CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>View source for Cecil Rhodes - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":true,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ed4e88aa-9097-4924-ba90-8b7064a95e07","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cecil_Rhodes","wgTitle":"Cecil Rhodes","wgCurRevisionId":1258990862,"wgRevisionId":0,"wgArticleId":168006,"wgIsArticle":false,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"edit","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cecil_Rhodes","wgRelevantArticleId":168006,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.charinsert.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.edit.collapsibleFooter","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.charinsert","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.extra-toolbar-buttons","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.charinsert.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/1200px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1706"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/800px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1137"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg/640px-Cecil_Rhodes_ww.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="910"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="View source for Cecil Rhodes - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cecil_Rhodes rootpage-Cecil_Rhodes skin-vector-2022 action-edit"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cecil+Rhodes&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cecil+Rhodes&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cecil+Rhodes&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cecil+Rhodes&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">View source for Cecil Rhodes</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="This article exist only in this language. Add the article for other languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Add languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cecil_Rhodes" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit" title="Edit this page"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cecil_Rhodes" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cecil_Rhodes" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCecil_Rhodes%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCecil_Rhodes%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19825" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{short description|English mining magnate and politician (1853–1902)}} {{other people}} {{Use South African English|date=May 2013}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | name = Cecil Rhodes | birth_name = Cecil John Rhodes | image = Cecil Rhodes ww.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Rhodes, {{circa}} 1900 | order = 7th | office = Prime Minister of the Cape Colony | term_start = 17 July 1890 | term_end = 12 January 1896 | deputy = | monarch = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] | resting_place = [[Malindidzimu]], [[Matobo National Park]], [[Zimbabwe]] | governor = Sir [[Henry Loch, 1st Baron Loch|Henry Loch]]<br />Sir [[William Gordon Cameron]]<br />Sir [[Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead|Hercules Robinson]] | predecessor = [[John Gordon Sprigg]] | successor = [[John Gordon Sprigg]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1853|7|5|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Bishop's Stortford]], [[Hertfordshire]], England | death_date = {{death date and age|1902|3|26|1853|7|5|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Muizenberg]], [[Cape Colony]] | nationality = British | party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]{{sfn|Pinney|1995|p=72}} | relatives = [[Frank Rhodes (British Army officer)|Frank Rhodes]] (brother) | residence = | alma_mater = [[Oriel College, Oxford]] | occupation = {{hlist|Businessman • politician}} | signature = Cecil Rhodes Signature.jpg | footnotes = }} '''Cecil John Rhodes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɛ|s|əl|_|ˈ|r|oʊ|d|z}} {{respell|SES|əl|_|ROHDZ}}; 5 July 1853{{snd}}26 March 1902){{sfn|The Times|27 March 1902}} was an English mining magnate and politician in [[southern Africa]] who served as [[Prime Minister of the Cape Colony]] from 1890 to 1896. He and his [[British South Africa Company]] founded the southern African territory of [[Rhodesia (region)|Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Zambia]]), which the company named after him in 1895. He also devoted much effort to realising his vision of a [[Cape to Cairo Railway]] through British territory. Rhodes set up the [[Rhodes Scholarship]], which is funded by his estate. The son of a [[vicar]], Rhodes was born at [[Rhodes Arts Complex|Netteswell House]], [[Bishop's Stortford]], [[Hertfordshire]]. A sickly child, he was sent to South Africa by his family when he was 17 years old in the hope that the climate might improve his health. He entered the diamond trade at [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] in 1871, when he was 18, and with funding from [[Rothschild & Co]], began to systematically buy out and consolidate diamond mines. Over the next two decades he gained a near-complete monopoly of the world diamond market. His diamond company [[De Beers]], formed in 1888, retains its prominence into the 21st century. Rhodes entered the [[Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope|Cape Parliament]] at the age of 27 in 1881,{{sfn|Rotberg|1988|p=128}} and in 1890, he became prime minister. During his time as prime minister, Rhodes used his political power to expropriate land from black Africans through the [[Glen Grey Act]], while also tripling the wealth requirement for voting under the [[Franchise and Ballot Act]], effectively barring black people from taking part in elections.<ref name=":02">{{cite news |last=Dowden |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Dowden |date=17 April 1994 |title=Apartheid: made in Britain: Richard Dowden explains how Churchill, Rhodes and Smuts caused black South Africans to lose their rights |work=The Independent |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/apartheid-made-in-britain-richard-dowden-explains-how-churchill-rhodes-and-smuts-caused-black-south-1370856.html |access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=":12">[http://myfundi.co.za/e/History_of_South_Africa_Timeline_%281485-1975%29 History of South Africa Timeline (1485–1975)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913230535/http://myfundi.co.za/e/History_of_South_Africa_Timeline_%281485-1975%29|date=13 September 2011}}</ref> After overseeing the formation of Rhodesia during the early 1890s, he was forced to resign in 1896 after the disastrous [[Jameson Raid]], an unauthorised attack on [[Paul Kruger]]'s [[South African Republic]] (or Transvaal). Rhodes's career never recovered; his heart was weak, and after years of ill health he died in 1902. He was buried in what is now Zimbabwe; his grave has been a controversial site. In his last will, he provided for the establishment of the international [[Rhodes Scholarship]] at [[University of Oxford]], the oldest graduate scholarship in the world. Every year it grants 102 full postgraduate scholarships. It has benefited prime ministers of Malta, Australia, and Canada, United States President [[Bill Clinton]], and many others. With the strengthening of international movements against racism, such as [[Rhodes Must Fall]], Rhodes' legacy is a matter of debate to this day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maylam |first=Paul |date=14 January 2016 |title=What Cecil John Rhodes said in his will about who should get scholarships |url=http://theconversation.com/what-cecil-john-rhodes-said-in-his-will-about-who-should-get-scholarships-53172 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Critics cite his confiscation of land from the black indigenous population of the [[Cape Colony]], and false claims that southern African archeological sites such as [[Great Zimbabwe]] were built by European civilisations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-14 |title='Colonialism had never really ended': my life in the shadow of Cecil Rhodes |url=http://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jan/14/rhodes-must-fall-oxford-colonialism-zimbabwe-simukai-chigudu |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-20 |title=Cecil Rhodes was a racist, but you can't readily expunge him from history {{!}} Will Hutton |url=http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/dec/20/atonement-for-the-past-not-censorship-of-history |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koutonin |first=Mawuna |date=2016-08-18 |title=Lost cities #9: racism and ruins – the plundering of Great Zimbabwe |url=http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/aug/18/great-zimbabwe-medieval-lost-city-racism-ruins-plundering |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> {{TOC limit|3}} ==Origins== Rhodes was born in 1853 in [[Bishop's Stortford]], Hertfordshire, England, the fifth son of [[the Reverend]] Francis William Rhodes (1807–1878) and his wife, Louisa Peacock.<ref name=sahistory.org.za /> Francis was a [[Church of England]] [[clergy]]man who served as [[perpetual curate]] of [[Brentwood, Essex]] (1834–1843), and then as vicar of nearby Bishop's Stortford (1849–1876), where he was well known for never having preached a [[sermon]] longer than ten minutes.<ref name="IndependentAug1995">{{cite news |last1=Davies |first1=Andrew John |title=site unseen : Netteswell House, Bishop's Stortford |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/site-unseen-netteswell-house-bishop-s-stortford-1596387.html |access-date=26 February 2021 |work=The Independent |date=14 August 1995 |language=en}}</ref> Francis was the eldest son of William Rhodes (1774–1855), a brick manufacturer from [[Hackney, Middlesex]]. The family owned significant estates in London's [[Hackney, London|Hackney]] and [[Dalston]] which Cecil would later inherit.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rhodes Settled Estates |url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/9e2b1c35-c6e2-48a4-b87b-dbd3efa6d684 |website=The National Archives}}</ref> The earliest traceable direct ancestor of Cecil Rhodes is James Rhodes ([[Floruit|fl.]] 1660) of Snape Green, [[Whitmore, Staffordshire]].<ref name="bodl_Pape">{{Cite web |title=Papers of the Rhodes Family (Hildersham Hall collection) |work=bodley.ox.ac.uk |access-date=4 August 2019 |url= http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/blcas/rhodes-fam.html }}</ref> Cecil's siblings included [[Frank Rhodes (British Army officer)|Frank Rhodes]], a [[British Army]] officer. == Childhood == {{More citations needed section|date=December 2016}} === England and Jersey === [[File:Cecil Rhodes as a boy.jpg|thumb|Rhodes as a boy]] [[File:Rhodes Arts Complex and Bishop's Stortford Museum - geograph.org.uk - 592543.jpg|thumb|Rhodes' birthplace, now part of [[Rhodes Arts Complex|Bishop's Stortford Museum]]; the bedroom in which he was born is marked by a plaque.]] Rhodes attended the [[Bishop's Stortford]] [[Grammar School]] from the age of nine, but, as a sickly, [[asthmatic]] adolescent, he was taken out of grammar school in 1869 and, according to [[Basil Williams (historian)|Basil Williams]],{{sfn|Williams|1921|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2016}} "continued his studies under his father's eye ..." At age seven, he was recorded in the 1861 census as boarding with his aunt, Sophia Peacock, at a boarding house in [[Jersey]], where the climate was perceived to provide a respite for those with conditions such as [[asthma]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=13 September 2018|title=Doctors, dentists and dancers – the inhabitants of bustling David Place|url=https://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/html5/reader/production/default.aspx?pubname=&pubid=7e167572-56ec-4878-bdf0-e542f200dd61|journal=Jersey Evening Post|page=17|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His health was weak and there were fears that he might be [[Tuberculosis|consumptive]] (have tuberculosis), a disease of which several of the family showed symptoms. His father decided to send him abroad for what were believed the good effects of a sea voyage and a better climate in South Africa. === South Africa === [[File:Cecil Rhodes Young Picture High Quality Version.jpg|200px|thumb|Rhodes at the age of sixteen]] When he arrived in Africa, Rhodes lived on money lent by his aunt Sophia.{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=37}} After a brief stay with the Surveyor-General of [[Colony of Natal|Natal]], [[Peter Cormac Sutherland|P.C. Sutherland]], in [[Pietermaritzburg]], Rhodes took an interest in agriculture. He joined his brother Herbert on his cotton farm in the [[Umkomazi]] valley in Natal. The land was unsuitable for cotton, and the venture failed. In October 1871, 18-year-old Rhodes and his 26-year-old brother Herbert left the colony for the diamond fields of [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] in Northern Cape Province. Financed by [[N M Rothschild & Sons]], Rhodes succeeded over the next 17 years in buying up all the smaller diamond mining operations in the Kimberley area. His monopoly of the world's diamond supply was sealed in 1890 through a strategic partnership with the London-based Diamond Syndicate. They agreed to control world supply to maintain high prices.{{sfn|Epstein|1982|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2016}}{{sfn|Knowles|2005|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2016}} Rhodes supervised the working of his brother's claim and [[speculation|speculated]] on his behalf. Among his associates in the early days were [[John X. Merriman]] and [[Charles Rudd]]. Rudd later became his partner in the [[De Beers|De Beers Mining Company]] and the Niger Oil Company. During the 1880s, [[Boschendal|Cape vineyards]] had been devastated by a [[phylloxera]] epidemic. The diseased vineyards were dug up and replanted, and farmers were looking for alternatives to wine. In 1892, Rhodes financed The [[Pioneer Fruit Growing Company]] at [[Nooitgedacht, South Africa|Nooitgedacht]], a venture created by Harry Pickstone, an Englishman who had experience with fruit-growing in California.{{sfn|Boschendal|2007|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2016}} The shipping magnate [[Percy Molteno]] had just undertaken the first successful refrigerated export to Europe. In 1896, after consulting with Molteno, Rhodes began to pay more attention to export fruit farming and bought farms in Groot Drakenstein, [[Wellington, Western Cape|Wellington]] and Stellenbosch. A year later, he bought Rhone and [[Boschendal]] and commissioned [[Sir Herbert Baker]] to build him a cottage there.{{sfn|Boschendal|2007|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2016}}{{sfn|Picton-Seymour|1989|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2016}} The successful operation soon expanded into [[Rhodes Fruit Farms]], and formed a cornerstone of the modern-day Cape fruit industry.{{sfn| Oberholster |1987|p=91}} === Education === [[File:Rhodes' portrait bust.JPG|thumb|A portrait bust of Rhodes on the first floor of No. 6 [[King Edward Street]] marks the place of his residence whilst in [[Oxford]].]] In 1873, Rhodes left his farm field in the care of his business partner, Rudd, and sailed for England to study at university. He was admitted to [[Oriel College, Oxford]], but stayed for only one term in 1874. He returned to South Africa and did not return for his second term at Oxford until 1876. He was greatly influenced by [[John Ruskin]]'s inaugural lecture at [[Oxford University|Oxford]], which reinforced his own attachment to the cause of British [[imperialism]]. Among his Oxford associates were [[James Rochfort Maguire]], later a fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]] and a director of the [[British South Africa Company]], and Charles Metcalfe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhodes the Matrix {{!}} Whites Writing Whiteness |url=https://www.whiteswritingwhiteness.ed.ac.uk/blog/rhodes-the-matrix/ |access-date=24 May 2022 |website=www.whiteswritingwhiteness.ed.ac.uk}}</ref> Due to his university career, Rhodes admired the Oxford tutorial system. Eventually, he was inspired to develop his scholarship scheme: "Wherever you turn your eye—except in science—an Oxford man is at the top of the tree".{{sfn|Alexander|1914|p=259}} While attending Oriel College, Rhodes became a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] in the [[Apollo University Lodge]]. Although initially he did not approve of the organisation, he continued to be a [[Freemasonry in South Africa|South African Freemason]] until his death in 1902. The shortcomings of the Freemasons, in his opinion, later caused him to envisage his own secret society with the goal of bringing the entire world under British rule.{{sfn|Thomas|1997|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2016}} == Diamonds and the establishment of De Beers == [[File:De Beers Consolidated Mines 1902.jpg|thumb|Preference Share of the De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd., issued 1. March 1902]] [[File:Cecil Rhodes by Violet manners.jpg|thumb|Sketch of Rhodes by [[Violet Manners, Duchess of Rutland|Violet Manners]] ]] During his years at Oxford, Rhodes continued to prosper in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]]. Before his departure for Oxford, he and C.D. Rudd had moved from the [[Big Hole|Kimberley Mine]] to invest in the more costly claims of what was known as old De Beers (''Vooruitzicht''). It was named after Johannes Nicolaas de Beer and his brother, Diederik Arnoldus, who occupied the farm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.capetowndiamondmuseum.org/about-diamonds/famous-people/|title=Famous People in the Diamond Industry|publisher=Cape Town Diamond Museum|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> After purchasing the land in 1839 from David Danser, a [[Griqua people|Koranna]] chief in the area, David Stephanus Fourie, forebear of Claudine Fourie-Grosvenor, had allowed the de Beers and various other Afrikaner families to cultivate the land. The region extended from the [[Modder River]] via the Vet River up to the [[Vaal River]].