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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Color+term" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Color_dimensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_dimensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Color dimensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_dimensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_natural_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_natural_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In natural languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_natural_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In natural languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_natural_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lexicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lexicology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_color_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_color_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Basic color terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_color_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color-term_hierarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color-term_hierarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Color-term hierarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-term_hierarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stage_I_(dark_and_light)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_I_(dark_and_light)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Stage I (dark and light)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_I_(dark_and_light)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_II_(red)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_II_(red)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Stage II (red)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_II_(red)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_III/IV_(yellow_+_green)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_III/IV_(yellow_+_green)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Stage III/IV (yellow + green)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_III/IV_(yellow_+_green)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_V_(blue)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_V_(blue)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Stage V (blue)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_V_(blue)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_VI_(brown)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_VI_(brown)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Stage VI (brown)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_VI_(brown)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_VII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_VII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.6</span> <span>Stage VII</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_VII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stage_VII+" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_VII+"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.7</span> <span>Stage VII+</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_VII+-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_relativity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_relativity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.8</span> <span>Linguistic relativity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_relativity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-hue_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-hue_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Non-hue terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-hue_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-dimensional_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-dimensional_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Non-dimensional terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-dimensional_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abstract_and_descriptive_color_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abstract_and_descriptive_color_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Abstract and descriptive color terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abstract_and_descriptive_color_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_in_linguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_in_linguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Struggle in linguistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struggle_in_linguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardized_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardized_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Standardized systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardized_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Color term</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বর্ণের নাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বর্ণের নাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noms_i_adjectius_de_color" title="Noms i adjectius de color – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Noms i adjectius de color" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1zev_barvy" title="Název barvy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Název barvy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rvinimetus" title="Värvinimetus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Värvinimetus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombres_de_los_colores" title="Nombres de los colores – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombres de los colores" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noms_et_adjectifs_de_couleur" title="Noms et adjectifs de couleur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noms et adjectifs de couleur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%89%EC%B1%84%EC%96%B4" title="색채어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="색채어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="रंगों के नाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रंगों के नाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomi_dei_colori" title="Nomi dei colori – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nomi dei colori" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D" title="色名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="色名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fargenavn" title="Fargenavn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fargenavn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_das_cores" title="Nome das cores – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nome das cores" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Имя цвета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имя цвета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83_(%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Назив за боју (лингвистика) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Назив за боју (лингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rgord" title="Färgord – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Färgord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renk_terimi" title="Renk terimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Renk terimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%90%8D" title="色名 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="色名" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Word or phrase that refers to a specific color</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_star-en_(tertiary_names).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color wheel with main colors of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg/250px-Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg/375px-Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg/500px-Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A color wheel with main colors of red, yellow, green, cyan, blue, and magenta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/250px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/375px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/500px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheels</a> with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> color terms for <a href="/wiki/RYB" class="mw-redirect" title="RYB">RYB</a> (above) and <a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a> (below) approaches.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>color term</b> (or color name) is a word or <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrase</a> that refers to a specific color. The color term may refer to human perception of that color (which is affected by visual context) which is usually defined according to the <a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell color system</a>, or to an underlying physical property (such as a specific <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>). There are also numerical systems of color specification, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color spaces</a>. </p><p>An important distinction must be established between color and shape, as these two attributes usually are used in conjunction with one another when describing in language. For example, they are labeled as alternative parts of speech terms color term and shape term.