Warren, and some writers believe that Eisenhower once remarked that his appointment was "the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-125">[a]</a> Meanwhile, many Southern politicians expressed outrage at the Court's decisions and promised to resist any federal attempt to force desegregation, a strategy known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massive_resistance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massive resistance">massive resistance</a>. Although Brown did not mandate immediate school desegregation or bar other "separate but equal" institutions, most observers recognized that the decision marked the beginning of the end for the Jim Crow system.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997290%E2%80%93291-126">[125]</a> Throughout his years as chief justice, Warren succeeded in keeping decisions concerning segregation unanimous. Brown applied only to schools, but soon, the Court enlarged the concept to other state actions by striking down racial classification in many areas. Warren compromised by agreeing to Frankfurter's demand for the Court to go slowly in implementing desegregation. Warren used Frankfurter's suggestion for a 1955 decision (Brown II) to include the phrase "all deliberate speed."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-127">[126]</a> In 1956, after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a>, the Supreme Court <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Browder v. Gayle">affirmed a lower court's decision</a> that segregated buses are unconstitutional.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997320-128">[127]</a> Two years later, Warren assigned Brennan to write the Court's opinion in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a>. Brennan held that state officials were legally bound to enforce the Court's desegregation ruling in Brown.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997345%E2%80%93348-129">[128]</a> In the 1956 term, the Warren Court received condemnation from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right-wing_politics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right-wing politics">right-wingers</a> such as US Senator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> by handing down a series of decisions, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yates_v._United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yates v. United States">Yates v. United States</a>, which struck down laws designed to suppress communists and later led to the decline of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/McCarthyism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-130">[129]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:4-131">[130]</a> The Warren Court's decisions on those cases represented a major shift from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vinson_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vinson Court">Vinson Court</a>, which had generally upheld such laws during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Red_Scare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Red Scare">Second Red Scare</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:6-130">[129]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997320%E2%80%93322,_329%E2%80%93333-132">[131]</a> That same year, Warren was elected to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. In 1957, he was elected to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: 1960s" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency of John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">History of the United States (1964–1980)</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:President_%26_First_Lady_Kennedy_with_Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%26_Mrs._Warren,_circa_1962.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/President_%26_First_Lady_Kennedy_with_Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%26_Mrs._Warren%2C_circa_1962.jpg/220px-President_%26_First_Lady_Kennedy_with_Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%26_Mrs._Warren%2C_circa_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="834"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 223px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/President_%26_First_Lady_Kennedy_with_Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%26_Mrs._Warren%2C_circa_1962.jpg/220px-President_%26_First_Lady_Kennedy_with_Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%26_Mrs._Warren%2C_circa_1962.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/President_%26_First_Lady_Kennedy_with_Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%26_Mrs._Warren%2C_circa_1962.jpg/330px-President_%26_First_Lady_Kennedy_with_Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%26_Mrs._Warren%2C_circa_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/President_%26_First_Lady_Kennedy_with_Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%26_Mrs._Warren%2C_circa_1962.jpg/440px-President_%26_First_Lady_Kennedy_with_Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%26_Mrs._Warren%2C_circa_1962.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> President Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, Chief Justice Earl Warren, and Nina Elisabeth Meyers (Warren's wife), November 1963 </figcaption> </figure> After the Republican Party nominated Richard Nixon in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960 presidential election</a>, Warren privately supported the Democratic nominee, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_F._Kennedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>. They became personally close after Kennedy was inaugurated. Warren later wrote that "no American during my long life ever set his sights higher for a better America or centered his attacks more accurately on the evils and shortcomings of our society than did [Kennedy]."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997368%E2%80%93369-134">[133]</a> In 1962, Frankfurter retired and was replaced by Kennedy appointee <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a>, which gave the liberal bloc a majority on the Court.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997385%E2%80%93386,_403-135">[134]</a> Goldberg left the Court in 1965 but was replaced by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abe_Fortas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a>, who largely shared Goldberg's judicial philosophy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997444%E2%80%93445-136">[135]</a> With the liberal bloc firmly in control, the Warren Court handed down a series of momentous rulings in the 1960s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997447-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Bill_of_Rights">Bill of Rights</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bill of Rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The 1960s marked a major shift in constitutional interpretation, as the Warren Court continued the process of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a> in which the provisions of the first ten amendments to the US Constitution were applied to the states.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997530%E2%80%93531-138">[137]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-140">[b]</a> Warren saw the Bill of Rights as a codification of "the natural rights of man" against the government and believed that incorporation would bring the law "into harmony with moral principles."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1981469%E2%80%93470-141">[139]</a> When Warren took office, most of the provisions of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> already applied to the states, but the vast majority of the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government. The Warren Court saw the incorporation of the remaining provisions of the First Amendment as well as all or part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eighth</a> Amendments. The Warren Court also handed down numerous other important decisions regarding the Bill of Rights, especially in the field of criminal procedure.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997530%E2%80%93531-138">[137]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Sullivan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New York Times Co. v. Sullivan">New York Times Co. v. Sullivan</a>, the Supreme Court reversed a libel conviction of the publisher of the New York Times. In the majority opinion, Brennan articulated the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Actual_malice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Actual malice">actual malice</a> standard for libel against public officials, which has become an enduring part of constitutional law.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997438%E2%80%93440-142">[140]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tinker_v._Des_Moines_Independent_Community_School_District?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District">Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District</a>, the Court reversed the suspension of an eighth-grade student who wore a black armband in protest of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Fortas's majority opinion noted that students did not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997490%E2%80%93491-143">[141]</a> The Court's holding in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_v._Seeger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States v. Seeger">United States v. Seeger</a> expanded those who could be classified as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conscientious_objectors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objectors">conscientious objectors</a> under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selective_Service_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selective Service System">Selective Service System</a> by allowing nonreligious individuals with ethical objections to claim conscientious objector status.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997481%E2%80%93483-144">[142]</a> Another case, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_v._O%27Brien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States v. O'Brien">United States v. O'Brien</a>, saw the Court uphold a prohibition against <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Draft-card_burning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Draft-card burning">burning draft-cards</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997485%E2%80%93487-145">[143]</a> Warren dissented in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Street_v._New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Street v. New York">Street v. New York</a> in which the Court struck down a state law that prohibited the desecration of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_flag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="American flag">American flag</a>. When his law clerks asked why he dissented in the case, Warren stated, "Boys, it's the American flag. I'm just not going to vote in favor of burning the American flag."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997491%E2%80%93492-146">[144]</a> In the 1969 case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg_v._Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg v. Ohio">Brandenburg v. Ohio</a>, the Court held that governments cannot punish speech unless it is "directed to inciting or producing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imminent_lawless_action?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imminent lawless action">imminent lawless action</a> and is likely to incite or produce such action."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997502%E2%80%93503-147">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Impeach_Warren.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Impeach_Warren.png/220px-Impeach_Warren.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="1669"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 310px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Impeach_Warren.png/220px-Impeach_Warren.png" data-width="220" data-height="310" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Impeach_Warren.png/330px-Impeach_Warren.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Impeach_Warren.png/440px-Impeach_Warren.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> An "Impeach Earl Warren sign", posted in San Francisco in October 1958 </figcaption> </figure> In 1962, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Engel_v._Vitale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Engel v. Vitale">Engel v. Vitale</a> held that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Establishment_Clause?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> prohibits mandatory prayer in public school.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997386%E2%80%93387-148">[146]</a> The ruling sparked a strong backlash from many political and religious leaders, some of whom called for the impeachment of Warren. Warren became a favored target of right-wing groups, such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Birch_Society?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>, as well as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 Republican presidential nominee</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barry_Goldwater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997387%E2%80%93391,_435-149">[147]</a> Engel, the criminal procedure cases, and the persistent criticism of conservative politicians like Goldwater and Nixon contributed to a decline in the Court's popularity in the mid- and the late 1960s.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997498-150">[148]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a> had the Court strike down a state law designed to restrict access to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Contraception?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, and it established a constitutional <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_privacy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right to privacy">right to privacy</a>. Griswold later provided an important precedent for the case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roe_v._Wade?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a>, which disallowed many laws designed to restrict access to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997447%E2%80%93449-151">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Criminal_procedure">Criminal procedure</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Criminal procedure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the early 1960s, the Court increasingly turned its attention to criminal procedure, which had traditionally been primarily a domain of the states. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elkins_v._United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elkins v. United States">Elkins v. United States</a> (1960), Warren joined with the majority in striking down the "Silver Platter Doctrine," a loophole to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exclusionary_rule?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exclusionary rule">exclusionary rule</a> that had allowed federal officials to use evidence that had been illegally gathered by state officials. The next year, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mapp_v._Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mapp v. Ohio">Mapp v. Ohio</a>, the Court held that the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on "unreasonable searches and seizures" applied to state officials.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997372%E2%80%93376-152">[150]</a> Warren wrote the majority opinion in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Terry_v._Ohio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Terry v. Ohio">Terry v. Ohio</a> (1968) in which the Court established that police officers may frisk a criminal suspect if they have a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reasonable_suspicion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reasonable suspicion">reasonable suspicion</a> that the suspect is committing or is about to commit a crime.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997466%E2%80%93468-153">[151]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gideon_v._Wainwright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gideon v. Wainwright">Gideon v. Wainwright</a> (1962), the Court held that the Sixth Amendment required states to furnish publicly funded attorneys to all criminal defendants accused of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Felony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Felony">felony</a> and unable to afford counsel. Prior to Gideon, criminal defendants had been guaranteed the right to counsel only in federal trials and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capital_punishment?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capital punishment">capital</a> cases.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997403%E2%80%93406-154">[152]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Escobedo_v._Illinois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Escobedo v. Illinois">Escobedo v. Illinois</a> (1964), the Court held that the Sixth Amendment guarantees criminal suspects the right to speak to their counsel during police interrogations. Escobedo was limited to criminal suspects who had an attorney at the time of their arrest and requested to speak with that counsel. In the landmark case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a>, Warren wrote the majority opinion, which established a right to counsel for every criminal suspect and required police to give criminal suspects what became known as a "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miranda_warning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miranda warning">Miranda warning</a>" in which suspects are notified of their right to an attorney and their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Right_to_silence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Right to silence">right to silence</a>. Warren incorporated some suggestions from Brennan, but his holding in Miranda was most influenced by his past experiences as a district attorney. Unlike many of the other Warren Court decisions, including Mapp and Gideon, Miranda created standards that went far beyond anything that had been established by any of the states. Miranda received a strong backlash from law enforcement and political leaders.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997456%E2%80%93460-155">[153]</a> Conservatives angrily denounced what they called the "handcuffing of the police."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-156">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Reapportionment_(one_man,_one_vote)">Reapportionment (one man, one vote)</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Reapportionment (one man, one vote)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:27%; ; padding:8px;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The right to vote freely for the candidate of one's choice is of the essence of a democratic society, and any restrictions on that right strike at the heart of representative government. And the right of suffrage can be denied by a debasement or dilution of the weight of a citizen's vote just as effectively as by wholly prohibiting the free exercise of the franchise. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">--<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> Earl Warren on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suffrage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suffrage">the right to vote</a> as the foundation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy">democracy</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a> (1964).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-157">[155]</a></cite> </div> </div> In 1959, several residents dissatisfied with Tennessee's legislative districts brought suit against the state in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baker_v._Carr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a>. Like many other states, Tennessee had state legislative districts of unequal populations,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-159">[c]</a> and the plaintiffs sought more equitable legislative districts. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Colegrove_v._Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colegrove v. Green">Colegrove v. Green</a> (1946), the Supreme Court had declined to become involved in legislative apportionment and instead left the issue as a matter for Congress and the states. In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a> (1960), the Court struck down a redistricting plan designed to disenfranchise African-American voters, but many of the justices were reluctant to involve themselves further in redistricting.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997379%E2%80%93381-160">[157]</a> Frankfurter insisted that the Court should avoid the "political thicket" of apportionment and warned that the Court would never be able to find a clear formula to guide lower courts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Warren helped convince Associate Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potter_Stewart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a> to join Brennan's majority decision in Baker v. Carr, which held that redistricting was not a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Political_question?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Political question">political question</a> and so federal courts had jurisdiction over the issue. The opinion did not directly require Tennessee to implement redistricting but instead left it to a federal district court to determine whether Tennessee's districts violated the Constitution.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997381%E2%80%93385-162">[159]</a> In another case, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gray_v._Sanders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gray v. Sanders">Gray v. Sanders</a>, the Court struck down Georgia's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/County_Unit_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="County Unit System">County Unit System</a>, which granted disproportional power to rural counties in party primaries.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997406%E2%80%93407-163">[160]</a> In a third case, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wesberry_v._Sanders?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wesberry v. Sanders">Wesberry v. Sanders</a>, the Court required states to draw congressional districts of equal population.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997433-164">[161]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a> (1963), the chief justice wrote what biographer Ed Cray terms "the most influential of the 170 majority opinions [Warren] would write." While eight of the nine justices had voted to require congressional districts of equal population in Wesberry, some of the justices were reluctant to require state legislative districts to be of equal population. Warren indicated that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> required that state legislative districts be apportioned on an equal basis: "legislators represent people, not trees or acres. Legislators are elected by voters, not farms or cities or economic interests." His holding upheld the principle of "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/One_man,_one_vote?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a>," which had previously been articulated by Douglas.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997432%E2%80%93435-165">[162]</a> After the decision, the states reapportioned their legislatures quickly and with minimal troubles. Numerous commentators have concluded reapportionment was the Warren Court's great "success story."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-166">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Civil rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_rights_movement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> </div> Civil rights continued to be a major issue facing the Warren Court in the 1960s. In Peterson v. Greenville (1963), Warren wrote the Court's majority opinion, which struck down local ordinances that prohibited restaurants from serving black and white individuals in the same room.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997408%E2%80%93410-167">[164]</a> Later that decade, the Court upheld the constitutionality of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a>. The Court held that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commerce_Clause?