{{sfn|Rosenthal|1965|p=}}{{page needed|date=February 2016}} In 1874 and 1875, the diamond fields were in the grip of depression, but Rhodes and Rudd were among those who stayed to consolidate their interests. They believed that diamonds would be numerous in the hard [[Kimberlite|blue ground]] that had been exposed after the softer, yellow layer near the surface had been worked out. During this time, the technical problem of clearing out the water that was flooding the mines became serious. Rhodes and Rudd obtained the contract for pumping water out of the three main mines. After Rhodes returned from his first term at Oxford, he lived with Robert Dundas Graham, who later became a mining partner with Rudd and Rhodes.{{sfn|Rotberg|1988|pp=76–}} On 13 March 1888, Rhodes and Rudd launched [[De Beers Consolidated Mines]] after the amalgamation of a number of individual claims. With £200,000 of capital, the company, of which Rhodes was secretary, owned the largest interest in the mine (£200,000 in 1880 = £22.5m in 2020 = $28.5m USD).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://measuringworth.com/calculators/ppoweruk/ |title=Purchasing Power of Pound |publisher=Measuring Worth |date=15 February 1971 |access-date=11 June 2020}}</ref> Rhodes was named the chairman of [[De Beers]] at the company's founding in 1888. De Beers was established with funding from [[Rothschild & Co|N.M. Rothschild & Sons]] in 1887.{{efn| With the provision of funding for the creation of De Beers in 1887, Rothschild also turned to investment in the mining of precious stones, in Africa and India. Today it markets 40% of the world's rough diamonds, and at one time marketed 90%.{{sfn|Martin|2009|p=162}} }} == Politics in South Africa == [[File:Cecil john rhodes00.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Cecil Rhodes (Sketch by [[Mortimer Menpes]])]] {{More citations needed section|date=September 2014}} In 1880, Rhodes prepared to enter public life at the Cape. With the earlier incorporation of [[Griqualand West]] into the [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]] under the [[John Charles Molteno|Molteno Ministry]] in 1877, the area had obtained six seats in the [[Parliament of the Cape of Good Hope|Cape House of Assembly]]. Rhodes chose the rural and predominately [[Boer]] constituency of [[Barkly West]], which would remain loyal to Rhodes until his death.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cecil-Rhodes|title=Cecil Rhodes {{!}} Prime Minister of Cape Colony|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en}}</ref> When Rhodes became a member of the [[Cape Parliament]], the chief goal of the assembly was to help decide the future of [[Basutoland]].<ref name="sahistory.org.za" /> The ministry of Sir [[Gordon Sprigg]] was trying to restore order after the 1880 rebellion known as the [[Gun War]]. The Sprigg ministry had precipitated the revolt by applying its policy of disarming all native Africans to those of the [[Basotho]] nation, who resisted. In 1890, Rhodes became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony. He introduced various Acts of Parliament to push black people from their lands and make way for industrial development. Rhodes's view was that black people needed to be driven off their land to "stimulate them to labour" and to change their habits.{{sfn|Martin|2009|p=}} "It must be brought home to them", Rhodes said, "that in future nine-tenths of them will have to spend their lives in manual labour, and the sooner that is brought home to them the better."{{sfn|Martin|2009|p=}} In 1892, Rhodes's [[Franchise and Ballot Act]] raised the property requirements from a relatively low £25 to a significantly higher £75 which had a disproportionate effect on the previously growing number of enfranchised black people in the Cape under the [[Cape Qualified Franchise]] that had been in force since 1853.<ref name=":1">[http://myfundi.co.za/e/History_of_South_Africa_Timeline_%281485-1975%29 History of South Africa Timeline (1485–1975)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913230535/http://myfundi.co.za/e/History_of_South_Africa_Timeline_%281485-1975%29 |date=13 September 2011 }}</ref> By limiting the amount of land which black Africans were legally allowed to hold in the [[Glen Grey Act]] of 1894, Rhodes further disenfranchised the black population. To quote [[Richard Dowden]], most would now "find it almost impossible to get back on the list because of the legal limit on the amount of land they could hold".<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Apartheid: made in Britain: Richard Dowden explains how Churchill, Rhodes and Smuts caused black South Africans to lose their rights |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/apartheid-made-in-britain-richard-dowden-explains-how-churchill-rhodes-and-smuts-caused-black-south-1370856.html |first=Richard |last=Dowden |author-link=Richard Dowden |work=The Independent |location=London |date=17 April 1994 |access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> In addition, Rhodes was an early architect of the [[Natives Land Act, 1913]], which would limit the areas of the country where black Africans were allowed to settle to less than 10%.<ref name="coloniallegacymustfallnothisstatue" /> At the time, Rhodes would argue that "the native is to be treated as a child and denied the franchise. We must adopt a system of despotism, such as works in [[British Raj|India]], in our relations with the barbarism of South Africa."{{sfn|Magubane|1996|p=108}} Rhodes also introduced educational reform to the area. His policies were instrumental in the development of [[British Empire|British imperial]] policies in South Africa, such as the [[Hut tax]].[[File:Rhodes home QE1 137.jpg|thumb|[[Groote Schuur]] in 1899, Rhode's home in Cape Town at the time.]]Rhodes did not, however, have direct political power over the independent Boer Republic of the [[Transvaal Republic|Transvaal]].{{citation needed|date=September 2014}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/south-africa-and-build-1899|title=South Africa before and in the build up to 1899|date=8 November 2011|website=South African History Online|language=en|access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref> He often disagreed with the Transvaal government's policies, which he considered unsupportive of mine-owners' interests. In 1895, believing he could use his influence to overthrow the Boer government,<ref name="sahistory.org.za" /> Rhodes supported the [[Jameson Raid]], an unsuccessful attempt to create an uprising in the Transvaal that had the tacit approval of [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Joseph Chamberlain]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32131829|title=Why is Cecil Rhodes such a controversial figure?|last=Parkinson|first=Justin|date=1 April 2015|work=BBC News|access-date=20 July 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> The raid was a catastrophic failure. It forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, sent his oldest brother Col. [[Frank Rhodes (British Army officer)|Frank Rhodes]] to jail in Transvaal convicted of [[high treason]] and nearly sentenced to death, and contributed to the outbreak of the [[Second Boer War]]. In 1899, Rhodes was sued by a man named Burrows for falsely representing the purpose of the raid and thereby convincing him to participate in the raid. Burrows was severely wounded and had to have his leg amputated. His suit for £3,000 in damages was successful.<ref>''Burrows v. Rhodes and Jameson,'' [1899] 1 Q B 816 [http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol134lc.html], South Africa Military History</ref> == Expanding the British Empire == === Rhodes and the Imperial Factor === [[File:Punch Rhodes Colossus.png|thumb|upright=1.2|"[[The Rhodes Colossus]]" – a [[cartoon]] by [[Edward Linley Sambourne]], published in ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' after Rhodes announced plans for a railway connection and [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] line from [[Cape Town]] to [[Cairo]] in 1892.]] Rhodes used his wealth and that of his business partner [[Alfred Beit]] and other investors to pursue his dream of creating a [[British Empire]] in new territories to the north by obtaining [[mineral rights|mineral concessions]] from the most powerful [[Indigenous peoples of Africa|indigenous]] [[tribal chief|chief]]s. Rhodes' competitive advantage over other mineral prospecting companies was his combination of wealth and astute political instincts, also called the "imperial factor," as he often collaborated with the British Government. He befriended its local representatives, the British [[Commissioner]]s, and through them organized British [[protectorate]]s over the mineral concession areas via separate but related treaties. In this way he obtained both legality and security for mining operations. He could then attract more investors. Imperial expansion and capital investment went hand in hand.{{sfn|Parsons|1993|pp=179–81}}{{sfn|Rönnbäck|Broberg|2019|p=30}} The imperial factor was a double-edged sword: Rhodes did not want the [[bureaucrat]]s of the [[Colonial Office]] in London to interfere in the Empire in Africa. He wanted British settlers and local politicians and governors to run it. This put him on a collision course with many in Britain, as well as with British [[missionaries]], who favoured what they saw as the more ethical direct rule from London. Rhodes prevailed because he would pay the cost of administering the territories to the north of South Africa against his future mining profits. The Colonial Office did not have enough funding for this. Rhodes promoted his business interests as in the strategic interest of Britain: preventing the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], the [[German colonial empire|Germans]] or the [[Boers]] from moving into south-central Africa. Rhodes's companies and agents cemented these advantages by obtaining many mining concessions, as exemplified by the Rudd and Lochner Concessions.{{sfn|Parsons|1993|pp=179–81}} === Treaties, concessions and charters === Rhodes had already tried and failed to get a mining concession from [[Lobengula]], King of the [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]] of [[Matabeleland]]. In 1888 he tried again. He sent [[John Smith Moffat]], son of the missionary [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]], who was trusted by Lobengula, to persuade the latter to sign a treaty of friendship with Britain, and to look favourably on Rhodes's proposals. His associate Charles Rudd, together with Francis Thompson and Rochfort Maguire, assured Lobengula that no more than ten white men would mine in Matabeleland. This limitation was left out of the document, known as the [[Rudd Concession]], which Lobengula signed. Furthermore, it stated that the mining companies could do anything necessary to their operations. When Lobengula discovered later the true effects of the concession, he tried to renounce it, but the British Government ignored him.{{sfn|Parsons|1993|pp=179–81}} During the company's early days, Rhodes and his associates set themselves up to make millions (hundreds of millions in current pounds) over the coming years through what has been described as a "''[[:wiktionary:suppressio veri|suppressio veri]]''&nbsp;... which must be regarded as one of Rhodes's least creditable actions".{{sfn|Blake|1977|p=55}} Contrary to what the British government and the public had been allowed to think, the Rudd Concession was not vested in the [[British South Africa Company]], but in a short-lived ancillary concern of Rhodes, Rudd and a few others called the ''Central Search Association'', which was quietly formed in London in 1889. This entity renamed itself the ''United Concessions Company'' in 1890, and soon after sold the Rudd Concession to the Chartered Company for 1,000,000 shares. When Colonial Office functionaries discovered this chicanery in 1891, they advised [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] [[Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford|Viscount Knutsford]] to consider revoking the concession, but no action was taken.{{sfn|Blake|1977|p=55}} Armed with the Rudd Concession, in 1889 Rhodes obtained a [[charter]] from the British Government for his British South Africa Company (BSAC) to rule, police, and make new treaties and concessions from the [[Limpopo River]] to the great lakes of Central Africa. He obtained further concessions and treaties north of the [[Zambezi]], such as those in [[Barotseland]] (the Lochner Concession with King [[Lewanika]] in 1890, which was similar to the Rudd Concession); and in the [[Lake Mweru]] area ([[Alfred Sharpe]]'s 1890 [[Kazembe]] concession). Rhodes also sent Sharpe to get a concession over mineral-rich [[Katanga Province|Katanga]], but met his match in ruthlessness: when Sharpe was rebuffed by its ruler [[Msiri]], King [[Leopold II of Belgium]] obtained a concession over Msiri's dead body for his [[Congo Free State]].{{sfn|Rönnbäck|Broberg|2019|p=30}} Rhodes also wanted [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] incorporated in the BSAC charter. But three [[Tswana people|Tswana]] kings, including [[Khama III]], travelled to Britain and won over British public opinion for it to remain governed by the British Colonial Office in London. Rhodes commented: "It is humiliating to be utterly beaten by these niggers."{{sfn|Parsons|1993|pp=179–81}} The British Colonial Office also decided to administer [[British Central Africa]] owing to{{Clarify|date=December 2015}} the activism of [[David Livingstone]] trying to end the [[Arab slave trade|East African Arab-Swahili slave trade]]. Rhodes paid much of the cost so that the British Central Africa Commissioner Sir [[Harry Johnston]], and his successor [[Alfred Sharpe]], would assist with security for Rhodes in the BSAC's north-eastern territories. Johnston shared Rhodes's expansionist views, but he and his successors were not as pro-settler as Rhodes, and disagreed on dealings with Africans. === Rhodesia === {{main|Company rule in Rhodesia}} [[File:Rhodes matabele 1896.jpg|right|thumb|360px|Rhodes and the Ndebele ''izinDuna'' make peace in the [[Matopos Hills]], as depicted by [[Robert Baden-Powell]], 1896]] The BSAC had its own police force, the [[British South Africa Police]], which was used to control [[Matabeleland]] and [[Mashonaland]], in present-day [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Burrett|first=Robert S|date=2001|title='It's mine' 'No, it's mine!' Early company squabbles over the border areas of the Tati Concession|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40980292|journal= Botswana Notes and Records|volume=33|pages=13–25|jstor=40980292|via=}}</ref> The company had hoped to start a "new [[Witwatersrand|Rand]]" from the ancient gold mines of the [[Shona people|Shona]]. Because gold deposits weren't as plentiful as they had hoped, many of the white settlers who accompanied the BSAC to Mashonaland became farmers rather than miners. White settlers and their locally-employed Native Police engaged in widespread indiscriminate rape of Ndebele women in the early 1890s.<ref>Robert Blake ''A History of Rhodesia'' pp. 119–20 {{ISBN?}}</ref> The [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]] and the [[Shona people|Shona]]—the two main, but rival, peoples—took advantage of the absence of most of the BSAP for the Jameson Raid in January 1896; they separately rebelled against the coming of the European settlers, and the BSAC defeated them in the [[Second Matabele War]]. Rhodes went to Matabeleland after his resignation as Cape Colony Premier, and appointed himself Colonel in his own column of irregular troops moving from [[Harare|Salisbury]] to [[Bulawayo]] to relieve the siege of whites there. He remained Managing Director of the BSAC (with power of attorney to take decisions without reference back to the Board in London) until June 1896, defying Chamberlain's calls to resign, and he gave instructions that no mercy be shown in putting down the rebellion, telling officers that "Your instructions are" he told a major, to "do the most harm you can to the natives around you."<ref name="The Real Cecil Rhodes">{{Cite web|date=19 November 2021|title=The Real Cecil Rhodes|url=https://newpolitic.com/2021/11/the-real-cecil-rhodes/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=New Politic|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220172226/https://newpolitic.com/2021/11/the-real-cecil-rhodes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He ordered a police officer to "kill all you can", even those Ndebele who begged for mercy and threw down their arms.{{sfn|Rotberg|1988|pp=555–59}} Shortly after learning of the assassination of the Ndebele spiritual leader, Mlimo, by the American scout [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], and after participating in the cavalry charge at one of the last pitched battles of this phase of the war, Rhodes' associate Johan Colenbrander arranged for a meeting with the remaining Ndebele chiefs. Rhodes and a few colleagues walked unarmed into the Ndebele stronghold in [[Matobo Hills]].{{sfn|Panton|2015|p=321}} In a series of meetings between August and October, he persuaded the [[Impi]] to lay down their arms, thus ending the Second Matabele War.{{sfn|Farwell|2001|pp=539–}} In the aftermath of the war in Matabeleland, but whilst the uprising in Mashonaland was being suppressed, Rhodes returned to London to give evidence to the UK House of Commons Select Committee of Enquiry into the Jameson Raid. As Rhodes had incriminating telegrams demonstrating the complicity and foreknowledge of the Raid by Joseph Chamberlain, the Colonial Secretary, he and his solicitor were able to blackmail Chamberlain into retaining the BSAC Charter, leaving the [[Company rule in Rhodesia|Company in charge of administering]] the territory north of the Limpopo even as it became a [[Crown colony]].<ref>Andrew Roberts Salisbury: ''Victorian Titan'' pp. 635–37</ref> Rhodes returned to Mashonaland, further overseeing the suppression of the uprising there into 1897. The scandal attached to his name did not prevent him rejoining the board of the BSAC in 1898. He remained an MP in the Cape Parliament and a Privy Councillor. By the end of 1894, the territories over which the BSAC had concessions or treaties, collectively called "Zambesia" after the [[Zambezi River]] flowing through the middle, comprised an area of 1,143,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> between the [[Limpopo River]] and [[Lake Tanganyika]]. In May 1895, its name was officially changed to "Rhodesia", reflecting Rhodes's popularity among settlers who had been using the name informally since 1891. The designation [[Southern Rhodesia]] was officially adopted in 1898 for the part south of the Zambezi, which later became Zimbabwe; and the designations [[North-Western Rhodesia|North-Western]] and [[North-Eastern Rhodesia]] were used from 1895 for the territory which later became [[Northern Rhodesia]], then [[Zambia]].