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychological conditions for recognition of colors exist, such as those who cannot discern colors in general or those who see colors as sound (a variety of <a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">synesthesia</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color_dimensions">Color dimensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Color dimensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical human <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">color vision</a> is <a href="/wiki/Trichromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichromatic">trichromatic</a>, meaning it is based on a three-dimensional color <a href="/wiki/Gamut" title="Gamut">gamut</a>. These three dimensions can be defined in different ways, but often the most intuitive definition are the dimensions of the <a href="/wiki/HSL_and_HSV" title="HSL and HSV">HSL/HSV color space</a>: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colours_in_Irish.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Colours_in_Irish.png/220px-Colours_in_Irish.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Colours_in_Irish.png/330px-Colours_in_Irish.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Colours_in_Irish.png/440px-Colours_in_Irish.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a> with <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> color terms, explaining that the difference between <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">glas</i></span> ('light blue/gray/green') and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">gorm</i></span> ('deep blue/gray/green') is based on intensity (<a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">luminosity</a>) rather than <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a>. Similarly, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">rua</i></span> refers to deep reds while <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dearg</i></span> refers to bright reds, and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">geal</i></span>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">bán</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fionn</i></span> all refer to varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> or "fairness", without mapping clearly only the English "white."</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a></b>: representing the different colors of the <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a> or <a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">color wheel</a> (e.g. 'red', 'orange', 'yellow', etc.); roughly analogous to the color's <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> or <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation (color theory)">Saturation</a></b>: the <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">colorfulness</a> of the color, i.e. a measure of vibrant vs. pale.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></b>: a measurement of intensity or 'brightness'.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_natural_languages">In natural languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In natural languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicology">Lexicology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lexicology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monolexemic" class="extiw" title="wikt:monolexemic">Monolexemic</a> color words are composed of individual <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexemes</a>, or <i>root words</i>, such as 'red', 'brown', 'fuchsia', or 'olive'. The root words generally describe the hue of the color, but some root words—namely brown—can also describe the other dimensions. Compound color words make use of prefix adjectives (e.g. 'light brown', 'sea green'), that generally describe the saturation or luminosity, or compounded basic color words (e.g. 'yellow-green'), which refine the hue of the color relative to root words. <span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">Vaaleanpunainen</i></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> word for 'pink', is a clear <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutination</a> of the language's words for 'pale' (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">vaalea</i></span>) and 'red' (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">punainen</i></span>). </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Basic"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_color_terms">Basic color terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Basic color terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms" title="Basic Color Terms">Basic Color Terms</a></div> <p>Basic color terms meet the following criteria:<sup id="cite_ref-BerlinKay1969_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerlinKay1969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>monolexemic ('green', but not 'light green' or 'forest green'),</li> <li>high-frequency, and</li> <li>agreed upon by speakers of that language.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has 11 basic color terms: <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">purple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gray" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray">gray</a>; other languages have between 2 and 12. All other colors are considered by most speakers of that language to be variants of these basic color terms. A useful <a href="/wiki/Litmus_test_(politics)" title="Litmus test (politics)">litmus test</a> involves replacing each of these basic terms with an approximation of other basic terms, e.g. replacing orange with red-yellow. If the approximation is <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jarring#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:jarring">jarring</a></i>, the replaced term likely meets the requirement for being a basic color term. An example of a color that comes close to being a basic color term in English is <i>turquoise</i>. It is monolexemic, but is not very high frequency, especially compared to alternatives teal or cyan. It also generally fails the above litmus test in that most people do not find the use of the approximation of other basic color terms (blue-green) to be jarring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color-term_hierarchy">Color-term hierarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Color-term hierarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the classic study of <a href="/wiki/Brent_Berlin" title="Brent Berlin">Brent Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kay" title="Paul Kay">Paul Kay</a> (1969), <i><a href="/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms" title="Basic Color Terms">Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-BerlinKay1969_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerlinKay1969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the researchers argued that the differences in number of basic color terms in languages follow a repeatable pattern. Color terms can be organized into a coherent hierarchy and there are a limited number of universal <b>basic color terms</b> which begin to be used by individual cultures in a relatively fixed order. This order is defined in stages I to VII. Berlin and Kay originally based their analysis on a comparison of color words in 20 languages from around the world. The model is presented below, broken into stages, with stage I on the left and stage VII on the right:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{white}}\\{\text{black}}\end{Bmatrix}}<{\text{red}}<{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{green}}\\{\text{yellow}}\end{Bmatrix}}<{\text{blue}}<{\text{brown}}<{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{purple}}\\{\text{pink}}\\{\text{orange}}\\{\text{grey}}\end{Bmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>white</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>black</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>red</mtext> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>green</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>yellow</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>blue</mtext> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>brown</mtext> </mrow> <mo><</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>{</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>purple</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>pink</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>orange</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>grey</mtext> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>}</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{white}}\\{\text{black}}\end{Bmatrix}}<{\text{red}}<{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{green}}\\{\text{yellow}}\end{Bmatrix}}<{\text{blue}}<{\text{brown}}<{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{purple}}\\{\text{pink}}\\{\text{orange}}\\{\text{grey}}\end{Bmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4fe4f8734dbaa2e97a14e69a9010826395e9babe" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.671ex; width:61.361ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{white}}\\{\text{black}}\end{Bmatrix}}<{\text{red}}<{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{green}}\\{\text{yellow}}\end{Bmatrix}}<{\text{blue}}<{\text{brown}}<{\begin{Bmatrix}{\text{purple}}\\{\text{pink}}\\{\text{orange}}\\{\text{grey}}\end{Bmatrix}}}"></span> </p><p>Berlin