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> empowered the federal government to prohibit racial segregation in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_accommodations?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Public accommodations">public accommodations</a> like hotels. The ruling effectively overturned the 1883 <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a> in which the Supreme Court had held that Congress could not regulate racial discrimination by private businesses.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997441%E2%80%93442-168">[165]</a> The Court upheld another landmark civil rights act, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a>, by holding that it was valid under the authority provided to Congress by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifteenth Amendment</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997469%E2%80%93470-169">[166]</a> In 1967, Warren wrote the majority opinion in the landmark case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a> in which the Court struck down state <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">laws banning interracial marriage</a>. Warren was particularly pleased by the ruling in Loving since he had long regretted that the Court had not taken up the similar case of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naim_v._Naim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naim v. Naim">Naim v. Naim</a> in 1955.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997449%E2%80%93452-170">[167]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections</a> (1966), the Court struck down <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poll_taxes_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poll taxes in the United States">poll taxes</a> in state elections.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997470%E2%80%93471-171">[168]</a> In another case, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bond_v._Floyd?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bond v. Floyd">Bond v. Floyd</a>, the Court required the Georgia legislature to seat the newly elected legislator <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julian_Bond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a>; members of the legislature had refused to seat Bond because he opposed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietnam_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997484%E2%80%93485-172">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Warren_Commission">Warren Commission</h4> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Warren Commission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/220px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="1833"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/220px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/330px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/440px-Warren_Commission_presenting_report_on_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_to_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Earl Warren presents the Commission's report to President Johnson on September 24, 1964. </figcaption> </figure> Shortly after the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>, the newly sworn-in president, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, convinced Warren to serve as the head of a bipartisan commission tasked with investigating the assassination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-173">[170]</a> From December 1963 to October 1964, Warren simultaneously served as chief justice of the United States and chairman of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Commission?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Commission">Warren Commission</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997414%E2%80%93419-174">[171]</a> At the start of the investigation, Warren decided to hire the commission's legal staff from outside the government to avoid any improper influence on their work.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens201337-175">[172]</a>  Warren appointed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J._Lee_Rankin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="J. Lee Rankin">Lee Rankin</a> as general counsel and worked closely with Rankin and his assistants, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Howard_P._Willens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Howard P. Willens">Howard P. Willens</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Norman_Redlich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Norman Redlich">Norman Redlich</a>, to recruit staff lawyers, supervise their investigation and publish the Commission's report.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens201337-175">[172]</a> To avoid the confusion and duplication of parallel investigations, Warren convinced the Texas authorities to defer any local inquiry into the assassination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013p._30,_citing_Warren_Commission,_Executive_Session_Transcript,_December_6,_1963,_at_14-18-176">[173]</a> Warren was personally involved in several aspects of the investigation.  He supervised four days of testimony by Lee Harvey Oswald's widow, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marina_Oswald_Porter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marina Oswald Porter">Marina Oswald</a>, and was widely criticized for telling the press that, although her testimony would be publicly disclosed, "it might not be in your lifetime."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013p._60,_citing_The_Baltimore_Sun,_%22The_Whole_Truth%22,_February_5,_1964.-177">[174]</a> He attended the closed-door interview of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-178">[175]</a> and insisted on participating in the deposition of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jack_Ruby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jack Ruby">Jack Ruby</a> in Dallas, where he visited the book depository.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013206%E2%80%9307-179">[176]</a> Warren also participated in the investigation of Kennedy's medical treatment and autopsy.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-180">[177]</a> At <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert Kennedy</a>'s insistence, Warren handled the unwelcome task of reviewing the autopsy photos alone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens201394-181">[178]</a>  Because the photos were so gruesome, Warren decided that they should not be included in the Commission's records.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-182">[179]</a> Warren closely supervised the drafting of the Commission's report. He wanted to ensure that Commission members had ample opportunity to evaluate the staff's work and to make their own judgments about important conclusions in the report.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013219-183">[180]</a> He insisted that the report should be unanimous and so he compromised on a number of issues to get all the members to sign the final version. Although a reenactment of the assassination "produced convincing evidence" supporting the single-bullet theory, the Commission decided not to take a position on the single-bullet theory.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013270-184">[181]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-185">[182]</a> The Commission unanimously concluded that the assassination was the result of a single individual, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a>, who acted alone.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-186">[183]</a> The Warren Commission was an unhappy experience for the chief justice. As Willens recalled, "One can't say too much about the Chief's sacrifice. The work was a drain on his physical well-being."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-187">[184]</a> However, Warren always believed that the Commission's primary conclusion, that Oswald acted alone, was correct. In his memoirs, Warren wrote that Oswald was incapable of being the key operative in a conspiracy, and that any high-level government conspiracy would inevitably have been discovered.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Newsweek magazine quoted Warren saying that, if he handled the Oswald case as a district attorney, "I could have gotten a conviction in two days and never heard about the case again."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-189">[186]</a> Warren wrote that "the facts of the assassination itself are simple, so simple that many people believe it must be more complicated and conspiratorial to be true."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997422-190">[187]</a> Warren told the Commission staff not to worry about <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> and other criticism of the report because “history will prove us right.”<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens201311-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Retirement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png/220px-Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2040"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png/220px-Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png/330px-Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png/440px-Richard_Nixon_1969_inauguration.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Chief Justice Warren swears in President Nixon on January 20, 1969. </figcaption> </figure> By 1968, Warren was ready to retire from the Court. He hoped to travel the world with his wife, and he wanted to leave the bench before he suffered a mental decline, something that he perceived in both Hugo Black and William Douglas. He also feared that Nixon would win the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a> and appoint a conservative successor if Warren left the Court later. On June 13, 1968, Warren submitted his letter of resignation to President Johnson (who made it official on June 21),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-192">[189]</a> effective upon the confirmation of a successor. In an election year, confirmation of a successor was not assured; after Warren announced his retirement, about half of the Senate Republican caucus pledged to oppose any Supreme Court appointment prior to the election.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997494%E2%80%93499-193">[190]</a> Johnson nominated Associate Justice Fortas, a personal friend and adviser to the president, as Warren's successor, and nominated federal appellate judge <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homer_Thornberry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homer Thornberry">Homer Thornberry</a> to succeed Fortas. Republicans and Southern Democrats joined to scuttle Fortas's nomination. Their opposition centered on criticism of the Warren Court, including many decisions that had been handed down before Fortas joined the Court, as well as ethical concerns related to Fortas's paid speeches and closeness with Johnson. Though the majority of the Senate may have favored the confirmation of Fortas, opponents conducted a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">filibuster</a>, which blocked the Senate from voting on the nomination, and Johnson withdrew the nomination.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997499%E2%80%93502-194">[191]</a> In early 1969, Warren learned that Fortas had made a secret lifetime contract for $20,000 a year to provide private legal advice to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Louis_Wolfson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Louis Wolfson">Louis Wolfson</a>, a friend and financier in deep legal trouble. Warren immediately asked Fortas to resign, which he did after some consideration.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-195">[192]</a> Nixon defeated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> in the 1968 presidential election and took office in January 1969. Though reluctant to be succeeded by a Nixon appointee, Warren declined to withdraw his letter of resignation. He believed that withdrawing the letter would be "a crass admission that he was resigning for political reasons." Nixon and Warren jointly agreed that Warren would retire in June 1969 to ensure that the Court would have a chief justice throughout the 1968 term and to allow Nixon to focus on other matters in the first months of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">his presidency</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997502%E2%80%93505-196">[193]</a> Nixon did not solicit Warren's opinion regarding the next chief justice and ultimately appointed the conservative federal appellate judge <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_E._Burger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997513%E2%80%93514-197">[194]</a> Warren later regretted his decision to retire and reflected, "If I had ever known what was going to happen to this country and this Court, I never would have resigned. They would have had to carry me out of there on a plank."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983928n23-198">[195]</a> In addition, he later remarked on his retirement and on the Warren Court, "I would like the Court to be remembered as the people's court."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:10-199">[196]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Final years and death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_(18974663660).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%2818974663660%29.jpg/220px-Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%2818974663660%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7193" data-file-height="4801"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%2818974663660%29.jpg/220px-Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%2818974663660%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%2818974663660%29.jpg/330px-Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%2818974663660%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%2818974663660%29.jpg/440px-Chief_Justice_Earl_Warren_%2818974663660%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Grave at Arlington National Cemetery </figcaption> </figure> After stepping down from the Court, Warren began working on his memoirs and took numerous speaking engagements. He also advocated for an end to the Vietnam War and the elimination of poverty.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997515%E2%80%93516-200">[197]</a> He avoided publicly criticizing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burger_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burger Court">Burger Court</a>, but was privately distressed by the Court's increasingly conservative holdings.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997518%E2%80%93520-201">[198]</a> He closely followed investigations into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Watergate_scandal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, a major political scandal that stemmed from a break-in of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>'s headquarters and the Nixon administration's subsequent attempts to cover up that break-in. Warren continued to hold Nixon in low regard, privately stating that Nixon was "perhaps the most despicable president that this country has ever had."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997521%E2%80%93522-202">[199]</a> Five years into retirement, Warren died due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cardiac_arrest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MedStar_Georgetown_University_Hospital?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="MedStar Georgetown University Hospital">Georgetown University Hospital</a> in Washington, D.C., at 8:10 p.m. on July 9, 1974, at the age of 83.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:21-203">[200]</a> He had been hospitalized since July 2 due to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coronary_insufficiency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary insufficiency">coronary insufficiency</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:21-203">[200]</a> On that same day, he was visited by Justices Brennan and Douglas, until 5:30 p.m.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:21-203">[200]</a> Warren could not resist asking his friends whether the Court would order President Nixon to release the sixty-four tapes demanded by the Watergate investigation. Both justices assured him that the court had voted unanimously in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a> for the release of the tapes. Relieved, Warren died just a few hours later, safe in the knowledge that the Court he had so loved would force justice on the man who had been his most bitter foe.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton2006514-204">[201]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-206">[d]</a> Warren had his wife and one of his daughters, Nina Elizabeth Brien, at his bedside when he died.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:21-203">[200]</a> After he <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lying_in_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#United_States" title="Lying in state">lay in repose</a> in the Great Hall of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Supreme Court Building">United States Supreme Court Building</a>, his funeral was held at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a>, and he was interred at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodwardArmstrong1979385-207">[203]</a> The only other former governor of California whose final funeral services did not take place in California would be <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ronald_Reagan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, who became <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/President_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> and whose <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">final funeral service</a> also took place at Washington National Cathedral. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Historical reputation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:14_Earl_Warren_bust,_US_Supreme_Court.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/14_Earl_Warren_bust%2C_US_Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-14_Earl_Warren_bust%2C_US_Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/14_Earl_Warren_bust%2C_US_Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-14_Earl_Warren_bust%2C_US_Supreme_Court.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/14_Earl_Warren_bust%2C_US_Supreme_Court.jpg/330px-14_Earl_Warren_bust%2C_US_Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/14_Earl_Warren_bust%2C_US_Supreme_Court.jpg/440px-14_Earl_Warren_bust%2C_US_Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Warren bust, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> </figcaption> </figure> Warren is generally considered to be one of the most influential U.S. Supreme Court justices,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-208">[204]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-209">[205]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:9-210">[206]</a> as well as political leaders in the history of the United States.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:10-199">[196]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-211">[207]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-212">[208]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> has been recognized by many to have created a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> "Constitutional Revolution",<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-213">[209]</a> which embodied a deep belief in equal justice, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freedom">freedom</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democracy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_rights?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human rights">human rights</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-214">[210]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriver2012-215">[211]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-216">[212]</a> In July 1974, after Warren died, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> commented that "Mr. Warren ranked with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Marshall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roger_Taney?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Taney">Roger Taney</a> as one of the three most important chief justices in the nation's history."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:21-203">[200]</a> In December 2006, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Atlantic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> cited Earl Warren as the 29th most influential person in the history of the United States and the second most influential Chief Justice, after John Marshall.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-208">[204]</a> In September 2018, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Economist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> named Warren as "the 20th century's most consequential American jurist" and one of "the 20th century's greatest liberal jurists".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:9-210">[206]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-217">[213]</a> President <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_S._Truman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> wrote in his tribute to Warren, which appeared in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Law_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Law Review">California Law Review</a> in 1970, "[t]he Warren record as Chief Justice has stamped him in the annals of history as the man who read and interpreted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constitution">Constitution</a> in relation to its ultimate intent. He sensed the call of the times-and he rose to the call."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-211">[207]</a> Supreme Court Associate Justice <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_O._Douglas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> wrote, in the same article, "in my view [Warren] will rank with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Marshall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Marshall">Marshall</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a> in the broad sweep of United States history".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-211">[207]</a> According to biographer Ed Cray, Warren was "second in greatness only to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_Marshall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> himself in the eyes of most impartial students of the Court as well as the Court's critics."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997530%E2%80%93531-138">[137]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winner <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anthony_Lewis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anthony Lewis">Anthony Lewis</a> described Warren as "the closest thing the United States has had to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosopher_king?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Philosopher king">Platonic Guardian</a>".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983924-218">[214]</a> In 1958, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> sent one copy of his newly published book, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stride_Toward_Freedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stride Toward Freedom">Stride Toward Freedom</a>, to Chief Justice Earl Warren, writing on the first free end page:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-219">[215]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-220">[216]</a> "To: Justice Earl Warren. In appreciation for your genuine good-will, your great humanitarian concern, and your unswerving devotion to the sublime principles of our American democracy. With warm Regards, Martin L. King Jr." The book remained with Warren's family until 2015, when it was auctioned online for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/US%24?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>49,335 (including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buyer%27s_premium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Buyer's premium">buyer's premium</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:7-219">[215]</a> Warren's critics found him a boring person. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dennis_J._Hutchinson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dennis J. Hutchinson">Dennis J. Hutchinson</a> wrote: "Although Warren was an important and courageous figure and although he inspired passionate devotion among his followers...he was a dull man and a dull judge."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983930-221">[217]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatives</a> attacked the Warren Court's rulings as inappropriate and have called for courts to be deferential to the elected political branches.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrofsky2001xii-222">[218]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowe2000101-223">[219]</a> In his 1977 book <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Government_by_Judiciary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Government by Judiciary">Government by Judiciary</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Originalist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Originalist">originalist</a> and legal scholar <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raoul_Berger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raoul Berger">Raoul Berger</a> accuses the Warren Court of overstepping its authority by interpreting the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> in a way contrary to the original intent of its draftsmen and framers in order to achieve results that it found desirable as a matter of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Public_policy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Public policy">public policy</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-224">[220]</a> Overall, law professor Justin Driver divides interpretations of the Warren Court into three main groups: conservatives such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Bork?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> who attack the Court as "a legislator of policy...that was not theirs to make", liberals such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morton_Horwitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morton Horwitz">Morton Horwitz</a> who strongly approve of the Court, and liberals such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cass_Sunstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a> who largely approve of the Court's overall legacy but believe that it went too far in making policy in some cases.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriver2012-215">[211]</a> Driver offers a fourth view, arguing that the Warren Court took overly conservative stances in such cases as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Powell_v._Texas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Powell v. Texas">Powell v. Texas</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hoyt_v._Florida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hoyt v. Florida">Hoyt v. Florida</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriver20121103%E2%80%931107-225">[221]</a> As for the legacy of the Warren Court, Chief Justice Burger, who succeeded Earl Warren in 1969, proved to be quite ineffective at consolidating conservative control over the Court, so the Warren Court legacy continued in many respects until about 1986, when <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Rehnquist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> became chief justice and took firmer control of the agenda.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-226">[222]</a> Even the more conservative <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rehnquist_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rehnquist Court">Rehnquist Court</a> refrained from expressly overturning major Warren Court cases such as Miranda, Gideon, Brown v. Board of Education, and Reynolds v. Sims.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997529%E2%80%93530-227">[223]</a> On occasion, the Rehnquist Court expanded Warren Court precedents, such as in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bush_v._Gore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bush v. Gore">Bush v. Gore</a>, where the Rehnquist Court applied the principles of 1960s voting rights cases to invalidate Florida's recount in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000_U.S._presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 U.S. presidential election">2000 U.S. presidential election</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-228">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Memorials_and_honors">Memorials and honors</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Memorials and honors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_Hall_Mongolian_Oak.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Earl_Warren_Hall_Mongolian_Oak.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_Hall_Mongolian_Oak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Earl_Warren_Hall_Mongolian_Oak.jpg/220px-Earl_Warren_Hall_Mongolian_Oak.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Earl_Warren_Hall_Mongolian_Oak.jpg/330px-Earl_Warren_Hall_Mongolian_Oak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Earl_Warren_Hall_Mongolian_Oak.jpg/440px-Earl_Warren_Hall_Mongolian_Oak.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Earl Warren Hall, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_Building_(San_Francisco).JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Earl_Warren_Building_%28San_Francisco%29.JPG/220px-Earl_Warren_Building_%28San_Francisco%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Earl_Warren_Building_%28San_Francisco%29.JPG/220px-Earl_Warren_Building_%28San_Francisco%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Earl_Warren_Building_%28San_Francisco%29.JPG/330px-Earl_Warren_Building_%28San_Francisco%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Earl_Warren_Building_%28San_Francisco%29.JPG/440px-Earl_Warren_Building_%28San_Francisco%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren_Building?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earl Warren Building">Earl Warren Building</a>, headquarters of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Supreme_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Francisco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>) </figcaption> </figure> Earl Warren was awarded the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> posthumously in 1981. He was also honored by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> with a 29¢ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Americans_series?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Americans series">Great Americans series</a> postage stamp.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-229">[225]</a> In December 2007, Warren was inducted into the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_Hall_of_Fame?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California Hall of Fame">California Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-230">[226]</a> An extensive collection of Warren's papers, including case files from his Supreme Court service, is located at the Manuscript Division of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> in Washington, D.C. Most of the collection is open for research. On the campus of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, Warren's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alma_mater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>, "Earl Warren Hall" is named after him.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-231">[227]</a> In addition, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">UC Berkeley School of Law</a> has established "The Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Race, Ethnicity and Diversity", or "Warren Institute" for short, in memory of Earl Warren, while the "Warren Room" inside the Law Building was also named in his honor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-232">[228]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-233">[229]</a> In 2016 the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> named the support ship <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/USNS_Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="USNS Earl Warren">USNS Earl Warren</a> in his honour.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-234">[230]</a> A number of governmental and educational institutions have been named for Warren: <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren_Building?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earl Warren Building">Earl Warren Building</a>, the headquarters of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Francisco?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-235">[231]</a></li> <li>The Earl Warren chapter of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/American_Inns_of_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="American Inns of Court">American Inns of Court</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alameda_County,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda County, California</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-236">[232]</a></li> <li>The Warren Freeway, the portion of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_State_Route_13?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="California State Route 13">California State Route 13</a> in Alameda County <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Earl_Warren_College_5_2017-10-19.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Earl_Warren_College_5_2017-10-19.jpg/200px-Earl_Warren_College_5_2017-10-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Earl_Warren_College_5_2017-10-19.jpg/200px-Earl_Warren_College_5_2017-10-19.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Earl_Warren_College_5_2017-10-19.jpg/300px-Earl_Warren_College_5_2017-10-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Earl_Warren_College_5_2017-10-19.jpg/400px-Earl_Warren_College_5_2017-10-19.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earl Warren College">Earl Warren College</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a> </figcaption> </figure></li> <li>In 1977, Fourth College, one of the seven <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Undergraduate_education?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a> colleges at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of California, San Diego">University of California, San Diego</a>, was renamed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren_College?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earl Warren College">Earl Warren College</a> in his honor, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren_Bill_of_Rights_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project">Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project</a> at UCSD is also named in his honor.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:8-85">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_High_School_(Downey,_California)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren High School (Downey, California)">Warren High School</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Downey,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Downey, California">Downey, California</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-237">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren_High_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earl Warren High School">Earl Warren High School</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-238">[234]</a></li> <li>Warren Hall, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bakersfield_High_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bakersfield High School">Bakersfield High School</a> (the high school Warren attended)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-239">[235]</a></li> <li>Warren Junior High School, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bakersfield,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield, California</a> (Warren's hometown)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-240">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren_Middle_School?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Warren Middle School">Earl Warren Middle School</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solana_Beach,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solana Beach, California">Solana Beach, California</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-241">[237]</a></li> <li>Warren Elementary School, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garden_Grove,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garden Grove, California">Garden Grove, California</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-242">[238]</a></li> <li>Earl Warren Elementary School, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lake_Elsinore,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lake Elsinore, California">Lake Elsinore, California</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-243">[239]</a></li> <li>The Earl Warren Showgrounds in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-244">[240]</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Electoral history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:1px #aaa solid;"> <div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"> Earl Warren electoral history </div> <div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> California Republican presidential primary, 1936:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-245">[241]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren – 350,917 (57.43%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alf_Landon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> – 260,170 (42.58%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936 Republican presidential primaries</a>:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-246">[242]</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_Edgar_Borah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="William Edgar Borah">William Edgar Borah</a> – 1,478,676 (44.48%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alf_Landon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> – 729,908 (21.96%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank_Knox?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a> – 527,054 (15.85%)</li> <li>Earl Warren – 350,917 (10.56%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stephen_A._Day?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stephen A. Day">Stephen A. Day</a> – 155,732 (4.69%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warren_Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warren Green">Warren Green</a> – 44,518 (1.34%)</li> </ul> Republican primary for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governor_of_California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a>, 1942:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-247">[243]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren – 635,230 (94.23%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nathan_T._Porter&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nathan T. Porter (page does not exist)">Nathan T. Porter</a> – 15,604 (2.32%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_E._Riker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="William E. Riker">William E. Riker</a> – 10,004 (1.48%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fred_Dyster&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fred Dyster (page does not exist)">Fred Dyster</a> – 9,824 (1.46%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culbert_Olson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a> (inc.) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Write-in_candidate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Write-in candidate">write-in</a>) – 3,504 (0.52%)</li> </ul> Democratic primary for Governor of California, 1942:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-248">[244]</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culbert_Olson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a> (inc.) – 513,244 (51.98%)</li> <li>Earl Warren – 404,778 (41.00%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Roy_G._Owens&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Roy G. Owens (page does not exist)">Roy G. Owens</a> – 50,780 (5.14%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Nathan_T._Porter&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Nathan T. Porter (page does not exist)">Nathan T. Porter</a> – 11,302 (1.15%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alonzo_J._Riggs&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alonzo J. Riggs (page does not exist)">Alonzo J. Riggs</a> – 7,231 (0.73%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_gubernatorial_election,_1942?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="California gubernatorial election, 1942">California gubernatorial election, 1942</a>:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-249">[245]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren (R) – 1,275,237 (57.07%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Culbert_Olson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a> (D) (inc.) – 932,995 (41.75%)</li> </ul> California Republican presidential primary, 1944<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-250">[246]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren – 594,439 (100.00%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944 Republican presidential primaries</a>:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-251">[247]</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> – 662,127 (28.94%)</li> <li>Earl Warren – 594,439 (25.99%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_W._Bricker?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John W. Bricker">John W. Bricker</a> – 366,444 (16.02%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> – 278,727 (12.18%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W._Chapman_Revercomb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Chapman Revercomb">W. Chapman Revercomb</a> – 91,602 (4.00%)</li> <li>Unpledged – 87,834 (3.84%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Stassen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> – 67,508 (2.95%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riley_A._Bender?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a> – 37,575 (1.64%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_A._Christopherson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles A. Christopherson">Charles A. Christopherson</a> – 33,497 (1.46%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wendell_Willkie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> – 27,097 (1.19%)</li> </ul> Republican primary for Governor of California, 1946:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-252">[248]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren (inc.) – 774,302 (91.10%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_W._Kenny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert W. Kenny">Robert W. Kenny</a> – 70,331 (8.27%)</li> </ul> Democratic primary for Governor of California, 1946:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-253">[249]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren (inc.) – 593,180 (51.93%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_W._Kenny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert W. Kenny">Robert W. Kenny</a> – 530,968 (46.49%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_gubernatorial_election,_1946?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="California gubernatorial election, 1946">California gubernatorial election, 1946</a>:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-254">[250]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren (R, D) (inc.) – 2,344,542 (91.64%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Henry_R._Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Henry R. Schmidt (page does not exist)">Henry R. Schmidt</a> (Prohibition) – 180,579 (7.06%)</li> <li>Archie Brown (Communist) – 22,606 (0.88%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Roosevelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt</a> (D) (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Write-in_candidate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Write-in candidate">write-in</a>) – 3,210 (0.13%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 Republican presidential primaries</a>:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-255">[251]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren – 771,295 (26.99%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Stassen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> – 627,321 (21.96%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_A._Taft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> – 464,741 (16.27%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> – 330,799 (11.58%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riley_A._Bender?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a> – 324,029 (11.34%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> – 87,839 (3.07%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Leverett Saltonstall</a> – 72,191 (2.53%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Herbert_E._Hitchcock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Herbert E. Hitchcock">Herbert E. Hitchcock</a> – 45,463 (1.59%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Edward Martin</a> – 45,072 (1.58%)</li> <li>Unpledged – 28,854 (1.01%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenberg">Arthur H. Vandenberg</a> – 18,924 (0.66%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> – 5,014 (0.18%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_S._Truman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> – 4,907 (0.17%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> – 1,452 (0.05%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Joseph William Martin Jr.</a> – 974 (0.03%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_E._Driscoll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred E. Driscoll">Alfred E. Driscoll</a> – 44 (0.00%)</li> <li>Others – 5,939 (0.21%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 Republican National Convention</a> (Presidential tally)<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-256">[252]</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> – 1,094 (60.74%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_A._Taft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> – 274 (15.21%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Stassen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> – 157 (8.72%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arthur_H._Vandenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur H. Vandenberg">Arthur H. Vandenberg</a> – 62 (3.44%)</li> <li>Earl Warren – 59 (3.28%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_H._Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight H. Green">Dwight H. Green</a> – 56 (3.11%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfred_E._Driscoll?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfred E. Driscoll">Alfred E. Driscoll</a> – 35 (1.94%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raymond_E._Baldwin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raymond E. Baldwin">Raymond E. Baldwin</a> – 19 (1.06%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_William_Martin_Jr.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph William Martin Jr.">Joseph William Martin Jr.</a> – 18 (1.00%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="B. Carroll Reece">B. Carroll Reece</a> – 15 (0.83%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> – 11 (0.61%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Everett_Dirksen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Everett Dirksen">Everett Dirksen</a> – 1 (0.06%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 Republican National Convention</a> (Vice Presidential tally):<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-257">[253]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren – 1,094 (100.00%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 United States presidential election</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harry_S._Truman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (D) – 24,179,347 (49.6%) and 303 electoral votes (28 states carried)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>/Earl Warren (R) – 21,991,292 (45.1%) and 189 electoral votes (16 states carried)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Strom_Thurmond?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fielding_L._Wright?