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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_ancestors_of_Indo-Fijians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_ancestors_of_Indo-Fijians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early ancestors of Indo-Fijians</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_ancestors_of_Indo-Fijians-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early ancestors of Indo-Fijians subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_ancestors_of_Indo-Fijians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_South_Asians_in_Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_South_Asians_in_Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First South Asians in Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_South_Asians_in_Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_attempt_to_procure_Indian_labourers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_attempt_to_procure_Indian_labourers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>First attempt to procure Indian labourers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_attempt_to_procure_Indian_labourers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_under_the_indentured_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_under_the_indentured_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Arrival under the indentured system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_under_the_indentured_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_during_the_indenture_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_during_the_indenture_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Life during the indenture period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_during_the_indenture_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_indenture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_indenture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>End of indenture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_indenture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_immigrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_immigrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Free immigrants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_immigrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Platoon_during_the_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Platoon_during_the_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Indian Platoon during the Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Platoon_during_the_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labels:_Unifying_an_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labels:_Unifying_an_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Labels: Unifying an identity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Labels:_Unifying_an_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Labels: Unifying an identity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Labels:_Unifying_an_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic_Identities:_Fiji_Indians_versus_indigenous_Fijians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_Identities:_Fiji_Indians_versus_indigenous_Fijians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historic Identities: Fiji Indians versus indigenous Fijians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_Identities:_Fiji_Indians_versus_indigenous_Fijians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luvedra_na_Ratu:_A_new_identity_for_Indo-Fijians_of_indentured_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luvedra_na_Ratu:_A_new_identity_for_Indo-Fijians_of_indentured_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Luvedra na Ratu: A new identity for Indo-Fijians of indentured descent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luvedra_na_Ratu:_A_new_identity_for_Indo-Fijians_of_indentured_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_‘Fiji-Indian’_Label" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_‘Fiji-Indian’_Label"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The ‘Fiji-Indian’ Label</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_‘Fiji-Indian’_Label-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Fijian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Fijian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Indo-Fijian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Fijian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_participation:_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_participation:_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political participation: early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_participation:_early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_social_divisions:_1920–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_social_divisions:_1920–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religious and social divisions: 1920–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_social_divisions:_1920–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments_since_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments_since_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Developments since 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments_since_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_Church_and_religious/ethnic_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_Church_and_religious/ethnic_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Impact of the Church and religious/ethnic politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_Church_and_religious/ethnic_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Demographic factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Health issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_notable_Indo-Fijians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_notable_Indo-Fijians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>List of notable Indo-Fijians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_notable_Indo-Fijians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Indo-Fijians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indios_de_Fiyi" title="Indios de Fiyi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Indios de Fiyi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_ke_Hindustani" title="Fiji ke Hindustani – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fiji ke Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiens_des_Fidji" title="Indiens des Fidji – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indiens des Fidji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idia-Viti" title="Idia-Viti – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Idia-Viti" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Фиджи-индийцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фиджи-индийцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indofid%C5%BEijci" title="Indofidžijci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indofidžijci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fid%C5%BEinintialaiset" title="Fidžinintialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fidžinintialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பிஜி இந்தியர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிஜி இந்தியர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%A3%94%E6%96%90%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%BA" title="印度裔斐济人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度裔斐济人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Fiji_Hindustani" title="Jolma Fiji Hindustani – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Fiji Hindustani" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1009633#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Indo-Fijians%22">"Indo-Fijians"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Indo-Fijians%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Indo-Fijians%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Indo-Fijians%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Indo-Fijians%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Indo-Fijians%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Indo-Fijians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>फ़िजी के हिंदुस्तानी</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji"><img alt="Fiji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Map_of_Fiji.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethnic_Map_of_Fiji.png/220px-Ethnic_Map_of_Fiji.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethnic_Map_of_Fiji.png/330px-Ethnic_Map_of_Fiji.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ethnic_Map_of_Fiji.png/440px-Ethnic_Map_of_Fiji.