and Kay's study identified seven stages of color distinction systems. Each progressive stage features a color term that the previous stages do not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stage_I_(dark_and_light)"><span id="Stage_I_.28dark_and_light.29"></span>Stage I (dark and light)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Stage I (dark and light)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#c0c0c0;">Stage I<sup id="cite_ref-Kay99_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">light–warm (white/yellow/red)<br />dark–cool (black/blue/green) </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Stage I contains two terms, white and black (light and dark); these terms are referenced broadly to describe other undefined color terms. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a> highland group in New Guinea identify the color of blood as black. This is because blood, as a relatively dark liquid, is grouped into the same color classification as black. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bassa_language" title="Bassa language">Bassa language</a>, there are two terms for classifying colors; <span title="Bassa-language text"><i lang="bsq">ziza</i></span> (white, yellow, orange, and red) and <span title="Bassa-language text"><i lang="bsq">hui</i></span> (black, violet, blue, and green).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã language</a>, there appear to be no color terms beyond describing lightness and darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Valley_Dani" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Valley Dani">Dani language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">western New Guinea</a> differentiates only two basic colors: <span title="Lower Grand Valley Dani-language text"><i lang="dni">mili</i></span> for cool/dark shades such as blue, green, and black; and <span title="Lower Grand Valley Dani-language text"><i lang="dni">mola</i></span> for warm/light colors such as red, yellow, and white.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stage_II_(red)"><span id="Stage_II_.28red.29"></span>Stage II (red)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stage II (red)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#c0c0c0;">Stage II<sup id="cite_ref-Kay99_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">white<br />red/yellow<br />black/blue/green </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Stage II implements a third term for red. Objects begin to rely less on their brightness for classification and in this stage we instead see each term cover a larger scope of colors. Specifically, blue and other darker shades continue to be described as black, yellow and orange colors are classified with red, and other bright colors continue to be classified with white. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara language</a>, there are three color terms: <span title="Bambara-language text"><i lang="bm">dyema</i></span> (white, beige), <span title="Bambara-language text"><i lang="bm">blema</i></span> (reddish, brownish), and <span title="Bambara-language text"><i lang="bm">fima</i></span> (dark green, indigo, and black). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stage_III/IV_(yellow_+_green)"><span id="Stage_III.2FIV_.28yellow_.2B_green.29"></span>Stage III/IV (yellow + green)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stage III/IV (yellow + green)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#c0c0c0;">Stage III<sup id="cite_ref-Kay99_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">white<br />red<br />yellow<br />black/blue/green </th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">white<br />red<br />yellow/green/blue<br />black </th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">white<br />red/yellow<br />green/blue<br />black </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Stage III identifies a third term referring either to green (IIIa) or yellow (IIIb). Most languages in the study with this system identify yellow over green, such as the <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi language</a>, where green is considered a shade of yellow (<span title="Komi-language text"><span lang="kv">виж</span></span>, <span title="Komi-language text"><i lang="kv">vizh</i></span>), called <span title="Komi-language text"><span lang="kv">турун виж</span></span> (<span title="Komi-language text"><i lang="kv">turun vizh)</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">grass yellow</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Nigerian <a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio language</a> and the Philippine <a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo language</a> both identify green instead of yellow. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ovahimba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovahimba">Ovahimba</a> use <a href="/wiki/Himba_people#Color_perception_and_vision" title="Himba people">four color names</a>: <span title="Otjiherero-language text"><i lang="hz">zuzu</i></span> stands for dark shades of blue, red, green, and purple; <span title="Otjiherero-language text"><i lang="hz">vapa</i></span> is white and some shades of yellow; <span title="Otjiherero-language text"><i lang="hz">buru</i></span> is some shades of green and blue; and <span title="Otjiherero-language text"><i lang="hz">dambu</i></span> is some other shades of green, red, and brown.<sup id="cite_ref-himba_colour_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-himba_colour-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that this may <a href="/wiki/Stroop_effect" title="Stroop effect">increase the time it takes</a> for the Ovahimba to distinguish between two colors that fall under the same <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a> color category, compared to people whose language separates the colors into two different color categories.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#c0c0c0;">Stage IV<sup id="cite_ref-Kay99_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">white<br />red<br />yellow<br />green<br />black/blue </th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">white<br />red<br />yellow<br />green/blue<br />black </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Stage IV incorporates green or yellow, which ever was not already present, i.e. stage IIIa languages will adopt yellow and stage IIIb languages will adopt green. Most stage IV languages continue to <a href="/wiki/Colexification" title="Colexification">colexify</a> blue and green, as listed in <i><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese character</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:青">青</a> (pronounced <span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">qīng</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ao</i></span> in Japanese) has a meaning that covers both blue and green. In more contemporary terms, they are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%97%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:藍">藍</a> (<span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">lán</i></span>, in Mandarin) and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B6%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:綠">綠</a> (<span title="Mandarin Chinese-language text"><i lang="cmn-Latn">lǜ</i></span>, in Mandarin) respectively. Japanese also has two terms that refer specifically to the color green, <span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B7%91#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:緑">緑</a></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">midori</i></span>, derived from the classical Japanese descriptive verb <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">midoru</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to be in leaf, to flourish</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> in reference to trees) and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">グリーン</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">guriin</i></span>, which is derived from the English word 'green').