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fielding L. Wright">Fielding L. Wright</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dixiecrat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrat</a>) – 1,175,930 (2.4%) and 39 electoral votes (4 states carried)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (Progressive) – 1,157,328 (2.4%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/California_gubernatorial_election,_1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="California gubernatorial election, 1950">California gubernatorial election, 1950</a>:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-258">[254]</a> <ul> <li>Earl Warren (R) (inc.) – 2,461,754 (64.85%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/James_Roosevelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt</a> (D) – 1,333,856 (35.14%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 Republican presidential primaries</a>:<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-259">[255]</a> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_A._Taft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> – 2,794,736 (35.84%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> – 2,050,708 (26.30%)</li> <li>Earl Warren – 1,349,036 (17.30%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Stassen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> – 881,702 (11.31%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thomas_H._Werdel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thomas H. Werdel">Thomas H. Werdel</a> – 521,110 (6.68%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_T._Mickelson?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George T. Mickelson">George T. Mickelson</a> – 63,879 (0.82%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> – 44,209 (0.57%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Grant_A._Ritter&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Grant A. Ritter (page does not exist)">Grant A. Ritter</a> – 26,208 (0.34%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Edward_C._Slettedahl&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Edward C. Slettedahl (page does not exist)">Edward C. Slettedahl</a> – 22,712 (0.29%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riley_A._Bender?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riley A. Bender">Riley A. Bender</a> – 22,321 (0.29%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Mary_E._Kenny&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Mary E. Kenny (page does not exist)">Mary E. Kenny</a> – 10,411 (0.13%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayne_Morse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a> – 7,105 (0.09%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Perry_J._Stearns&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Perry J. Stearns (page does not exist)">Perry J. Stearns</a> – 2,925 (0.04%)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=William_R._Schneider&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="William R. Schneider (page does not exist)">William R. Schneider</a> – 580 (0.01%)</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 Republican National Convention</a> (1st ballot) <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> – 595</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_A._Taft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> – 500</li> <li>Earl Warren – 81</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harold_Stassen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harold Stassen">Harold Stassen</a> – 20</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> – 10</li> </ul> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 Republican National Convention</a> (2nd ballot) <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> – 845</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_A._Taft?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert A. Taft</a> – 280</li> <li>Earl Warren – 77</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> – 4</li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Biography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:California?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 17px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Politics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Chief_Justice)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)">List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">United States Supreme Court cases during the Warren Court</a></li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-125">^</a> Eisenhower biographer Jean Edward Smith concluded in 2012 that "Eisenhower never said that. I have no evidence that he ever made such a statement."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Nonetheless, Eisenhower privately expressed his displeasure regarding some of Warren's decisions, and Warren grew frustrated at Eisenhower's unwillingness to support the Court publicly in Brown. Warren was recorded in the 1957 diary of Justice Harold Burton as confiding in Burton that "[Eisenhower] expressed disappointment at the trend of decisions of Chief Justice and Brennan."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In 1961, when Eisenhower was asked whether he had made any major mistakes as president, the former president responded that "yes, two, and they are both sitting on the Supreme Court."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997336%E2%80%93337-124">[124]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-140">^</a> The original Bill of Rights did not apply to the states, but the Fourteenth Amendment, ratified in 1868, contains the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Due_Process_Clause?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a>, which applies to state governments and has been used by the Court to incorporate the Bill of Rights. Some, including Douglas, favored the total incorporation of the Bill of Rights, but the Court has selectively incorporated various provisions of the Bill of Rights across numerous cases. The first major incorporation case was <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a> (1925).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997373%E2%80%93375,_405,_530-139">[138]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-159">^</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vermont_General_Assembly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vermont General Assembly">Vermont General Assembly</a> provides one example of the disparity in populations. In 1961, one member of the Vermont General Assembly represented 33,000 people, and another member represented 49 people.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997380-158">[156]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-206">^</a> Facing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeachment</a>, Nixon resigned from office on August 9, 1974. He was succeeded by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerald_Ford?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997528%E2%80%93529-205">[202]</a></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199716–18-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199716%E2%80%9318_1-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 16–18.</li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTIME1953" class="citation web cs1">TIME (October 12, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://time.com/archive/6797486/national-affairs-earl-warren-the-14th-chief-justice/">"National Affairs: EARL WARREN, THE 14th CHIEF JUSTICE"</a>. TIME. Retrieved February 9, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=National+Affairs%3A+EARL+WARREN%2C+THE+14th+CHIEF+JUSTICE&rft.date=1953-10-12&rft.au=TIME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Farchive%2F6797486%2Fnational-affairs-earl-warren-the-14th-chief-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925170535/https://www.kget.com/news/politics/browns-40-day-supreme-court-confirmation-process-might-seem-lengthy-but-bakersfields-earl-warren-set-the-post-war-standard/">"Earl Warren was the first to get a long SCOTUS confirmation"</a>. web.archive.org. September 25, 2024. Retrieved February 9, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren+was+the+first+to+get+a+long+SCOTUS+confirmation&rft.date=2024-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20240925170535%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.kget.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fbrowns-40-day-supreme-court-confirmation-process-might-seem-lengthy-but-bakersfields-earl-warren-set-the-post-war-standard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199719–21-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199719%E2%80%9321_4-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 19–21.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199723–28,_31-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199723%E2%80%9328,_31_5-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 23–28, 31.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199728–32-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199728%E2%80%9332_6-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 28–32.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199732–33-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199732%E2%80%9333_7-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 32–33.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199735–36-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199735%E2%80%9336_8-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 35–36.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199737–38-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199737%E2%80%9338_9-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 37–38.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199741–42-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199741%E2%80%9342_10-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 41–42.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199745–47-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199745%E2%80%9347_11-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 45–47.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199744,_50–53-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199744,_50%E2%80%9353_12-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 44, 50–53.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199757-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199757_13-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 57.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1982Ch._2-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1982Ch._2_14-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWhite1982">White 1982</a>, Ch. 2.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199755-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199755_15-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 55.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199754–57-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199754%E2%80%9357_16-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 54–57.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199758-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199758_17-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 58.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199760–61-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199760%E2%80%9361_18-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 60–61.</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Bernard (Winter 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D2131%26context%3Dtlr">"Chief Justice Warren: Super Chief in Action"</a>. Tulsa Law Review. 33 (2): 481.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Chief+Justice+Warren%3A+Super+Chief+in+Action&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=481&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2131%26context%3Dtlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://supremecourthistory.org/scotus-scoops/when-warren-met-holmes/">"SCOTUS Scoops: When Warren Met Holmes | SCHS"</a>. Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved October 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supreme+Court+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=SCOTUS+Scoops%3A+When+Warren+Met+Holmes+%7C+SCHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupremecourthistory.org%2Fscotus-scoops%2Fwhen-warren-met-holmes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199765–66-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199765%E2%80%9366_21-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 65–66.</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://digitalcommons.law.seattleu.edu/faculty/583">David Skover and Ronald Collins, A Curious Concurrence: Justice Brandeis' Vote in Whitney v. California</a>, 2005 Supreme Court Review 333 (2005).</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199782–89-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199782%E2%80%9389_23-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 82–89.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199769–71-24"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199769%E2%80%9371_24-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 69–71.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199774–76-25"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199774%E2%80%9376_25-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 74–76.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199779–81-26"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199779%E2%80%9381_26-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 79–81.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199733,_39-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199733,_39_27-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 33, 39.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199740–41-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199740%E2%80%9341_28-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 40–41.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199749–50,_61-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199749%E2%80%9350,_61_29-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 49–50, 61.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997150-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997150_30-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 150.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199761–62-31"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199761%E2%80%9362_31-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 61–62.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199794–96-32"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199794%E2%80%9396_32-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 94–96.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997133-33"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997133_33-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 133.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997270–271-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997270%E2%80%93271_34-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 270–271.</li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuits2011" class="citation book cs1">Suits, Julia (November 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3D3pLGZWs0wLIC%26pg%3DPT53">The Extraordinary Catalog of Peculiar Inventions: The Curious World of the Demoulin Brothers and Their Fraternal Lodge Prank Machines - from Human Centipedes and Revolving Goats to ElectricCarpets and SmokingC</a>. Penguin. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101545768?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781101545768"><bdi>9781101545768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Extraordinary+Catalog+of+Peculiar+Inventions%3A+The+Curious+World+of+the+Demoulin+Brothers+and+Their+Fraternal+Lodge+Prank+Machines+-+from+Human+Centipedes+and+Revolving+Goats+to+ElectricCarpets+and+SmokingC&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.isbn=9781101545768&rft.aulast=Suits&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3pLGZWs0wLIC%26pg%3DPT53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.matawanlodge.org/famous.htm">"U.S. Famous Freemasons"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510153526/http://www.matawanlodge.org/famous.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Famous+Freemasons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matawanlodge.org%2Ffamous.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://mastermason.com/PGH32/famousmasons.html">"U.S. Famous Master Mason"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104173702/http://mastermason.com/PGH32/famousmasons.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Famous+Master+Mason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmastermason.com%2FPGH32%2Ffamousmasons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton200672–73-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewton200672%E2%80%9373_38-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNewton2006">Newton 2006</a>, pp. 72–73.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199771–72-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199771%E2%80%9372_39-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 71–72.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199790-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199790_40-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 90.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199777–78-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199777%E2%80%9378_41-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 77–78.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199792–94-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray199792%E2%80%9394_42-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 92–94.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite198244–67-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite198244%E2%80%9367_43-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWhite1982">White 1982</a>, pp. 44–67.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1183%26context%3Dtwlj">Sumi K. Cho, Redeeming Whiteness in the Shadow of Internment: Earl Warren, Brown, and a Theory of Racial Redemption</a>, 40 Boston College Law Review 73 (1998).</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1154%26context%3Daalj">Sandhya Ramadas, How Earl Warren Previewed Today's Civil Liberties Debate - And Got It Right in the End</a>, 16 Asian Am. L.J. 73 (2009).</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D3652%26context%3Dcalifornialawreview">Edwin E. Ferguson, The California Alien Land Law and the Fourteenth Amendment</a>, 35 Cal. L. Rev. 61 (1947).</li> <li id="cite_note-:02-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:02_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId%3Dhb4d5nb20m%26doc.view%3Dframes%26chunk.id%3Ddiv00167%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3D">"University of California: In Memoriam, 1985"</a>. texts.cdlib.org. Retrieved October 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=texts.cdlib.org&rft.atitle=University+of+California%3A+In+Memoriam%2C+1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexts.cdlib.org%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dhb4d5nb20m%26doc.view%3Dframes%26chunk.id%3Ddiv00167%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:22-48"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:22_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCall1984" class="citation journal cs1">McCall, James R. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://repository.uchastings.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer%3Dhttps://www.google.com/%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1541%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship">"Roger Traynor: Teacher, Jurist, and Friend"</a>. Hastings Law Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hastings+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Roger+Traynor%3A+Teacher%2C+Jurist%2C+and+Friend&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.uchastings.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1541%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:12-49"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:12_49-0">^</a> Les Ledbetter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/17/obituaries/roger-j-traynor-california-justice.html">"Roger J. Traynor, California Justice"</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, May 17, 1983, B6. Retrieved October 3, 2017.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997112–114-50"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997112%E2%80%93114_50-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 112–114.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite198269–71-51"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite198269%E2%80%9371_51-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWhite1982">White 1982</a>, pp. 69–71.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997120–123-52"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997120%E2%80%93123_52-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 120–123.</li> <li id="cite_note-weglyn30-53"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-weglyn30_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeglyn1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michi_Weglyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michi Weglyn">Weglyn, Michi Nishiura</a> (1976). Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps. New York: William Morrow & Company. pp. 30–31, 37–38. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688079963?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688079963"><bdi>978-0688079963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Years+of+Infamy%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+America%27s+Concentration+Camps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E31%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0688079963&rft.aulast=Weglyn&rft.aufirst=Michi+Nishiura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-weglyn38-54"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-weglyn38_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeglyn1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michi_Weglyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michi Weglyn">Weglyn, Michi Nishiura</a> (1976). Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps. New York: William Morrow & Company. p. 38. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688079963?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688079963"><bdi>978-0688079963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Years+of+Infamy%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+America%27s+Concentration+Camps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0688079963&rft.aulast=Weglyn&rft.aufirst=Michi+Nishiura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-white-55">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-white_55-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-white_55-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-white_55-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-white_55-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Edward_White1979" class="citation journal cs1">G. Edward White (Autumn 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111205244/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1979/autumn/white-unacknowledged-lesson/">"The Unacknowledged Lesson: Earl Warren and the Japanese Relocation Controversy"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virginia_Quarterly_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virginia Quarterly Review">Virginia Quarterly Review</a>: 613–629. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.vqronline.org/articles/1979/autumn/white-unacknowledged-lesson/">the original</a> on November 11, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Unacknowledged+Lesson%3A+Earl+Warren+and+the+Japanese+Relocation+Controversy&rft.ssn=fall&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E629&rft.date=1979&rft.au=G.+Edward+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Farticles%2F1979%2Fautumn%2Fwhite-unacknowledged-lesson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-hosokawa288-56"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hosokawa288_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosokawa1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bill_Hosokawa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bill Hosokawa">Hosokawa, Bill</a> (1969). Nisei: the Quiet Americans. New York: William Morrow & Company. p. 288. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688050139?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688050139"><bdi>978-0688050139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nisei%3A+the+Quiet+Americans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0688050139&rft.aulast=Hosokawa&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-weglyn154-57"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-weglyn154_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeglyn1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michi_Weglyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michi Weglyn">Weglyn, Michi Nishiura</a> (1976). Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps. New York: William Morrow & Company. p. 154. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688079963?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688079963"><bdi>978-0688079963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Years+of+Infamy%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+America%27s+Concentration+Camps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0688079963&rft.aulast=Weglyn&rft.aufirst=Michi+Nishiura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997157–159-58"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997157%E2%80%93159_58-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 157–159.</li> <li id="cite_note-weglyn31-59"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-weglyn31_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeglyn1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michi_Weglyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michi Weglyn">Weglyn, Michi Nishiura</a> (1976). Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps. New York: William Morrow & Company. pp. 31, 299. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688079963?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0688079963"><bdi>978-0688079963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Years+of+Infamy%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+America%27s+Concentration+Camps&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=31%2C+299&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0688079963&rft.aulast=Weglyn&rft.aufirst=Michi+Nishiura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite198276-60"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite198276_60-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWhite1982">White 1982</a>, p. 76.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite198277-61"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite198277_61-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWhite1982">White 1982</a>, p. 77.</li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaito1974" class="citation news cs1">Saito, Morse (June 3, 1974). "Warren 'Regrets' His Role in 1942 Evacuation". Hokubei Mainichi Newspaper. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hokubei+Mainichi+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Warren+%27Regrets%27+His+Role+in+1942+Evacuation&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1974-06-03&rft.aulast=Saito&rft.aufirst=Morse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997112–114,_124–125-63"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997112%E2%80%93114,_124%E2%80%93125_63-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 112–114, 124–125.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997126–132-64"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997126%E2%80%93132_64-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 126–132.</li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Daniel J. B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F41172311">"Earl Warren's Fight for California's Freeways: Setting a Path for the Nation"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Southern_California_Quarterly&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Southern California Quarterly (page does not exist)">Southern California Quarterly</a>. 88 (2): 205–238. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F41172311">10.2307/41172311</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172311">41172311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+California+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren%27s+Fight+for+California%27s+Freeways%3A+Setting+a+Path+for+the+Nation&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41172311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41172311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F41172311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2003205–206,_219–222-66"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2003205%E2%80%93206,_219%E2%80%93222_66-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMitchell2003">Mitchell 2003</a>, pp. 205–206, 219–222.</li> <li id="cite_note-:3-67">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_67-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://governors.library.ca.gov/30-Warren.html">"Governors of California - Earl Warren"</a>. governors.library.ca.gov. Retrieved September 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=governors.library.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Governors+of+California+-+Earl+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgovernors.library.ca.gov%2F30-Warren.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/uncio.pdf">"Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25, 1945 – June 26, 1945)"</a> (PDF). Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Proceedings+of+the+United+Nations+Conference+on+International+Organization+%28April+25%2C+1945+%E2%80%93+June+26%2C+1945%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fstatic%2Fprograms%2Fnational-recording-preservation-board%2Fdocuments%2Funcio.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hoover.org/library-archives/collections/united-nations-conference-international-organization-proceedings-1945">"Proceedings"</a>. Hoover Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoover+Institute&rft.atitle=Proceedings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Flibrary-archives%2Fcollections%2Funited-nations-conference-international-organization-proceedings-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/warren">"Chief Justice Earl Warren Oral History Interview | Harry S. Truman"</a>. www.trumanlibrary.gov. Retrieved September 14, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trumanlibrary.gov&rft.atitle=Chief+Justice+Earl+Warren+Oral+History+Interview+%7C+Harry+S.+Truman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.gov%2Flibrary%2Foral-histories%2Fwarren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass2000" class="citation journal cs1">Douglass, John Aubrey (2000). "Earl Warren's New Deal: Economic Transition, Postwar Planning, and Higher Education in California". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Policy_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Policy History">Journal of Policy History</a>. 12 (4): 473–512. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1353%252Fjph.2000.0029">10.1353/jph.2000.0029</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154088575">154088575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren%27s+New+Deal%3A+Economic+Transition%2C+Postwar+Planning%2C+and+Higher+Education+in+California&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E512&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjph.2000.0029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154088575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=John+Aubrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://faculty.washington.edu/joyann/EDLPS549Bwinter2008/Wollenberg.pdf">Wollenberg, Charles. "Mendez v. Westminster: Race, nationality and segregation in California schools."</a> California Historical Quarterly 53.4 (1974): 317-332.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997196-73"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997196_73-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 196.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartz198318-74"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartz198318_74-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSchwartz1983">Schwartz 1983</a>, p. 18.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997168–169-75"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997168%E2%80%93169_75-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 168–169.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997171–176-76"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997171%E2%80%93176_76-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 171–176.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997206–209-77"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997206%E2%80%93209_77-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 206–209.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997213–215-78"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997213%E2%80%93215_78-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 213–215.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997209–215-79"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997209%E2%80%93215_79-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 209–215.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997154–157-80"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997154%E2%80%93157_80-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 154–157.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997184–185-81"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997184%E2%80%93185_81-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 184–185.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997186–187-82"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997186%E2%80%93187_82-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 186–187.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997188–190-83"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997188%E2%80%93190_83-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 188–190.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997190–191-84"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997190%E2%80%93191_84-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 190–191.</li> <li id="cite_note-:8-85">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:8_85-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:8_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://warren.ucsd.edu/about/biography.html">"Biography of Earl Warren"</a>. warren.ucsd.edu. Retrieved October 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warren.ucsd.edu&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Earl+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarren.ucsd.edu%2Fabout%2Fbiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997192–194-86"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997192%E2%80%93194_86-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 192–194.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997218–223-87"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997218%E2%80%93223_87-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 218–223.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997226–228-88"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997226%E2%80%93228_88-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 226–228.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997229–232-89"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997229%E2%80%93232_89-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 229–232.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997233–235-90"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997233%E2%80%93235_90-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 233–235.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997243–244-91"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997243%E2%80%93244_91-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 243–244.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997238–240-92"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997238%E2%80%93240_92-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 238–240.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997245–246-93"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997245%E2%80%93246_93-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 245–246.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997248-94"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997248_94-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 248.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997246–249-95"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997246%E2%80%93249_95-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 246–249.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham1992255-96"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham1992255_96-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFAbraham1992">Abraham 1992</a>, p. 255.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997250–253-97"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997250%E2%80%93253_97-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 250–253.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997261–262-98"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997261%E2%80%93262_98-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 261–262.</li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Vote Is 12 to 3: Senate Unit Backs Warren Nomination". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Washington_Post?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Washington,_D.C.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, District of Columbia</a>. February 25, 1954. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Vote+Is+12+to+3%3A+Senate+Unit+Backs+Warren+Nomination&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1954-02-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997289–290-100"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997289%E2%80%93290_100-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 289–290.</li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahn1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn, Michael A. (1992). "Shattering the Myth about President Eisenhower's Supreme Court Appointments". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 22 (1): 47–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Shattering+the+Myth+about+President+Eisenhower%27s+Supreme+Court+Appointments&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Collective-102"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Collective_102-0">^</a> Schmidhauser, John Richard; ‘The Justices of the Supreme Court: A Collective Portrait’; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Midwest_Journal_of_Political_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest Journal of Political Science">Midwest Journal of Political Science</a>; vol. 3, no. 1 (February 1959), pp. 1-57</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelknap200513–14-103"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelknap200513%E2%80%9314_103-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBelknap2005">Belknap 2005</a>, pp. 13–14.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983-104"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983_104-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHutchinson1983">Hutchinson 1983</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997268–270-105"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997268%E2%80%93270_105-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 268–270.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1982159–161-106"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1982159%E2%80%93161_106-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWhite1982">White 1982</a>, pp. 159–161.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrofsky2001157-107"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrofsky2001157_107-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFUrofsky2001">Urofsky 2001</a>, p. 157.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowe2000499–500-108"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowe2000499%E2%80%93500_108-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPowe2000">Powe 2000</a>, pp. 499–500.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997445–446-109"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997445%E2%80%93446_109-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 445–446.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1981462–463-110"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1981462%E2%80%93463_110-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWhite1981">White 1981</a>, pp. 462–463.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983927-111"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983927_111-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHutchinson1983">Hutchinson 1983</a>, p. 927.</li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky1994" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). "Warren, Earl". Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 9. p. 838.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Warren%2C+Earl&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography%2C+Supplement+9&rft.pages=838&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightsman2006" class="citation book cs1">Wrightsman, Lawrence S. (2006). The Psychology of the Supreme Court. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=211&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wrightsman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZotti2005" class="citation book cs1">Zotti, Priscilla Machado (2005). Injustice for All: Mapp vs. Ohio and the Fourth Amendment. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Injustice+for+All%3A+Mapp+vs.+Ohio+and+the+Fourth+Amendment&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Zotti&rft.aufirst=Priscilla+Machado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997274–278-115"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997274%E2%80%93278_115-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 274–278.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997277–281-116"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997277%E2%80%93281_116-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 277–281.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997283–286-117"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997283%E2%80%93286_117-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 283–286.</li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethune2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bethune, Brett (July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fjsch.12295">"Influence Without Impeachment: How the Impeach Earl Warren Movement Began, Faltered, But Avoided Irrelevance"</a>. Journal of Supreme Court History. 47 (2): 142–161. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fjsch.12295">10.1111/jsch.12295</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1059-4329">1059-4329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=Influence+Without+Impeachment%3A+How+the+Impeach+Earl+Warren+Movement+Began%2C+Faltered%2C+But+Avoided+Irrelevance&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E142-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2022-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjsch.12295&rft.issn=1059-4329&rft.aulast=Bethune&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjsch.12295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997287–288-119"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997287%E2%80%93288_119-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 287–288.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997312–315-120"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997312%E2%80%93315_120-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 312–315.</li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdum2005" class="citation news cs1">Purdum, Todd S. (July 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/politics/politicsspecial1/presidents-picking-justices-can-have-backfires.html">"Presidents, Picking Justices, Can Have Backfires"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_New_York_Times?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved June 15, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Presidents%2C+Picking+Justices%2C+Can+Have+Backfires&rft.date=2005-07-05&rft.aulast=Purdum&rft.aufirst=Todd+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F07%2F05%2Fpolitics%2Fpoliticsspecial1%2Fpresidents-picking-justices-can-have-backfires.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jean Edward (2012). Eisenhower in War and Peace. Random House. p. 603N.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower+in+War+and+Peace&rft.pages=603N&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1997-09-07-1997250003-story.html">Anecdotes are dangerous to biographers and truth Mistakes: When essential little stories are distorted, vast damage is done.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997336–337-124"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997336%E2%80%93337_124-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 336–337.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997290–291-126"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997290%E2%80%93291_126-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 290–291.</li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1968" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Robert L. (December 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D4901%26context%3Dmlr">"The Warren Court and Desegregation"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan_Law_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan Law Review">Mich. L. Rev.</a> 67 (2): 237–248. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1287417">10.2307/1287417</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1287417">1287417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mich.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=The+Warren+Court+and+Desegregation&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E248&rft.date=1968-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1287417&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1287417%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4901%26context%3Dmlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997320-128"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997320_128-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 320.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997345–348-129"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997345%E2%80%93348_129-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 345–348.</li> <li id="cite_note-:6-130">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:6_130-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:6_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichtman" class="citation web cs1">Lichtman, Robert M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/43mam8fk9780252037009.html">"UI Press | Robert M. Lichtman | The Supreme Court and McCarthy-Era Repression: One Hundred Decisions"</a>. www.press.uillinois.edu. Retrieved September 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.press.uillinois.edu&rft.atitle=UI+Press+%7C+Robert+M.+Lichtman+%7C+The+Supreme+Court+and+McCarthy-Era+Repression%3A+One+Hundred+Decisions&rft.aulast=Lichtman&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uillinois.edu%2Fbooks%2Fcatalog%2F43mam8fk9780252037009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:4-131"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:4_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPederson" class="citation web cs1">Pederson, William D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1370/earl-warren">"Earl Warren"</a>. www.mtsu.edu. Retrieved September 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mtsu.edu&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren&rft.aulast=Pederson&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtsu.edu%2Ffirst-amendment%2Farticle%2F1370%2Fearl-warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997320–322,_329–333-132"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997320%E2%80%93322,_329%E2%80%93333_132-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 320–322, 329–333.</li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amacad.org/person/earl-warren">"Earl Warren"</a>. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved January 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fearl-warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997368–369-134"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997368%E2%80%93369_134-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 368–369.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997385–386,_403-135"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997385%E2%80%93386,_403_135-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 385–386, 403.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997444–445-136"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997444%E2%80%93445_136-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 444–445.