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1395" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Fiji ethnic map (2017 census) Orange is for Indo-Fijian</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>460,000</b><br />37.6% of the population of Fiji (2007)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></th><td class="infobox-data">313,798 (2007 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">61,748 (2016 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38,310 (2022 census)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,890 (2000 figure)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24,665 (2016 census)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a> • <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_Fijian" title="Pidgin Fijian">Pidgin Fijian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian Bau</a> • Others</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hinduism</a> (76.7%)<br />Minority: <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Islam</a> (15.9%), <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhism</a> (0.9%), <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christianity</a> (6.1%), others (0.4%)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbeans">Indo-Caribbeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indians_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Indians in South Africa">Indians in South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritians_of_Indian_origin" title="Mauritians of Indian origin">Indo-Mauritians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Guyanese" title="Indo-Guyanese">Indo-Guyanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Surinamese" title="Indo-Surinamese">Indo-Surinamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Jamaicans" title="Indo-Jamaicans">Indo-Jamaicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian">Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Indian Singaporeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Malaysian Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Indo-Fijians</b> (<a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiji Hindi language">Fiji Hindi</a>: <span lang="hif">फ़िजी के हिंदुस्तानी</span>), also known as <b>Indian Fijians</b> (also colloquially known as "<b>Findians</b>" or "<b>Findus</b>"), are <a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian citizens</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_diaspora" title="South Asian diaspora">South Asian descent</a>, and include people who trace their ancestry to various regions of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Indo-Fijians constituted a majority of Fiji's population from 1956 through the late 1980s, discrimination and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> resulted in them numbering 313,798 (37.6%) (2007 census) out of a total of 827,900 people living in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although they hailed from various regions in the subcontinent, the vast majority of Indo-Fijians trace their origins to the <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_region" title="Bhojpuri region">Bhojpur</a> regions of the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">northern India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indians in Fiji speak <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a> also known as ‘Fiji Baat’ which is based on the <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a> dialect with major influence from <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">koiné language</a> with its own grammatical features, distinct to the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Hindi">Modern Standard Hindi</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major home districts of Fiji's North Indian labourers were <a href="/wiki/Basti_district" title="Basti district">Basti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gonda_district" title="Gonda district">Gonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_district" title="Lucknow district">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanpur_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kanpur district (disambiguation)">Kanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faizabad_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Faizabad district">Faizabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballia_district" title="Ballia district">Ballia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazipur_district" title="Ghazipur district">Ghazipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorakhpur_district" title="Gorakhpur district">Gorakhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanpur_district" title="Sultanpur district">Sultanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwan_district" title="Siwan district">Siwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahabad_district" title="Shahabad district">Shahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saran_district" title="Saran district">Saran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azamgarh_district" title="Azamgarh district">Azamgarh</a>, in the present-day Awadh region of Uttar Pradesh and the present-day Bhojpur region of Uttar Pradesh, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others (in a smaller quantity) originated in <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> regions. A small contingent of indentured labourers came from Afghanistan and Nepal. A small amount of free immigrants also came from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> Indo-Fijians also came from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> and various other parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. Fiji's British colonial rulers brought South Asian people to the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Colony of Fiji</a> as <a href="/wiki/Indentured_labourer" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured labourer">indentured labourers</a> between 1879 and 1916 to work on Fiji's <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugar-cane</a> <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Chaudhry" title="Mahendra Chaudhry">Mahendra Chaudhry</a> became Fiji's first Indo-Fijian Prime Minister on 19 May 1999. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_ancestors_of_Indo-Fijians">Early ancestors of Indo-Fijians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early ancestors of Indo-Fijians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_South_Asians_in_Fiji">First South Asians in Fiji</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First South Asians in Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lascars_in_Fiji" title="Lascars in Fiji">Lascars in Fiji</a></div> <p>Indians had been employed for a long time on the European ships trading in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. Many of the early voyages to the Pacific either started or terminated in India and many of these ships were wrecked in the uncharted waters of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">South Pacific</a>. The first recorded presence of an Indian in Fiji was by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dillon" title="Peter Dillon">Peter Dillon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> trader in Fiji, of a <a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascar</a> (Indian seaman) who survived a shipwreck, lived and settled there amongst the natives of Fiji in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_attempt_to_procure_Indian_labourers">First attempt to procure Indian labourers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First attempt to procure Indian labourers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before Fiji was colonized by Great Britain, some planters had tried to obtain Indian labour and had approached the British Consul in <a href="/wiki/Levuka" title="Levuka">Levuka</a>, Fiji but were met with a negative response. In 1870, a direct request by a planter to the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Colonial Government of India</a> was also turned down and in 1872, an official request by the <a href="/wiki/Seru_Epenisa_Cakobau" title="Seru Epenisa Cakobau">Cakobau</a> Government was informed that British rule in Fiji was a pre-condition for Indian emigration to Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early ancestors of Indo-Fijians came from different regions of South Asia, most coming from rural villages in Northern and Southern India. </p><p>In January 1879, thirty-one South Asians, who had originally been indentured labourers in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, were brought from <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> to Fiji under contract to work on a plantation in <a href="/wiki/Taveuni" title="Taveuni">Taveuni</a>. These labourers demonstrated knowledge of the terms of the indenture agreement and were aware of their rights and refused to do the heavy work assigned to them, their contract was terminated by mutual agreement between the labourers and their employers. In 1881, thirty-eight more Indians arrived from New Caledonia and again most of them left but some stayed taking Indian wives or island women.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_under_the_indentured_system">Arrival under the indentured system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrival under the indentured system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">Indian indenture system</a></div> <p>The colonial authorities promoted the <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> industry, recognising the need to establish a stable economic base for the colony, but were unwilling to exploit indigenous labour and threaten the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fijian way of life</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The use of imported labour from the Solomon Islands and what is now Vanuatu generated protests in the United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Fiji" title="Governor of Fiji">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hamilton-Gordon,_1st_Baron_Stanmore" title="Arthur Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Baron Stanmore">Sir Arthur Hamilton-Gordon</a> decided to implement the indentured labour scheme, which had existed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> since 1837. A recruiting office was set up especially around Calcutta and the South, West and North later, especially a lot in rural village areas in different farming regions, land and areas. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_(ship)" title="Leonidas (ship)">Leonidas</a></i>, a labour transport vessel, disembarked at Levuka from Calcutta on 14 May 1879. The 498 <a href="/wiki/Indentured_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured worker">indentured workers</a> who disembarked were the first of over 61,000 to arrive from South and East Asia in the following 37 years. The majority were from the districts of eastern and southern provinces, followed by labourers from northern and western regions, then later south eastern countries, they originated from different regions, villages, backgrounds and castes that later mingled or intermarried hence the "Fijian Indian" identity was created. The indentured workers originated mostly from rural village backgrounds. .<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_during_the_indenture_period">Life during the indenture period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Life during the indenture period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The contracts of the indentured labourers, which they called <i>girmit</i> (agreements), required them to work in Fiji for a period of five years. Living conditions on the sugar cane plantations, on which most of the <i><a href="/wiki/Girmityas" class="mw-redirect" title="Girmityas">girmityas</a></i> (indentured labourers) worked, had poor standards which resembled that of slavery. Hovels known as "coolie lines" dotted the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_indenture">End of indenture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: End of indenture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public outrage in the United Kingdom and <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> over human rights abuses of indentured labourers, such as the story of Kunti and Naraini played a factor in abolishing the scheme in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Indenture continued unlawfully until the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Banarsidas_Chaturvedi" title="Banarsidas Chaturvedi">Banarsidas Chaturvedi</a> and Reverend <a href="/wiki/C.F._Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="C.F. Andrews">C.F. Andrews</a>, which resulted in all existing indentured labourers being freed from contracts on 1 January 1920. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Free_immigrants">Free immigrants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Free immigrants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the early 1900s, Indians started arriving in Fiji as free agents. Many of these paid their own way and had previously served in Fiji or other British colonies or had been born in Fiji. Amongst the early free migrants, there were religious teachers, missionaries and at least one lawyer. The government and other employers brought clerks, policemen, artisans, gardeners, experienced agricultural workers, a doctor and a school teacher. Punjabi farmers and Gujarati craftsmen also paid their own way to Fiji and in later years formed an influential minority amongst the Fiji Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_Platoon_during_the_Second_World_War">Indian Platoon during the Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indian Platoon during the Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1916, <a href="/wiki/Manilal_Doctor" title="Manilal Doctor">Manilal Doctor</a>, the <i>de facto</i> leader of the Indo-Fijian community, persuaded the colonial government of Fiji to form an Indian platoon for the Allied war effort during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. He sent the names of 32 volunteers to the colonial government but his requests were ignored. As a result, a number of Fiji Indians volunteered for the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Army" title="New Zealand Army">New Zealand Army</a> while one served in Europe during the First World War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1934, Governor Fletcher enacted a policy which warranted an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Platoon" title="Indian Platoon">Indian Platoon</a> within the Fiji Defence Force consisting entirely of <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">enlisted-ranked</a> Indians. Governor Fletcher encouraged Indo-Fijians to regard Fiji as their permanent home. One could say this was Fletcher's insurance policy against an anticipated anti-European revolt at the hands of the Native population, which subsequently took place in 1959.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the Fiji Indian troops had the Europeans as their commanding and non-commissioned officers, the Native Fijians had <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratu_Edward_Cakobau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratu Edward Cakobau (page does not exist)">Ratu Edward Cakobau</a>, a Native Fijian, as their commanding officer. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, soldiers served voluntarily and were paid "capitation grants" according to efficiency ratings without regard to race. In 1939, during the mobilisation of the Fiji Defence Force, the colonial government changed its payment system to four shillings per day for enlisted men of European descent while enlisted men of non-European descent were paid only two shillings per day; the Indian Platoon quickly disputed this disparity in pay. The colonial government, fearing this dissidence would eventually be shared by the Native Fijians, decided to disband the Indian platoon in 1940 citing lack of available equipment, such as military armour, as their reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillion_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillion-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labels:_Unifying_an_identity">Labels: Unifying an identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Labels: Unifying an identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>‘Indians’ in Fiji were originally defined by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Constitution_of_Fiji" title="1997 Constitution of Fiji">constitution of Fiji</a> as anybody who can trace, through either the male or the female line, their ancestry back to anywhere on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and all government documents used this name. </p><p>However, in August 2008, shortly before the proposed <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Charter_for_Change,_Peace_and_Progress" title="People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress">People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress</a> was due to be released to the public, it was announced that it recommended a change in the name of Fiji's citizens. If the proposal were adopted, all citizens of Fiji, whatever their ethnicity, would be called "Fijians". The Cabinet at its meeting on 30 June 2010 approved the Fijian Affairs [Amendment] Decree 2010. The new law effectively replaces the word 'Fijian' or 'indigenous' or 'indigenous Fijian' with the word 'iTaukei' in all written laws, and all official documentation when referring to the original and native settlers of Fiji. All Fiji citizens are now called 'Fijians'<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The correct label and identity for Indo-Fijians has historically been debated. Common labels such as <b>Fijian Indian</b>, as <b>Fiji-Indian</b> and <b>Indo-Fijian</b> have been used inter-changeably. These labels have proved culturally and politically controversial, and finding a single label of identification for those with South Asian ancestry in Fiji has fuelled a debate that has continued for many decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Labels that use the term ‘Indian’ can be seen as problematic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This is because the term ‘Indian’ no longer accurately represents people with ancestry from the various countries of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, such as modern-day Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_Identities:_Fiji_Indians_versus_indigenous_Fijians">Historic Identities: Fiji Indians versus indigenous Fijians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historic Identities: Fiji Indians versus indigenous Fijians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1960s, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_Party" title="National Federation Party">National Federation Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._D._Patel" title="A. D. Patel">A. D. Patel</a>, who used the slogan, "One Country, One People, One Destiny"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, suggested that all Fiji's citizens should be called Fijians and to distinguish the original inhabitants from the rest, the name <i><a href="/wiki/Taukei" class="mw-redirect" title="Taukei">Taukei</a></i> should be used for native Fijians. At the time, there was opposition to this from some native Fijians who feared that any such move would deprive them of the special <a href="/wiki/Privilege_(legal_ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilege (legal ethics)">privileges</a> they had enjoyed since cession in 1874. The <i><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Times" title="Fiji Times">Fiji Times</a></i> started using <b><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiji Islander">Fiji Islander</a></b> to describe all Fiji's citizens but this name did not catch on.