{{sfn|Gray|1956}}{{sfn|Gray|1954}} He built a [[State House (Bulawayo)|house for himself]] in 1897 in Bulawayo. [[Image:South Africa Committee Vanity Fair 1897-11-25.jpg|thumb|370px|"Empire Makers and Breakers" depicted by [[Henry Wright (artist)|Henry Wright]], showing a scene at the South Africa Committee in 1897. Left to right: Her Majesty's Attorney-General [[Richard Webster, 1st Viscount Alverstone|Richard Webster]], [[Henry Labouchère]] (remembered for the [[Labouchère Amendment]], which for the first time criminalised all male homosexual activity), Cecil Rhodes, 'The Squire of Malwood' [[William Harcourt (politician)|William Harcourt]], and [[Joseph Chamberlain]].]] Rhodes decreed in his will that he was to be buried in Matopos Hills (now Matobo Hills). After his death in the Cape in 1902, his body was transported by train to [[Bulawayo]]. His burial was attended by Ndebele chiefs, now paid agents of the BSAC administration, who asked that the firing party should not discharge their rifles as this would disturb the spirits. Then, for the first time, they gave a white man the Matabele royal salute, Bayete. Rhodes is buried alongside [[Leander Starr Jameson]] and 34 British soldiers killed in the [[Shangani Patrol]].{{sfn|Domville-Fife|1900 |p=89}} Despite occasional efforts to return his body to the United Kingdom, his grave remains there still, "part and parcel of the history of Zimbabwe" and attracts thousands of visitors each year.{{sfn|Laing|2012}} === "Cape to Cairo Red Line" === [[File:Flag of Cecil Rhodes' Cape to Cairo.svg|thumb|left|150px|Rhodes' personal flag symbolising his "Cape to Cairo" dream]] [[File:Colonial Africa 1913 map.svg|thumb|right|upright|Map showing almost complete British control of the Cape to Cairo route, 1913<br />{{Legend|#fbc5c0|British control}}]] {{main|Cape to Cairo Railway|Cape to Cairo Road}} One of Rhodes's dreams was for a "red line" on the map from the Cape to Cairo (on geo-political maps, British dominions were always denoted in red or pink). Rhodes had been instrumental in securing southern African states for the Empire. He and others felt the best way to "unify the possessions, facilitate governance, enable the military to move quickly to hot spots or conduct war, help settlement, and foster trade" would be to build the "Cape to Cairo Railway".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/13/travel/an-african-journey-from-the-cape-to-cairo.html|title=An African Journal, From the Cape to Cairo|newspaper=The New York Times|author=Barbara Crossette|date=13 November 1983 |access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> This enterprise was not without its problems. [[French Third Republic|France]] had a conflicting strategy in the late 1890s to link its colonies from west to east across the continent<ref>William Roger Louis, and Prosser Gifford, eds. ''France and Britain in Africa: imperial rivalry and colonial rule'' (Yale University Press, 1971).</ref> and the Portuguese produced the "[[Pink Map]]",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/545-the-mapa-cor-de-rosa-a-portuguese-empire-that-never-was|title=The Mapa Cor-de-rosa: A Portuguese Empire That Never Was |date=20 December 2011 |publisher=Think Big|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> representing their claims to sovereignty in Africa. Ultimately, [[Belgium]] and [[German Empire|Germany]] proved to be the main obstacles to the British objective until the United Kingdom conquered and seized [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]] from the Germans as a [[League of Nations mandate]] in [[World War I]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/tanganyika.htm|title=Tanganyika Mandate|access-date=25 September 2018}}</ref> == Political views == <span id="Racism"></span> <div style="float:right;clear:right">[[File:CecilRhodes.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Cecil Rhodes]]</div> Rhodes wanted to expand the British Empire because he believed that the [[Anglo-Saxon]] [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] was destined to greatness.<ref name=sahistory.org.za /> In what he described as "a draft of some of my ideas" written in 1877 while a student at Oxford, Rhodes said of the English, "I contend that we are the first race in the world, and that the more of the world we inhabit the better it is for the human race. I contend that every acre added to our territory means the birth of more of the English race who otherwise would not be brought into existence."{{sfn|Rhodes|1902|p=58}} Rhodes bemoaned that there was little land left to conquer and said "to think of these stars that you see overhead at night, these vast worlds which we can never reach. I would annex the planets if I could; I often think of that. It makes me sad to see them so clear and yet so far".{{sfn|Bell|2022|p=131}} Furthermore Rhodes saw imperialism as a way to alleviate domestic social problems - "In order to save the 40,000,000 inhabitants of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] from a bloody civil war, we colonial statesmen must acquire new lands to settle the surplus population, to provide new markets for the goods produced in the factories and mines. The Empire, as I have always said, is a bread and butter question. If you want to avoid civil war, you must become imperialists".{{sfn|Parry|1983}} Rhodes wanted to develop a Commonwealth in which all of the British-dominated countries in the empire would be [[Imperial Federation|represented in the British Parliament]].{{sfn|Rotberg|1988|p=150}} Rhodes explicitly stipulated in his will that all races should be eligible for the scholarships.{{sfn|Biggar|2016}} It is said that he wanted to develop an American elite of [[philosopher-kings]] who would have the United States rejoin the British Empire. As Rhodes also respected and admired the Germans and their [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser]], he allowed German students to be included in the Rhodes scholarships. He believed that eventually the United Kingdom (including Ireland), the US, and Germany together would dominate the world and ensure perpetual peace.{{sfn|Flint|2009|p=}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}} Rhodes's views on race have been debated; he supported the rights of indigenous Africans to vote,{{sfn|Magubane|1996|p=109}} but critics have labelled him as an "architect of [[apartheid]]"{{sfn|Castle|2016}} and a "[[white supremacy|white supremacist]]", particularly since 2015.<ref name=coloniallegacymustfallnothisstatue>{{cite news |title='Cecil Rhodes' colonial legacy must fall – not his statue' |first=Siya |last=Mnyanda |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/25/south-africa-rhodesmustfall-statue |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=25 March 2015 |access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref name=wilsonrhodesmustfall>{{cite news |title=Woodrow Wilson and Cecil Rhodes must fall |author=Karen Attiah |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2015/11/25/woodrow-wilson-and-cecil-rhodes-must-fall/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |location=Washington, D.C. |date=25 November 2015 |access-date=15 January 2016|author-link=Karen Attiah }}</ref><ref name=rhodestogandhi>{{cite news |title=From Cecil Rhodes to Mahatma Gandhi: why is South Africa tearing its statues down? |first=Martin |last=Plaut |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2015/04/cecil-rhodes-mahatma-gandhi-why-south-africa-tearing-its-statues-down |work=New Statesman |location=London |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=15 January 2016}}</ref> According to Magubane, Rhodes was "unhappy that in many Cape Constituencies, Africans could be decisive if more of them exercised this right to vote under current law [referring to the Cape Qualified Franchise]," with Rhodes arguing that "the native is to be treated as a child and denied the franchise. We must adopt a system of despotism, such as works in India, in our relations with the barbarism of South Africa".{{sfn|Magubane|1996|p=108}} Rhodes advocated the governance of indigenous Africans living in the Cape Colony "in a state of barbarism and communal tenure" as "a subject race. I do not go so far as the member for Victoria West, who would not give the black man a vote.&nbsp;... If the whites maintain their position as the supreme race, the day may come when we shall be thankful that we have the natives with us in their proper position."{{sfn|Magubane|1996|p=109}} He once stated "I prefer land to niggers" and referred to the 'Anglo-Saxon race' as "the best, most human, most honourable race the world possesses".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Phillip |first1=Riley |title=Language, Culture and Identity: An Ethnolinguistic Perspective |date=2007 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=29}}</ref> He thought that those lands which were occupied by the "most despicable specimens of human beings" should be inhabited by Anglo-Saxons.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robert I. |first1=Rotberg |last2=Shore |first2=Miles F. |title=The Founder Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=100}}</ref> <div style="float:right;clear:right">[[File:Mortimer Menpes, Cecil Rhodes 1901.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Rhodes by [[Mortimer Menpes]], 1901]]</div> However others have disputed these views. For example, historian Raymond C. Mensing notes that Rhodes has the reputation as the most flamboyant exemplar of the British imperial spirit, and always believed that British institutions were the best. Mensing argues that Rhodes quietly developed a more nuanced concept of imperial federation in Africa, and that his mature views were more balanced and realistic. According to Mensing, "Rhodes was not a [[Scientific racism|biological or maximal racist]]. Despite his support for what became the basis for the apartheid system, he is best seen as a [[Cultural racism|cultural or minimal racist]]".<ref>{{harvnb|Mensing|1986|pp=99–106}}</ref> In a 2016 opinion piece for ''[[The Times]]'', [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]] professor [[Nigel Biggar]] argued that although Rhodes was a committed [[Imperialism|imperialist]], the charges of racism against him are unfounded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moyse |first=Ashley |date=2016 |title=The Controversial Legacy of Cecil Rhodes |url=https://www.mcdonaldcentre.org.uk/news/controversial-legacy-cecil-rhodes |access-date= |website=[[McDonald Centre]]}}</ref> In a 2021 article, Biggar further argued that:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biggar |first=Nigel |date=12 August 2021 |title=Cecil Rhodes and the Abuse of History |url=https://historyreclaimed.co.uk/cecil-rhodes-and-the-abuse-of-history/ |access-date= |website=History Reclaimed |language=en-GB}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=If Rhodes was a racist, he would not have enjoyed cordial relations with individual Africans, he would not have regarded them as capable of civilisation, and he would not have supported their right to vote at all. Nor would he have stipulated in his final will of July 1899 that the scholarships that would famously bear his name should be awarded without regard for “race”. And yet he did all these things.}} On domestic politics within Britain, Rhodes was a supporter of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]].{{sfn|Pinney|1995|p=72}} Rhodes' only major impact was his large-scale support of the Irish nationalist party, led by [[Charles Stewart Parnell]] (1846–1891).{{sfn|McCracken|2003|pp=22–24}} Rhodes worked well with the Afrikaners in the Cape Colony; he supported teaching Dutch as well as English in public schools. While Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, he helped to remove most of their legal disabilities.{{sfn|Flint|2009}} He was a friend of [[Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (Onze Jan)|Jan Hofmeyr]], leader of the [[Afrikaner Bond]], and it was largely because of Afrikaner support that he became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony.{{sfn|Rotberg|1988|pp=131–33}} Rhodes advocated greater self-government for the Cape Colony, in line with his preference for the empire to be controlled by local settlers and politicians rather than by London. Scholar and Zimbabwean author [[Peter Godwin]], whilst critical of Rhodes, writes that he needs to be viewed via the prisms and cultural and social perspective of his epoch, positing that Rhodes "was no 19th-century Hitler. He wasn't so much a freak as a man of his time...Rhodes and the white pioneers in southern Africa did behave despicably by today's standards, but no worse than the white settlers in North America, South America, and Australia; and in some senses better, considering that the genocide of natives in Africa was less complete. For all the former African colonies are now ruled by indigenous peoples, unlike the Americas and the Antipodes, most of whose aboriginal natives were all but exterminated." Godwin goes on to say "Rhodes and his cronies fit in perfectly with their surroundings and conformed to the morality (or lack of it) of the day. As is so often the case, history simply followed the gravitational pull of superior firepower." == Personal relationships == === Personal life === Rhodes never married, pleading, "I have too much work on my hands" and saying that he would not be a dutiful husband.{{sfn|Plomer|1984|p=}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}} According to his personal banker, Lewis Mitchell, Rhodes "took, on occasions, a singularly human interest in the welfare of young men, and read their characters with discernment... Once, when twitted [teased] with his preference for young men, he retorted, 'Of course, of course, they must soon take up our work; we must teach them what to do and what to avoid.'" According to his secretary, Philip Jourdan, he "seemed to have a liking for young men" and was "particularly partial to people with blue eyes."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Calderisi |first1=Robert |title=Cecil Rhodes and Other Statues: Dealing Plainly with the Past |date=2021 |publisher=Gatekeeper Press |isbn=978-1662916458}}</ref>{{sfn|Maylam|2005|p=22}} Graham Bower, the deputy to [[Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead|Sir Hercules Robinson]], described the relationship between Rhodes and his private secretary Neville Pickering as "an absolutely lover-like friendship."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aldrich |first1=Robert |title=Colonialism and Homosexuality |date=2003 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415196159}}</ref> Rhodes' biographers have been divided on the question of his sexuality. John Gilbert Lockhart and [[Montague Woodhouse, 5th Baron Terrington|C.M. Woodhouse]] denied that Rhodes was homosexual, while [[Stuart Cloete]] and [[Antony Thomas]] took the view that he was [[Asexuality|asexual]]. [[Robert I. Rotberg]] and [[Brian Roberts (historian)|Brian Roberts]] have asserted that he was homosexual.{{sfn|Maylam|2005|p=22}} According to Rotberg, that Rhodes was homosexual is "indisputable on the basis of the available evidence."{{sfn|Rotberg|1988|pp=408–}} [[The BBC]]'s biographical drama series ''[[Rhodes (TV series)|Rhodes]]'' (1996), written by [[Antony Thomas]], treated him as gay. Robin Brown has claimed in ''The Secret Society: Cecil John Rhodes’s Plan for a New World Order'' that Rhodes was [[homosexual]] who was in love with Neville Pickering, and that he established "… a homosexual hegemony—which was already operative in the Secret Society—[and] went on to influence, if not control, British politics at the beginning of the twentieth century".<ref>Robin Brown, ''The Secret Society: Cecil John Rhodes' Plan for a New World Order'' (Penguin: 2015).</ref> Paul Maylam of [[Rhodes University]] criticised Brown's book in a review for ''[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]'' as "based heavily on surmise and assertion" and lacking "referenced source material to substantiate its claims", as well as being riddled with basic factual errors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2016 |title=Rhodes: closet gay man who hatched a secret society to promote empire? |url=https://theconversation.com/amp/rhodes-closet-gay-man-who-hatched-a-secret-society-to-promote-empire-53850 |access-date=7 March 2021 |website=theconversation.com}}</ref> === Princess Radziwiłł === In the last years of his life, Rhodes was [[stalking|stalked]] by Polish princess [[Catherine Radziwill|Catherine Radziwiłł]], born [[Rzewuski family|Rzewuska]], who had married into the [[szlachta|noble]] Polish family [[Radziwiłł]]. The princess falsely claimed that she was engaged to Rhodes, and that they were having an affair. She asked him to marry her, but Rhodes refused. In reaction, she accused him of loan [[fraud]]. He had to go to trial and testify against her accusation. She wrote a [[biography]] of Rhodes called ''Cecil Rhodes: Man and Empire Maker''.{{sfn|Radziwill|1918|p=}}{{page needed|date=December 2016}} Her accusations were eventually proven to be false.{{sfn|Lockhart|Woodhouse|1963|p=487}} == Second Boer War == {{main|Siege of Kimberley}} [[File:Le Rire issue 276 1900-02-17 cph.3b48494.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|French caricature of Rhodes, showing him trapped in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] during the [[Second Boer War]], here peering from a tower clutching papers, with a champagne bottle behind his collar.]] During the [[Second Boer War]] Rhodes went to [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]] at the onset of the [[Siege of Kimberley|siege]], in a calculated move to raise the political stakes on the government to dedicate resources to the defence of the city. The military felt he was more of a liability than an asset and found him intolerable. The officer commanding the garrison of Kimberley, Lieutenant Colonel [[Robert Kekewich]], experienced serious personal difficulties with Rhodes because of the latter's inability to co-operate.{{sfn|Pakenham|1992|pp=321–23}}{{sfn|Phelan|1913|p=}} Despite these differences, Rhodes' company was instrumental in the defence of the city, providing water and refrigeration facilities, constructing fortifications, and manufacturing an [[armoured train]], shells and a one-off gun named [[Long Cecil]].