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997447-137"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997447_137-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 447.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997530–531-138">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997530%E2%80%93531_138-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997530%E2%80%93531_138-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997530%E2%80%93531_138-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 530–531.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997373–375,_405,_530-139"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997373%E2%80%93375,_405,_530_139-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 373–375, 405, 530.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite1981469–470-141"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite1981469%E2%80%93470_141-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWhite1981">White 1981</a>, pp. 469–470.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997438–440-142"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997438%E2%80%93440_142-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 438–440.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997490–491-143"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997490%E2%80%93491_143-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 490–491.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997481–483-144"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997481%E2%80%93483_144-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 481–483.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997485–487-145"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997485%E2%80%93487_145-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 485–487.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997491–492-146"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997491%E2%80%93492_146-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 491–492.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997502–503-147"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997502%E2%80%93503_147-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 502–503.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997386–387-148"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997386%E2%80%93387_148-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 386–387.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997387–391,_435-149"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997387%E2%80%93391,_435_149-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 387–391, 435.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997498-150"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997498_150-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 498.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997447–449-151"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997447%E2%80%93449_151-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 447–449.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997372–376-152"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997372%E2%80%93376_152-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 372–376.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997466–468-153"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997466%E2%80%93468_153-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 466–468.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997403–406-154"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997403%E2%80%93406_154-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 403–406.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997456–460-155"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997456%E2%80%93460_155-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 456–460.</li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnKersch2006" class="citation book cs1">Kahn, Ronald; Kersch, Ken I., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0700614397?keywords%3Dmiranda%2520%2526%252334%253Bcrime%2520rates%2526%252334%253B%26p%3DS04N%26checkSum%3D%25252FyIgYm2ybgibk6P%25252BM%25252FG9LcucFd6ieUBSkCM%25252FVsFiLs0%25253D">The Supreme Court and American Political Development</a>. University Press of Kansas. p. 442. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1439-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1439-4"><bdi>978-0-7006-1439-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+and+American+Political+Development&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1439-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Freader%2F0700614397%3Fkeywords%3Dmiranda%2520%2526%252334%253Bcrime%2520rates%2526%252334%253B%26p%3DS04N%26checkSum%3D%25252FyIgYm2ybgibk6P%25252BM%25252FG9LcucFd6ieUBSkCM%25252FVsFiLs0%25253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/377/533/">"Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964), at 555"</a>. Justia US Supreme Court Center. June 15, 1964. Retrieved January 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reynolds+v.+Sims%2C+377+U.S.+533+%281964%29%2C+at+555.&rft.pub=Justia+US+Supreme+Court+Center&rft.date=1964-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F377%2F533%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997380-158"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997380_158-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 380.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997379–381-160"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997379%E2%80%93381_160-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 379–381.</li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazell1970" class="citation journal cs1">Gazell, James A. (September 1970). "One Man, One Vote: Its Long Germination". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Western_Political_Quarterly?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Western Political Quarterly">The Western Political Quarterly</a>. 23 (3): 445–462. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1177%252F106591297002300301">10.1177/106591297002300301</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/446565">446565</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154022059">154022059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Political+Quarterly&rft.atitle=One+Man%2C+One+Vote%3A+Its+Long+Germination&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E462&rft.date=1970-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154022059%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F446565%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F106591297002300301&rft.aulast=Gazell&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997381–385-162"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997381%E2%80%93385_162-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 381–385.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997406–407-163"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997406%E2%80%93407_163-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 406–407.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997433-164"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997433_164-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 433.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997432–435-165"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997432%E2%80%93435_165-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 432–435.</li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay1968" class="citation journal cs1">McKay, Robert B. (December 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D4900%26context%3Dmlr">"Reapportionment: Success Story of the Warren Court"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan_Law_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan Law Review">Mich. L. Rev.</a> 67 (2): 223–236. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1287416">10.2307/1287416</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1287416">1287416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mich.+L.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Reapportionment%3A+Success+Story+of+the+Warren+Court&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1968-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1287416&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1287416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4900%26context%3Dmlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997408–410-167"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997408%E2%80%93410_167-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 408–410.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997441–442-168"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997441%E2%80%93442_168-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 441–442.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997469–470-169"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997469%E2%80%93470_169-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 469–470.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997449–452-170"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997449%E2%80%93452_170-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 449–452.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997470–471-171"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997470%E2%80%93471_171-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 470–471.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997484–485-172"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997484%E2%80%93485_172-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 484–485.</li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzenbach,_Nicholas_deB._(Nicholas_deBelleville),_1922-2012.2008" class="citation book cs1">Katzenbach, Nicholas deB. (Nicholas deBelleville), 1922-2012. (October 17, 2008). Some of it was fun : working with RFK and LBJ (First ed.). New York. p. 135. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07068-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07068-2"><bdi>978-0-393-07068-2</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/915999588">915999588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+of+it+was+fun+%3A+working+with+RFK+and+LBJ&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=135&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F915999588&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07068-2&rft.au=Katzenbach%2C+Nicholas+deB.+%28Nicholas+deBelleville%29%2C+1922-2012.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997414–419-174"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997414%E2%80%93419_174-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 414–419.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens201337-175">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillens201337_175-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillens201337_175-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWillens2013">Willens 2013</a>, p. 37.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013p._30,_citing_Warren_Commission,_Executive_Session_Transcript,_December_6,_1963,_at_14-18-176"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillens2013p._30,_citing_Warren_Commission,_Executive_Session_Transcript,_December_6,_1963,_at_14-18_176-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWillens2013">Willens 2013</a>, p. 30, citing Warren Commission, Executive Session Transcript, December 6, 1963, at 14-18.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013p._60,_citing_The_Baltimore_Sun,_"The_Whole_Truth",_February_5,_1964.-177"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillens2013p._60,_citing_The_Baltimore_Sun,_%22The_Whole_Truth%22,_February_5,_1964._177-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWillens2013">Willens 2013</a>, p. 60, citing The Baltimore Sun, "The Whole Truth", February 5, 1964..</li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecter,_Arlen.2001" class="citation book cs1">Specter, Arlen. (2001). Passion for truth : from finding JFK's single bullet to questioning Anita Hill to impeaching Clinton. Robbins, Charles. (1st Perennial ed.). New York: Perennial. pp. 106–08. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-095810-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-095810-3"><bdi>0-06-095810-3</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49301736">49301736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passion+for+truth+%3A+from+finding+JFK%27s+single+bullet+to+questioning+Anita+Hill+to+impeaching+Clinton&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E08&rft.edition=1st+Perennial&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49301736&rft.isbn=0-06-095810-3&rft.au=Specter%2C+Arlen.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013206–07-179"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillens2013206%E2%80%9307_179-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWillens2013">Willens 2013</a>, pp. 206–07.</li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelin1973" class="citation book cs1">Belin, David W. (1973). November 22, 1963: You Are the Jury. Quadrangle. pp. 345–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=November+22%2C+1963%3A+You+Are+the+Jury&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=Quadrangle&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Belin&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens201394-181"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillens201394_181-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWillens2013">Willens 2013</a>, p. 94.</li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugliosi,_Vincent.2007" class="citation book cs1">Bugliosi, Vincent. (May 17, 2007). Reclaiming history : the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (First ed.). New York. pp. 426–27. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07212-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-07212-9"><bdi>978-0-393-07212-9</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/916036483">916036483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+history+%3A+the+assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E426-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2007-05-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F916036483&rft.isbn=978-0-393-07212-9&rft.au=Bugliosi%2C+Vincent.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013219-183"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillens2013219_183-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWillens2013">Willens 2013</a>, p. 219.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens2013270-184"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillens2013270_184-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWillens2013">Willens 2013</a>, p. 270.</li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-185">^</a> Bugliosi, Reclaiming History, pp. 456-57.</li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-186">^</a> Newton, Justice for All, pp. 415-23, 431-42.</li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-187">^</a> Cray, Chief Justice, p. 429.</li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2001" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Earl (2001). The memoirs of chief justice Earl Warren (1st Madison books ed.). Lanham, Md.: Madison Books. pp. 364–67. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56833-234-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/1-56833-234-3"><bdi>1-56833-234-3</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/49302082">49302082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+memoirs+of+chief+justice+Earl+Warren.&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E364-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.edition=1st+Madison+books&rft.pub=Madison+Books&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F49302082&rft.isbn=1-56833-234-3&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-189">^</a> Cray, Chief Justice, p. 422.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997422-190"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997422_190-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, p. 422.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillens201311-191"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillens201311_191-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWillens2013">Willens 2013</a>, p. 11.</li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://theconversation.com/filling-the-supreme-court-vacancy-lessons-from-1968-55010">[1]</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://slicethelife.com/2018/06/21/it-was-fifty-years-ago-today-june-21-1968-chief-justice-of-the-u-s-supreme-court-earl-warren-announces-his-retirement">[2]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997494–499-193"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997494%E2%80%93499_193-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 494–499.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997499–502-194"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997499%E2%80%93502_194-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 499–502.</li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, Artemus (2002). "An Extraconstitutional Arrangement: Lyndon Johnson and the Fall of the Warren Court". White House Studies. 2 (2): 171–183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=White+House+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Extraconstitutional+Arrangement%3A+Lyndon+Johnson+and+the+Fall+of+the+Warren+Court&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Artemus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997502–505-196"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997502%E2%80%93505_196-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 502–505.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997513–514-197"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997513%E2%80%93514_197-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 513–514.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983928n23-198"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983928n23_198-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHutchinson1983">Hutchinson 1983</a>, p. 928n23.</li> <li id="cite_note-:10-199">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:10_199-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:10_199-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0319.html">"Earl Warren, 83, Who Led High Court In Time of Vast Social Change, Is Dead"</a>. archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved September 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren%2C+83%2C+Who+Led+High+Court+In+Time+of+Vast+Social+Change%2C+Is+Dead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0319.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997515–516-200"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997515%E2%80%93516_200-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 515–516.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997518–520-201"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997518%E2%80%93520_201-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 518–520.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997521–522-202"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997521%E2%80%93522_202-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 521–522.</li> <li id="cite_note-:21-203">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:21_203-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:21_203-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:21_203-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:21_203-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:21_203-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/archives/la-me-earl-warren-19740710-story.html">"From the Archives: Earl Warren Dies at 83; Chief Justice for 16 Years"</a>. Los Angeles Times. July 10, 1974. Retrieved October 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=From+the+Archives%3A+Earl+Warren+Dies+at+83%3B+Chief+Justice+for+16+Years&rft.date=1974-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Farchives%2Fla-me-earl-warren-19740710-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewton2006514-204"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewton2006514_204-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFNewton2006">Newton 2006</a>, p. 514.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997528–529-205"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997528%E2%80%93529_205-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 528–529.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodwardArmstrong1979385-207"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodwardArmstrong1979385_207-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFWoodwardArmstrong1979">Woodward & Armstrong 1979</a>, p. 385.</li> <li id="cite_note-:1-208">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_208-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/12/the-100-most-influential-figures-in-american-history/305384/">"The 100 Most Influential Figures in American History"</a>. The Atlantic. December 1, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+100+Most+Influential+Figures+in+American+History&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2006%2F12%2Fthe-100-most-influential-figures-in-american-history%2F305384%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:2-209"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouthat2006" class="citation web cs1">Douthat, Ross (December 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/12/they-made-america/305385/">"They Made America"</a>. The Atlantic. Retrieved September 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=They+Made+America&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft.aulast=Douthat&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2006%2F12%2Fthey-made-america%2F305385%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:9-210">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:9_210-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:9_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/15/how-americas-supreme-court-became-so-politicised">"How America's Supreme Court became so politicised"</a>. The Economist. September 15, 2018. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved October 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=How+America%27s+Supreme+Court+became+so+politicised&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2018%2F09%2F15%2Fhow-americas-supreme-court-became-so-politicised&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-211">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_211-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_211-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_211-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman" class="citation web cs1">Truman, Harry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D2731%26context%3Dcalifornialawreview">"Earl Warren--A Tribute"</a>. University of California, Berkeley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren--A+Tribute&rft.aulast=Truman&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.berkeley.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2731%26context%3Dcalifornialawreview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.californiamuseum.org/inductee/earl-warren">"Earl Warren"</a>. California Museum. February 17, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=California+Museum&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.californiamuseum.org%2Finductee%2Fearl-warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwindler1970" class="citation journal cs1">Swindler, William F. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223936/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf">"The Warren Court: Completion of a Constitutional Revolution"</a> (PDF). Vanderbilt Law Review. 23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/73968804.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 3, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanderbilt+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Warren+Court%3A+Completion+of+a+Constitutional+Revolution&rft.volume=23&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Swindler&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F73968804.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz1993" class="citation journal cs1">Horwitz, Morton J. (Winter 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D1814%26context%3Dwlulr">"The Warren Court And The Pursuit Of Justice"</a>. Washington and Lee Law Review. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+and+Lee+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Warren+Court+And+The+Pursuit+Of+Justice&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=50&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Morton+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1814%26context%3Dwlulr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriver2012-215">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriver2012_215-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriver2012_215-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDriver2012">Driver 2012</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Powe, Lucas A. Jr. (2002). The Warren Court and American Politics. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warren+Court+and+American+Politics&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Powe&rft.aufirst=Lucas+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/09/15/americas-highest-court-needs-term-limits">"America's highest court needs term limits"</a>. The Economist. September 15, 2018. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. Retrieved October 4, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=America%27s+highest+court+needs+term+limits&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fleaders%2F2018%2F09%2F15%2Famericas-highest-court-needs-term-limits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983924-218"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983924_218-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHutchinson1983">Hutchinson 1983</a>, p. 924.</li> <li id="cite_note-:7-219">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_219-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:7_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.hakes.com/Auction/ItemDetail/98714/MARTIN-LUTHER-KING-JRS-FIRST-BOOK-SIGNED-AND-INSCRIBED-TO-CHIEF-JUSTICE-EARL-WARREN">"Hake's - MARTIN LUTHER KING JR'S FIRST BOOK SIGNED AND INSCRIBED TO CHIEF JUSTICE EARL WARREN"</a>. www.hakes.com. Retrieved September 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hakes.com&rft.atitle=Hake%27s+-+MARTIN+LUTHER+KING+JR%27S+FIRST+BOOK+SIGNED+AND+INSCRIBED+TO+CHIEF+JUSTICE+EARL+WARREN.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hakes.com%2FAuction%2FItemDetail%2F98714%2FMARTIN-LUTHER-KING-JRS-FIRST-BOOK-SIGNED-AND-INSCRIBED-TO-CHIEF-JUSTICE-EARL-WARREN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://observer.com/2015/07/pop-culture-auction-house-sells-1-2m-in-memorabilia/">"First Edition MLK Book Belonging to Earl Warren Leads $1.2M Pop Collectibles Sale"</a>. Observer. July 28, 2015. Retrieved September 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Observer&rft.atitle=First+Edition+MLK+Book+Belonging+to+Earl+Warren+Leads+%241.2M+Pop+Collectibles+Sale&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fobserver.com%2F2015%2F07%2Fpop-culture-auction-house-sells-1-2m-in-memorabilia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983930-221"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHutchinson1983930_221-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFHutchinson1983">Hutchinson 1983</a>, p. 930.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrofsky2001xii-222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrofsky2001xii_222-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFUrofsky2001">Urofsky 2001</a>, p. xii.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowe2000101-223"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowe2000101_223-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFPowe2000">Powe 2000</a>, p. 101.</li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoul_Berger" class="citation web cs1">Raoul Berger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/berger-government-by-judiciary-the-transformation-of-the-fourteenth-amendment">"Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment"</a>. Online Library of Liberty. Retrieved April 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+by+Judiciary%3A+The+Transformation+of+the+Fourteenth+Amendment&rft.pub=Online+Library+of+Liberty&rft.au=Raoul+Berger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2Fberger-government-by-judiciary-the-transformation-of-the-fourteenth-amendment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDriver20121103–1107-225"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDriver20121103%E2%80%931107_225-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDriver2012">Driver 2012</a>, pp. 1103–1107.</li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasby1993" class="citation journal cs1">Wasby, Stephen L. (July 1993). "Civil Rights and the Supreme Court: A Return of the Past". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=National_Political_Science_Review&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="National Political Science Review (page does not exist)">National Political Science Review</a>. 4: 49–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Civil+Rights+and+the+Supreme+Court%3A+A+Return+of+the+Past&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1993-07&rft.aulast=Wasby&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1997529–530-227"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECray1997529%E2%80%93530_227-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFCray1997">Cray 1997</a>, pp. 529–530.</li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Joshua_Rosenkranz2001" class="citation web cs1">E. Joshua Rosenkranz (January 15, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/high-courts-misuse-past">"High Court's Misuse of the Past"</a>. Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved April 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Court%27s+Misuse+of+the+Past&rft.pub=Brennan+Center+for+Justice&rft.date=2001-01-15&rft.au=E.+Joshua+Rosenkranz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brennancenter.org%2Fanalysis%2Fhigh-courts-misuse-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228035559/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con%3D1%26cmd%3D1%26mode%3D1%26tid%3D2037014">"29-cent Warren"</a>. Smithsonian Postal Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con%3D1%26cmd%3D1%26mode%3D1%26tid%3D2037014">the original</a> on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=29-cent+Warren&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Postal+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farago.si.edu%2Findex.asp%3Fcon%3D1%26cmd%3D1%26mode%3D1%26tid%3D2037014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html">Warren inducted into California Hall of Fame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411170029/http://www.californiamuseum.org/Exhibits/Hall-of-Fame/inductees.html">Archived</a> April 11, 2008, at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, California Museum, Accessed 2007</li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dac.berkeley.edu/warren-hall-2195-hearst-ave">"Warren Hall (2195 Hearst Ave.) | Disability Access & Compliance"</a>. dac.berkeley.edu. Retrieved September 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dac.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Warren+Hall+%282195+Hearst+Ave.%29+%7C+Disability+Access+%26+Compliance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdac.berkeley.edu%2Fwarren-hall-2195-hearst-ave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://escholarship.org/uc/warreninstitute">"Chief Justice Earl Warren Institute on Race, Ethnicity and Diversity at the University of California, Berkeley School of Law"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chief+Justice+Earl+Warren+Institute+on+Race%2C+Ethnicity+and+Diversity+at+the+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley+School+of+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fwarreninstitute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.law.berkeley.edu/venue/warren-room-boalt-295/">"Warren Room, Boalt 295"</a>. Berkeley Law. Retrieved September 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Law&rft.atitle=Warren+Room%2C+Boalt+295&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.berkeley.edu%2Fvenue%2Fwarren-room-boalt-295%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.navaltoday.com/2016/12/15/us-secnav-names-three-vessels/">"US SECNAV names three vessels"</a>. navaltoday.com. December 15, 2016. Retrieved April 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+SECNAV+names+three+vessels&rft.pub=navaltoday.com&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navaltoday.com%2F2016%2F12%2F15%2Fus-secnav-names-three-vessels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.courts.ca.gov/3013.htm">"Contact Us - supreme_court"</a>. www.courts.ca.gov. Retrieved September 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.courts.ca.gov&rft.atitle=Contact+Us+-+supreme_court&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courts.ca.gov%2F3013.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927035005/http://www.earlwarreninn.org/about.html">"About"</a>. Earl Warren American Inn of Court. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.earlwarreninn.org/about.html">the original</a> on September 27, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earl+Warren+American+Inn+of+Court&rft.atitle=About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlwarreninn.org%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024211703/http://www.dusd.net/warren/">"Warren High - Home of the Bears"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dusd.net/warren/">the original</a> on October 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Warren+High+-+Home+of+the+Bears&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dusd.net%2Fwarren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002031342/https://nisd.net/warren/about-us">"About Us | Warren High School"</a>. nisd.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nisd.net/warren/about-us">the original</a> on October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nisd.net&rft.atitle=About+Us+%7C+Warren+High+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnisd.net%2Fwarren%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper2013" class="citation web cs1">Hooper, Ken (June 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bakersfield.com/bakersfield_life/history-growing-up-and-headed-for-college/article_85ee05f8-c53a-52e5-9374-79cb3158453b.html">"History: Growing up and headed for college"</a>. The Bakersfield Californian. Retrieved September 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bakersfield+Californian&rft.atitle=History%3A+Growing+up+and+headed+for+college&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bakersfield.com%2Fbakersfield_life%2Fhistory-growing-up-and-headed-for-college%2Farticle_85ee05f8-c53a-52e5-9374-79cb3158453b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca01902269.schoolwires.net/domain/2092">"Warren Junior High"</a>. Panama-Buena Vista Union School District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106220157/https://www.pbvusd.k12.ca.us/warren">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved October 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panama-Buena+Vista+Union+School+District&rft.atitle=Warren+Junior+High&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca01902269.schoolwires.net%2Fdomain%2F2092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ew.sduhsd.net/Campus-Info/About-EWMS/index.html">"Earl Warren Middle School - About EWMS"</a>. ew.sduhsd.net. Retrieved October 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ew.sduhsd.net&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren+Middle+School+-+About+EWMS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.sduhsd.net%2FCampus-Info%2FAbout-EWMS%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://warren.ggusd.us/">"Home | Warren Elementary School"</a>. warren.ggusd.us. Retrieved October 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=warren.ggusd.us&rft.atitle=Home+%7C+Warren+Elementary+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwarren.ggusd.us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ewe.leusd.k12.ca.us/">"Earl Warren Elementary School"</a>. ewe.leusd.k12.ca.us. Retrieved October 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewe.leusd.k12.ca.us&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren+Elementary+School&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fewe.leusd.k12.ca.us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://santabarbaraca.com/businesses/earl-warren-showgrounds/">"Earl Warren Showgrounds"</a>. Visit Santa Barbara. Retrieved October 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Santa+Barbara&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren+Showgrounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsantabarbaraca.com%2Fbusinesses%2Fearl-warren-showgrounds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D35539">"Our Campaigns - CA US President - R Primary Race - May 05, 1936"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+CA+US+President+-+R+Primary+Race+-+May+05%2C+1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D35539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D55177">"Our Campaigns - US President - R Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1936"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+US+President+-+R+Primaries+Race+-+Feb+01%2C+1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D55177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D379493">"Our Campaigns - CA Governor - R Primary Race - Aug 25, 1942"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+CA+Governor+-+R+Primary+Race+-+Aug+25%2C+1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D379493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D379494">"Our Campaigns - CA Governor - D Primary Race - Aug 25, 1942"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+CA+Governor+-+D+Primary+Race+-+Aug+25%2C+1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D379494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D121646">"Our Campaigns - CA Governor Race - Nov 03, 1942"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+CA+Governor+Race+-+Nov+03%2C+1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D121646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D35767">"Our Campaigns - CA US President - R Primary Race - May 16, 1944"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+CA+US+President+-+R+Primary+Race+-+May+16%2C+1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D35767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D55184">"Our Campaigns - US President - R Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1944"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+US+President+-+R+Primaries+Race+-+Feb+01%2C+1944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D55184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D311940">"Our Campaigns - CA Governor - R Primary Race - Jun 05, 1946"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+CA+Governor+-+R+Primary+Race+-+Jun+05%2C+1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D311940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D311939">"Our Campaigns - CA Governor - D Primary Race - Jun 05, 1946"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+CA+Governor+-+D+Primary+Race+-+Jun+05%2C+1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D311939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D121645">"Our Campaigns - CA Governor Race - Nov 05, 1946"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+CA+Governor+Race+-+Nov+05%2C+1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D121645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D55187">"Our Campaigns - US President - R Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1948"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+US+President+-+R+Primaries+Race+-+Feb+01%2C+1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D55187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D57983">"Our Campaigns - US President - R Convention Race - Jun 21, 1948"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+US+President+-+R+Convention+Race+-+Jun+21%2C+1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D57983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D60069">"Our Campaigns - US Vice President - R Convention Race - Jun 21, 1948"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+US+Vice+President+-+R+Convention+Race+-+Jun+21%2C+1948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D60069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D121644">"Our Campaigns - CA Governor Race - Nov 07, 1950"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+CA+Governor+Race+-+Nov+07%2C+1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D121644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earl_Warren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID%3D55194">"Our Campaigns - US President - R Primaries Race - Feb 01, 1952"</a>. www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved February 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourcampaigns.com&rft.atitle=Our+Campaigns+-+US+President+-+R+Primaries+Race+-+Feb+01%2C+1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D55194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: General bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Works cited" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1992" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Henry J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_f0e8">Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court</a> (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506557-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506557-2"><bdi>978-0-19-506557-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justices+and+Presidents%3A+A+Political+History+of+Appointments+to+the+Supreme+Court&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506557-2&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Henry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_f0e8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelknap2005" class="citation book cs1">Belknap, Michael (2005). The Supreme Court Under Earl Warren, 1953–1969. The University of South Carolina Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-563-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-563-0"><bdi>978-1-57003-563-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Under+Earl+Warren%2C+1953%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=The+University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-563-0&rft.aulast=Belknap&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCray1997" class="citation book cs1">Cray, Ed (1997). Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren. Simon and Schuster. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80852-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80852-9"><bdi>978-0-684-80852-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief+Justice%3A+A+Biography+of+Earl+Warren&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80852-9&rft.aulast=Cray&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriver2012" class="citation journal cs1">Driver, Justin (2012). "The Constitutional Conservatism of the Warren Court". California Law Review. 100 (5): 1101–1167. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23408735">23408735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Constitutional+Conservatism+of+the+Warren+Court&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1101-%3C%2Fspan%3E1167&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23408735%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Driver&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchinson, Dennis J. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D2526%26context%3Djournal_articles">"Hail to the Chief: Earl Warren and the Supreme Court"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michigan_Law_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michigan Law Review">Michigan Law Review</a>. 81 (4): 922–983. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1288417">10.2307/1288417</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1288417">1288417</a>. Retrieved July 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Hail+to+the+Chief%3A+Earl+Warren+and+the+Supreme+Court&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E922-%3C%2Fspan%3E983&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1288417&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1288417%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Dennis+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchicagounbound.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2526%26context%3Djournal_articles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Daniel J. B. (2003). "Earl Warren's California Health Insurance Plan: What Might Have Been". Southern California Quarterly. 85 (2): 205–228. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F41172162">10.2307/41172162</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41172162">41172162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+California+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren%27s+California+Health+Insurance+Plan%3A+What+Might+Have+Been&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E228&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41172162&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41172162%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2006" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Jim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DtrsJuWHaLewC%26pg%3DPA72">Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made</a>. Penguin. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594482700?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594482700"><bdi>978-1594482700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+for+All%3A+Earl+Warren+and+the+Nation+He+Made&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1594482700&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrsJuWHaLewC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2001" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, James T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/brownvboardofedu2001patt">Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195156324?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195156324"><bdi>978-0195156324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brown+v.+Board+of+Education%3A+A+Civil+Rights+Milestone+and+Its+Troubled+Legacy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0195156324&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrownvboardofedu2001patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowe2000" class="citation book cs1">Powe, Lucas A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/warrencourtameri00powe">The Warren Court and American Politics</a>. Belknap Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674006836?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674006836"><bdi>978-0674006836</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warren+Court+and+American+Politics&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0674006836&rft.aulast=Powe&rft.aufirst=Lucas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarrencourtameri00powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1983" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Bernard (1983). Super Chief: Earl Warren and His Supreme Court, A Judicial Biography. New York University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814778265?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780814778265"><bdi>9780814778265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Super+Chief%3A+Earl+Warren+and+His+Supreme+Court%2C+A+Judicial+Biography&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780814778265&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky2001" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (2001). The Warren Court: Justices, Rulings, and Legacy. ABC-CLIO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576071601?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9781576071601"><bdi>9781576071601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warren+Court%3A+Justices%2C+Rulings%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781576071601&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1981" class="citation journal cs1">White, G. Edward (1981). "Earl Warren as Jurist". Virginia Law Review. 67 (3): 461–551. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1072897">10.2307/1072897</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1072897">1072897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren+as+Jurist&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E551&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1072897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1072897%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=G.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite1982" class="citation book cs1">White, G. Edward (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/earlwarrenpublic00whit">Earl Warren, a Public Life</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503121-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503121-8"><bdi>978-0-19-503121-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Warren%2C+a+Public+Life&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503121-8&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=G.