<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stage_V_(blue)"><span id="Stage_V_.28blue.29"></span>Stage V (blue)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stage V (blue)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-weight:bold; float:right"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#c0c0c0;">Stage V<sup id="cite_ref-Kay99_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay99-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="font-weight:normal;">white<br />red<br />yellow<br />green<br />blue<br />black </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Stage V introduces blue as its own color term, differentiating from black or from green. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stage_VI_(brown)"><span id="Stage_VI_.28brown.29"></span>Stage VI (brown)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Stage VI (brown)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seventh basic color term is likely to be brown. </p><p>In English, this is the first basic color term (other than black and white) that is not differentiated on hue, but rather on lightness. English splits some hues into several distinct colors according to lightness: such as red and pink or orange and brown. To English speakers, these pairs of colors, which are objectively no more different from one another than light green and dark green, are conceived of as belonging to different categories.<sup id="cite_ref-BerlinKay1969_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerlinKay1969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stage_VII">Stage VII</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stage VII"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stage VII adds additional terms for orange, pink, purple, or gray, but these do not exhibit the same hierarchy as the previous seven colors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English contains eleven basic color terms: 'black', 'white', 'red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'brown', 'orange', 'pink', 'purple', and 'gray'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stage_VII+"><span id="Stage_VII.2B"></span>Stage VII+</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stage VII+"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow-metro-light-blue-line.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow-metro-light-blue-line.png/220px-Moscow-metro-light-blue-line.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow-metro-light-blue-line.png/330px-Moscow-metro-light-blue-line.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow-metro-light-blue-line.png/440px-Moscow-metro-light-blue-line.png 2x" data-file-width="971" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Use of light-blue (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">голубой</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><span style="padding-right:0.15em;">goluboi</span></i></span>) and dark-blue (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">синий</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn"><span style="padding-right:0.15em;">sinii</span></i></span>) colors for different lines of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Languages with further color distinction use relativistic light/dark terms like light blue<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">dark blue</a> (in comparison to blue sky<span class="nowrap"> </span>/ blue ocean), or <a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">pale red</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>/ <a href="/wiki/Maroon" title="Maroon">deep red</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> have twelve basic color terms, each distinguishing blue and light blue. A Russian will make the same red/pink and orange/brown distinctions, but will also make a further distinction between <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">синий</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">sinii</i></span>) and <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">голубой</span></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">goluboi</i></span>), which English speakers would call dark and light blue. To Russian speakers, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">sinii</i></span> and <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">goluboi</i></span> are as separate as red and pink, or orange and brown.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language#Two_words_for_"red"" title="Hungarian language">distinguish multiple words</a> for 'red': <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">piros</i></span> and <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">vörös</i></span> (Hungarian; <span title="Hungarian-language text"><i lang="hu">vörös</i></span> is a darker red), and <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kırmızı</i></span>, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">al</i></span>, and <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kızıl</i></span> (Turkish); <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kırmızı</i></span> now includes all reds but originally referred to crimson, to which it is cognate, while <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kızıl</i></span> mainly refers to scarlet and other orange-tinted or brownish reds. Two words for 'red' are also found in Irish and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>: (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">dearg</i></span> for light, bright red and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">rua</i></span> or <span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">ruadh</i></span> respectively for dark, brownish red). Turkish also has two words for 'white' (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">beyaz</i></span> and <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ak</i></span>) and 'black' (<span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">siyah</i></span> and <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kara</i></span>). <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Ak</i></span> and <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">beyaz</i></span> have the same meaning, while <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kara</i></span> is a broader term than <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">siyah</i></span> and also includes dark browns; which word is used also depends on the kind of object being described. Both <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">ak</i></span> and <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">kara</i></span> are of Turkic origin, while <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">siyah</i></span> is borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">beyaz</i></span> from Arabic <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بياض</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">bayāḍ</i></span>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> there are differences in dark brown (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">mrk</i></span>), brown (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">smeđ</i></span> and <span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">kestenjast</i></span>), red (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">crven</i></span>), pink (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">ružičast</i></span>), and orange (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">narandžast</i></span>), as well as in blue hues: navy blue (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">teget</i></span>), dark blue (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">modar</i></span>), blue (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">plav</i></span>), and ash blue (<span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh"><span style="padding-right:0.15em;">sinj</span></i></span>). </p><p>An interesting case that deviates from this pattern is <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>'s two words for green: </p> <ul><li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">glas</i></span> denotes the green color of plants</li> <li><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">uaine</i></span> denotes artificial greens of dyes, paints etc.</li></ul> <p>This distinction is made even if two shades are identical. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Glas</i></span> is also used for "natural" grays, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">gray squirrel</a>, <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">iora glas</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linguistic_relativity">Linguistic relativity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Linguistic relativity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a></div> <p>These colors roughly correspond to the sensitivities of the retinal ganglion cells, leading Berlin and Kay to argue that color naming is not merely a cultural phenomenon, but is one that is also constrained by biology—that is, language is shaped by perception.