The Mysterious Maps That Connect Pagan and Supernatural Sites

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta name="turbo-visit-control" content="reload"> <meta name="env" content="production">  <script src="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/c7042f21-9a02-4cf6-ad42-3e1f237e2b50/otSDKStub.js" type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="c7042f21-9a02-4cf6-ad42-3e1f237e2b50" ></script> <script type="text/javascript"> function OptanonWrapper() { } </script>  <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/2/Platform-Regular-Web.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/2/Platform-Medium-Web.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/2/FreigTexProBookWeb.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/2/FreigTexProBookItWeb.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="preload" href="https://fonts.atlasobscura.com/icons2/atlasobscura.woff2?3sjg72" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://assets.atlasobscura.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//b.scorecardresearch.com"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://maps.google.com"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"bed08a364b","applicationID":"16192845","transactionName":"Jg1fEkIMXl4HQU0ERRELUgpVEB1BClwV","queueTime":2,"applicationTime":14,"agent":""}</script> <script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={xpid:"VQUHVVJSCRABUlBbBQkDUw==",licenseKey:"bed08a364b",applicationID:"16192845"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-full-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>m,xN:()=>p});var n=r(3333),i=r(993);const o=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var a=r(2614),s=r(944),c=r(384),u=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",l=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:i.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MARKS)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.MEASURES)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n.$v.RESOURCES)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:a.wk,inactiveMs:a.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){o(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,s.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){o(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,s.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,s.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},f={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);f[e]=(0,u.a)(t,l());const r=(0,c.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=f[e])}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>u,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>f,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>l,m:()=>c,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>d});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=""+a?.location,u=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),d=u&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),f=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)g(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function g(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:g,addEventListener:g,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=p(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var g=v()[s[e]];g&&g.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:p,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function g(e,t){n[e]=p(e).concat(t)}function p(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",g)}function g(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),c&&h(c.prototype,f),h(a.gm,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$v:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,kd:()=>c,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3,c=["PageAction","UserAction","BrowserPerformance"],u={MARKS:"experimental.marks",MEASURES:"experimental.measures",RESOURCES:"experimental.resources"}},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),g=r(6344);const p=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",g.G4.RECORD,g.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),R=r(3785),x=r(2646),w=r(3434);const E=new Map;function A(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,w.YM)(i),a=new x.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[w.Jt]||t[r];return E.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>E.get(c))),i}function T(){const e=(0,h.pV)();p.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const _={};var S=r(9417),O=r(5603),N=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function j(e,t={},p,x){let{init:w,info:E,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=p;const H=(0,h.pV)();E||(w=H.init,E=H.info,j=H.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,w||{}),(0,O.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),E.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(E.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,E);const L=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[E.beacon,E.errorBeacon];P||(L.proxy.assets&&(I(L.proxy.assets),D.push(L.proxy.assets)),L.proxy.beacon&&D.push(L.proxy.beacon),T(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",N.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===L.soft_navigations.enabled&&L.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...L.ajax.deny_list||[],...L.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const p={};var x=s.ee.get(e),w=x.get("tracer");_[e]=b.g.OFF,x.on(g.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{_[e]=t}));var E="api-",T=E+"ixn-";function S(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}p.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,R.R)(x,e,t,r)},p.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),A(x,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{p[e]=I(E,e,!0,"api")})),p.addPageAction=I(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),p.recordCustomEvent=I(E,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),p.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},p.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return S(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},p.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return S("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},p.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return S("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},p.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),x.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},p[g.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)(g.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,x)},p[g.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)(g.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,x)},p.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const N=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),h||(0,a.p)(T+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,x),function(){if(w.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw w.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{w.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,x),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(891).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),x.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{N[e]=I(T,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),p.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(T,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),p.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!_[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,x)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),p}(e.agentIdentifier,x,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),P=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({95:"nr-full-compressor",222:"nr-full-recorder",891:"nr-full"}[e]+"-1.281.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={891:"sha512-54Aat8Udm6iAAlMAdj4qB/wPExKn9TKWSsPnD5+K2RMckmHE0cb0CFc0VauDfpPug5wse9qzwDKuwIMa3hX6gw==",222:"sha512-IA751FH/bvhLWl8I5ZELgH0tFQetWKV1G+9qRkPvOrTSv2X2tgItmreKfvrd8zImHp4sIPTnSN0otmgnX7UJXA==",95:"sha512-Rwnn8hCtQVvDGDl0hSpEazVuRDuvlGnJpNuNwuapJ46vDCvUNGBIzCZCrZYygTgVJUjMrfQoMAULb+2gKoTIiQ=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},g=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={85:0,959:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),g=i(6154),p=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};g.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,p.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class R extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var x=i(384);var w=i(9908),E=i(2843),A=i(3878),T=i(782),_=i(1863);class S extends b{static featureName=T.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.T,t),g.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,w.p)("docHidden",[(0,_.t)()],void 0,T.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,w.p)("winPagehide",[(0,_.t)()],void 0,T.