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luvedra_na_Ratu:_A_new_identity_for_Indo-Fijians_of_indentured_descent">Luvedra na Ratu: A new identity for Indo-Fijians of indentured descent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Luvedra na Ratu: A new identity for Indo-Fijians of indentured descent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, The paramount chief of Rewa, Ro Teimumu Kepa, announced that the descendants of indentured labourers, who were brought to Fiji during colonial period as a cheap labor, now officially belong to the Vanua (tribal land) of Noco and Rewa, and will be known as the iCavuti of "Luvedra na Ratu" (The Children of the Ratu). This decision was made in a traditional ceremony held at Ratu Sauvoli School grounds in Nabudrau, where the Tikina (a traditional Fijian political unit) of Noco presented their iCavuti to Ro Teimumu. This is the first time ever that the descendants of indentured labourers have been bestowed with a new iTaukei identity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_‘Fiji-Indian’_Label"><span id="The_.E2.80.98Fiji-Indian.E2.80.99_Label"></span>The ‘Fiji-Indian’ Label</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The ‘Fiji-Indian’ Label"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Indo-Fijians" title="Special:EditPage/Indo-Fijians">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For a long time, <b>Fiji Indian</b> was used to distinguish between Fiji citizens of Indian origin and Indians from India. The term was used by writers like <a href="/w/index.php?title=K.L._Gillion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K.L. Gillion (page does not exist)">K.L. Gillion</a> and by the academic and politician, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_(Fijian_politician)" title="Ahmed Ali (Fijian politician)">Ahmed Ali</a>. The late <a href="/wiki/President_of_Fiji" title="President of Fiji">President of Fiji</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ratu" title="Ratu">Ratu</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Kamisese_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Kamisese Mara">Sir Kamisese Mara</a>, also used this term in his speeches and writings. The term was also used by the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Fiji_and_Rotuma" title="Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma">Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma</a>, Fiji's largest Christian denomination, which had a Fiji-Indian division. </p><p>The use of the terms 'Fiji-Indian' or 'Fijian-Indian' are misnomers. This is because the meaning of the words 'Indian' and 'India' have changed over time, including during the British colonial rule and before it. Historically, the subcontinent of South Asia was informally referred to as "India" by foreign travelers and cartographers, the people living there were called 'Indians'. However, after the British colonial rule and the subsequent partitioning and division of the subcontinent into several countries, including India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, the term 'India' primarily began to refer to the country that gained independence from the British in 1947, and 'Indian' began to refer primarily to citizens and inhabitants of that new country, rather than all people of the subcontinent. This change in political demarcation and the formation of new countries has caused the meanings of 'India' and 'Indian' to evolve into a national identity. The terms, 'Fiji-Indian' or 'Fijian-Indian' also no longer accurately reflect those whom have ancestry from other parts of the subcontinent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Fijian">Indo-Fijian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indo-Fijian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the creation of the independent nation of India in 1947, the term "Indian" began to be used more frequently to refer specifically to citizens of the Republic of India. However, the sub-continent of India still exists, comprising many countries such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Afghanistan. It is commonly referred as South Asia, a more accurate geographic description and preferred term in many academic and scholarly contexts. Therefore, the term ‘Indo-Fijian’ is preferred as a way to refer to people with ancestry from the various regions of the sub-continent (such as modern-day Pakistan, Nepal and Afghanistan) rather than just those from modern-day India. </p><p>The term is also more closely connected to the diaspora of the South Asian indentured labourers <i>(or Coolies)</i> who have settled in other countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbean">Indo-Caribbeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-Mauritians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Mauritians">Indo-Mauritians</a>, etc. </p><p>This term, 'Indo-Fijian', has been used by various political figures such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bainimarama" title="Frank Bainimarama">Frank Bainimarama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sitiveni_Rabuka" title="Sitiveni Rabuka">Sitiveni Rabuka</a>, as well as writers such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian Mayer (page does not exist)">Adrian Mayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_(historian)" title="Brij Lal (historian)">Brij Lal</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ratu" title="Ratu">Ratu</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Joni_Madraiwiwi" title="Joni Madraiwiwi">Joni Madraiwiwi</a>, Fiji's <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Fiji" title="Vice-President of Fiji">Vice-President</a> from 2004 to 2006, also used it in his speeches. </p><p>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Jone_Navakamocea" title="Jone Navakamocea">Jone Navakamocea</a>, Minister of State for National Planning in the <a href="/wiki/Laisenia_Qarase" title="Laisenia Qarase">Qarase</a> government, called for the use of the term "Indo-Fijian" to be officially banned. He declared that the term was "unacceptable", and that Indo-Fijians should be referred to only as "Indians". The <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i> reported Navakamocea had "alleged that the Indo-Fijian term was coined by Indian academics in Fiji to 'Fijianise' their Indian ethnicity", which, in Navakamocea's view, undermined the paramountcy of indigenous rights.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navakamocea lost office in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">2006 military coup</a> when the army accused the Qarase government of anti-Fijian Indian racism and overthrew it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_participation:_early_20th_century">Political participation: early 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Political participation: early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The colonial rulers attempted to assuage Indo-Fijian discontent by providing for one of their number to be nominated to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Fiji" title="Legislative Council of Fiji">Legislative Council</a> from 1916 onwards. <a href="/wiki/Badri_Maharaj" title="Badri Maharaj">Badri Maharaj</a>, a strong supporter of the British Empire but with little support among his own people, was appointed by the Governor in 1916. His appointment did little to redress the grievances of the Indo-Fijian community. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Buttressed by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Imperial_Association" title="Indian Imperial Association">Indian Imperial Association</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Manilal_Doctor" title="Manilal Doctor">Manilal Maganlal</a>, a lawyer who had arrived in Fiji in 1912, the Indians continued to campaign for better work and living conditions, and for an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Fiji" title="Local government in Fiji">municipal</a> franchise; literacy tests disqualified most Indo-Fijians from participation. A strike by Indo-Fijian municipal workers and Public Works Department employees, which began on 15 January 1920, ended in a riot which was forcibly quelled on 12 February; Manilal, widely blamed for the unrest, was deported. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another strike, from January to July in 1921, led by <i><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></i> (priest) <a href="/wiki/Vashist_Muni" title="Vashist Muni">Vashist Muni</a>, demanded higher rates of pay for workers of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Sugar_Refining_Company_(Fiji)" title="Colonial Sugar Refining Company (Fiji)">Colonial Sugar Refining Company</a> (CSR), the unconditional return of Manilal, and the release of imprisoned 1920 strikers. The authorities responded by deporting Muni from Fiji. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Demands increased for direct representation in the legislature. In <a href="/wiki/1929_Fijian_general_election" title="1929 Fijian general election">1929</a>, South Asian immigrants and their descendants were authorised to elect three members to the Legislative Council on a <a href="/wiki/Communal_constituencies" title="Communal constituencies">communal roll</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Deo" title="Vishnu Deo">Vishnu Deo</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Ramchandar_Rao" title="James Ramchandar Rao">James Ramchandar Rao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parmanand_Singh" title="Parmanand Singh">Parmanand Singh</a> were duly elected. Agitation continued for a <a href="/wiki/Open_constituencies" title="Open constituencies">common roll</a>, which the colonial administrators rejected, citing the fears of European settlers and Fijian chiefs that a common electoral roll would lead to political domination by South Asians, whose numbers were rapidly increasing. The fear of Indo-Fijian domination also led to the abolition of the elected membership of Suva Municipal Council in 1934, with the council becoming a wholly appointed body.