{{sfn|Roberts|1976|p=}} Rhodes used his position and influence to lobby the British government to relieve the siege of Kimberley, claiming in the press that the situation in the city was desperate. The military wanted to assemble a large force to take the Boer cities of [[Bloemfontein]] and [[Pretoria]], but they were compelled to change their plans and send three separate smaller forces to relieve the sieges of Kimberley, [[Siege of Mafeking|Mafeking]] and [[Siege of Ladysmith|Ladysmith]].{{sfn|Thompson|2007|pp=131–}} == Death == [[File:Cecil Rhodes Funeral.png|thumb|upright=1.2|left|Funeral procession of Rhodes in [[Adderley Street]], [[Cape Town]], on 3 April 1902]] Although Rhodes remained a leading figure in the politics of southern Africa, especially during the Second Boer War, he was dogged by ill health throughout his relatively short life. He was sent to Natal aged 16 because it was believed the climate might help problems with his heart. On returning to England in 1872, his health again deteriorated with heart and lung problems, to the extent that his doctor, Sir [[Morell Mackenzie]], believed he would survive only six months. He returned to Kimberley where his health improved. From age 40 his heart condition returned with increasing severity until his death from heart failure in 1902, aged 48, at his seaside cottage in [[Muizenberg]].{{sfn|The Times|27 March 1902}} The government arranged an epic journey by train from the Cape to Rhodesia, with the funeral train stopping at every station to allow mourners to pay their respects. It was reported that at Kimberley, "practically the entire population marched in procession past the funeral car".<ref>"Mr. Rhodes's Bequests", ''New-York Tribune'', 6 April 1902, p. 4</ref> He was finally laid to rest at [[Malindidzimu|World's View]], a hilltop located approximately {{convert|35|km|mi}} south of [[Bulawayo]], in what was then [[Rhodesia]].{{sfn|Wilson|2016|p=848}} Today, his gravesite is part of [[Matobo National Park]], Zimbabwe. ==Legacy== [[File:5 Crown Elizabeth II Cecil Rhodes - 1953.png|thumb|250px|[[Silver coin]]: 1 crown [[Southern Rhodesia]]; Bust of Cecil John Rhodes, the Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, colonial magnate, and namesake of Southern Rhodesia, in a circle in the center and three shields for each colony developed by Rhodes, representing (from left to right) Northern Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Nyasaland below, all flanked by two wreaths wrapped in banners]] Rhodes has been the target of much recent criticism, with some historians attacking him as a ruthless imperialist and [[white supremacist]].{{sfn|Maylam|2005|p=6}} The continued presence of his grave in the Matopos (now Matobo) hills has not been without controversy in contemporary Zimbabwe. In December 2010, [[Cain Mathema]], the governor of Bulawayo, branded the grave outside the country's second city an "insult to the African ancestors" and said he believed its presence had brought bad luck and poor weather to the region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kenrick|first=David|title=Decolonisation, Identity and Nation in Rhodesia, 1964–1979: a race against time|date=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-32697-5|location=|pages=}}{{page?|date=October 2024}}</ref> In February 2012, Mugabe loyalists and [[ZANU-PF]] activists visited the grave site demanding permission from the local chief to exhume Rhodes's remains and return them to Britain. Many considered this a nationalist political stunt in the run up to an election, and Local Chief Masuku and Godfrey Mahachi, one of the country's foremost archaeologists, strongly expressed their opposition to the grave being removed due to its historical significance to Zimbabwe. Then-president [[Robert Mugabe]] also opposed the move.{{sfn|Laing|2012}} In 2004, Rhodes was voted 56th in the [[SABC 3]] television series ''[[Great South Africans (television series)|Great South Africans]]''.{{sfn|Blair|2004}} A preparatory school in the Midlands town of Gweru in Zimbabwe is named after him. In the early 2000s during the height of the land reform and racial tensions, ZANU-PF politicians called for a change in all the country's school names with colonial ties, however, efforts were mostly fruitless as most people felt that it was unnecessary and names of places they live in reflect the diverse identity and cultural heritage of the country but called for the government to embrace the history of the country and allow room for new names for new places in the ever-growing towns and cities. In his second will, written in 1877 before he had accumulated his wealth, Rhodes wanted to create a [[secret society]] that would bring the whole world under British rule. His biographer calls it an "extensive fantasy."{{sfn|Rotberg|1988|p=102}} Rhodes envisioned a secret society to extend British rule worldwide, including China, Japan, all of Africa and South America, and indeed the United States as well: {{Blockquote| text=To and for the establishment, promotion and development of a Secret Society, the true aim and object whereof shall be for the extension of British rule throughout the world, the perfecting of a system of emigration from the United Kingdom, and of colonisation by British subjects of all lands where the means of livelihood are attainable by energy, labour and enterprise, and especially the occupation by British settlers of the entire Continent of Africa, the [[Holy Land]], the Valley of the [[Euphrates]], the Islands of Cyprus and [[Crete|Candia]], the whole of South America, the [[Pacific Islands|Islands of the Pacific]] not heretofore possessed by Great Britain, the whole of the Malay Archipelago, the seaboard of China and Japan, the ultimate recovery of the United States of America as an integral part of the British Empire, the inauguration of a system of Colonial representation in the Imperial Parliament which may tend to weld together the disjointed members of the Empire and, finally, the foundation of so great a Power as to render wars impossible, and promote the best interests of humanity.<ref>Michael Howard, ''The Lessons of History'' (1992) p. 66.</ref> |author=Cecil Rhodes}} Rhodes's final will—when he actually did have money—was much more realistic and focused on scholarships. He also left a large area of land on the slopes of [[Table Mountain]] to the South African nation. Part of this estate became the upper campus of the [[University of Cape Town]], another part became the [[Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden]], while much was spared from development and is now an important conservation area.{{sfn|Rotberg|1988|pp=663–69}} South Africa's [[Rhodes University]] is named after him. === Rhodes Scholarship === {{main|Rhodes Scholarship}} [[File:Rhodes House Oxford 20040909.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rhodes House]], Oxford, in 2004.]] In his last will, he provided for the establishment of the [[Rhodes Scholarship]]. Over the course of the previous half-century, governments, universities and individuals in the settler colonies had been establishing travelling scholarships for this purpose. The Rhodes awards fit the established pattern.{{sfn|Pietsch|2011|pp=723–39}} The scholarship enabled male students from [[Territorial evolution of the British Empire|territories under British rule or formerly under British rule]] and from Germany to study at Rhodes's alma mater, the University of Oxford. Rhodes' aims were to promote leadership marked by public spirit and good character, and to "render war impossible" by promoting friendship between the great powers.{{sfn|Rhodes|1902|pp=23–45}}<ref>Philip Ziegler, ''Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarships'' (Yale UP, 2008) [https://networks.h-net.org/node/14281/reviews/16186/garner-ziegler-legacy-cecil-rhodes-rhodes-trust-and-rhodes-scholarships online review]</ref> === Memorials === [[File:Rhodes Memorial 1998.jpg|thumb|[[Rhodes Memorial]] at [[Devil's Peak (Cape Town)]].]] [[File:Cecil John Rhodes 013.jpg|thumb|Statue of Rhodes in [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]].]] [[Rhodes Memorial]] stands on Rhodes's favourite spot on the slopes of [[Devil's Peak (Cape Town)|Devil's Peak]], Cape Town, with a view looking north and east towards the [[Great North Road, Zambia|Cape to Cairo]] route. From 1910 to 1984 Rhodes's house in Cape Town, [[Groote Schuur]], was the official Cape residence of the prime ministers of South Africa and continued as a presidential residence. His birthplace was established in 1938 as the Rhodes Memorial Museum, now known as [[Rhodes Arts Complex|Bishops Stortford Museum]]. The cottage in Muizenberg where he died is a provincial heritage site in the [[Western Cape]] Province of South Africa. The cottage today is operated as a museum by the Muizenberg Historical Conservation Society, and is open to the public. A broad display of Rhodes material can be seen, including the original De Beers board room table around which diamonds worth billions of dollars were traded.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} Rhodes University College, now [[Rhodes University]], in [[Grahamstown]], was established in his name by his trustees and founded by Act of Parliament on 31 May 1904. The residents of [[Kimberley, Northern Cape]] elected to build a memorial in Rhodes's honour in their city, which was unveiled in 1907. The 72-ton bronze statue depicts Rhodes on his horse, looking north with map in hand, and dressed as he was when he met the Ndebele after their [[Second Matabele War|rebellion]].{{sfn|Maylam|2005|p=56}} The founder of the original country of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), Cecil John Rhodes first visited [[Nyanga, Zimbabwe|Nyanga]] in the Eastern Highlands of the country in 1897. Captivated by the unspoilt and breathtaking beauty of the area, he immediately purchased a parcel of farms totalling 40,000 ha and then proceeded to import cattle from Mozambique and develop extensive plantations of apple and fruit trees. When he died in 1902, Rhodes bequeathed most of the estate to the nation, and this now forms the [[Nyanga National Park]]. Rhodes's original farmhouse has been meticulously preserved and is now the Rhodes Nyanga Hotel. ====Opposition==== [[File:Rhodes no nose.JPG|thumb|Noseless bust at the [[Rhodes Memorial]], [[Cape Town]]]] {{main|Rhodes Must Fall}} Memorials to Rhodes have been opposed since at least the 1950s, when some [[Afrikaners|Afrikaner]] students demanded the removal of a Rhodes statue at the [[University of Cape Town]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cecil-John-Rhodes-As-divisive-in-death-as-in-life-20150322|title = Rhodes: As divisive in death as in life|date = 22 March 2015|access-date = 20 January 2016|website = News24|last = Masondo|first = Sipho|archive-date = 6 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160206203751/http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Cecil-John-Rhodes-As-divisive-in-death-as-in-life-20150322|url-status = dead}}</ref> A 2015 movement, known as "Rhodes Must Fall" (or #RhodesMustFall on social media), began with student protests at the University of Cape Town that were successful in getting university authorities to remove the Rhodes statue from the campus.<ref name="Rhodesmoved">{{cite web | url=http://www.rdm.co.za/politics/2015/04/09/rhodes-statue-removed-from-uct | title=Op-Ed: Rhodes statue removed from uct | work=[[The Rand Daily Mail]] | location=Johannesburg | publisher=[[Times Media Group]] | date=9 April 2015 | access-date= 10 April 2015 }}</ref> The protest also had the broader goal of highlighting what the activists considered the lack of systemic post-apartheid racial transformation in South African institutions.<ref name="Rhodesfall">{{cite web | url=http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2015-04-06-op-ed-say-it-aloud-rhodes-must-fall/#.VSMm2_mUd-4 | title=Op-Ed: Say it aloud – Rhodes must fall | publisher=[[Daily Maverick]] | date=6 April 2015 | access-date=7 April 2015 | author=Grootes, Stephen}}</ref> Following a series of protests and [[vandalism]] at the University of Cape Town, various movements both in South Africa and other countries have been launched in opposition to Cecil Rhodes memorials. These include a campaign to change the name of [[Rhodes University]]<ref name="RUnamechange">{{cite web | url=http://www.sabreakingnews.co.za/2015/06/01/rhodes-uni-council-approves-plans-for-name-change/ | title=Rhodes Uni Council approves plans for name change | publisher=SA Breaking News | access-date=1 June 2015 | author=Ispas, Mara | archive-date=10 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710145033/https://www.sabreakingnews.co.za/2015/06/01/rhodes-uni-council-approves-plans-for-name-change/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> and to remove a statue of Rhodes from [[Oriel College, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite news|first1=Hassan|last1=Hind|title=Oxford Students Want 'Racist' Statue Removed|url=http://news.sky.com/story/1517577/oxford-students-want-racist-statue-removed|access-date=13 July 2015|agency=Sky News|date=12 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116124310/https://news.sky.com/story/oxford-students-want-racist-statue-removed-10352887|archive-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> The campaign was covered in a documentary by [[Channel 4]], which was called ''The Battle for Britain's Heroes''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/tv-review-the-battle-for-britains-heroes-channel-4-a8369491.html|title=TV Review: The Battle for Britain's Heroes (Channel 4)|first=Sean|last=O'Grady|date=29 March 2019|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> The documentary was commissioned after [[Afua Hirsch]] wrote an article on the topic. Moreover, an article by [[Amit Chaudhuri]], in ''[[The Guardian]]'', suggested the criticism was "unsurprising and overdue".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/16/the-real-meaning-of-rhodes-must-fall|title=The real meaning of Rhodes Must Fall|author-link=Amit Chaudhuri|last=Chaudhuri|first=Amit|date=16 March 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=2 April 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Other academics including Kehinde Andrews, prominent British academic and author specialising in Black studies, have vocally spoken in favour of #RhodesMustFall.<ref name="The Real Cecil Rhodes"/> However, Oriel College opted to keep the Rhodes statue, despite the protests.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/feb/02/students-cecil-rhodes-statue-campaign-oxford-oriel-college|title=Oxford students' fight to topple Cecil Rhodes statue was the easy option|first=Peter|last=Scott|newspaper=The Guardian|date=2 February 2016}}</ref> Oriel College claimed in 2016 they would lose about £100 million worth of gifts if they removed the statue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/28/cecil-rhodes-statue-will-not-be-removed--oxford-university|title=Cecil Rhodes statue to remain at Oxford after 'overwhelming support'|first=Kevin |last=Rawlinson|newspaper=The Guardian|date=28 January 2016}}</ref> Nevertheless, in June 2020, the college voted in favour of setting up an independent commission of inquiry, amid widespread support for removing the statue.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mohdin|first1=Aamna|last2=Adams|first2=Richard|last3=Quinn|first3=and Ben|date=17 June 2020|title=Oxford college backs removal of Cecil Rhodes statue|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2020/jun/17/end-of-the-rhodes-cecil-oxford-college-ditches-controversial-statue|access-date=17 June 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> A statue of Rhodes was erected in the city of [[Bulawayo]] in 1904 in the city centre. In 1981 after the country's independence the statue was removed to the centenary park at the [[Natural History Museum of Zimbabwe]]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', discussing his legacy, wrote of Rhodes that he "once defined his policy as 'equal rights for every white man south of the Zambezi' and later, under liberal pressure, amended 'white' to 'civilized'. But he probably regarded the possibility of native Africans becoming 'civilized' as so remote that the two expressions, in his mind, came to the same thing."<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cecil-Rhodes/Effects-of-the-Jameson-raid-on-Rhodess-career Encyclopaedia Britannica Effects Of The Jameson Raid On Rhodes’s Career]</ref> As part of his legacy, on his death Rhodes left a significant amount of money to be used to finance talented young scholars ("race" was not a criterion) at Oxford. Currently, in Oxford a number of those South African and Zimbabwean recipients of funds from his legacy are campaigning for his statue to be removed from display in Oxford. When asked if there was any double standard or hypocrisy in being funded by the Rhodes Scholarship fund and benefiting from the opportunity, whilst at the same time campaigning against the legacy of Rhodes, one of the South African campaigners, [[Ntokozo Qwabe]], replied that "this scholarship does not buy our silence...There is no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy... There is no clause that binds us to find 'the good' in Rhodes’ character, nor to sanitise the imperialist, colonial agenda he propagated".<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 January 2016|title=Cecil Rhodes statue row: Chris Patten tells students to embrace freedom of thought|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/jan/13/cecil-rhodes-statue-row-chris-patten-tells-students-to-embrace-freedom-of-thought|access-date=17 June 2020|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> In June 2020, amid the wider context of [[George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom|Black Lives Matter protests]], the governing body of Oxford's Oriel College voted to remove the statue of Rhodes located on the college's façade facing [[High Street, Oxford|Oxford's High Street]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/rhodes-will-fall-oxford-university-remove-statue-amid-anti-racism-n1231387|title=Rhodes will fall: Oxford University to remove statue amid anti-racism calls|last=Shakib|first=Delara|author2=Linda Givetash|date=18 June 2020|work=NBC News|access-date=7 July 2020}}</ref> The actual removal was not to take place until at least early spring 2021, when a commission set up by the college delivered its report on the future of the statue.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Race |first1=Michael |title=Decision over future of Oxford's Cecil Rhodes statue delayed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-55549876 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 April 2021 |date=5 January 2021}}</ref> In May 2021, the commission reported that, while the majority of members supported the statue's removal, the costs to do so were prohibitively high, and the college would therefore not be taking action.