+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlwarrenpublic00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardArmstrong1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bob_Woodward?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bob Woodward">Woodward, Robert</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scott_Armstrong_(journalist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scott Armstrong (journalist)">Armstrong, Scott</a> (1979). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Brethren_(non-fiction)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brethren (non-fiction)">The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743274029?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743274029"><bdi>978-0743274029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brethren%3A+Inside+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0743274029&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-52183-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-52183-8">978-0-380-52183-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-24110-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-24110-0">978-0-671-24110-0</a>.</li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Primary sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1977" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Earl (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/memoirsofearlwar0000warr">The Memoirs of Earl Warren</a>. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385128353?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385128353"><bdi>978-0385128353</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Memoirs+of+Earl+Warren&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0385128353&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofearlwar0000warr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"> Goes only to 1954.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1959" class="citation book cs1">Warren, Earl (1959). Christman, Henry M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.questia.com/read/6131221">The Public Papers of Chief Justice Earl Warren</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/184375">184375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Papers+of+Chief+Justice+Earl+Warren&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F184375&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F6131221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Speeches and decisions, 1946–1958.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillens2013" class="citation book cs1">Willens, Howard P. (October 31, 2013). History will prove us right : inside the Warren Commission report on the assassination of John F. Kennedy. New York, NY. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-0917-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4683-0917-1"><bdi>978-1-4683-0917-1</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863152345">863152345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+will+prove+us+right+%3A+inside+the+Warren+Commission+report+on+the+assassination+of+John+F.+Kennedy&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863152345&rft.isbn=978-1-4683-0917-1&rft.aulast=Willens&rft.aufirst=Howard+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:Cite_book?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz1999" class="citation book cs1">Horwitz, Morton J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/warrencourtpursu00mort">The Warren Court and the Pursuit of Justice</a>. Hill and Wang Critical Issues. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809016259?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809016259"><bdi>978-0809016259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warren+Court+and+the+Pursuit+of+Justice&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang+Critical+Issues&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0809016259&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Morton+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarrencourtpursu00mort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1997" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Anthony (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.questia.com/read/99223171">"Earl Warren"</a>. In Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse/page/1373">The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions</a>. Vol. 4. New York : Chelsea House Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse/page/1373">1373–1400</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791013779?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791013779"><bdi>978-0791013779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Earl+Warren&rft.btitle=The+Justices+of+the+United+States+Supreme+Court%3A+Their+Lives+and+Major+Opinions&rft.pages=1373-1400&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0791013779&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F99223171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoke2015" class="citation book cs1">Moke, Paul (2015). Earl Warren and the Struggle for Justice. Lexington Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498520133?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498520133"><bdi>978-1498520133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Warren+and+the+Struggle+for+Justice&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1498520133&rft.aulast=Moke&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlney_IIIBrownell1981" class="citation book cs1">Olney III, Warren; Brownell, Herbert (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://archive.org/details/enforcementjudi00olnerich">"Law Enforcement and Judicial Administration in the Earl Warren Era," an oral history conducted 1970 through 1977 by Miriam F. Stein and Amelia R. Fry</a>. Regional Oral History Office, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley. <q>The Earl Warren Oral History Project,[...] was inaugurated in 1969 to produce tape-recorded interviews with persons prominent in the arenas of politics, governmental administration, and criminal Justice during the Warren Era in California. Focusing on the years 1925-1953, the interviews were designed not only to document the life of Chief Justice Warren "but to gain new information on the social and political changes of a state in the throes of a depression, then a war, then a postwar boom".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Law+Enforcement+and+Judicial+Administration+in+the+Earl+Warren+Era%2C%22+an+oral+history+conducted+1970+through+1977+by+Miriam+F.+Stein+and+Amelia+R.+Fry&rft.pub=Regional+Oral+History+Office%2C+The+Bancroft+Library%2C+University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Olney+III&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Brownell%2C+Herbert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenforcementjudi00olnerich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawls1987" class="citation journal cs1">Rawls, James J. (1987). "The Earl Warren Oral History Project: an Appraisal". <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a>. 56 (1): 87–97. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F3638827">10.2307/3638827</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638827">3638827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Earl+Warren+Oral+History+Project%3A+an+Appraisal&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3638827&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3638827%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rawls&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheiber2006" class="citation book cs1">Scheiber, Harry N. (2006). Earl Warren and the Warren Court: The Legacy in American and Foreign Law. Lexington Books. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739116357?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739116357"><bdi>978-0739116357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Warren+and+the+Warren+Court%3A+The+Legacy+in+American+and+Foreign+Law&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0739116357&rft.aulast=Scheiber&rft.aufirst=Harry+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1996" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Bernard (1996). The Warren Court: A Retrospective. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195104394?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195104394"><bdi>978-0195104394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warren+Court%3A+A+Retrospective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0195104394&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1998" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Bernard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://digitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article%3D2131%26context%3Dtlr">"Chief Justice Earl Warren: Super Chief in Action"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Supreme_Court_History?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Supreme Court History">Journal of Supreme Court History</a>. 23 (1): 112–132. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1111%252Fj.1540-5818.1998.tb00128.x">10.1111/j.1540-5818.1998.tb00128.x</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144488598">144488598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=Chief+Justice+Earl+Warren%3A+Super+Chief+in+Action&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.1998.tb00128.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144488598%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.utulsa.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2131%26context%3Dtlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2018" class="citation book cs1">Simon, James F. (2018). Eisenhower vs. Warren: The Battle for Civil Rights and Liberties. Liveright Publishing. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871407665?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780871407665"><bdi>9780871407665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower+vs.+Warren%3A+The+Battle+for+Civil+Rights+and+Liberties&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780871407665&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmemo2005" class="citation journal cs1">Smemo, Kristoffer (2005). "The Little People's Century: Industrial Pluralism, Economic Development, and the Emergence of Liberal Republicanism in California, 1942-1946". Journal of American History. 101 (4): 1166–1189. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Fjahist%252Fjav143">10.1093/jahist/jav143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Little+People%27s+Century%3A+Industrial+Pluralism%2C+Economic+Development%2C+and+the+Emergence+of+Liberal+Republicanism+in+California%2C+1942-1946&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1166-%3C%2Fspan%3E1189&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjahist%2Fjav143&rft.aulast=Smemo&rft.aufirst=Kristoffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J. Douglas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/ondemocracysdoor0000smit">On Democracy's Doorstep: The Inside Story of How the Supreme Court Brought "One Person, One Vote" to the United States</a>. Hill and Wang. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809074235?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809074235"><bdi>978-0809074235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Democracy%27s+Doorstep%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+How+the+Supreme+Court+Brought+%22One+Person%2C+One+Vote%22+to+the+United+States&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0809074235&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=J.+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fondemocracysdoor0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irving_Stone?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irving Stone">Stone, Irving</a> (1948). Earl Warren: A Great American Story. New York: Prentice Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earl+Warren%3A+A+Great+American+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTushnet1996" class="citation book cs1">Tushnet, Mark (1996). The Warren Court in Historical and Political Perspective. University of Virginia Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813916651?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813916651"><bdi>978-0813916651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warren+Court+in+Historical+and+Political+Perspective&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0813916651&rft.aulast=Tushnet&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEarl+Warren" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikisource?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about: <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Earl_Warren" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Earl_Warren" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/search.php?query%3D%2528%2528subject%253A%2522Warren%252C%2520Earl%2522%2520OR%2520subject%253A%2522Earl%2520Warren%2522%2520OR%2520creator%253A%2522Warren%252C%2520Earl%2522%2520OR%2520creator%253A%2522Earl%2520Warren%2522%2520OR%2520title%253A%2522Earl%2520Warren%2522%2520OR%2520description%253A%2522Warren%252C%2520Earl%2522%2520OR%2520description%253A%2522Earl%2520Warren%2522%2529%2520OR%2520%2528%25221891-1974%2522%2520AND%2520Warren%2529%2529%2520AND%2520%2528-mediatype:software%2529">Works by or about Earl Warren</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fjc.gov/node/1389396">Earl Warren</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a>, a publication of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011127105107/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/johnson/archives.hom/oralhistory.hom/warren-e/warren-e.asp">Oral History Interview with Earl Warren, from the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Library_of_Congress?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived November 27, 2001)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106125504/http://www.msana.com/emapr06.asp">More information on Earl Warren and his Masonic Career.</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived January 6, 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/earlwarrenjfkeulogy.htm">Earl Warren's Eulogy for John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613184833/http://hoohila.stanford.edu/commonwealth/programView.php?programID%3D24">"California 1946," (Dec 21, 1945)</a> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived June 13, 2011). A speech by Earl Warren from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId%3Dkt3g5032c1%26brand%3Doac">Commonwealth Club of California Records</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hoover.org/hila/">Hoover Institution Archives</a></li> <li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.95746">"Longines Chronoscope with Earl Warren (April 11, 1952)"</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Internet_Archive?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DY3iGNU-h504">Comedy Clip Earl Warren & Gracie Allen – November 15, 1952</a> on <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://uscivilliberties.org/biography/4688-warren-earl-18911974.html">Biography Earl Warren (1891–1974)</a> author Melvin I. Urofsky</li> </ul> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"> </div>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEarl_Warren%26oldid%3D1275120697">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&oldid=1275120697</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Earl_Warren&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 11 February 2025, at 04:51 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A5%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="إيرل وارين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيرل وارين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25DB%258C%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586" title="ایرل وارن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایرل وارن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586" title="ارل وارن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارل وارن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2596%25BC_%25EC%259B%258C%25EB%259F%25B0" title="얼 워런 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="얼 워런" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B7%25D6%2580%25D5%25AC_%25D5%2588%25D6%2582%25D5%25B8%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6" title="Էրլ Ուորեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էրլ Ուորեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%259C_%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%25A8%25D7%259F" title="ארל וורן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארל וורן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259A_%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598" title="ერლ უორენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ერლ უორენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%258A%25D8%25B1%25D9%2584_%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="ايرل وارين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايرل وارين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25A2%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AB%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2582%25A6%25E3%2582%25A9%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25AC%25E3%2583%25B3" title="アール・ウォーレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アール・ウォーレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A3%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD,_%25D0%25AD%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB" title="Уоррен, Эрл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уоррен, Эрл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD" title="Ерл Ворен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ерл Ворен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D1%2580%25D0%25BB_%25D0%2592%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD" title="Ерл Воррен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ерл Воррен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Earl Warren" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E8%2589%25BE%25E7%259B%25A7%25E8%258F%25AF%25E9%259B%25B2" title="艾盧華雲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾盧華雲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%258E%2584%25E5%25B0%2594%25C2%25B7%25E6%25B2%2583%25E4%25BC%25A6" title="厄尔·沃伦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="厄尔·沃伦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 04:51 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:About?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DEarl_Warren%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-mqng6","wgBackendResponseTime":394,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.450","walltime":"4.035","ppvisitednodes":{"value":35254,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":784088,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":210953,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":25,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":591780,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3366.476 1 -total"," 19.48% 655.761 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.22% 613.456 2 Template:Navboxes"," 15.48% 521.232 154 Template:Sfn"," 14.09% 474.461 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 10.65% 358.401 14 Template:Navbox"," 10.23% 344.361 54 Template:Cite_web"," 6.18% 207.932 40 Template:Cite_book"," 4.92% 165.529 207 Template:Main_other"," 4.76% 160.087 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.934","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17952471,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbraham1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelin1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelknap2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethune2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBugliosi,_Vincent.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarter1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCray1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglass2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouthat2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDriver2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE._Joshua_Rosenkranz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._Edward_White1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGazell1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHooper2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorwitz1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorwitz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosokawa1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahnKersch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzenbach,_Nicholas_deB._(Nicholas_deBelleville),_1922-2012.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCall1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKay1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlney_IIIBrownell1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPederson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowe2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowe2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPurdum2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaoul_Berger\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRawls1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaito1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheiber2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmemo2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpecter,_Arlen.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuits2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwindler1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTIME1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTushnet1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrofsky1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrofsky2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasby1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeglyn1976\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodwardArmstrong1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrightsman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZotti2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 7,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Army\"] = 1,\n [\"Attorneys General of California\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 40,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 54,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Warren, Earl\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"FJC Bio\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Governors of California\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Hidden end\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive film clip\"] = 1,\n [\"Lain in State (USA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism US\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 7,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 7,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-legal\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 7,\n [\"SCOTUS Justices\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 154,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"USNS\"] = 1,\n [\"USRepVicePresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1936\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1948\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1952\"] = 1,\n [\"Unsuccessful major party VPOTUS candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WarrenCommission\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","700","31.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","13.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","9.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","5.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","5.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.7"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","1.8"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","40","1.8"],["[others]","500","22.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-nn4bp","timestamp":"20250216154104","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Earl Warren","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Earl_Warren","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q311197","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q311197","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-15T00:37:43Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T04:51:28Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/04\/Earl_Warren.jpg","headline":"Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1953 to 1969"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('en', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>