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_social_divisions:_1920–1945"><span id="Religious_and_social_divisions:_1920.E2.80.931945"></span>Religious and social divisions: 1920–1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religious and social divisions: 1920–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Indo-Fijians" title="Special:EditPage/Indo-Fijians">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srisivasubramaniya_temple_nadi_fiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Srisivasubramaniya_temple_nadi_fiji.jpg/220px-Srisivasubramaniya_temple_nadi_fiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Srisivasubramaniya_temple_nadi_fiji.jpg/330px-Srisivasubramaniya_temple_nadi_fiji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Srisivasubramaniya_temple_nadi_fiji.jpg/440px-Srisivasubramaniya_temple_nadi_fiji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sri_Siva_Subramaniya_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Siva Subramaniya temple">Sri Siva Subramaniya temple</a>, a South-Indian type temple in the Indo-Fijian town of <a href="/wiki/Nadi" title="Nadi">Nadi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two major <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> movements attracted widespread support in the 1920s, and relationships between Hindus and Muslims also became increasingly strained. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Fiji" title="Arya Samaj in Fiji">Arya Samaj in Fiji</a> advocated purging Hinduism of what it saw as its superstitious elements and expensive rituals, opposed child marriage, and advocated the remarriage of widows, which orthodox Hinduism didn't promote at that time. The Arya Samaj also encouraged education for girls, which wasn't the norm at the time. The Arya Samaj began by establishing schools and by using a newspaper of one of its supporters, the <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Samachar" title="Fiji Samachar">Fiji Samachar</a> founded in 1923, to expound their views. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments_since_1945">Developments since 1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Developments since 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saris_on_sale_in_Lautoka,_Fiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saris_on_sale_in_Lautoka%2C_Fiji.jpg/220px-Saris_on_sale_in_Lautoka%2C_Fiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saris_on_sale_in_Lautoka%2C_Fiji.jpg/330px-Saris_on_sale_in_Lautoka%2C_Fiji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Saris_on_sale_in_Lautoka%2C_Fiji.jpg/440px-Saris_on_sale_in_Lautoka%2C_Fiji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5183" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">Saris</a> on sale in <a href="/wiki/Lautoka" title="Lautoka">Lautoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viti_Levu" title="Viti Levu">Viti Levu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A post-war effort by European members of the Legislative Council to repatriate ethnic South Asians to modern-day India, starting with sixteen-year-old males and fourteen-year-old females, was not successful, but reflected the tensions between Fiji's ethnic communities. </p><p>Differences between ethnic Fijians and Indians complicated preparations for Fiji independence, which the United Kingdom granted in 1970, and have continued to define <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fiji" title="Politics of Fiji">Fiji politics</a> since. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prior to independence, Indo-Fijians sought a common electoral roll, based on the principle of "<a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a>." Ethnic Fijian leaders opposed this, believing that it would favour urban voters who were mostly Indo-Fijian; they sought a communal franchise instead, with different ethnic groups voting on separate electoral rolls. At a specially convened conference in London in April 1970, a compromise was worked out, under which parliamentary seats would be allocated by ethnicity, with ethnic Fijians and Indo-Fijians represented equally. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Fiji" title="House of Representatives of Fiji">House of Representatives</a>, each ethnic group was allocated 22 seats, with 12 representing <i>Communal constituencies</i> (elected by voters registered as members of their particular ethnic group) and a further 10 representing <i><a href="/wiki/National_constituencies" title="National constituencies">National constituencies</a></i> (distributed by ethnicity but elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. A further 8 seats were reserved for <a href="/wiki/General_electors" title="General electors">ethnic minorities</a>, 3 from "communal" and 5 from "national" constituencies. </p><p>In 1987, shortly after a coalition government was formed that represented both communities, two military coups were staged by low-ranking Fijian officers that aimed at sidelining the Indo-Fijian community in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnic South Asians outnumbered indigenous Fijians from 1956 through the late 1980s. This was due to the death of 1/3 of the indigenous population, mainly male and children, that died from <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> contracted when King Cakobau and other chief leaders returned from a trip from Australia in 1875 during which they caught measles. The percentage of Indigenous female population increased as a result, and the native male population was scarce at one stage,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by 2000 their share of the population had declined to 43.7%, because of a higher ethnic-Fijian birthrate and particularly because of the greater tendency of Indo-Fijians to emigrate. Emigration accelerated following the coups of 1987 (which removed an Indo-Fijian-supported government from power and, for a time, ushered in a constitution that discriminated against them in numerous ways) and <a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">of 2000</a> (which removed an Indo-Fijian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Fiji" title="Prime Minister of Fiji">Prime Minister</a> from office). </p><p>Political differences between the two communities, rather than ideological differences, have characterised Fijian politics since independence, with the two communities generally voting for different political parties. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The National Federation Party founded by A.D. Patel, was the party favoured overwhelmingly by the Indo-Fijian community throughout most of the nation's history, but its support collapsed in the <a href="/wiki/1999_Fiji_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 Fiji general election">parliamentary election</a> of 1999, when it lost all of its seats in the House of Representatives; its support fell further still in the <a href="/wiki/2001_Fijian_general_election" title="2001 Fijian general election">2001 election</a>, when it received only 22% of the Indo-Fijian vote, and in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_general_election" title="2006 Fijian general election">2006 election</a>, when it dropped to an all-time low of 14%. The party formerly favoured by Indo-Fijian was the <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Labour_Party" title="Fiji Labour Party">Fiji Labour Party</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Chaudhry" title="Mahendra Chaudhry">Mahendra Chaudhry</a>, which received about 75% of the Indo-Fijian vote in 2001, and won all 19 seats reserved for Indo-Fijians. Founded as a multi-racial party in the 1980s, it was supported mostly by Indo-Fijians, but has seen no representation in parliament since the coup of 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_the_Church_and_religious/ethnic_politics"><span id="Impact_of_the_Church_and_religious.2Fethnic_politics"></span>Impact of the Church and religious/ethnic politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impact of the Church and religious/ethnic politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Church plays a major role in Fiji politics.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often some leaders appeal to Fijians addressing them as "Christians", even though Hindus are 33% of the population in Fiji, compared with 52% Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">2000 Fijian coup d'état</a> that removed the elected PM <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Chaudhry" title="Mahendra Chaudhry">Mahendra Chaudhry</a>, was supported by the Methodist Church.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Methodist Church authorities have continued to advocate the establishment of a Christian state. In a letter of support from the then head of the Methodist Church, Reverend Tomasi Kanilagi, to <a href="/wiki/George_Speight" title="George Speight">George Speight</a>, the leader of 19 May 2000 armed takeover of Parliament, Reverend Kanilagi publicly expressed his intention to use the Methodist Church as a forum under which to unite all ethnic Fiji political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Methodist church also supported forgiveness to those who plotted the coup in form of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Reconciliation,_Tolerance,_and_Unity_Bill" title="Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill">Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill</a>". </p><p>In 2005, Methodist Church general secretary Reverend Ame Tugaue argued that the practice of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and other religions should not be guaranteed in law: </p> <dl><dd>"<a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a> were only destroyed after the Lord removed the faithful from there and not because of a few would we allow God's wrath to befall the whole of Fiji. It was clearly stated in the 10 Commandments that God gave to Moses that Christians were not allowed to worship any other gods and not to worship idols. One thing other religions should be thankful for is that they are tolerated in Fiji as it's naturally a peaceful place but their right of worship should never be made into law."