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Race|first=Michael|date=20 May 2021|title=Removal of Oxford's Cecil Rhodes statue on hold over costs|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-57175057|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref> == Popular culture == * [[Mark Twain]]'s sarcastic summation of Rhodes ("I admire him, I frankly confess it; and when his time comes I shall buy a piece of the rope for a keepsake"), from Chapter LXIX of ''[[Following the Equator]]'', still often appears in collections of famous insults.{{sfn|Twain|1898}}{{efn|His account of how "Cecil Rhodes" made his first fortune by discovering, in Australia, in the belly of a shark, a newspaper that gave him advance knowledge of a great rise in wool prices, is completely fictional—Twain dates the event at 1870, when Rhodes was in South Africa.}} * He is depicted, along with other Cape notables, in the 1899 artwork [[Holiday Time in Cape Town in the Twentieth Century, in Honour of the Expected Arrival of a Governor-General of UNITED South Africa|Holiday Time in Cape Town]] by James Ford''.'' * The will of Cecil Rhodes is the central theme in the science fiction book ''[[Great Work of Time]]'' by [[John Crowley (author)|John Crowley]], an alternative history in which the Secret Society stipulated in the will was indeed established. Its members eventually achieve the secret of time travel and use it to restrain World War I and prevent World War II, and to perpetuate the world ascendancy of the British Empire up to the end of the twentieth century. The book contains a vivid description of Cecil Rhodes himself, seen through the eyes of a traveller from the future British Empire. * In the British film ''[[Rhodes of Africa]]'' (1936, directed by Austrian filmmaker [[Berthold Viertel]]), Rhodes was portrayed by Canadian actor [[Walter Huston]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0028176/ ''Rhodes of Africa'' (1936)].</ref> *Rhodes is the unofficial mascot of [[Uncomfortable Oxford]], an Oxford-based tour guide and history organisation which focuses on British imperial history. Much of their promotional material, tours and speeches all focus on Rhodes's statue outside of [[Oriel College, Oxford]], and they were central to organising the 2020 Oxford [[George Floyd protests|Black Lives Matter protests]] following the [[murder of George Floyd]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gregory|first=Andy|date=9 June 2020|title=Cecil Rhodes protest – live: Oxford students demand removal of colonialist's statue, as Labour councils to review public monuments|work=Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/cecil-rhodes-protest-live-oxford-university-today-black-lives-matter-demonstration-a9557466.html|access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Goldsbrough|first=Susannah|date=19 June 2020|title=Uncomfortable Oxford: meet the student group asking the city to confront its colonial past|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/architecture/uncomfortable-oxford-meet-student-group-asking-city-confront/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/architecture/uncomfortable-oxford-meet-student-group-asking-city-confront/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=22 December 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * Rhodes was played by [[Ferdinand Marian (actor)|Ferdinand Marian]] in the Nazi film ''[[Ohm Krüger]]'' (1941), where he—like all other British characters in the film—was presented as an outright villain. * In 1901, Rhodes bought [[Dalham Hall]], Suffolk. In 1902, Colonel [[Frank Rhodes (British Army officer)|Frank Rhodes]] erected the village hall in the village of [[Dalham]], near [[Bury St Edmunds]], to commemorate the life of his brother, who had died before taking possession of the estate. * Rhodes was a peripheral but influential character in the historical novel ''[[The Covenant (novel)|The Covenant]]'' by [[James Michener]]. * His memorial at Devil's Peak also served as a temple in ''[[The Adventures of Sinbad]]'' episode "The Return of the Ronin". * The 1976 [[Hugh Masekela]] album ''[[Colonial Man]]'' has a song titled "Cecil Rhodes". * Cecil Rhodes was the subject of a South African television mini-series, ''[[Barney Barnato (TV Series)|Barney Barnato]]'', made in 1989 and first aired on [[SABC]] in early 1990. * In 1996, BBC-TV made an eight-part television drama about Rhodes called ''[[Rhodes (TV series)|Rhodes: The Life and Legend of Cecil Rhodes]]''.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0115335/ "Rhodes" on IMDB]</ref> It was produced by David Drury and written by Antony Thomas. It tells the story of Rhodes' life through a series of flashbacks of conversations between him and Princess Catherine Radziwiłł and also between her and people who knew him. It also shows the story of how she stalked and eventually ruined him. In the serial, Cecil Rhodes is played by [[Martin Shaw]], the younger Cecil Rhodes is played by his son Joe Shaw, and Princess Radziwiłł is played by [[Frances Barber]]. In the serial Rhodes is portrayed as ruthless and greedy. The serial also suggests that he was homosexual.{{sfn|Godwin|1998}} Countering the implication of Rhodes' homosexuality, historian and journalist [[Paul Johnson (writer)|Paul Johnson]] wrote that Rhodes had been falsely smeared by the programme, commenting: "In nine tendentious hours, Rhodes is to be presented as a corrupt and greedy money-grabber, a racist and paedophile, whose disgusting passion was to get his hands on young boys ... the BBC has spent £10m of our money putting together a farrago of exaggerations and smears about this great man." [[Peter Godwin]] said of the film that "it feels like a work overwhelmingly informed by malice, consistently seizing on the very worst interpretation of the man without really attempting to get under his skin. Rhodes was no 19th-century Hitler. He wasn't so much a freak as a man of his time." *Rhodes features prominently in [[Wilbur Smith]]'s ''Ballantyne'' series of novels, fictional stories based amongst real events in Rhodes' lifetime. * [[Scientology]] founder [[L. Ron Hubbard]] (''b.'' 1911) believed himself to be the literal reincarnation of Cecil Rhodes.<ref>[[Russell Miller]], ''Bare-faced Messiah: The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard'' (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1987), [https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Library/Shelf/miller/bfm15.htm Ch. 15] 257–259.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2023}} * Season 4, Episode 1 of the [[Bad Gays (podcast)|Bad Gays Podcast]] covers Rhodes' life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2020 |title=S4E1: Cecil Rhodes |url=https://badgayspod.com/episode-archive/s4-cecil-rhodes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608161636/https://badgayspod.com/episode-archive/s4-cecil-rhodes |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |access-date=August 4, 2024 |website=Bad Gays Podcast}}</ref> == See also == * [[Statue of Cecil Rhodes, Bulawayo]], Zimbabwe * [[Statue of Cecil Rhodes, Company's Garden]], South Africa * [[Rhodesia (region)]] {{Portal bar|Africa|British Empire|Biography|History}} == References == === Notes === {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=sahistory.org.za>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/cecil-john-rhodes|title=Cecil John Rhodes|publisher =South African History Online|access-date=4 September 2018}}</ref> }} === Sources === ==== Monographs ==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Aldrich and Wotherspoon|2001}}|last1=Aldrich|first1=Robert|last2=Wotherspoon|first2=Garry|title=Who's who in Gay and Lesbian History: From Antiquity to World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoingaylesb00robe|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-15982-1}} *{{cite book|chapter-url= https://archive.org/stream/primatealexander00alexiala#page/258/mode/2up|editor-first= Eleanor|editor-last= Alexander|title= Primate Alexander, Archbishop of Armagh. A memoir|location= London|date= 1914|chapter= Chapter XIV: South Africa 1893|page= 259|publisher= Edward Arnold}} *{{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bell|2022}}|last=Bell |first=Duncan |title=Dreamworlds of Race: Empire and the Utopian Destiny of Anglo-America |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2022}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Bigelow and Peterson|2002}}|last1=Bigelow|first1=Bill|last2=Peterson|first2=Bob|title=Rethinking Globalization: Teaching for Justice in an Unjust World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gfv2NePkYngC|year=2002|publisher=Rethinking Schools|location=Milwaukee|isbn=978-0-942961-28-7}} * {{cite book|last=Blake|first= Robert|author-link=Robert Blake, Baron Blake|title=A History of Rhodesia|location=London|date= 1977|publisher=Methuen |isbn=978-0413283504}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Boschendal|2007}}|author=Anon|title=Boschendal: founded 1685|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSw_AQAAIAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Boschendal Ltd.|isbn=978-0-620-38001-0}} * {{cite book|last=Britten|first=Sarah|title=The Art of the South African Insult|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZTLigR2t5UC&pg=PA167|year=2006|publisher=30° South Publishers|isbn=978-1-920143-05-3}} * {{cite book|last=Colvin|first=Ian|author-link=Ian Colvin|title=The Life of Jameson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rTT4QgAACAAJ|year=1922|publisher=E. Arnold and Co.|location=London|isbn=978-1-116-69524-3}} * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Currey and Simons|1986}}|last1=Currey|first1=John Blades|last2=Simons|first2=Phillida Brooke|title=1850 to 1900: fifty years in the Cape Colony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFIwAAAAYAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Brenthurst Press|isbn=978-0-909079-31-4}} * {{cite book|last=Davidson|first=Apollon Borisovich|others=Christopher English (trans.)|title=Cecil Rhodes and his Time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TlzAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Protea Book House|isbn=978-1-919825-24-3}} * {{cite book|last=Epstein|first=Edward Jay|title=The rise and fall of diamonds: the shattering of a brilliant illusion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yxRkAAAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0671412890}} * {{cite book|last=Ferguson|first=Niall|title=The house of Rothschild: the world's banker, 1849–1999|url=https://archive.org/details/houseofrothschi000ferg|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-88794-1}} * {{cite book|last=Flint|first=John|title=Cecil Rhodes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2seF1l3VxAC|year=2009|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=978-0-316-08670-7}}, a scholarly biography * [[Galbraith, John S.]] ''Crown and Charter: the Early Years of the British South Africa Company'' (1974). * {{cite book |last1=Garrett |first1=F. Edmund |author-link=Fydell Edmund Garrett|title=The Empire and the century |date=1905 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |pages=478–520 |chapter=[[s:The Empire and the century/Rhodes and Milner|Rhodes and Milner]]}} * {{cite book|last=Johari|first=J. C.|title=Voices Of Indian Freedom Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B78lsRxhd-0C|year=1993|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-7158-225-9}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Judd, Denis, and Keith Surridge. ''The Boer War: A History'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013). * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Knowles|2005}}|last1=Knowles|first1=Lilian Charlotte Anne|last2=Knowles|first2=Charles Matthew|title=The Economic Development of the British Overseas Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoaY8HBBcKQC|year=2005|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415350488}} * {{cite book|last=Le Sueur|first=Gordon|title=Cecil Rhodes. The Man and His Work|publisher=London|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175744|year=1913|location=London}} *{{cite book|last1=Lockhart|first1=John Gilbert|last2=Woodhouse|first2=Christopher Montague|title=Cecil Rhodes: The Colossus of Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S9SOAAAAIAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Macmillan}} *{{cite book |last1=McDonald |first1=J.G. |title=Rhodes – A Life |date=1917|publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |pages=403}} * {{cite book|last=Magubane|first=Bernard M. |title=The Making of a Racist State: British Imperialism and the Union of South Africa, 1875–1910 | year=1996|publisher=Africa World Press|location=Trenton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0865432413}} * {{cite book|last=Martin|first=Meredith|title=Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pEengEACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=CreateSpace|isbn=978-1-4587-1877-8}} * {{cite book|last=Massie|first=Robert K.|title=Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RVKdVFK0VcC|year=1991|publisher=Jonathan Cape|location=London|isbn=978-1781856680|author-link=Robert Massie}} *{{cite book|first=Donal P.|last=McCracken|title=Forgotten Protest: Ireland and the Anglo-Boer War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYB0RiqcidIC&pg=PA22|year=2003|publisher=Ulster Historical Foundation|pages=22–24|isbn=978-1903688182}} * {{cite book|last=Millin|first=Sarah Gertrude|author-link=Sarah Millin|title=Rhodes|url=https://archive.org/details/cecilrhodes00mill|url-access=registration|year=1933|publisher=Harper & brothers}} * {{cite book |ref={{sfnref| Oberholster |1987|p=91}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o3INAQAAIAAJ |title=Paarl Valley, 1687–1987 |year=1987 |isbn=0-7969-0539-8 |last1=Oberholster |first1=A. G. |last2=Van Breda |first2=Pieter |publisher=Human Sciences Research Council }} *{{cite book|last=Pakenham|first=Thomas|title=Boer War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjEPngEACAAJ|year=1992|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0380720019}} * {{cite book|last=Parsons|first=Neil|title=A New History of Southern Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/newhistoryofsout0000pars|url-access=registration|year=1993|publisher=Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-0-8419-5319-2}} * {{cite book|last=Phelan|first=T.|title=The Siege of Kimberley|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13777|year=1913|publisher=M.H. Gill and Son|location=Dublin|isbn=978-0-554-24773-1}} * {{cite book|last=Picton-Seymour|first=Désirée|title=Historical Buildings in South Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg1QAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Struikhof Publishers|isbn=978-0-947458-01-0}} *{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Pinney|title=The Letters of Rudyard Kipling: Volume 3: 1900–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uC6wCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|year=1995|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|page=72|isbn=978-1349137398}} * {{cite book|last=Plomer|first=William|title=Cecil Rhodes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwingEACAAJ|year=1984|publisher=D. Philip|isbn=978-0-08646018-9}} * {{cite book|last=Radziwill|first=Princess Catherine|title=Cecil Rhodes: Man and Empire Maker|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/16600|date=1918|publisher=Cassell & Company, Ltd|location=London, New York, Toronto and Melbourne|isbn=978-0-554-35300-5}} * {{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=Cecil |editor=Stead, William Thomas |title=[[s:The Last Will and Testament of Cecil Rhodes|The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes, with Elucidatory Notes, to which are Added Some Chapters Describing the Political and Religious Ideas of the Testator]]|year=1902|location=London}} * {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Brian|title=Cecil Rhodes and the Princess|url=https://archive.org/details/cecilrhodesprinc00robe|url-access=registration|year=1969|publisher=Lippincott}} * {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Brian|title=Kimberley: Turbulent City|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ON71wM6U0ZMC|year=1976|publisher=D. Philip|isbn=978-0-949968-62-3}} *{{cite book|last1=Rönnbäck|first1=Klas|last2=Broberg|first2=Oskar|title=Capital and Colonialism: The Return on British Investments in Africa 1869–1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAGiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|year=2019|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-19711-7}} * {{cite book|last=Rosenthal|first=Eric|title=South African Surnames|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgoJAQAAIAAJ|year=1965|publisher=H. Timmins}} * {{cite book|last=Rotberg|first=Robert I.|author-link=Robert I. Rotberg|title=The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgEaW-Gvie4C&pg=PA76|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-987920-5}}; 856pp; the standard scholarly biography says McFarlane, (2007) * {{cite book|ref={{sfnref|Simpson and Jones|2000}}|last1=Simpson|first1=William|last2=Jones|first2=Martin Desmond|title=Europe, 1783–1914|url=https://archive.org/details/europe178319140000simp|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/europe178319140000simp/page/237 237]|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-22660-8}} * {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Antony|title=Rhodes: Race for Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzdzQgAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-16982-4}} * {{cite book|last=Thompson|first=J. Lee|title=Forgotten Patriot: A Life of Alfred, Viscount Milner of St. James's and Cape Town, 1854–1925|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDMcYymUie8C&pg=PA131|year=2007|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=978-0-8386-4121-7}} * {{cite book|last=Twain|first=Mark|title=A Journey around the World|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2895|year=1898|publisher=The American Publishing Company|location=Hartford, CT}} * {{cite book|last=Williams|first=Basil|title=Cecil Rhodes|url=https://archive.org/details/cecilrhodes00will|year=1921|publisher=Holt}} *{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Scott|title=Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOHgDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA848|date=2016|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-2599-7}} {{refend}} ==== Encyclopedia ==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite book |last=Domville-Fife |first=C.W. |title=The encyclopedia of the British Empire the first encyclopedic record of the greatest empire in the history of the world |year=1900 |publisher=Rankin |location=Bristol |page=89 |url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopediaofbr01domvuoft#page/88/mode/2up}} * {{cite book|last=Farwell|first=Byron |title=The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-XpP_pdANcC&pg=PA539|year=2001|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=978-0-393-04770-7}} * {{cite book|last=Panton|first=Kenneth J. |title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire|year=2015|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=London|isbn=978-0810878013}} {{refend}} ==== Journal articles ==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite journal | last = Brown | first = Richard | date = November 1990 | title = The Colossus | journal = The Journal of African History | publisher = Cambridge University Press | volume = 31 | issue = 3 | pages = 499–502 | doi = 10.1017/S002185370003125X | s2cid = 197414114 }} * {{cite journal | last = Gray | first = J.A. | date = 1956 | title = A Country in Search of a Name | url = http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V3N1/V3N1.htm | journal = The Northern Rhodesia Journal | volume = III | issue = 1 | pages = 75–78 | access-date = 1 August 2014 }} * {{cite journal | last = Gray | first = J.A. | date = 1954 | title = First Records-? 