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class N extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return L(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(L(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function H(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return L(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function L(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",((e,t)=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,_.t)(),!0,{},this.#r,t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),g.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("err",[k(e),(0,_.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),g.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("err",[H(e),(0,_.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===g.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(void 0===g.gm.XMLHttpRequest)return n;if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=g.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=g.gm.MutationObserver,s=g.gm.Promise,c=g.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=g.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(p?p.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var p=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=g.gm.Request,ee=g.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&g.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(g.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof g.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,x.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,x.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,w.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};g.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};ge(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=x,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){E(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),g.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},ge(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,_.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,_.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function p(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,_.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,_.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&g.RI&&(t=""+g.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:g.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,_.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:g.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),ge(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function R(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,_.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,_.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function x(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,_.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):E(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function E(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,w.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",p),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",R)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function ge(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const pe={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!g.RI||pe[t.debugId]++||(pe[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:Re,d3:xe,Kp:we,TZ:Ee,Lc:Ae,uP:Te,Rz:_e}=be;class Se extends b{static featureName=Ee;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ee,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Te,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,_.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,w.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,_.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(_e+xe,(function(e){this.time=(0,_.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(_e+we,(function(e){(0,w.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,w.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:Re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class Ne extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,p.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,w.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,p.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(891),i.e(222)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee,agentRef:this.#o}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3333);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ie.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled,e.init.performance.resources.enabled];if(g.RI&&(e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(Ie.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,w.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),Ie.qN.forEach((e=>{const t=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,w.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),500,{leading:!0});(0,A.sp)(e,t)}))),e.init.performance.resources.enabled&&g.gm.PerformanceObserver?.supportedEntryTypes.includes("resource"))){new PerformanceObserver((e=>{e.getEntries().forEach((e=>{(0,w.p)("browserPerformance.resource",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}))})).observe({type:"resource",buffered:!0})}r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var je=i(993),Ce=i(3785);class ke extends b{static featureName=je.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,je.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,Ce.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),g.gm?(this.features={},(0,x.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,x.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,S,Se,Ne,he,N,D,Pe,ke],loaderType:"pro"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="206394544492" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="784963490" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="514970725" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="103921782727" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Atlas Obscura" /> <meta name="p:domain_verify" content="0f207004875a5511f774fc29f0a5a3f3"/> <meta name="pocket-site-verification" content="8353ea6cd97e141f193687e3013ce3" /> <meta name="turbo-visit-control" content="reload"> <link rel='alternate' type='application/rss+xml' title='Atlas Obscura - Latest Articles and Places' href='https://www.atlasobscura.com/feeds/latest'> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({ google_ad_client: "ca-pub-7043236988399860", enable_page_level_ads: true }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function isSmallScreen () { return window.innerWidth < 668; } function isSmallScreenNewBreakpoints () { return window.innerWidth < 768; } </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PH5RC2F');</script>   <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1494388927542275'); // Insert your pixel ID here. fbq('track', 'PageView'); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1494388927542275&ev=PageView&noscript=1" /></noscript>  <script> !function(d,s,id){ var js,fjs=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if(!d.getElementById(id)){ js=d.createElement(s); js.id=id; js.async=true; js.src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js,fjs);} } (document,"script","twitter-wjs"); </script> <script src="https://js.stripe.com/v3/"></script> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href='https://img.atlasobscura.com/arq81MTohFEUbDPogElM6DD8zKK9nOeDi38TE22FmFs/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24ucG5n'> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes='144x144' href='https://img.atlasobscura.com/jthYPtckohvAoDRucK2XgRa0uaiuPPDLSMiSzYOdNWU/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24tMTQ0eDE0NC1w/cmVjb21wb3NlZC5w/bmc'> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes='114x114' href='https://img.atlasobscura.com/jXUkqlVM4uiG_1De18C2OaLqTSqz6kHV501SvKujZI4/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24tMTE0eDExNC1w/cmVjb21wb3NlZC5w/bmc'> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href='https://img.atlasobscura.com/KDdUfBbJVh0qn1m1L2EqlwyJ27N9Q-_65NXreu-c_Ko/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Fw/cGxlLXRvdWNoLWlj/b24tcHJlY29tcG9z/ZWQucG5n'> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://img.atlasobscura.com/9GticEl966ZTAOEQ-dcQskOD50V9_Gt6QboGVSgUHbI/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Zh/dmljb24tMzJ4MzIu/cG5n"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://img.atlasobscura.com/5ecyTx3Hi1dIDjpxGsybIAZuNsO4JErZ9d-TzuG0AdE/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5h/bWF6b25hd3MuY29t/L2F0bGFzLWRldi9t/aXNjL2ljb25zL2Zh/dmljb24tMTZ4MTYu/cG5n"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atlas-dev/misc/icons/manifest.json"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atlas-dev/misc/icons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#53b19f"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atlas-dev/misc/icons/favicon.ico" sizes="48x48"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="https://s3.amazonaws.com/atlas-dev/misc/icons/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script