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">military coup</a> in Fiji, which deposed the government of <a href="/wiki/Laisenia_Qarase" title="Laisenia Qarase">Laisenia Qarase</a> (which Indo-Fijians claimed as unsympathetic to Indo-Fijian interests), Reverend Tuikilakila Waqairatu of the Fiji Council of Churches and Assembly of Christian Churches has stated that the coup is "un-Christian" and is "manifestation of darkness and evil". He claimed that "52% of Fijians are Christian and the country's Christian values are being undermined."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographic_factors">Demographic factors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographic factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Indo Fijians are concentrated in the so-called Sugar Belt and in cities and towns on the northern and western coasts of <a href="/wiki/Viti_Levu" title="Viti Levu">Viti Levu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanua_Levu" title="Vanua Levu">Vanua Levu</a>; their numbers are much scarcer in the south and inland areas. The majority of Indo-Fijians came from northern, northern eastern and southeastern part of India and converse in what is known as <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a> (also known as 'Fiji Baat'), this language has been constructed from eastern Hindi dialects mixed with some native Fijian and some English loan words,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some minorities speaking <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, and many who speak <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> as their mother tongue with less fluency.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all Indo-Fijians are fluent in English. </p><p>According to the 1996 census (the latest available), 76.7% of Indo-Fijians are <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> and a further 15.9% are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. Christians comprise 6.1% of the Indo-Fijian population, while about 0.9% are members of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> faith. The remaining 0.4% are mostly nonreligious. </p><p>Hindus in Fiji belong mostly to the <a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tana_Dharma" title="Sanātana Dharma">Sanātana Dharma</a> sect (74.3% of all Hindus); a minority (3.7%) follow <a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Fiji" title="Arya Samaj in Fiji">Arya Samaj</a>. Smaller groups, including The <a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">International Society for Krishna Consciousness</a>, and numerous unspecified Hindu sects, comprise 22% of the Hindu population. Muslims are mostly <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> (59.7%) or unspecified (36.7%); there is an <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiya">Ahmadiya</a> minority (3.6%). Indian Christians are a diverse body, with <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> forming the largest group (26.2%), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a> (22.3%), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholics</a> (17%), and <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglicans</a> (5.8%). The remaining 28.7% belong to a medley of denominations. There is an Indian Division of the Methodist Church in Fiji. About 5000 Indo-Fijian are Methodist.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are part of the Methodist Church in Fiji and support the position of the Methodist Church in Fiji,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than the rights of Indo-Fijians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indo-Fijian diaspora developed with people of South Asian ancestry leaving Fiji, mainly following the racially inspired coups of 1987 and 2000, to settle primarily in Australia, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, United States and Canada. Smaller numbers have settled in other Pacific islands, the United Kingdom and other European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Asians were initially brought to Fiji as <a href="/wiki/Indentured" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured">indentured</a> laborers to work on <a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">sugar cane</a> plantations. Between 1879 and 1916, a total of 60,000 South Asians arrived in Fiji. Approximately, 25,000 of these have returned to South Asia. From 1900 onwards, some Indians arrived as free immigrants, who were mostly from the regions of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Indo-Fijians have been emigrating to United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom since the early 1960s. These were mainly economic migrants and their number gradually increased in the 1970s and 1980s to reach approximately 4000 per year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the military coup of 1987, many Indo-Fijians saw little future in staying in Fiji and tried to find any means to leave the country. Professional, middle class and business found it easier to emigrate. It has been estimated that more than 100,000 Fiji Indians have emigrated since 1987. This represents a third of the existing Indian population in Fiji.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were victimized a lot by the military adding to the reasons they moved abroad to Canada, Australia, and the United States. Another reason a lot of skilled Indo-Fijians were migrating to other countries was for a better future. This caused Fiji to lose a lot of their skilled workers. Moreover, many Indo-Fijians strived for a better education causing a bigger gap between them and the indigenous Fijians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Prime Minister Chaudhry has expressed alarm at the high rate of emigration of educated Indo-Fijians. "If the trend continues, Fiji will be left with a large pool of poorly educated, unskilled work force with disastrous consequences on our social and economic infrastructure and levels of investment," he said on 19 June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He blamed the coups of 1987 for "brain drain" which has, he said, adversely affected the sugar industry, the standard of the education and health services, and the efficiency of the civil service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_issues">Health issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Health issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similarly to the indigenous Fijian population, Indo-Fijian's face major obstacles when it comes to health. They are often cited in research articles as a group that has a higher than normal prevalence rate of Type 2 diabetes.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_notable_Indo-Fijians">List of notable Indo-Fijians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of notable Indo-Fijians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madhavan" title="James Madhavan">James Madhavan</a>, one of Fiji's longest serving parliamentarians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidiq_Koya" title="Sidiq Koya">Siddiq Moidin Koya</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_Opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of Opposition">Leader of Opposition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Fiji" title="Parliament of Fiji">Parliament of Fiji</a> after independence; statesman and prominent lawyer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Ali" title="Joy Ali">Joy Ali</a>, Boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_Farzan_Ali" title="Junior Farzan Ali">Junior Farzan Ali</a>, Boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chand" title="Ganesh Chand">Ganesh Chand</a>, Academic, historian, statesman, and jazz musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Chandra" title="Rajesh Chandra">Rajesh Chandra</a>, first Vice-Chancellor of University of Fiji and present Vice-Chancellor and President of the University of the South Pacific</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekha_Sharma" title="Rekha Sharma">Rekha Sharma</a>, Canadian actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Chaudhry" title="Mahendra Chaudhry">Mahendra Chaudhry</a>, fourth <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Fiji" title="Prime Minister of Fiji">Prime Minister of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imrana_Jalal" title="Imrana Jalal">Imrana Jalal</a>, human rights advisor to the United Nations Development Program and as a member of the International Commission of Jurists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Khan" title="Rocky Khan">Rocky Khan</a>, New Zealand Rugby sevens player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Krishna" title="Roy Krishna">Roy Krishna</a>, soccer player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiza_Shaheen" title="Faiza Shaheen">Faiza Shaheen</a>, British Economist, Half Indo-Fijian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal" title="Brij Lal">Brij Lal</a>, historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prerna_Lal" title="Prerna Lal">Prerna Lal</a>, US-based attorney and civil rights advocate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaneel_Lal" title="Shaneel Lal">Shaneel Lal</a>, queer and indigenous rights activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shireen_Lateef" title="Shireen Lateef">Shireen Lateef</a>, women's rights activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Moti" title="Julian Moti">Julian Moti</a>, former Attorney General of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Nandan" title="Satya Nandan">Satya Nandan</a>, chairman of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ram" title="Jack Ram">Jack Ram</a>, Tongan Rugby player, of Indo-Fijian descent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajen_Prasad" title="Rajen Prasad">Rajen Prasad</a>, former member of parliament in New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Ram_Reddy" title="Jai Ram Reddy">Jai Ram Reddy</a>, former leader of opposition in Fiji and member of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anand_Satyanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Anand Satyanand">Sir Anand Satyanand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">Governor-General of New Zealand</a> 2006–2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyaz_Sayed-Khaiyum" title="Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum">Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum</a>, Fiji's Attorney-General since 8 January 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekanand_Sharma" title="Vivekanand Sharma">Vivekanand Sharma</a>, former minister for Youth and Sports, former president of Sanatam Dharam, orator, former director of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Fiji">Radio Fiji</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Swaran_Singh" title="Ajit Swaran Singh">Ajit Swaran Singh</a>, district court judge in New Zealand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Singh" title="Bobby Singh">Bobby Singh</a>, retired professional American and Canadian football guard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Singh" title="Lisa Singh">Lisa Singh</a>, Australian Senator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalini_Singh_(author)" title="Nalini Singh (author)">Nalini Singh</a>, paranormal romance author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Singh" title="Vijay Singh">Vijay Singh</a>, former world number one golfer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazhat_Shameem" title="Nazhat Shameem">Nazhat Shameem</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNHRC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHRC">UNHRC</a> president, elected in January 2021.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanita_Tikaram" title="Tanita Tikaram">Tanita Tikaram</a>, singer-songwriter based in the United Kingdom, has Indo-Fijian father, great-niece of <a href="/wiki/Moti_Tikaram" title="Moti Tikaram">Sir Moti Tikaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Tikaram" title="Ramon Tikaram">Ramon Tikaram</a>, actor, brother of Tanita Tikaram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Volavola" title="Ben Volavola">Ben Volavola</a>, rugby union player</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">Indian indenture system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj_in_Fiji" title="Arya Samaj in Fiji">Arya Samaj in Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Indian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Fijian Indian diaspora">Fijian Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indians_in_Fiji" title="South Indians in Fiji">South Indians in Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujaratis_in_Fiji" title="Gujaratis in Fiji">Gujaratis in Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Fiji" title="Hinduism in Fiji">Hinduism in Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Fiji" title="Islam in Fiji">Islam in Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Sikhism in Fiji</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Tourism/tourmigstats_index.htm">Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709220811/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Tourism/tourmigstats_index.htm">Archived</a> 9 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/8B46E5DBE0FC9549CA2582570013F721/$File/31010_sep%202017.pdf">"Australian demographic statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+demographic+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausstats.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fsubscriber.nsf%2F0%2F8B46E5DBE0FC9549CA2582570013F721%2F%24File%2F31010_sep%25202017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Fijians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/birthplace.aspx">Birthplace and people born overseas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201152043/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para009Master">Archived</a> 1 December 2007 at the <a 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080915174748/http://hindustandainik.in/news/5967_1761335,001600060017.htm">"Ban the term Indo-Fijian: Minister"</a>, <i>Hindustan Times</i>, 5 August 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-311574745/view?partId=nla.obj-311590261#page/n15/mode/1up/">Why Suva Council was abolished</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Monthly" title="Pacific Islands Monthly">Pacific Islands Monthly</a></i> January 1935, pp14–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jet6JOYjZ4wC&dq=Indians+Fiji&pg=PA113">Victor Lal, "The Fiji Indians: Marooned at Home," in <i>South Asians Overseas: Migration and Ethnicity</i> Cambridge University Press, 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pacific Island Societies Destabilised by Infectious Diseases <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://jmvh.org/article/pacific-island-societies-destabilised-by-infectious-diseases/">https://jmvh.org/article/pacific-island-societies-destabilised-by-infectious-diseases/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=52499">Let us pray, churches say</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165601/http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=52499">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fiji Times Online, 29 November 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1834.htm">Background Note: Fiji</a>, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, September 2006, U.S. Department of State</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?id=18901&op=read">Fiji military dismisses GCC and Methodist support for reconciliation bill</a>, Radio New Zealand International, 25 August 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/23828.htm">International Religious Freedom Report 2003</a>, Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianaggression.org/item_display.php?type=NEWS&id=1112408217">christianaggression.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926230135/http://www.christianaggression.org/item_display.php?type=NEWS&id=1112408217">Archived</a> 26 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, extract from Fiji Times, 27 March 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200612061204/fiji_military_monitoring_the_media">Fiji military monitoring the media</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118042641/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/latest/200612061204/fiji_military_monitoring_the_media">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Radio New Zealand, 6 December 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moag, Rodney F. (1977). Fiji Hindi: A basic course and reference grammar. Canberra: Australian National University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7081-1574-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7081-1574-8">0-7081-1574-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Languages of fiji.pdf, Sangam conventional Magazine, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/downloads/wc_fiji03.pdf">Methodist Church In Britain</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=53198">The Fiji Times: Story</a> <i>fijitimes.com</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldpress.org/images/freelancersPDF/58_2.pdf">Microsoft Word – 05-05-ana1.rtf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070303074632/http://epress.anu.edu.au/islands/pdf/islands-whole.pdf">"00 Upfront.pmd"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epress.anu.edu.au/islands/pdf/islands-whole.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=00+Upfront.pmd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepress.anu.edu.au%2Fislands%2Fpdf%2Fislands-whole.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Fijians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReihan2019" class="citation web cs1">Reihan, Salam (12 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/03/americans-can-learn-fiji-immigration/584539/">"What Fiji Can Teach America About Immigration"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. Atlantic Media Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Fiji+Can+Teach+America+About+Immigration.&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft.aulast=Reihan&rft.aufirst=Salam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2019%2F03%2Famericans-can-learn-fiji-immigration%2F584539%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Fijians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNand" class="citation web cs1">Nand, Ambrita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1767451129">"Looking Backward, Moving Forward: The Experiences of Indo-Fijian Immigrant Women in California"</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1767451129">1767451129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+Backward%2C+Moving+Forward%3A+The+Experiences+of+Indo-Fijian+Immigrant+Women+in+California.