<sup id="cite_ref-BerlinKay1969_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerlinKay1969-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2012 study<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested that the origin of this hierarchy may be tied to human vision and the time ordering in which these color names get accepted or agreed upon in a population perfectly matches the order predicted by the hierarchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-hue_terms">Non-hue terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-hue terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This article mostly describes the color terms that define the <i>hue</i> of a color, since hue is considered the most innate dimension of the three. However, other terms are often used to describe the other two dimensions, which can be seen as common prefixes to the root terms that generally describe hue. Adding prefixes to root color terms generates <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/multilexemic" class="extiw" title="wikt:multilexemic">multilexemic</a> colors. Examples of common prefix adjectives can be seen in a <a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">list of color names</a> and are described: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a>: can describe either high luminosity or high saturation, according to the <a href="/wiki/Helmholtz%E2%80%93Kohlrausch_effect" title="Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect">Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Hunt_effect_(color)" title="Hunt effect (color)">Hunt effect</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a>: describes both a high luminosity <i>and</i> low saturation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a>: the opposite of lightness, or low luminosity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleness_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleness (color)">Paleness</a>, <i>dullness</i>: a measure of desaturation</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deep#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:deep">Deep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_blue" title="Royal blue">Royal</a>: may refer to darkness and/or high saturation; unrelated to <a href="/wiki/Color_depth" title="Color depth">color depth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness#Excitation_purity" title="Colorfulness">Pure</a>, <i>Bold</i>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vivid" class="extiw" title="wikt:vivid">Vivid</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rich#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:rich">Rich</a>: all referring to high saturation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel</a>: refers to colors with high luminosity and low saturation.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neon#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:neon">Neon</a>: bright, in either of the word's connotations; alluding to the bright glow of <a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">neon lighting</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescent</a>: very bright, sometimes also highly saturated. Named after the <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> effect of <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, which can produce a luminous glow when viewed under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet light</a>, thereby appearing significantly brighter than their surroundings.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-dimensional_terms">Non-dimensional terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Non-dimensional terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other terms sometimes used to describe color are related to physical phenomenon that do not describe a single color, but describe the dynamic nature of an object's color. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloss_(optics)" title="Gloss (optics)">Glossy</a>: whether the surface reflects <i>diffusely</i> or <i>specularly</i> (sharply)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_color" title="Metallic color">Metallic</a>: distinguishing 'gold' and 'silver' from shades of 'yellow' and 'gray', respectively</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescent</a>: dependence of color on viewing angle, innate to <a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">Opacity</a>: opaque (solid) vs. translucent (transparent or see-through)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abstract_and_descriptive_color_terms">Abstract and descriptive color terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Abstract and descriptive color terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Color terms can be classified as <i>abstract</i> or <i>descriptive</i>, though the distinction is often unclear. </p><p><b>Abstract</b> color terms refer only to the color they represent and any etymological link to an object of that color is lost. In English white, black, red, yellow, green, blue, brown, and gray are abstract color terms. These terms are also <i>basic color terms</i> (as described above), though other abstract terms like maroon and <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a> are not considered basic color terms. </p><p><b>Descriptive</b> color terms are secondarily used to describe a color but primarily refer to an object or phenomenon. 'Salmon', 'rose', 'saffron', and 'lilac' are descriptive color terms in English because their use as color terms is derived in reference to natural colors of <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> flesh, <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a> flowers, infusions of <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a> pistils, and <a href="/wiki/Lilac" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilac">lilac</a> blossoms respectively. </p><p>Abstract color terms in one may be represented by descriptive color terms in another; for example in Japanese pink is <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">momoiro</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">桃色</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">peach-color</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and gray is either <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">haiiro</i></span> or <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">nezumiiro</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">灰色</span></span>, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">鼠色</span></span>, lit. 'ash-color' for light grays and 'mouse-color' for dark grays respectively). Nevertheless, as languages evolve they may adopt or invent new abstract color terms, as Japanese has adopted <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">pinku</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ピンク</span></span>) for pink and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">gurē</i></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">グレー</span></span>) for gray from English. </p><p>While most of the 11 basic color terms in English are decidedly abstract, three of them (all stage VII, so understandably the youngest basic color terms) are arguably still descriptive: </p> <ul><li><i>Pink</i> was originally a descriptive color term derived from the name of a <a href="/wiki/Dianthus" title="Dianthus">flower called a 'pink'</a>. However, because the word 'pink' is rarely used to refer to the flower anymore, relative to its common usage as a color, it is often regarded as an abstract color term.</li> <li><i>Purple</i> is another example of this shift, as it was originally a word that referred to the <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> named <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a>, which took its name from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">purpura</i></span>, which referred to both the dye and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snail</a> from which the dye was derived. However, this etymological link has been lost in translation.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orange_(word)" title="Orange (word)">Orange</a></i> is difficult to categorize as abstract or descriptive because both its uses, as a color term and as a word for an object, are very common and it is difficult to distinguish which of the two is primary. As a basic color term it became established in the early-to-mid 20th century;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> before that time artist's palettes called it 'yellow-red'. In English, the use of the word 'orange' for a fruit predates its use as a color term. The word comes from French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">orenge</i></span>, which derives via <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> ‏<span lang="ar" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:نارنج">نارنج</a></span>‎ (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">narand͡ʒ</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span lang="sa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:नारङ्ग">नारङ्ग</a></span> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">nāraṅga</i></span>) from a <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian language</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The derived form <i>orangish</i> as a color is attested from the late 19th century<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by reference to the fruit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struggle_in_linguistics">Struggle in linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Struggle in linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Research on color terms is often conducted without reference to common uses of the term or its significance within the context of its original language. In <a href="/wiki/John_A._Lucy" title="John A. Lucy">John A. Lucy</a>'s article <i>The linguistics of 'colour<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> he identifies two key categories. One of these is "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Characteristic_referential_range&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Characteristic referential range (page does not exist)">characteristic referential range</a>", or the use of a color term to identify or differentiate a referent over a wide context.