defer data-domain="atlasobscura.com" src="https://plausible.io/js/plausible.js"></script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-VE390YR3HM"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('set', 'linker', { 'domains': ['eventbrite.com'] }); var c = document.cookie.split('; ').find(row => row.startsWith('ao_id_token')); var ao_id_token = c === undefined ? '' : c.split('=')[1]; gtag("config", "G-VE390YR3HM", { 'link_attribution': true, 'user_id': ao_id_token, 'user_properties': { 'user_type': 'Guest' }, 'content_group': 'articles', 'tag_list': 'archaeology;occult;maps;eerie feeling', 'publish_date': '2025-02-12', }); </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-ley-lines"> <script> AtlasAdSlots = window.AtlasAdSlots || {}; (window.googletag = window.googletag || {"cmd":[]}) </script> <script src="https://cdn.adapex.io/hb/aaw.atlasobscura.js" async></script> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting("isTesting", "NO"); }); </script> <title>The Mysterious Maps That Connect Pagan and Supernatural Sites - Atlas Obscura</title> <meta property="description" content="Believers claim ley lines are metaphysical axes of power that run through the landscape, connecting ancient and modern sites of significance in unexpected ways." /> <script> window.AtlasObscura = {}; window.AtlasObscura["next_online_experiences"] = []; </script> <script> window.lazySizesConfig = window.lazySizesConfig || {}; lazySizesConfig.lazyClass = 'lazy'; lazySizesConfig.loadMode = 1; </script> <script> AtlasObscura.current_article = {"id":18304,"title":"Ley Lines and the Allure of Imposing Order on History's Chaos","subtitle":"Believers claim these mysterious paths reveal unseen connections and, through them, a larger picture of the truth.","body":"\nI’m walking north on Broadway in Manhattan, trying to imagine what seems impossible now: that this land was once wild, an island of swamps and forests that had to be navigated around and cut through. I can’t even begin to envision the natural landscape and features that once covered this island, but knowing that at some point there had been swamps and ponds here helps me make sense of the crook in the road that happens at 10th Street, when the street bends westward and begins the long diagonal slant that will take it across Manhattan’s fabled grid until it straightens out again around 78th Street on the Upper West Side.\nThat stretch of Broadway was once known as the Bloomingdale Road, itself a Lenape pathway that first the Dutch, then the English, and finally New York City’s government gradually expanded and codified, and by the 1860s its meandering kinks and bends had straightened out into the clean diagonal we know today. It's a simple and straightforward enough story, one that’s easy to grasp even if the original reasons for the directions of these paths—what pond they skirted around, what rock formation caused a change in direction—are long gone and impossible to conceive of now.\nThe way that our built world is the result of thousands of previous decisions—some known, some unknown—that gradually accrete over the years is something I find perpetually fascinating. You can walk through a place like Manhattan and feel its centuries-long history that includes the Lenape, Dutch and English colonists, and the endless waves of subsequent Americans and immigrants, corrupt politicians and politicians with utopian ideals, each of whom through design and habit put their mark on the landscape. To me, it’s the symphonic level of cacophony that all these decisions represent that makes a city like this so entrancing. There are so many layers of New York that are piled high on each other, some harmonious and some discordant, that it makes walking through it seem wild and strange.\n\nThere’s still mystery in this city, of course, but there are times you’re reminded that the streets are among the most over-determined in the world. Which is why perhaps I’m drawn to the idea of ley lines: supposedly supernatural or metaphysical axes of power that run through the landscape, connecting sites of significance in unexpected ways. Their existence is doubtful at best, but taken as fiction, they offer other ways of reading the landscape. I’d had a vague notion of them, but it wasn’t until the ley lines of Manhattan formed a major plot point in 2016’s Ghostbusters reboot that I began to think more seriously about them—not as any kind of metaphysical reality, but possibly as a different kind of way of looking at the world.\n\nIn 1925, Alfred Watkins published his book The Old Straight Track, in which he put forward his idea that there were unseen lines that connected pre-Roman archaeological sites in Great Britain. Watkins, a British photographer and amateur archaeologist, had set out to visit the newly excavated Roman settlement Blackwardine a few years earlier when he noticed that a number of archaeological landmarks from various eras all lay along the same straight line—not just Blackwardine, but Croft Ambrey and Risbury Camp, both Iron Age forts in Herefordshire near the border with Wales, as well as Stretton Grandison, another former Roman settlement.\nConnecting the dots became his hobby and his passion: Watkins gathered up scores of ancient sites—burial mounds and Roman ruins, footpaths and marker stones—and suggested that one could connect them through straight lines, arguing that these lines were once well-worn paths used by ancient cultures. “My main theme is the alignment across miles of country of a great number of objects, or sites of objects, of prehistoric antiquity. And this not in one or a few instances, but in scores and hundreds,” he wrote.\nWatkins himself didn’t attempt to offer much by way of explaining why this was so. His best guess was that these were pre-historical footpaths that had been long forgotten, even as the placement of monuments and settlements revealed their ghostly echoes. Beyond that, however, he felt it was “the task of other branches of archaeology to work out the full chronology of the matter, and I only attempt those few obvious deductions as regards periods which the mechanism of the sighted track reveals.”\n\nBut he did offer a name. He called these tracks “leys,” a term that originally signified a pasture or an enclosed field. But Watkins noted that this term had earlier meanings; there is evidence, he wrote, “indicating that ‘ley’ did not always mean pasture or field. Ley Hills and Leys Hills are frequent, and hills are not likely to be named from pastures.” Thus, the term, he argued, had been in use before the rise of agriculture, when there could have been no pastures to speak of, and suggested that it gradually evolved to its current meaning: “The sequence seems clear,” he wrote. “First, the straight sighted track, then a clearing of the woodland, through which it passed, then the fields which evolved in the clearing, the same name ley, lay, lee applying to each stage, a logical sequence.”\nFrom the beginning, archaeologists had called Watkins’s original theory sharply into question: There are simply too many pre-Roman sites throughout England and connecting any three or more of them in a line is remarkably easy. There is nothing statistically noteworthy about these lines, and they don’t suggest occult powers or ancient wisdom so much as the human tendency to find patterns in meaningless noise. One of Watkins’s heroes, Oxford-trained archaeologist Osbert Crawford (who’d been approvingly name-checked repeatedly in The Old Straight Track) spent decades trying to distance himself from Watkins and dissuade the public from embracing his theories, calling The Old Straight Track in 1953 “one of the craziest books ever written about archaelogy.” One of Crawford’s allies, Richard Clay, went further, describing Watkins as being “ignorant of the first principles of the science of archaeology” and accusing him of merely “attempting to startle the world with new theories.”\n\n\nWhat if, occultists wondered, these were lines of power, sacred unto themselves?\n\n\nIn this, however, Watkins clearly succeeded. Never taken seriously by mainstream archaeologists as he’d hoped, his ideas instead quickly developed metaphysical overtones. What if, occultists wondered, these lines were not merely paths of convenience and convergence, well-weathered footpaths connecting sacred sites, but lines of power, sacred unto themselves? The idea was first put forward in the 1936 novel The Goat-Foot God, by British occultist Dion Fortune. Old centers of pagan power, the novel’s characters assert, became dominated by Christian churches and other modern structures, exorcising the original pagan influence.