6. The Name Rhodesia | url = http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N4/V2N4.htm | journal = The Northern Rhodesia Journal | volume = II | issue = 4 | pages = 101–02 | access-date = 1 August 2014 }} * {{cite book|editor1-last=Wrigley|editor1-first=Richard |editor2-last=Craske|editor2-first=Matthew |last=Lowry|first=Donal|title=Pantheons: Transformations of a Monumental Idea|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pD_z8thJyukC|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-0808-0|chapter='The granite of the ancient North': race, nation and empire at Cecil Rhodes's mountain mausoleum and Rhodes House, Oxford}} *{{Cite journal | title = Cecil Rhodes's Ideas of Race and Empire | last= Mensing|first= Raymond C. | journal= International Social Science Review | date = 1986|volume=61|issue=3|page=99 | url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/910ae6b8be20b930a7c437125448b9c7/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819447 | via= [[ProQuest]]}} *{{Cite journal|last=Parry|first=Richard|title="In a Sense Citizens, but Not Altogether Citizens...": Rhodes, Race, and the Ideology of Segregation at the Cape in the Late Nineteenth Century|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|issue=3|volume=17|date=1983}} *{{cite journal|last1=Pietsch|first1=Tamson|title=Many Rhodes: travelling scholarships and imperial citizenship in the British academic world, 1880–1940|journal=History of Education|volume=40|issue=6|year=2011|pages=723–39|issn=0046-760X|doi=10.1080/0046760X.2011.594096|s2cid=144672521}} * Plumb, J. H. "Cecil Rhodes" ''History Today'' (June 1953) 3#6 pp 431–38. * {{cite journal|last1=Rotberg|first1=Robert I.|author-link=Robert I. Rotberg|title=Did Cecil Rhodes Really Try to Control the World?|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History| volume=42|issue=3 |year=2014|pages=551–67 |issn=0308-6534 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2014.934000|s2cid=159787554}} {{refend}} ==== Newspaper articles ==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * {{cite news|last=Blair|first=David|title=Racists on List of 'Great South Africans'|newspaper= The Telegraph|date=19 October 2004|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1474531/Racists-on-list-of-Great-South-Africans.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/1474531/Racists-on-list-of-Great-South-Africans.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=18 July 2014}}{{cbignore}} * {{cite news|title=England on Guard as World Takes Aim in Twenty20 Stakes |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/5418021/England-on-guard-as-world-takes-aim-in-Twenty20-stakes.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/5418021/England-on-guard-as-world-takes-aim-in-Twenty20-stakes.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |date=31 May 2009 |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |access-date=13 June 2009 | first=Simon | last= Briggs}}{{cbignore}} *{{cite news|title=Oxford University Will Keep Statue of Cecil Rhodes|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/30/world/europe/oxford-university-oriel-college-cecil-rhodes-statue.html|date=29 January 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=15 February 2016|first1=Stephen|last1=Castle}} * {{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Times|27 March 1902}}|title=Death of Mr. Rhodes|newspaper=[[The Times]]|date=27 March 1902|page=7}} * {{cite news |ref={{sfnref|Laing|2012}}|title=Robert Mugabe blocks Cecil John Rhodes Exhumation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/9098490/Robert-Mugabe-blocks-Cecil-John-Rhodes-exhumation.html |date=22 February 2013 |work=The Telegraph |location=London |access-date=1 April 2013 | first=Aislinn | last=Laing}} * {{cite news|ref={{sfnref|The Independent| 5 May 2001}}|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/the-lottery-of-life-683751.html|title= The Lottery of Life|newspaper= The Independent|date= 5 May 2001|access-date= 26 January 2010}} {{refend}} ==== Websites ==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} * [https://www.pbs.org/empires/victoria/empire/rhodes.html PBS: Empires; Queen Victoria; The Changing Empire; Characters : Cecil Rhodes] * {{cite magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/id/3305/ |title=Rhodes to Hell |access-date=7 January 2007 |last=Godwin |first=Peter |date=11 January 1998 |magazine=Slate }} * {{cite magazine | url= https://standpointmag.co.uk/issues/march-2016/features-march-2016-nigel-biggar-rhodes-race-history-rhodes-must-fall/ | title= Rhodes, Race, and the Abuse of History | access-date= 9 June 2016 | last= Biggar | first= Nigel | date= 23 February 2016 | magazine= Standpoint | archive-date= 3 August 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190803192911/https://standpointmag.co.uk/issues/march-2016/features-march-2016-nigel-biggar-rhodes-race-history-rhodes-must-fall/ | url-status= dead }} {{refend}} ==== Primary sources ==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/cecilrhodeshisp00vindgoog|title=Cecil Rhodes: His Political Life and Speeches, 1881–1900 |last=Verschoyle |first=F. |publisher=Chapman and Hall Limited|year=1900 }} {{refend}} ====Historiography and memory==== {{refbegin|2|indent=yes}} *{{cite journal|last1=Galbraith|first1=John S.|title=Cecil Rhodes and his 'cosmic dreams': A reassessment|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=1|issue=2|year=2008|pages=173–89|issn=0308-6534|doi=10.1080/03086537308582371}} *{{cite journal|last=McFarlane|first=Richard A.|date=2007|title=Historiography of Selected Works on Cecil John Rhodes (1853–1902)|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/history_in_africa/v034/34.1mcfarlane.html|journal=History in Africa|volume=34|pages=437–46|doi=10.1353/hia.2007.0013|s2cid=163034852}} * {{cite book|last=Maylam|first=Paul |title=The Cult of Rhodes: Remembering an Imperialist in Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VbD_mokWhL8C&pg=PT56|year=2005|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=978-0-86486-684-4}} *{{cite journal|last1=Phimister|first1=I.R.|title=Rhodes, Rhodesia and the Rand|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|volume=1|issue=1|year=2007|pages=74–90|issn=0305-7070|doi=10.1080/03057077408707924}} *{{cite book|last=Van Hartesveldt|first=Fred R. |title=The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzY28y1teF4C&pg=PP6|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-30627-3|pages=6–}} * {{Cite web | title = Rhodes Must Fall? A Question of When Not If | last = von Tunzelmann | first = Alex | work = historytoday.com | date = 17 February 2016 | access-date = 21 August 2017 | url = http://www.historytoday.com/alex-von-tunzelmann/rhodes-must-fall-question-when-not-if }} * {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuOeAAAAMAAJ |title=Legacy: Cecil Rhodes, the Rhodes Trust and Rhodes Scholarship s|last=Ziegler |first=Philip |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-300-11835-3|ref={{sfnref|Ziegler|200}}}} [https://networks.h-net.org/node/14281/reviews/16186/garner-ziegler-legacy-cecil-rhodes-rhodes-trust-and-rhodes-scholarships online review] {{refend}} == External links == {{Sister project links|author=yes|wikt=no|b=no|v=no|n=no}} * [http://www.bulawayo1872.com/history/rhodescj.htm Cecil John Rhodes history] *{{PM20|FID=pe/014525}} *{{NPG name|name=Cecil John Rhodes}} {{S-start}} {{s-off}} {{Succession box|title=[[Prime Minister of the Cape Colony]]|before=[[John Gordon Sprigg|Sir John Gordon Sprigg]]|after=[[John Gordon Sprigg|Sir John Gordon Sprigg]]|years=1890–1896}} {{S-end}} {{Cape Premiers}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rhodes, Cecil}} [[Category:Cecil Rhodes| ]] [[Category:1853 births]] [[Category:1902 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century English businesspeople]] [[Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford]] [[Category:British colonisation in Africa]] [[Category:British mining businesspeople]] [[Category:British nationalism]] [[Category:British people of English descent]] [[Category:British Zionists]] [[Category:De Beers people]] [[Category:English agnostics]] [[Category:Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England]] [[Category:Imperialism]] [[Category:Kimberley, Northern Cape]] [[Category:Members of the Privy Council of Ireland]] [[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Rothschild & Co people]] [[Category:People from Bishop's Stortford]] [[Category:People from Kimberley, Northern Cape]] [[Category:People of the First Matabele War]] [[Category:People of the Second Boer War]] [[Category:People of the Second Matabele War]] [[Category:Prime ministers of the Cape Colony]] [[Category:Randlords]] [[Category:Rhodes House]] [[Category:Rhodesian politicians]] [[Category:South African agnostics]] [[Category:South African Freemasons]] [[Category:South African mining businesspeople]] [[Category:Apartheid in South Africa]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="Template:20th Century Press Archives">Template:20th Century Press Archives</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:20th_Century_Press_Archives&action=edit" title="Template:20th Century Press Archives">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ambox" title="Template:Ambox">Template:Ambox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ambox&action=edit" title="Template:Ambox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Authority_control" title="Template:Authority control">Template:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Template:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Birth_date" title="Template:Birth date">Template:Birth date</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Birth_date&action=edit" title="Template:Birth date">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Blockquote" title="Template:Blockquote">Template:Blockquote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Blockquote&action=edit" title="Template:Blockquote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Blockquote/styles.css" title="Template:Blockquote/styles.css">Template:Blockquote/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Blockquote/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Blockquote/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Both" title="Template:Both">Template:Both</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Both&action=edit" title="Template:Both">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cape_Premiers" title="Template:Cape Premiers">Template:Cape Premiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cape_Premiers&action=edit" title="Template:Cape Premiers">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Category_handler" title="Template:Category handler">Template:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Template:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cbignore" title="Template:Cbignore">Template:Cbignore</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cbignore&action=edit" title="Template:Cbignore">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Circa" title="Template:Circa">Template:Circa</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Circa&action=edit" title="Template:Circa">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">Template:Citation needed</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_needed&action=edit" title="Template:Citation needed">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Template:Cite book</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_book&action=edit" title="Template:Cite book">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Template:Cite encyclopedia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_encyclopedia&action=edit" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Template:Cite journal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_journal&action=edit" title="Template:Cite journal">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_magazine" title="Template:Cite magazine">Template:Cite magazine</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_magazine&action=edit" title="Template:Cite magazine">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Template:Cite news</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_news&action=edit" title="Template:Cite news">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Template:Cite web</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cite_web&action=edit" title="Template:Cite web">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Clarify" title="Template:Clarify">Template:Clarify</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Clarify&action=edit" title="Template:Clarify">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Comma_separated_entries" title="Template:Comma separated entries">Template:Comma separated entries</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Comma_separated_entries&action=edit" title="Template:Comma separated entries">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Convert" title="Template:Convert">Template:Convert</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Convert&action=edit" title="Template:Convert">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Count" title="Template:Count">Template:Count</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Count&action=edit" title="Template:Count">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Country2nationality" title="Template:Country2nationality">Template:Country2nationality</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Country2nationality&action=edit" title="Template:Country2nationality">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">Template:DMCA</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DMCA&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:DMCA">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">Template:Dated maintenance category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dated_maintenance_category_(articles)&action=edit" title="Template:Dated maintenance category (articles)">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Dead_link" title="Template:Dead link">Template:Dead link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Dead_link&action=edit" title="Template:Dead link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Death_date_and_age" title="Template:Death date and age">Template:Death date and age</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Death_date_and_age&action=edit" title="Template:Death date and age">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Delink" title="Template:Delink">Template:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Delink&action=edit" title="Template:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Delink_question_hyphen-minus" title="Template:Delink question hyphen-minus">Template:Delink question hyphen-minus</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Delink_question_hyphen-minus&action=edit" title="Template:Delink question hyphen-minus">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Detect_singular" title="Template:Detect singular">Template:Detect singular</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Detect_singular&action=edit" title="Template:Detect singular">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:EditAtWikidata" title="Template:EditAtWikidata">Template:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Template:EditAtWikidata">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">Template:Efn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Efn&action=edit" title="Template:Efn">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:En_dash_range" title="Template:En dash range">Template:En dash range</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:En_dash_range&action=edit" title="Template:En dash range">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME&action=edit" title="Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Find_country" title="Template:Find country">Template:Find country</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Find_country&action=edit" title="Template:Find country">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix" title="Template:Fix">Template:Fix</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix&action=edit" title="Template:Fix">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix-span" title="Template:Fix-span">Template:Fix-span</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix-span&action=edit" title="Template:Fix-span">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fix/category" title="Template:Fix/category">Template:Fix/category</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Fix/category&action=edit" title="Template:Fix/category">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_color_contrast_ratio" title="Template:Greater color contrast ratio">Template:Greater color contrast ratio</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Greater_color_contrast_ratio&action=edit" title="Template:Greater color contrast ratio">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_no_brackets" title="Template:Harvard citation no brackets">Template:Harvard citation no brackets</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvard_citation_no_brackets&action=edit" title="Template:Harvard citation no brackets">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">Template:Harvnb</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Harvnb&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist" title="Template:Hlist">Template:Hlist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist/styles.css" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">Template:Hlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Hlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Hlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPAc-en" title="Template:IPAc-en">Template:IPAc-en</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:IPAc-en&action=edit" title="Template:IPAc-en">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:ISBN?">Template:ISBN?