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Color objectivism holds that colors are objective, mind-independent properties of material objects or light sources and that color terms refer to objective reality. Two main forms are color primitivism, which sees colors as simple, irreducible qualities either realist or eliminativist, and color physicalism, which views colors as objective properties that require empirical investigation to understand. Color irrealism, eliminativism or fictionalism denies that material objects and light sources actually possess colors, though eliminativists may describe colors as dispositions or attributes of sensations, as seen in the work of <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>, and others. Color dispositionalism sees colors as dispositional properties, existing as powers to cause color experiences in perceivers using the right conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Averill's radical relationism argues that colors are relational properties. He suggests that the color term "yellow," for example, is a relational term tied to both populations of normal observers and optimal viewing conditions in specific environments.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a>, in his work <a href="/wiki/Remarks_on_Colour" title="Remarks on Colour">Remarks on Colour</a>, any puzzles about color and color terms can only be resolved through attention to the <a href="/wiki/Language_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Language games">language games</a> involved. He stated that our description of colors are neither fully <a href="/wiki/Empirism" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirism">empirical</a> nor <a href="/wiki/A_priori" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori">a priori</a>. Statements such as "there cannot be a reddish green" are taken as a part of a <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logical</a> structure akin to geometry, institing that color-related terms and propositions are rooted in our language practices. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Cameron_Jackson" title="Frank Cameron Jackson">Frank Jackson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_argument" title="Knowledge argument">knowledge argument</a> against <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a> involves a famous thought experiment about Mary, a scientist knowing everything about the physical aspects of color, including physics and terms, but has lived her whole life in a black-and-white room. When Mary leaves the room and experiences color for the first time, she learns what it feels like to see color, i.e., acquires certain <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a> while using the color term "red", suggesting subjective aspects of color experience. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Inverted_spectrum" title="Inverted spectrum">inverted spectrum</a> argument states that two people could experience different subjective experiences while seeing the same color even when using the same color term "red". For example, one person might see red as what the other experiences as green, even though they both use the color term "red". </p><p>Hardin addresses the everyday color terms like “red,” “yellow,” “green,” and “blue,” as essential reference points in the study of color. He explores what elements of color are fundamental versus accidental, emphasizing his focus on a core set of colors, including white, black, and gray, while acknowledging a special place for brown in color perception.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peacock explores the relationship between how we conceptualize colors and how we experience them, examining whether color concepts, shaped by language and cognition, align with our subjective experience of color perception.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Foster, color constancy refers to the phenomenon where the perceived color of a surface remains stable despite changes in lighting conditions, such as intensity or spectral composition. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Txapartegi analyzed how the ancient Greeks understood and categorized color through the concepts of hue, brightness, and saturation, using color terms from classical Greek texts.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Šekrst and Karlić introduced cognitive convenience, referring to naming of objects of a certain color, for which their hue is not as important as their brightness. For example, in various languages, grapes are described using color terms "white" and "black" even though their real hue is usually a certain shade of green or purple.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hansen and Chemla explore whether color adjectives, like "red" or "green," function as relative or absolute adjectives, using experimental methods instead of informal judgments. Their findings reveal interpersonal variation in how people apply color adjectives, challenging existing theories and highlighting the complexity of scalar adjectives and context sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decock analzyes conceptual change and engineering in the context of color concepts, arguing that in the case of conceptual change of colour concepts varying degrees of optimization, design and control are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krempel investigates whether differences in color terminology across languages lead to differences in color experience, questioning whether language can penetrate and affect perception. She argues that empirical studies do not conclusively support the idea of linguistic penetrability in color experience, even if differences exist between speakers of different languages.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardized_systems">Standardized systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Standardized systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast with the color terms of natural language, systematized color terms also exist. Some examples of color-naming systems are <a href="/wiki/Color_Naming_System" title="Color Naming System">CNS</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS</a> lexicon of color terms. The disadvantage of these systems, however, is that they specify only specific color samples, so while it is possible to, by interpolating, convert any color to or from one of these systems, a lookup table is required. In other words, no simple invertible equation can convert between <a href="/wiki/CIE_XYZ" class="mw-redirect" title="CIE XYZ">CIE XYZ</a> and one of these systems. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">Philatelists</a> traditionally use names to identify <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp_color" title="Postage stamp color">postage stamp colors</a>. While the names are largely standardized within each country, there is no broader agreement, and so for instance the US-published <a href="/wiki/Scott_catalogue" title="Scott catalogue">Scott catalogue</a> will use different names than the British <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Gibbons" title="Stanley Gibbons">Stanley Gibbons</a> catalogue. </p><p>On modern computer systems a standard set of basic color terms is now used across the <a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">web color names</a> (SVG 1.0/CSS3), <a href="/wiki/HTML_color_names" class="mw-redirect" title="HTML color names">HTML color names</a>, <a href="/wiki/X11_color_names" title="X11 color names">X11 color names</a> and the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a> color names, with only a few minor differences. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Crayola" title="Crayola">Crayola</a> company is famous for its many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">crayon colors</a>, often creatively named. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">Heraldry</a> has standardized names for '<a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">tinctures</a>', subdivided into 'colors', 'metals', and 'furs'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">Lists of colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Geiger" title="Lazarus Geiger">Lazarus Geiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himba_people#Anthropological_investigations" title="Himba people">How the Himba see green and blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Philosophy of color</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavidoff1997" class="citation book cs1">Davidoff, Jules (1997). <i>Colour Categories in Thought and Language; "The neuropsychology of color"</i>. Cambridge, England: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 118–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521498005" title="Special:BookSources/9780521498005"><bdi>9780521498005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colour+Categories+in+Thought+and+Language%3B+%22The+neuropsychology+of+color%22&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=118-120&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521498005&rft.aulast=Davidoff&rft.aufirst=Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+term" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BerlinKay1969-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BerlinKay1969_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BerlinKay1969_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BerlinKay1969_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BerlinKay1969_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinKay1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Berlin" title="Brent Berlin">Berlin, Brent</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kay" title="Paul Kay">Kay, Paul</a> (1969). <a href="/wiki/Basic_Color_Terms:_Their_Universality_and_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution"><i>Basic Color Terms: Their universality and evolution</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Color+Terms%3A+Their+universality+and+evolution&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft.au=Kay%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+term" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayMcDaniel1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kay, Paul; McDaniel, Chad (1978). "The Linguistic Significance of the Meanings of Basic Color Terms". <i>Language</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 610–646. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.1978.0035">10.1353/lan.1978.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26961780">26961780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+Linguistic+Significance+of+the+Meanings+of+Basic+Color+Terms&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=610-646&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.1978.0035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26961780%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=McDaniel%2C+Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+term" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kay99-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kay99_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kay99_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kay99_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kay99_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kay99_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayMaffi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kay, Paul; <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Maffi" title="Luisa Maffi">Maffi, Luisa</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1999.101.4.743">"Color appearance and the emergence and evolution of basic color lexicons"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>101</b> (4): 743–760. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1999.101.4.743">10.1525/aa.1999.101.4.743</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Color+appearance+and+the+emergence+and+evolution+of+basic+color+lexicons&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=743-760&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1999.101.4.743&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Maffi%2C+Luisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1999.101.4.743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+term" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill2008" class="citation journal cs1">McNeill, N. B. (28 November 2008). "Colour and colour terminology". <i>Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 21–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002222670000311X">10.1017/S002222670000311X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26668333">26668333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Colour+and+colour+terminology&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-33&rft.date=2008-11-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002222670000311X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26668333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=N.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+term" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kay, Paul. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/myl/languagelog/archives/004399.html"><i>Pirahã Color Terms</i></a>. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1992" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Barbara Ann Christine (January 1, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl8gAQAAIAAJ&q=mili+mola++"><i>The Invention of Basic Colour Terms</i></a>. 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(1996), Komia-anglisköĭ-finsköĭ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-himba_colour-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-himba_colour_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobersonDavidoffDaviesShapiro2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Roberson, Debi; Davidoff, Jules; Davies, Ian R.L.; Shapiro, Laura R. (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43627151">"Colour categories and category acquisition in Himba and English"</a>. In Pitchford, Nicola; Biggam, Carole P. (eds.). <i>Progress in Colour Studies</i>. Vol. II Psychological aspects. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 159–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fz.pics2.14rob">10.1075/z.pics2.14rob</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-3240-3"><bdi>978-90-272-3240-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1982), "A New Color-Naming System for Graphics Languages", <i>IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications</i>, vol. 2, <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>, pp. 37–44</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+New+Color-Naming+System+for+Graphics+Languages&rft.btitle=IEEE+Computer+Graphics+and+Applications&rft.pages=37-44&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Berk&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Brownston%2C+L.&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColor+term" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_term&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/articles/colour.htm">The Colour of Words</a> – Article on Color Names</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coloria.net/bonus/colornames.htm">Coloria.net: Color names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lingualift.com/blog/japanese-color-names/">Japanese Colour Names Cheat Sheet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colordic.org/w/">Japanese Traditional Color Names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.color-guide.com/e_index.htm">Japanese colors with English names</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iscc.org/">Inter-Society Color Council</a></li> <li>The color names in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#svg-color">CSS 3: Color Module</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/types.html">SVG</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Color/Dictionaries">Survey of color dictionaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colornaming.net">An Online Colour Naming Experiment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/language/colours/index.php">Colour Words in Many Languages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.colour.name/">Test your own color terms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spoonflower.com/SpoonFlower_ColorMap_2-1.png">SpoonFlower color map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://color.method.ac/">Color Method</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.stack.imgur.com/weg6q.png">i.stack.imgur basic color terms</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140403202023/http://www.w3schools.com/tags/ref_colorpicker.asp?colorhex=F0F8FF">HTML 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_classifications" title="Template:Color classifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_classifications" title="Template talk:Color classifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_classifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color classifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_classifications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Color