\nWhen the novel’s Hugh Pastons sets out to build a house that, he hopes, will “wake the Old Gods” (specifically the eponymous Pan), occultist Mona Wilton advises him to build it anywhere along any line connecting the stone circles at Avebury or Stonehenge to any other remains of pagan worship. Unseen tracks stretch between these places, she claims, demonstrating how Avebury lies on an axis that connects St. Albans and Tintagel, and another connects Dorset and Lindisfarne—which, she claims, were the earlier centers of power before Christianity. Connected with supernatural force, they remain charged: “That’s why we who worship the Old Gods use the lines of force between the power-centres, and not the power-centres themselves because those power-centres have all been exorcised long ago. But they didn’t know enough to know of the lines of force, so they never exorcised them.”\n\nFortune was a member of the Order of the Golden Dawn and friend to Aleister Crowley. Her ideas found purchase in the occult circles of her day, but it wasn’t until the postwar era that they began to seep into the wider world of pseudoscience and beyond the confines of Great Britain. Once the idea of ley lines were liberated from Watkins’s original idea of footpaths that endured from one civilization to the next, they could be mapped onto any kind of supernatural phenomenon, and need no longer be tethered to archaeological ruins.\nIn 1961, the British ex-pilot Tony Wedd, steeped both in Watkins’s book and a 1958 French UFO book, Flying Saucers and the Straight Line Mystery by Aimé Michel, began to assert that ley lines not only had metaphysical properties, but also helped explain the straight paths of the UFO sightings Michel had described. In his book Skyways and Landmarks, Wedd called these lines “orthotenies” and suggested that they contained magnetic currents. Such currents, he contended, not only were harnessed by UFOs for power, but also explained why earlier civilizations had built sacred temples along their routes. These ideas were further amplified by John Michell, who, in The Flying Saucer Vision (1967) and The View Over Atlantis (1969), propelled the idea of ley lines into the pseudoscientific mainstream.\n\nIn the 2016 Ghostbusters, the villain “charges” two ley lines that meet like an X over Manhattan (one of which runs roughly along Broadway’s diagonal), converging at a hotel that, Leslie Jones’s character reveals, was built on a location with a dubious history. “All sorts of massacres happened there before the building was built,” she explains. “A peaceful trade with Captain Warren and the Lenape Indians was supposed to take place…and suddenly everyone died.” This is of course nonsense; the violence that happened between the Lenape and the Dutch and English settlers was almost entirely one-sided, and attributing metaphysical causes obscures the genocidal intent of the colonial settlers.\nStill, the red leather-bound book that Kate McKinnon retrieves from the shelf, an atlas of Ley Lines of North America, seems tantalizing; I found more than one Redditor lamenting the fact that such a book doesn’t actually exist. In the absence of such reference works, most believers recommend making your own. As to how to locate a ley line: One website suggests starting with local monuments, or really anything with historic significance (every state capital, they say, is on a ley line). From there, add in any known Indigenous landmarks: man-made mounds, burial grounds, caves. On top of this, the writer advises, you should look for haunted houses or other instances of the paranormal. Marking all of these out on a grid should start to reveal lines that you can connect.\n\nAs a purely practical matter, this makes sense, in that, if you plot enough points on a plane, you’re bound eventually to be able to find some lines that at least roughly connect three or more points. But on a metaphysical level, the allure of a belief in ley lines is that it takes several layers—naturally occurring geographical features, Native American and other prehistorical cultural civilizations, the paranormal, and more modern landmarks and cultural institutions—and folds them into one. It suggests that some unseen band of energy is behind all of these elements, and that they are merely the visible expression of that unseen energy. Everything you can think of, from Indigenous ways of understanding the land to contemporary urban theory, is all part of the same continuum.\nLey lines don’t quite posit an order where none exists; instead, they posit a single order that unites and supersedes any number of pre-existing orders. They usurp the individual decision to build a house or forge a trail or found a capital—be those decisions carefully calculated or happenstance—and suggest that all such decisions are unconsciously directed. They offer a convenient explanation for fate and randomness; if things don’t seem to make sense at first, it may just be because you haven’t properly mapped out the lines yet. With enough sifting through the noise in search of the signal, believers promise, you can tap into a network of energy that will give you power over the ignorant around you. In a complex and chaotic world, it's easy to see the allure.\n\nBut it turns out that connecting the dots is easier said than done. One map I found of the Northeast U.S., called Gaia Complex: Geometry in the Landscape, lists a series of supposedly resonant towns and geographic features, which are connected via lines to form a tight, geometric shape, suggesting some sort of magnetic ordering that lies beneath our feet. The central vertical axis, according to this chart, runs south from Lake Willoughby in Vermont, through the towns of Topsham and West Fairlee, then to Mount Ascutney, Shelburne Falls in Massachusetts, the Barkhamsted Reservoir and Derby in Connecticut, and, finally, “Wappinger Falls, Massachusetts.” The various justifications for each of these places’ power is nebulous: Topsham, Vermont, for example, is described as containing Burnham Mountain, a vista point, and an art colony; Shelburne Falls also has an art center, and is further noted for its “Peace Treaty Site” and its Bridge of Flowers. But there are larger problems: Attempting to map these on an actual map creates difficulties, as these places are not aligned in a perfect North-South axis; they’re literally all over the map. There is no such place as Wappinger Falls, Massachusetts, and certainly it is not south of Derby, Connecticut; Wappinger Falls, New York, is far to the west, along the Hudson River.\nThis is just one example, but it’s indicative of the ways in which ley line maps work: There’s a lot of fudging to make them make sense. If you want a clean, aesthetically-pleasing geometric shape formed by your ley lines, you not only have to stretch actual geography, but also stretch what does and does not constitute a data point significant enough to be charted.\n\n\n[Ley lines] posit a single order that unites and supersedes any number of pre-existing orders.\n\n\nAlternately, you can just start connecting lines on the map until you end up with something approaching visual chaos. Many online maps of ley lines more closely resemble a common trope of film and TV: the conspiracy wall. A cliché that’s now descended into parody, the conspiracy wall—where a series of newspaper clippings, photographs, and other ephemera are tacked to a wall and usually connected with bright red string—first started appearing in films like Memento and A Beautiful Mind, where they offered a visual metaphor to reflect the troubled, paranoid minds of the films’ protagonists. They soon found their way to police procedurals like The Wire and True Detective, where often as not they represented actual conspiracies—the idea being that only by spreading out all the data visually and connecting individual pieces via string could the larger picture be understood.\nLey lines offer the same tantalizing possibility: a hidden map that reveals unseen connections and, through them, a larger picture of the truth. They offer the forest for the trees, the puzzle for the pieces. They are a reaction, perhaps, against the seeming chaos of nature itself—why a swamp forms here, why a ridge of mountains pushes up there—along with the cacophony of human decision making (How did Sacramento end up winning out over San Jose in becoming California’s capital?).\n\nBut I’d be lying if I said I wasn’t drawn to these maps, skeptical as I might be of their veracity. The appeal to me is not as any kind of representation of the real world, but as an aesthetic rendering divorced from the real world—a cartography gone haywire, a new strangeness underfoot. Perhaps it’s because we don’t have a great language for the actual way in which meaning accrues like a palimpsest on the land. Translating all this history, these conflicting layers, into something spurious offers a shape to the world, however illusory.