</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:ISBN%3F&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:ISBN?">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:ISBN_missing" title="Template:ISBN missing">Template:ISBN missing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:ISBN_missing&action=edit" title="Template:ISBN missing">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:If_empty" title="Template:If empty">Template:If empty</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:If_empty&action=edit" title="Template:If empty">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_officeholder" title="Template:Infobox officeholder">Template:Infobox officeholder</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_officeholder&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox officeholder">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_officeholder/office" title="Template:Infobox officeholder/office">Template:Infobox officeholder/office</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_officeholder/office&action=edit" title="Template:Infobox officeholder/office">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Legend" title="Template:Legend">Template:Legend</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Legend&action=edit" title="Template:Legend">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Legend/styles.css" title="Template:Legend/styles.css">Template:Legend/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Legend/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Legend/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:MONTHNAME" title="Template:MONTHNAME">Template:MONTHNAME</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:MONTHNAME&action=edit" title="Template:MONTHNAME">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:MONTHNUMBER" title="Template:MONTHNUMBER">Template:MONTHNUMBER</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:MONTHNUMBER&action=edit" title="Template:MONTHNUMBER">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main" title="Template:Main">Template:Main</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main&action=edit" title="Template:Main">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Main_other" title="Template:Main other">Template:Main other</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Main_other&action=edit" title="Template:Main other">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:More_citations_needed" title="Template:More citations needed">Template:More citations needed</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:More_citations_needed&action=edit" title="Template:More citations needed">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:More_citations_needed_section" title="Template:More citations needed section">Template:More citations needed section</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:More_citations_needed_section&action=edit" title="Template:More citations needed section">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:NPG_name" title="Template:NPG name">Template:NPG name</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:NPG_name&action=edit" title="Template:NPG name">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox" title="Template:Navbox">Template:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Navbox&action=edit" title="Template:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nbhyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbhyph">Template:Nbhyph</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nbhyph&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Nbhyph">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobold" title="Template:Nobold">Template:Nobold</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobold&action=edit" title="Template:Nobold">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobold/styles.css" title="Template:Nobold/styles.css">Template:Nobold/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nobold/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Nobold/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Non_breaking_hyphen" title="Template:Non breaking hyphen">Template:Non breaking hyphen</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Non_breaking_hyphen&action=edit" title="Template:Non breaking hyphen">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist" title="Template:Notelist">Template:Notelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Notelist&action=edit" title="Template:Notelist">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nowrap" title="Template:Nowrap">Template:Nowrap</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Nowrap&action=edit" title="Template:Nowrap">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ns_has_subpages" title="Template:Ns has subpages">Template:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Template:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Other_people" title="Template:Other people">Template:Other people</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Other_people&action=edit" title="Template:Other people">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:PAGENAMEBASE" title="Template:PAGENAMEBASE">Template:PAGENAMEBASE</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:PAGENAMEBASE&action=edit" title="Template:PAGENAMEBASE">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:PM20" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:PM20">Template:PM20</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:PM20&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:PM20">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Page%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Page?">Template:Page?</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Page%3F&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Page?">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Page_needed" title="Template:Page needed">Template:Page needed</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Page_needed&action=edit" title="Template:Page needed">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagetype" title="Template:Pagetype">Template:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Template:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Plainlist/styles.css" title="Template:Plainlist/styles.css">Template:Plainlist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Plainlist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Plainlist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Portal_bar" title="Template:Portal bar">Template:Portal bar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Portal_bar&action=edit" title="Template:Portal bar">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Px2" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Px2">Template:Px2</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Px2&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Px2">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Template:Refbegin</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Refbegin&action=edit" title="Template:Refbegin">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin/styles.css" title="Template:Refbegin/styles.css">Template:Refbegin/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Refbegin/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Refbegin/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Refend" title="Template:Refend">Template:Refend</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Refend&action=edit" title="Template:Refend">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Template:Reflist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist/styles.css" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">Template:Reflist/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Reflist/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:Reflist/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Respell" title="Template:Respell">Template:Respell</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Respell&action=edit" title="Template:Respell">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-aft" title="Template:S-aft">Template:S-aft</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-aft&action=edit" title="Template:S-aft">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-aft/check" title="Template:S-aft/check">Template:S-aft/check</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-aft/check&action=edit" title="Template:S-aft/check">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-aft/filter" title="Template:S-aft/filter">Template:S-aft/filter</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-aft/filter&action=edit" title="Template:S-aft/filter">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-bef" title="Template:S-bef">Template:S-bef</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-bef&action=edit" title="Template:S-bef">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-bef/check" title="Template:S-bef/check">Template:S-bef/check</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-bef/check&action=edit" title="Template:S-bef/check">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-bef/filter" title="Template:S-bef/filter">Template:S-bef/filter</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-bef/filter&action=edit" title="Template:S-bef/filter">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-end" title="Template:S-end">Template:S-end</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-end&action=edit" title="Template:S-end">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-off" title="Template:S-off">Template:S-off</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-off&action=edit" title="Template:S-off">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-start" title="Template:S-start">Template:S-start</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-start&action=edit" title="Template:S-start">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-ttl" title="Template:S-ttl">Template:S-ttl</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-ttl&action=edit" title="Template:S-ttl">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:S-ttl/check" title="Template:S-ttl/check">Template:S-ttl/check</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:S-ttl/check&action=edit" title="Template:S-ttl/check">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SDcat" title="Template:SDcat">Template:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SDcat&action=edit" title="Template:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">Template:Sfn</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sfn&action=edit" title="Template:Sfn">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:SfnRef" title="Template:SfnRef">Template:SfnRef</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:SfnRef&action=edit" title="Template:SfnRef">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sfnref">Template:Sfnref</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sfnref&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sfnref">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description" title="Template:Short description">Template:Short description</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description&action=edit" title="Template:Short description">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">Template:Short description/lowercasecheck</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Short_description/lowercasecheck&action=edit" title="Template:Short description/lowercasecheck">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sister_project_links" title="Template:Sister project links">Template:Sister project links</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sister_project_links&action=edit" title="Template:Sister project links">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Snd" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">Template:Snd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Snd&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Snd">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sp" title="Template:Sp">Template:Sp</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sp&action=edit" title="Template:Sp">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaced_en_dash" title="Template:Spaced en dash">Template:Spaced en dash</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Spaced_en_dash&action=edit" title="Template:Spaced en dash">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Strfind_short" title="Template:Strfind short">Template:Strfind short</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Strfind_short&action=edit" title="Template:Strfind short">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Succession_box" title="Template:Succession box">Template:Succession box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Succession_box&action=edit" title="Template:Succession box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Succession_box/check" title="Template:Succession box/check">Template:Succession box/check</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Succession_box/check&action=edit" title="Template:Succession box/check">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:TOC_limit" title="Template:TOC limit">Template:TOC limit</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:TOC_limit&action=edit" title="Template:TOC limit">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:TOC_limit/styles.css" title="Template:TOC limit/styles.css">Template:TOC limit/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:TOC_limit/styles.css&action=edit" title="Template:TOC limit/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Trim" title="Template:Trim">Template:Trim</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Trim&action=edit" title="Template:Trim">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Two_pixel_space" title="Template:Two pixel space">Template:Two pixel space</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Two_pixel_space&action=edit" title="Template:Two pixel space">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Unreliable_source%3F" title="Template:Unreliable source?">Template:Unreliable source?</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Unreliable_source%3F&action=edit" title="Template:Unreliable source?">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_South_African_English" title="Template:Use South African English">Template:Use South African English</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_South_African_English&action=edit" title="Template:Use South African English">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Use_dmy_dates" title="Template:Use dmy dates">Template:Use dmy dates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Use_dmy_dates&action=edit" title="Template:Use dmy dates">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Webarchive" title="Template:Webarchive">Template:Webarchive</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Webarchive&action=edit" title="Template:Webarchive">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yesno" title="Template:Yesno">Template:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Yesno&action=edit" title="Template:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zero_width_joiner" title="Template:Zero width joiner">Template:Zero width joiner</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Zero_width_joiner&action=edit" title="Template:Zero width joiner">view source</a>) (extended confirmed protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Age" title="Module:Age">Module:Age</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Age&action=edit" title="Module:Age">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Arguments" title="Module:Arguments">Module:Arguments</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Arguments&action=edit" title="Module:Arguments">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control" title="Module:Authority control">Module:Authority control</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control/auxiliary" title="Module:Authority control/auxiliary">Module:Authority control/auxiliary</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control/auxiliary&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control/auxiliary">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Authority_control/config" title="Module:Authority control/config">Module:Authority control/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Authority_control/config&action=edit" title="Module:Authority control/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler" title="Module:Category handler">Module:Category handler</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/blacklist" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">Module:Category handler/blacklist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/blacklist&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/blacklist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/config" title="Module:Category handler/config">Module:Category handler/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/config&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/data" title="Module:Category handler/data">Module:Category handler/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/data&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Category_handler/shared" title="Module:Category handler/shared">Module:Category handler/shared</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Category_handler/shared&action=edit" title="Module:Category handler/shared">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">Module:Check for unknown parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Check_for_unknown_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Check for unknown parameters">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1" title="Module:Citation/CS1">Module:Citation/CS1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/COinS" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">Module:Citation/CS1/COinS</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/COinS&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/COinS">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Color_contrast" title="Module:Color contrast">Module:Color contrast</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Color_contrast&action=edit" title="Module:Color contrast">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Color_contrast/colors" title="Module:Color contrast/colors">Module:Color contrast/colors</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Color_contrast/colors&action=edit" title="Module:Color contrast/colors">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Commons_link" title="Module:Commons link">Module:Commons link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Commons_link&action=edit" title="Module:Commons link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Convert" title="Module:Convert">Module:Convert</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Convert&action=edit" title="Module:Convert">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Convert/data" title="Module:Convert/data">Module:Convert/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Convert/data&action=edit" title="Module:Convert/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Convert/text" title="Module:Convert/text">Module:Convert/text</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Convert/text&action=edit" title="Module:Convert/text">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Country2nationality" title="Module:Country2nationality">Module:Country2nationality</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Country2nationality&action=edit" title="Module:Country2nationality">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Date" title="Module:Date">Module:Date</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Date&action=edit" title="Module:Date">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:DecodeEncode" title="Module:DecodeEncode">Module:DecodeEncode</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:DecodeEncode&action=edit" title="Module:DecodeEncode">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Delink" title="Module:Delink">Module:Delink</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Delink&action=edit" title="Module:Delink">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Detect_singular" title="Module:Detect singular">Module:Detect singular</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Detect_singular&action=edit" title="Module:Detect singular">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Disambiguation/templates" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">Module:Disambiguation/templates</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Disambiguation/templates&action=edit" title="Module:Disambiguation/templates">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Find_country" title="Module:Find country">Module:Find country</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Find_country&action=edit" title="Module:Find country">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes" title="Module:Footnotes">Module:Footnotes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list">Module:Footnotes/anchor id list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list/data" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data">Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/anchor_id_list/data&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Footnotes/whitelist" title="Module:Footnotes/whitelist">Module:Footnotes/whitelist</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Footnotes/whitelist&action=edit" title="Module:Footnotes/whitelist">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Format_link" title="Module:Format link">Module:Format link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Format_link&action=edit" title="Module:Format link">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote" title="Module:Hatnote">Module:Hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote/styles.css" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">Module:Hatnote/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Hatnote_list" title="Module:Hatnote list">Module:Hatnote list</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Hatnote_list&action=edit" title="Module:Hatnote list">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:IPAc-en" title="Module:IPAc-en">Module:IPAc-en</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:IPAc-en&action=edit" title="Module:IPAc-en">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:IPAc-en/data" title="Module:IPAc-en/data">Module:IPAc-en/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:IPAc-en/data&action=edit" title="Module:IPAc-en/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:IPAc-en/phonemes" title="Module:IPAc-en/phonemes">Module:IPAc-en/phonemes</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:IPAc-en/phonemes&action=edit" title="Module:IPAc-en/phonemes">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation" title="Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation">Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation&action=edit" title="Module:IPAc-en/pronunciation">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ISO_3166" title="Module:ISO 3166">Module:ISO 3166</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ISO_3166&action=edit" title="Module:ISO 3166">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ISO_3166/data/National" title="Module:ISO 3166/data/National">Module:ISO 3166/data/National</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ISO_3166/data/National&action=edit" title="Module:ISO 3166/data/National">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:If_empty" title="Module:If empty">Module:If empty</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:If_empty&action=edit" title="Module:If empty">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Infobox" title="Module:Infobox">Module:Infobox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Infobox&action=edit" title="Module:Infobox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Infobox/styles.css" title="Module:Infobox/styles.css">Module:Infobox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Infobox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Infobox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:InfoboxImage" title="Module:InfoboxImage">Module:InfoboxImage</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:InfoboxImage&action=edit" title="Module:InfoboxImage">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Iso2nationality" title="Module:Iso2nationality">Module:Iso2nationality</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Iso2nationality&action=edit" title="Module:Iso2nationality">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Labelled_list_hatnote" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">Module:Labelled list hatnote</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Labelled_list_hatnote&action=edit" title="Module:Labelled list hatnote">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:List" title="Module:List">Module:List</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:List&action=edit" title="Module:List">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box" title="Module:Message box">Module:Message box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box&action=edit" title="Module:Message box">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/ambox.css" title="Module:Message box/ambox.css">Module:Message box/ambox.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/ambox.css&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/ambox.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Message_box/configuration" title="Module:Message box/configuration">Module:Message box/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Message_box/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Message box/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:MultiReplace" title="Module:MultiReplace">Module:MultiReplace</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:MultiReplace&action=edit" title="Module:MultiReplace">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/config" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">Module:Namespace detect/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/config&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Namespace_detect/data" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">Module:Namespace detect/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Namespace_detect/data&action=edit" title="Module:Namespace detect/data">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/configuration" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">Module:Navbar/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/configuration">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar/styles.css" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">Module:Navbar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar/styles.css">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/configuration" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">Module:Navbox/configuration</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/configuration&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/configuration">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox/styles.css" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">Module:Navbox/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Ns_has_subpages" title="Module:Ns has subpages">Module:Ns has subpages</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Ns_has_subpages&action=edit" title="Module:Ns has subpages">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Other_people" title="Module:Other people">Module:Other people</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Other_people&action=edit" title="Module:Other people">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Other_uses" title="Module:Other uses">Module:Other uses</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Other_uses&action=edit" title="Module:Other uses">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype" title="Module:Pagetype">Module:Pagetype</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/config" title="Module:Pagetype/config">Module:Pagetype/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/config&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/config">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/disambiguation" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">Module:Pagetype/disambiguation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/disambiguation&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Module:Pagetype/disambiguation">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/rfd" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">Module:Pagetype/rfd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/rfd&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/rfd">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/setindex" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">Module:Pagetype/setindex</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/setindex&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/setindex">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Pagetype/softredirect" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">Module:Pagetype/softredirect</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Pagetype/softredirect&action=edit" title="Module:Pagetype/softredirect">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ParameterCount" title="Module:ParameterCount">Module:ParameterCount</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ParameterCount&action=edit" title="Module:ParameterCount">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Plain_text" title="Module:Plain text">Module:Plain text</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Plain_text&action=edit" title="Module:Plain text">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal" title="Module:Portal">Module:Portal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal&action=edit" title="Module:Portal">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal/images/a" title="Module:Portal/images/a">Module:Portal/images/a</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal/images/a&action=edit" title="Module:Portal/images/a">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal/images/b" title="Module:Portal/images/b">Module:Portal/images/b</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal/images/b&action=edit" title="Module:Portal/images/b">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal/images/h" title="Module:Portal/images/h">Module:Portal/images/h</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal/images/h&action=edit" title="Module:Portal/images/h">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal_bar" title="Module:Portal bar">Module:Portal bar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal_bar&action=edit" title="Module:Portal bar">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Portal_bar/styles.css" title="Module:Portal bar/styles.css">Module:Portal bar/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Portal_bar/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Portal bar/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Respell" title="Module:Respell">Module:Respell</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Respell&action=edit" title="Module:Respell">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:SDcat" title="Module:SDcat">Module:SDcat</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:SDcat&action=edit" title="Module:SDcat">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Separated_entries" title="Module:Separated entries">Module:Separated entries</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Separated_entries&action=edit" title="Module:Separated entries">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Side_box" title="Module:Side box">Module:Side box</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Side_box&action=edit" title="Module:Side box">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Side_box/styles.css" title="Module:Side box/styles.css">Module:Side box/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Side_box/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Side box/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Sister_project_links" title="Module:Sister project links">Module:Sister project links</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Sister_project_links&action=edit" title="Module:Sister project links">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Sister_project_links/config" title="Module:Sister project links/config">Module:Sister project links/config</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Sister_project_links/config&action=edit" title="Module:Sister project links/config">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Sister_project_links/styles.css" title="Module:Sister project links/styles.css">Module:Sister project links/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Sister_project_links/styles.css&action=edit" title="Module:Sister project links/styles.css">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:String" title="Module:String">Module:String</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:String&action=edit" title="Module:String">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:TableTools" title="Module:TableTools">Module:TableTools</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:TableTools&action=edit" title="Module:TableTools">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Text" title="Module:Text">Module:Text</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Text&action=edit" title="Module:Text">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Unsubst" title="Module:Unsubst">Module:Unsubst</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Unsubst&action=edit" title="Module:Unsubst">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wd" title="Module:Wd">Module:Wd</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wd&action=edit" title="Module:Wd">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wd/i18n" title="Module:Wd/i18n">Module:Wd/i18n</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wd/i18n&action=edit" title="Module:Wd/i18n">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Webarchive" title="Module:Webarchive">Module:Webarchive</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Webarchive&action=edit" title="Module:Webarchive">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Webarchive/data" title="Module:Webarchive/data">Module:Webarchive/data</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Webarchive/data&action=edit" title="Module:Webarchive/data">view source</a>) (template editor protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Wikitext_Parsing" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">Module:Wikitext Parsing</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Wikitext_Parsing&action=edit" title="Module:Wikitext Parsing">view source</a>) (protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">view source</a>) (protected)</li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Rhodes&action=edit&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-59bbd5969d-zv7r4","wgBackendResponseTime":445,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.047","walltime":"0.063","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 42.887 1 -total"," 99.85% 42.824 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 41.76% 17.908 2 Template:Replace"," 39.33% 16.868 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 35.27% 15.126 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.00% 6.434 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 14.96% 6.414 1 Template:Tlx"," 2.50% 1.074 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 1.86% 0.799 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 1.81% 0.777 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.009","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043305,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-59bbd5969d-zv7r4","timestamp":"20241128215259","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>