&rft.aulast=Nand&rft.aufirst=Ambrita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F1767451129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Fijians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyeth2017" class="citation web cs1">Wyeth, Grant (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/indo-fijians-and-fijis-coup-culture/">"Indo-Fijians and Fiji's Coup Culture"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=Indo-Fijians+and+Fiji%27s+Coup+Culture&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Wyeth&rft.aufirst=Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2017%2F03%2Findo-fijians-and-fijis-coup-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndo-Fijians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3867/is_200703/ai_n19432253">Ethnicity, Type 2 Diabetes and Migrant Asian Indians</a>, Indian Journal of Medical Research, 6 March 2007</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tinker, H. <i>A New System of Slavery: The Export of Indian Labour Overseas 1820-1920</i>, Oxford University Press, London, 1974</li> <li>Lal, B.V. <i>Girmitiyas: The Origins of the Fiji Indians</i>, Fiji Institute of Applied Studies, Lautoka, Fiji, 2004</li> <li>Khal Torabully (with Marina Carter), <i>Coolitude</i> : An Anthology of the Indian Labour Diaspora, Anthem Press (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84331-003-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84331-003-1">1-84331-003-1</a></li> <li>Gaiutra Bahadur, <i>Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture</i>. The University of Chicago (2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-21138-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-21138-1">978-0-226-21138-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indo-Fijians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202072617/http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2006/April/04-27-ft2.htm">The Continuing Exodus of Fiji Indians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061120184040/http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=95001">Chronology for East Indians in Fiji</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE7DE1F3EF93AA15754C0A96E948260">Why inject Peace Corps teachers into the ethnic arguments roiling Fiji?</a> New York Times, 29 July 1988</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frommers.com/destinations/fiji/0208020416.html">Article from Frommers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/fiji/">The CIA World Fact Book – Fiji</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fijigirmit.org/history.htm">Girmit History (on Fiji Girmit.org)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017090235/http://fijigirmit.org/history.htm">Archived</a> 17 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamilnation.co/diaspora/fiji.htm">Tamils in Fiji</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=110">"Fiji Islands: From Immigration to Emigration"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brij_Lal_(historian)" title="Brij Lal (historian)">Brij Lal</a>, April</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Fiji during the time of Cakobau">Cakobau period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Colonial period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Fiji" title="Governor of Fiji">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Fiji" title="Modern history of Fiji">Modern history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Fijian_constitutional_crisis" title="1977 Fijian constitutional crisis">1977 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Fijian_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Fijian coups d'état">1987 coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93church_relations_in_Fiji" title="Military–church relations in Fiji">Military–church relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2000 Fijian coup d'état">2000 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation,_Tolerance,_and_Unity_Bill" title="Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill">Reconciliation Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%932006_Fijian_political_crisis" title="2005–2006 Fijian political crisis">2005–2006 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Fijian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2006 Fijian coup d'état">2006 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Fijian_constitutional_crisis" title="2009 Fijian constitutional crisis">2009 crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Fiji" title="Geography of Fiji">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archipelagoes_of_Fiji" title="Category:Archipelagoes of Fiji">Archipelagoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Fiji" title="List of cities and towns in Fiji">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Fiji" title="List of earthquakes in Fiji">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Fiji" title="Provinces of Fiji">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Fiji" title="List of rivers of Fiji">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotuma" title="Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Fiji" title="List of volcanoes in Fiji">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Fiji" title="Category:Fauna of Fiji">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fiji" title="Politics of Fiji">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Chiefs_(Fiji)" title="House of Chiefs (Fiji)">Chiefly system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Fiji" title="Constitution of Fiji">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Fiji" title="Cabinet of Fiji">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Fiji" title="Climate change in Fiji">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Fiji" title="Elections in Fiji">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Fiji" title="Foreign relations of Fiji">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Council_of_Chiefs" title="Great Council of Chiefs">Great Council of Chiefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Great_Council_of_Chiefs" title="Chairman of the Great Council of Chiefs">Chairman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Fiji" title="Human rights in Fiji">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Fiji">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary of Fiji">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Fiji" title="Law enforcement in Fiji">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Fiji" title="Local government in Fiji">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Fiji_Military_Forces" title="Republic of Fiji Military Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Republic_of_Fiji_Military_Forces" title="Commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces">Commander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Fiji" title="Parliament of Fiji">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Fiji" title="List of political parties in Fiji">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Fiji" title="President of Fiji">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Fiji" title="Vice-President of Fiji">Vice-President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Fiji" title="Prime Minister of Fiji">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Fiji)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Fiji)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Charter_for_Change,_Peace_and_Progress" title="People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress">Proposed charter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Fiji" title="Reserve Bank of Fiji">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Fiji" title="Category:Companies of Fiji">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_dollar" title="Fijian dollar">Fijian dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Stock_Exchange" title="South Pacific Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Fiji" title="Transport in Fiji">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Fiji" title="Category:Society of Fiji">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Fiji" title="Demographics of Fiji">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Fiji" title="Education in Fiji">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indo-Fijians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Fiji" title="Health in Fiji">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Fiji" title="Squatting in Fiji">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_Bless_Fiji" title="God Bless Fiji">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Fiji" title="Architecture of Fiji">Architecture</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bure_(Fiji)" title="Bure (Fiji)"><i>bure</i></a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Fiji" title="Cinema of Fiji">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Fiji" title="Coat of arms of Fiji">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Fiji" title="Flag of Fiji">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke"><i>Meke</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dance)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_literature" title="Fijian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Fijians" title="List of Fijians">Notable people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Fiji" title="Sport in Fiji">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">Traditions and ceremonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Fiji" title="Outline of Fiji">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Fiji-related_articles" title="Index of Fiji-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiji" 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