\nI’m not the only one. Watkins’s original project quietly became an important—if subtle—influence on the land art movement of the 1960s and ’70s. In 1967, British conceptual artist Richard Long took a photograph titled A Line Made by Walking, which depicts a straight line of trampled and dead grass in an otherwise verdant field: Long walked repeatedly the same route until the path itself was visible, and though he wouldn’t learn of Watkins’s old straight track until 1971, commentators noted the parallels almost immediately. The artist Hamish Fulton was far more explicitly influenced by Watkins; he sought out the first editions of Watkins’s work as inspiration for his 1969 piece Straight Line Walk. \nDubious as archaeology, Watkins’s work offered inspiration for these artists in ways very different than it did for the pseudoscientific community. Art critic Stephen Daniels, tracing the influence of Watkins’s work on the land art movement, notes that his vision of England as connected by ley lines attempts to “articulate a free trade utopia, enabled by an enlightened planning regime, looking back and forward to a liberal landscape without landlordism,” offering a “pre-enclosure vision” of England that cuts “across established propertied interests.” The contemporary world, after all, is already gridded with lines—railway tracks, interstates, property lines, and the boundaries of towns, cities, counties and states—all of which are necessary to keep private property and capitalism functioning and running on schedule. To re-envision the world via ley lines is to argue for an alternative cartography in which these concerns are superseded by something more fundamental.\n\nI began this column by trying to understand and work through Mark Fisher’s definition of “eerie,” which he posits is a feeling that accompanies either “absence where there should be presence,” or “presence where there should be absence.” The inexplicable coordination and seeming group sentience in Daphne du Maurier’s short story “The Birds” suggests presence where there should be only the wildness of nature; the unexplained mystery of the Mary Celeste unsettles because where we expect some kind presence, there is only absence.\nThe metaphysical approach to ley lines, by this logic, attempts to suggest presence where we expect absence: a hidden but durable organizing feature that explains the seemingly random ordering of geography. It seeks to reduce all the cacophonous wonder of the world to something clear and uniform, a secret pattern that is the key to decoding everything.\nBut the inspiration that land artists took from Watkins, divorced necessarily from any attempt at veracity—and certainly any metaphysical overtones—may be an attempt to wrest absence from presence. To think with ley lines as an aesthetic exercise is to attempt to imagine a world prior to rigorously divided property, and a world without firmly distinct eons and eras—a line that can cut through taxonomy and order and law, and create other kinds of meaning. Or, indeed, even the mere absence of meaning. The ley line–inspired land art I admire most undoes the lines that grid our lives for the purpose of circulating capital by positing alternatives. From Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty to the work of Andy Goldsworthy, they involve, in some form or other, creating or establishing lines that cut through nature, that give a shape and order to the freeform chaos of the natural world. These works do not “symbolize” anything, and they don’t substitute a new kind of meaning for an old one. They simply cut through the land, making the natural into the unnatural, undoing whatever we know of the world without seeking to replace that knowledge with anything new.","associated_places":[{"place_id":1047,"title":"The Spiral Jetty","subtitle":"An earthwork sculpture built by Robert Smithson in the Great Salt Lake only reemerges during drought.","city":"Corinne","country":"United States","location":"Corinne, Utah","url":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/spiral-jetty","thumbnail_url":"https://img.atlasobscura.com/s2QkkW3Ze_Kq-peGDqb3GQBQ-RPfyreY0YKTRihzoxo/rs:fill:200:200:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8yNjY2/MzVkZS04NmIwLTQ4/NDMtYWFkYS0zNzJk/ZGVkOWQzY2M5YzM0/Y2E1ZDlhZTgyNGQx/ZmNfR2V0dHlJbWFn/ZXMtMTAyNDI4OTQ4/NC5qcGc.jpg","coordinates":{"lat":41.437704,"lng":-112.668832}},{"place_id":50288,"title":"Lindisfarne, the Holy Island","subtitle":"This tidal island, a sacred site in early English Christianity, was the target of a notable Viking invasion.","city":"Holy Island of Lindisfarne","country":"United Kingdom","location":"Holy Island of Lindisfarne, England","url":"https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/lindisfarne-the-holy-island","thumbnail_url":"https://img.atlasobscura.com/n2sxnCp_LKDZnNachT5fehMt5wixKIy5PWycj8HbJz4/rs:fill:200:200:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8wNWE5/NGI1NC02MTk1LTQ5/NDQtYTgxMi0wNTgy/YjNkYTNiNGU1MGFi/NDViNDMyMjA3ZGI3/NzlfNTAxMjI0MzI1/MjhfMjYyZTEzMmQw/Nl8zay5qcGc.jpg","coordinates":{"lat":55.668989,"lng":-1.800959}}]}; </script> <script src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/application-f4063a32b13301c0ec2ec9f6d5689578e5b18f27dc454cd5a693e537f80c20e7.js"></script> <style type="text/css"> .lazy, .lazyloading { background-image: https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/icons/ao-0152e1e536b3624b4195515c0d5120884c7f6c9d572e64082b3f52fe1fca41d6.svg; } </style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/application-edd70f4255f080c9b09c63368c470162633ecfc46fb4713abce99381b737c613.css" media="all" /> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting('is_home', 'NO'); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("page", "article") googletag.pubads().setTargeting("post_id", "article-18304"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("pid", "article-18304"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("tags", ["archaeology", "occult", "maps", "eerie feeling"]); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting("environment", "production") googletag.pubads().setTargeting("paid_member", "false") }); </script> <meta property="og:title" content="Ley Lines and the Allure of Imposing Order on History's Chaos"/> <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-ley-lines" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://img.atlasobscura.com/3BdCJCQJeproXI93jZwDPMgM9fdg2UcFriXontx4BXI/rt:fit/w:600/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YTU1NzlmNS05/ZGNkLTQwNTUtYTYz/Zi03ZmYyMjBmZTAy/MzQzZDYxNjQzNjRk/MzhmOWQ3MzZfMko2/QzJSRC5qcGc.jpg" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Believers claim these mysterious paths reveal unseen connections and, through them, a larger picture of the truth." /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2025-02-12 20:00:00 -0500" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-02-13 13:26:46 -0500" /> <meta property="article:author" content="Colin Dickey"> <meta property="article:tag" content="archaeology" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="occult" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="maps" /> <meta property="article:tag" content="eerie feeling" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@atlasobscura"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://img.atlasobscura.com/3BdCJCQJeproXI93jZwDPMgM9fdg2UcFriXontx4BXI/rt:fit/w:600/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YTU1NzlmNS05/ZGNkLTQwNTUtYTYz/Zi03ZmYyMjBmZTAy/MzQzZDYxNjQzNjRk/MzhmOWQ3MzZfMko2/QzJSRC5qcGc.jpg"> <script type="application/ld+json"> [ { "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Atlas Obscura", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/atlas-obscura-600x60-ed42a393ab13f1f48a181388053a46d752e2d9457a23088d96e3dc5794358c50.png", "width": 600, "height": 60 } }, "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "NewsArticle", "headline": "Ley Lines and the Allure of Imposing Order on History's Chaos", "dateCreated": "2025-02-12T20:00:00-05:00", "datePublished": "2025-02-12T20:00:00-05:00", "dateModified": "2025-02-13T13:26:46-05:00", "keywords": ["archaeology", "occult", "maps", "eerie feeling", "section-Articles"], "articleSection": "evergreen_article", "url": "https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-ley-lines", "description": "Believers claim these mysterious paths reveal unseen connections and, through them, a larger picture of the truth.", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Colin Dickey" }, "creator": "Colin Dickey", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://img.atlasobscura.com/hepRYZKHxgC5KShPZEHeETYOWJOKlaYO5la8E0jHhsg/rs:fill:780:520:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YTU1NzlmNS05/ZGNkLTQwNTUtYTYz/Zi03ZmYyMjBmZTAy/MzQzZDYxNjQzNjRk/MzhmOWQ3MzZfMko2/QzJSRC5qcGc.jpg", "height": 520, "width": 780 }, "thumbnailUrl": "https://img.atlasobscura.com/hepRYZKHxgC5KShPZEHeETYOWJOKlaYO5la8E0jHhsg/rs:fill:780:520:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YTU1NzlmNS05/ZGNkLTQwNTUtYTYz/Zi03ZmYyMjBmZTAy/MzQzZDYxNjQzNjRk/MzhmOWQ3MzZfMko2/QzJSRC5qcGc.jpg" } ] </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({article:'auto'}); !function (e, f, u, i) { if (!document.getElementById(i)){ e.async = 1; e.src = u; e.id = i; f.parentNode.insertBefore(e, f); } }(document.createElement('script'), document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0], '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/atlasobscura-network/loader.js', 'tb_loader_script'); if(window.performance && typeof window.performance.mark == 'function') {window.performance.mark('tbl_ic');} </script> </head> <body class="articles show ArticleTemplate -- "> <div id="fb-root"></div> <script> window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId : '206394544492', xfbml : true, version : 'v2.5' }); FB.Event.subscribe('edge.create', function(response) { Cookies.set('fb_subscriber', '1', { expires: 200, path: '/' }); }); FB.Event.subscribe('edge.remove', function(response) { Cookies.set('fb_subscriber', '0', { expires: 200, path: '/' }); }); }; (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); function isGastroPage() { return ; } </script>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-PH5RC2F" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <script type="text/javascript"> window.horizontalFoodCardTemplate = function() { return '<div class="athanasius"></div>'; }; </script> <div class="leaderboard-container js-leaderboard-container-height-mobile"> <div class="ad-site-top-full-width-lg" data-aaad='true' data-aa-device='["desktop", "tablet"]' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_970v_1'></div> <div class="ad-site-top-full-width-sm" data-aaad='true' data-aa-device='["mobile"]' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_mob_320v_1'></div> </div> <header class="page-header"> <div class="container-fluid no-pad "> <nav class="navbar-main"> <div class="nav-header"> <div class="row"> <div class="mobile-logo-link"> <a class="logo-link" title="Atlas Obscura" href="/"> <i class="icon icon-atlas-icon"></i> <i class="icon icon-atlas-logo-alt"></i> </div> <div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm hidden-print nav-tools-right with-notification-spacer hide-spacer js-notification-spaceable"> </div> <div class="nav-search hidden-md hidden-lg hidden-print"> <a id="m-search-dropdown-link" class="js-launch-search-link nav-header-search-link-m non-decorated-link" aria-label="Open Site Search Form" data-search-dock="search-dock-m" data-category="Search Suggest" data-action="Opened Search Form" data-label="Global Search" href="javascript:void(0)"> <svg width="24px" height="24px" class="icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M507.3 484.7l-141.5-141.5C397 306.8 415.1 259.7 415.1 208c0-114.9-93.13-208-208-208S-.0002 93.13-.0002 208S93.12 416 207.1 416c51.68 0 98.85-18.96 135.2-50.15l141.5 141.5C487.8 510.4 491.9 512 496 512s8.188-1.562 11.31-4.688C513.6 501.1 513.6 490.9 507.3 484.7zM208 384C110.1 384 32 305 32 208S110.1 32 208 32S384 110.1 384 208S305 384 208 384z"/></svg> <i class="icon-menu-close"></i> </a> <div class="sitewide-hero-search vue-js-nav-search-bar mobile-search"> <div class="hero-search-bar-bg"></div> <div class="container hero-search-wrapper js-hero-search-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 hero-search-bar"> <form autocomplete="off" class="js-search-form-to-submit js-hero-search" action="/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <search-input></search-input> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1"> <search-suggestions></search-suggestions> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nav-toggle-container"></div> <a class="icon-menu-open nav-toggle js-nav-toggle visible-xs visible-sm" href="javascript:void(0)" aria-label="Open menu"> <span class="notifications-badge"></span> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nav-content js-nav-content is-slider-hidden-m"> <div class="nav-verticals"> <div class="nav-left-section"> <a class="logo-link" title="Atlas Obscura" href="/"> <i class="icon icon-atlas-icon"></i> <i class="icon icon-atlas-logo-alt"></i> </a> </div> <ul class="nav-center-section"> <li class="nav-vertical js-taphover nav-content-vertical nav-adventures"> <a class="heading-sm nav-link" href="/adventures/"> <div class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Trips</div> </a> <div class="nav-dropdown"> <div class="container nav-dropdown-content"> <div class="fake-bg"></div> <div class="row table-display"> <div class="col-md-6 left-panel"> <div class="left-panel-container"> <img src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/hermes/aoa_logo_aon-fb53a8d4415047286c25915bdbbdf3721acc39fd90bd71bf7712345c0096a45b.svg" /> <h2 class="adv-left-panel-title"> Take your next trip with Atlas Obscura! </h2> <p class="adv-left-panel-copy" > Our small-group adventures are inspired by our Atlas of the world's most fascinating places, the stories behind them, and the people who bring them to life. </p> <a data-turbo="true" class="adv-left-panel-button" href="/adventures/">Visit Adventures</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 right-panel"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading">Trips Highlight</h4> <div class="adventures-nav-cards"> <div class="adventures-nav-card"> <div class="adventures-nav-card-img-wrap"> <a href="/adventures/trips/peru-machu-picchu"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/da1HXvij4du7EFd1svZ2kh1WFj7XP5p1XA9HQbz1dEw/rs:fill:256:192/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy85MGQw/ZjAwZS1jZDM1LTRh/YzMtYWNjMy1kMTMw/ZTZkZTdlMjVjOTc1/Mjg5MGU3NjVhOWZm/MWFfcGVydV9tYWNo/dV9waWNjaHVfc2h1/dHRlcnN0b2NrXzE2/ODQ5NzM0NS5qcGc.jpg" alt="Macchu Picchu" data-width="4191" data-height="2789" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> </a> </div> <div class="adventures-nav-card-info"> <div class="adventures-country-length"> <span>Peru</span> <span class="hermes-bullet">•</span> <span>10 days, 9 nights</span> </div> <h3 class="nav-card-title"> <a class="animate-underline" href="/adventures/trips/peru-machu-picchu"> Peru: Machu Picchu & the Last Incan Bridges </a> </h3> <span class="trip-fees">from <span class="TripPrice__number">$5,725</span> <span class="TripPrice__currency">USD</span></span> </div> </div> <div class="adventures-nav-card"> <div class="adventures-nav-card-img-wrap"> <a href="/adventures/trips/italy-gastro"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/rnDmr8e-_Zrw_QAnj1VvGjhzHDPqsFn_rfTlvuKM2-w/rs:fill:256:192/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2V2ZW50/X2ltYWdlcy8yOGNi/M2Y5Ni0xYjQzLTQ1/YWItOTdkZi1iN2U1/MTM5NmQwNWZkZjg4/ZmU2NjM5Njc0MDJi/NjFfSXRhbHkgVHJp/cCBMaXN0aW5nIEhl/cm8gSW1hZ2UucG5n.png" alt="" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> </a> </div> <div class="adventures-nav-card-info"> <div class="adventures-country-length"> <span>Italy</span> <span class="hermes-bullet">•</span> <span>9 days, 8 nights</span> </div> <h3 class="nav-card-title"> <a class="animate-underline" href="/adventures/trips/italy-gastro"> Flavors of Italy: Roman Carbonara, Florentine Steak & Venetian Cocktails </a> </h3> <span class="trip-fees">from <span class="TripPrice__number">$5,830</span> <span class="TripPrice__currency">USD</span></span> </div> </div> </div> <a class="arrow-link" href="/adventures/trips"> <span>View all trips</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M443.3 267.3c6.2-6.2 6.2-16.4 0-22.6l-176-176c-6.2-6.2-16.4-6.2-22.6 0s-6.2 16.4 0 22.6L393.4 240 16 240c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16s7.2 16 16 16l377.4 0L244.7 420.7c-6.2 6.2-6.2 16.4 0 22.6s16.4 6.2 22.6 0l176-176z"/></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-vertical js-taphover nav-atlas nav-content-vertical"> <a class="heading-sm nav-link" href="/articles/all-places-in-the-atlas-on-one-map"> <div class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Places</div> </a> <div class="nav-dropdown"> <div class="container nav-dropdown-content"> <div class="fake-bg"></div> <div class="row table-display"> <div class="col-md-3 left-panel"> <ul class="nav-links-column links-column nav-hoverable-links-column"> <li> <a class="tab selected js-nav-rollover-tab" data-target="destinations-panel" href=""> Top Destinations<span class="icon-arrow-down nav-arrow-right"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="tab js-nav-rollover-tab" data-target="recent-places-panel" href=""> Latest Places<span class="icon-arrow-down nav-arrow-right"></span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/places?sort=likes_count"> Most Popular Places </a> </li> <li> <a class="js-dropdown-random" href="/random"> Random Place </a> </li> <li> <a href="/lists"> Lists </a> </li> <li> <a href="/itineraries"> Itineraries </a> </li> <li> <hr> <a class="add-place js-user-required" data-cause-key="p_add" href=/places/new> <i class="icon-add-place"></i> Add a Place </a> <hr> </li> <li