classifications</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems,<br />standards and palettes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_Media_Alliance" title="News Media Alliance">ANPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">Color palettes</a> (computer graphics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_Index_International" title="Colour Index International">Colour Index International</a> (CI <a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">list of dyes</a>)</li> <li>Crayola <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">Crayons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIC_Corporation" title="DIC Corporation">DIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_595" title="Federal Standard 595">Federal Standard 595</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HKS_(colour_system)" title="HKS (colour system)">HKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCC%E2%80%93NBS_system" title="ISCC–NBS system">ISCC–NBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsell_color_system" title="Munsell color system">Munsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Color_System" title="Natural Color System">NCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostwald_color_system" title="Ostwald color system">Ostwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantone#Pantone_Color_Matching_System" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAL_colour_standard" title="RAL colour standard">RAL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X11_color_names" title="X11 color names">X11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color names (alphabetic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variations of base colors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="background:transparent; width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Shades of red</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shades_of_red.png/90px-Shades_of_red.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shades_of_red.png/135px-Shades_of_red.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Shades_of_red.png/180px-Shades_of_red.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Shades of yellow</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Color_icon_yellow.svg/90px-Color_icon_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Color_icon_yellow.svg/135px-Color_icon_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Color_icon_yellow.svg/180px-Color_icon_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Shades of green</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Color_icon_green.svg/90px-Color_icon_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Color_icon_green.svg/135px-Color_icon_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Color_icon_green.svg/180px-Color_icon_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Shades of cyan</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CyanIcon.png/90px-CyanIcon.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CyanIcon.png/135px-CyanIcon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/CyanIcon.png/180px-CyanIcon.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Shades of blue</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Color_icon_blue.svg/90px-Color_icon_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Color_icon_blue.svg/135px-Color_icon_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Color_icon_blue.svg/180px-Color_icon_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Shades of magenta</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MagentaIcon.png/90px-MagentaIcon.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MagentaIcon.png/135px-MagentaIcon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MagentaIcon.png/180px-MagentaIcon.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Shades of orange</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shades_of_orange.svg/90px-Shades_of_orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shades_of_orange.svg/135px-Shades_of_orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Shades_of_orange.svg/180px-Shades_of_orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_chartreuse" title="Shades of chartreuse">Shades of chartreuse</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_chartreuse" title="Shades of chartreuse"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Shades_of_chartreuse.svg/90px-Shades_of_chartreuse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Shades_of_chartreuse.svg/135px-Shades_of_chartreuse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Shades_of_chartreuse.svg/180px-Shades_of_chartreuse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_spring_green" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of spring green">Shades of spring green</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spring_green" title="Spring green"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Shades_of_spring_green.svg/90px-Shades_of_spring_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Shades_of_spring_green.svg/135px-Shades_of_spring_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Shades_of_spring_green.svg/180px-Shades_of_spring_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure" class="mw-redirect" title="Shades of azure">Shades of azure</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_azure" title="Shades of azure"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shades_of_azure.svg/90px-Shades_of_azure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shades_of_azure.svg/135px-Shades_of_azure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Shades_of_azure.svg/180px-Shades_of_azure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Shades of violet</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Color_icon_violet_v2.svg/90px-Color_icon_violet_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Color_icon_violet_v2.svg/135px-Color_icon_violet_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Color_icon_violet_v2.svg/180px-Color_icon_violet_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose" title="Shades of rose">Shades of rose</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_rose" title="Shades of rose"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Color_icon_pink.svg/90px-Color_icon_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Color_icon_pink.svg/135px-Color_icon_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Color_icon_pink.svg/180px-Color_icon_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Shades of brown</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Color_icon_brown_v2.svg/90px-Color_icon_brown_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Color_icon_brown_v2.svg/135px-Color_icon_brown_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Color_icon_brown_v2.svg/180px-Color_icon_brown_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Shades of purple</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Color_icon_purple_v2.svg/90px-Color_icon_purple_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Color_icon_purple_v2.svg/135px-Color_icon_purple_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Color_icon_purple_v2.svg/180px-Color_icon_purple_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Shades of pink</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Color_icon_pink_v2.svg/90px-Color_icon_pink_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Color_icon_pink_v2.svg/135px-Color_icon_pink_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Color_icon_pink_v2.svg/180px-Color_icon_pink_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">Shades of white</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Color_icon_white.svg/90px-Color_icon_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Color_icon_white.svg/135px-Color_icon_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Color_icon_white.svg/180px-Color_icon_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Shades of gray</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Color_icon_gray_v2.svg/90px-Color_icon_gray_v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Color_icon_gray_v2.svg/135px-Color_icon_gray_v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Color_icon_gray_v2.svg/180px-Color_icon_gray_v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td width="16.667%"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Shades of black</a> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Color_icon_black_new2.png/90px-Color_icon_black_new2.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Color_icon_black_new2.png/135px-Color_icon_black_new2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Color_icon_black_new2.png/180px-Color_icon_black_new2.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Color" title="Category:Color">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Color_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Basic_color_terms">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th 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