class="app-store-link"> <div class="athanasius" style="margin-top: 0.5em"> <a href="https://app.atlasobscura.com" class="download-the-app o-white-primary-btn" > <svg fill="none" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" > <path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m13.3673 7.56543c.0196-.01249.1374-.04856.1451-.10097.0145-.09727-.0091-.22078-.0624-.30416-.4387-.68524-.8878-1.36371-1.3339-2.04422-.2278-.3474-.4502-.69846-.6852-1.04087-.2137-.31118-.4391-.28688-.5917.0533-.0142.03154-.0302.06235-.0423.09462-.4164 1.10624-.83625 2.21118-1.24217 3.32122-.04104.11216.00229.25513.00651.38379.12062-.00999.2516.00724.36014-.03425.80822-.30894 1.63112-.5204 2.50692-.42984.292.03018.584.06297.939.10138zm-10.17496 4.12907c-.00657 1.8598.32025 3.2218 1.05714 4.4748.09964.1695.15495.4271.41879.4063.26275-.0208.27973-.2818.34962-.4653 1.25714-3.2997 2.50876-6.60152 3.76168-9.90286.27583-.72672.558-1.45115.82086-2.18246.03656-.10169.01781-.27251-.04812-.34647-.05568-.0624-.21692-.03482-.33166-.03815-.04078-.00119-.0826.0228-.12333.03706-3.53804 1.23891-5.90686 4.62051-5.90498 8.01708zm17.73166.3641c-.0182-.0046-.0364-.0091-.0547-.0137-.0396-.4393-.0694-.8797-.1226-1.3174-.0323-.2646-.0953-.5261-.154-.78681-.8093-3.58926-3.9623-6.36723-7.6093-6.69554-.1383-.01249-.3476.02202-.4087.11232-.0555.08213.0088.29469.0835.4082 2.35 3.5724 4.7064 7.14063 7.0686 10.70503.1083.1635.2788.4019.4205.402.2622.0002.3396-.3041.3823-.5227.1486-.7604.2655-1.5271.3944-2.2914zm-8.8346 8.7928c.2614-.0271.6586-.0566 1.0525-.1107 1.9309-.265 3.6074-1.0694 5.0026-2.4273.3814-.3711.7193-.7971 1.0204-1.2368.2361-.3448.3156-.768.0694-1.152-.4528-.7062-.9298-1.3969-1.4072-2.0868-.0496-.0718-.1777-.1415-.2543-.1278-.0778.014-.1621.1215-.1987.2072-.0605.1413-.0795.2997-.1252.4481-.8478 2.7519-3.6187 4.3386-6.4162 3.6598-1.68774-.4096-2.8955-1.4214-3.65626-2.9785-.05124-.1049-.1576-.2023-.26254-.2505-.03505-.0161-.1814.1187-.2164.2081-.30832.7879-.6018 1.5816-.9022 2.3726-.17297.4553-.04745.8378.3016 1.146 1.67171 1.4757 3.62351 2.2511 5.9925 2.3286zm-.0015-3.8514c2.2582.0421 4.291-1.8484 4.227-4.3257-.0601-2.3249-1.996-4.12441-4.2774-4.09729-2.30051.02732-4.25418 1.95909-4.15783 4.39659.08963 2.2672 2.01263 4.057 4.20823 4.0264zm9.9114-5.0053c.0588 5.4674-4.4267 9.8761-9.7322 10.0024-5.63487.1341-10.1749-4.3749-10.26563-9.7953-.0951-5.68175 4.43822-10.1151 9.83433-10.2005 5.7288-.09067 10.2305 4.59162 10.1635 9.9934z" fill-rule="evenodd" /> </svg> <span>Download the App</span> </a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="recent-places-panel" class="col-md-9 right-panel" style="display:none"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading heading-md-non-uppercase">Latest Places</h4> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <a class="detail-sm nav-dropdown-viewall-link" href="/places?sort=published_at">View All Places »</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/places/pune-prarthana-samaj"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/I8KrjV2E7jXaQ5D-5NL83nUryG0ZfNiDeXZrO2ztZj8/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy9jODQ4/NmQwZi0wMTAwLTQy/YjMtOWIyNS03MjFl/MjYxNzdmMjIyZGVh/N2I5NTg0NTQwNWIw/MWZfMS5qcGc.jpg" alt="" data-width="958" data-height="768" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-location">Pune, India</div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Pune Prarthana Samaj</span></h3> <div class="lat-lng nav-card-details" aria-hidden="true"> 18.5174, 73.8584 </div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/places/worlds-largest-rainbow-road"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/g9YNdeTe3QUcmIVVTSoH-0O9lO_ewvEPUm0O28K1C_0/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8xMWFi/ODViZS1kYTY1LTQz/YmYtODhjZS03YWMw/N2FhYzE4ZDE1Nzk2/YjFjOGVjYzdiZjMy/MjVfSU1HXzk1NjMu/SlBH.jpg" alt="The World's Largest Rainbow Road on Toronto Islands." data-width="4032" data-height="3024" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-location">Toronto, Ontario</div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">World’s Largest Rainbow Road</span></h3> <div class="lat-lng nav-card-details" aria-hidden="true"> 43.6199, -79.3940 </div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/places/statue-of-iguanodon"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/D2c_q9Plzh6tYEuRaVr3puubqeg4HlaSPzDR-aBl9go/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy9lMmNk/NTRiNy0zN2VkLTRk/ODgtYTNmOS04ODYx/OTAwZTBkMjdmMWIw/MWE4NzBkM2RmNGIw/ODVfMzk5QTQyNzcg/KDIwMjMtMDctMjVU/MDhfMjFfMTMuNzY2/KS5qcGc.jpg" alt="" data-width="5496" data-height="3670" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-location">Maidstone, England</div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Iguanodon Statue</span></h3> <div class="lat-lng nav-card-details" aria-hidden="true"> 51.2775, 0.5202 </div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/places/la-alameda-castle"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/F5bI7HohYRIFgg3LxBAs1dlyY9XaLR3_c1aeDbUEJGw/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy85ODgx/ZDVmNy0yMzE2LTRj/ZTYtOTUwZS0zMTNm/MWFjNGE2ZmQzYWY1/Y2RlNzA5NmRhNGE3/MjdfSU1HXzI5Njku/anBlZw.jpg" alt="Castillo de la Alameda" data-width="5712" data-height="4284" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-location">Madrid, Spain</div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">La Alameda's Castle</span></h3> <div class="lat-lng nav-card-details" aria-hidden="true"> 40.4587, -3.5925 </div> </a> </div> </div> <div id="destinations-panel" class="col-md-9 right-panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading heading-md-non-uppercase">Top Destinations</h4> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <a class="detail-sm nav-dropdown-viewall-link" href="/destinations">View All Destinations »</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <section class="section-top-content"> <div class="col-md-3 section-top-content-col"> <div class="places-section-top-content-header"> <h4 class="section-top-content-title detail-sm">Countries</h4> </div> <ul id="top-destinations-list-nav" class="top-content-list links-column top-content-list-col-sm-2"> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/australia' title='Australia'>Australia</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/canada' title='Canada'>Canada</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/china' title='China'>China</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/france' title='France'>France</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/germany' title='Germany'>Germany</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/india' title='India'>India</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/italy' title='Italy'>Italy</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/japan' title='Japan'>Japan</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-9 section-top-content-col"> <div class="places-section-top-content-header"> <h4 class="section-top-content-title detail-sm">Cities</h4> </div> <ul class="top-content-list links-column top-content-list-col-sm-2"> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/amsterdam-netherlands' title='Amsterdam'>Amsterdam</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/barcelona-spain' title='Barcelona'>Barcelona</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/beijing-china' title='Beijing'>Beijing</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/berlin-germany' title='Berlin'>Berlin</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/boston-massachusetts' title='Boston'>Boston</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/budapest-hungary' title='Budapest'>Budapest</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/chicago-illinois' title='Chicago'>Chicago</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/london-england' title='London'>London</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/los-angeles-california' title='Los Angeles'>Los Angeles</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/mexico-city-mexico' title='Mexico City'>Mexico City</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/montreal-quebec' title='Montreal'>Montreal</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/moscow-russia' title='Moscow'>Moscow</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/new-orleans-louisiana' title='New Orleans'>New Orleans</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/new-york' title='New York City'>New York City</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/paris-france' title='Paris'>Paris</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/philadelphia-pennsylvania' title='Philadelphia'>Philadelphia</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/rome-italy' title='Rome'>Rome</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/san-francisco-california' title='San Francisco'>San Francisco</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/seattle-washington' title='Seattle'>Seattle</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/stockholm-sweden' title='Stockholm'>Stockholm</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/tokyo-japan' title='Tokyo'>Tokyo</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/toronto-ontario' title='Toronto'>Toronto</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/vienna-austria' title='Vienna'>Vienna</a> </li> <li> <a href='/things-to-do/washington-dc' title='Washington, D.C.'>Washington, D.C.</a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-vertical js-taphover nav-foods nav-content-vertical"> <a class="heading-sm nav-link" href="/gastro"> <div class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Foods</div> </a> <div class="nav-dropdown"> <div class="container nav-dropdown-content"> <div class="row table-display"> <div class="nav-full-panel col-md-12"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-8"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading heading-md-non-uppercase">Latest Places to Eat & Drink</h4> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <a class="detail-sm nav-dropdown-viewall-link" href="/cool-places-to-eat">View All Places to Eat »</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/lamb-and-flag"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/E6tltl8USKuelyMI28n5VNurFAxv_T-RKU4JfbxSf04/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy85ZmRk/NzUzYS1lZDQwLTRi/OTAtYmVjZC0yY2Y2/NzQ5ODNkY2M3ZDFi/ZWZhZGMxYTU3MzZk/NzBfRFNDXzAxNTMu/anBlZw.jpg" alt="The sign of the Agnus Dei." data-width="6000" data-height="4000" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Lamb and Flag</span></h3> </a> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/cafe-de-dokter"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/Z-KIVf86whiISA7YnYsB1HV9gF0SDtufmlBroQqg2KA/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8wYjk1/MjZlOC0xNDhhLTQ0/NDktOWM0ZS1kMzg2/NjAyMTQ0NmJmNDFl/MWEyZGM3YTdiMzgw/YzdfSU1HXzk5OTUu/anBn.jpg" alt="Amsterdam's smallest bar has been in business for more than two centuries." data-width="1042" data-height="1390" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Café De Dokter</span></h3> </a> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/farrens-bar"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/pjbZItuec-DtBmWh2czYpL9FDyazYNXS6Zzc7mZBBlY/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy83NTIy/ZDgzMC05ODgzLTQw/N2EtODZmMS01YjNl/ODJhMmM4NGQ5ZDMw/YTZlYzg3N2U4MDg2/YmRfNDc0NzcwNDgw/XzE2OTkzMDMyNjQz/NTM3ODVfNzY4MTA4/ODc5NTY2NTU0NzI1/OF9uLmpwZw.jpg" alt="" data-width="2048" data-height="1365" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Farren’s Bar</span></h3> </a> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/jqd-saltworks-2"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/7EW3c4GrVYNQHXNfO1nWcw0dHADAAi4b0k5SAgvN6AU/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy80YTA5/YjE2N2Q4MDM5MThj/MDhfNDczMDIyMDE3/XzY0MDQwNTA2MTk5/MDQ3OV81MzY2Nzc2/NTI0NjY3Nzg2MTQ2/X24uanBn.jpg" alt="This Appalachian salt business has a long family history." data-width="2048" data-height="1363" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">JQD Saltworks </span></h3> </a> <a class="nav-card" href="/places/deathmatch-in-hell"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/HEMReteFwZ2NmbFF7Hukm0lmx-MmcubQlgUClZ3ASL8/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL3BsYWNl/X2ltYWdlcy8xYmVh/ZjhjOC0zOGI5LTQ2/Y2YtOGExMS0yNjg0/MGY3YTI5ZjgyMTNi/NjJkZWY3Y2I5N2E2/MTZfSU1HXzY1MjEu/anBlZw.jpg" alt="Welcome to Deathmatch In Hell." data-width="3024" data-height="3024" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <div class="detail-sm food-card-supertag"></div> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Deathmatch in Hell</span></h3> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="nav-vertical js-taphover nav-content-vertical nav-articles"> <a class="heading-sm nav-link" href="/articles"> <div class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Stories</div> </a> <div class="nav-dropdown"> <div class="container nav-dropdown-content"> <div class="fake-bg"></div> <div class="row table-display"> <div class="col-md-3 left-panel"> <ul class="nav-links-column links-column nav-hoverable-links-column"> <li> <a class="tab selected">Recent Stories<span class="icon-arrow-down nav-arrow-right"></span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/articles">All Stories</a> </li> <li> <a href="/series/ao-puzzles">Puzzles</a> </li> <li> <a href="/videos">Video</a> </li> <li> <a href="/podcast">Podcast</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-9 right-panel"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9"> <h4 class="nav-category-heading heading-md-non-uppercase">Most Recent Stories</h4> </div> <div class="col-md-3"> <a class="detail-sm nav-dropdown-viewall-link" href="/articles">View All Stories »</a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/articles/preserved-brain-italy"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/k5wIi-55bPumkH7rstXKuKjZvh8VSSeXl8kt7VIX3wo/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iYWYyOTE2OC01/ZGRmLTQ4OWQtODdi/My1hYjViZGI3ZDA5/NzI4MWMwZGFiZGQ5/MmFlMjQzYjBfY2Vy/dmVsbG9fZ2lhY29t/aW5pLmpwZw.jpg" alt="The neuroscientist’s brain is brownish and small, but is otherwise virtually unchanged from the 1800s." data-width="2896" data-height="2381" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">A Man in 19th-Century Italy Preserved His Own Brain to Fight Eugenics</span></h3> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-details js-time-ago" data-timestamp="2025-02-18 19:50:00 UTC" ></div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/articles/birds-of-paradise-biofluorescent"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/j64iEKnOiJB4CBs0xyqeB9fIeaLJrtzuoQBOYyKupYs/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9hMzUwYzNmYi1l/Yjc3LTRjZDItYTM4/NS05MWY2YWY4OGQz/Y2RmNTA0NGM1MDRm/Yzc5MmIxODVfVm9n/ZWxrb3BfTG9waG9y/aW5hX21hbGVfZGlz/cGxheV8wQTJBODgx/NS5qcGc.jpg" alt="The electric blue plumage of the male Vogelkop superb bird-of-paradise (<em>Lophorina superba</em>)." data-width="2908" data-height="1938" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Birds-of-Paradise Can Emit Light Through Their Feathers</span></h3> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-details js-time-ago" data-timestamp="2025-02-18 16:06:00 UTC" ></div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/articles/how-to-use-cardamom"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/sfq4fK19FcC3JYqAnTfzAlugyYhYtM-pj-OYBzzSO60/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy8wMjUzZjkxOTZl/NzU2MjhlYTlfSU1H/XzE5NDkuanBlZw.jpg" alt="Left to right: green, black, Chinese, white, and Ethiopian cardamoms." data-width="4032" data-height="3024" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">A Guide to the Cardamoms of the World</span></h3> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-details js-time-ago" data-timestamp="2025-02-17 15:00:00 UTC" ></div> </a> <a class="col-md-3 nav-card" href="/articles/animal-courtship"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/E1f_CI35elJZoJTlfMzAxOqRIFxwky5URnqL873HDLk/rs:fill:222:148:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9jYzEwY2MxZC0z/ZTNkLTRiM2EtOWU2/Ni1lOTZmMGExMjBk/NmNiYTc0ZDBhYWQ2/Mjk5MDMxYWRfTWFy/YXR1c19ob3J0b3J1/bS5qcGc.jpg" alt="Peacock spiders love to show off their colorful butts." data-width="2020" data-height="1347" class="lazy img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /> <h3 class="title-sm nav-card-title"><span class="title-underline">Animal Courtships: Our Favorite Reads</span></h3> <div class="detail-sm nav-card-details js-time-ago" data-timestamp="2025-02-14 11:00:00 UTC" ></div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="hidden-md hidden-lg nav-vertical"> <div class="nav-vertical"> <a href="/newsletters" class="heading-sm nav-link js-link-tracked" data-category="Nav Menu" data-event="Clicked Newsletters Link Mobile"> <span class="heading-sm nav-link-heading">Newsletters</span> </a> </div> </li> <li class="hidden-md hidden-lg" style="width: 100%;">  <div class="nav-vertical nav-vertical-sessions-m"> <div class="nav-session-links-wrap-m"> <a href="/sign-in" class="heading-sm nav-session-link-m nav-link"> <i class="icon-profile nav-session-icon"></i>Sign In </a><i class="or-pipe or-pipe-sessions-m"></i> <a href="/join" class="heading-sm nav-session-link-m nav-link"> Join </a> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav-right-section"> <li class="newsletters-cell"> <div id="nav-newsletters-menu" class="dropdown"> <div class="nav-session-link detail-sm profile-dropdown js-profile-dropdown js-taphover" tabindex="0" aria-label="Newsletter Options" aria-haspopup="true"> <a href="/newsletters" class="profile-nav-hover-target js-link-tracked" aria-label="Newsletter options" data-category="Nav Menu" data-event="Clicked Newsletters Icon"> <svg width="30px" class="icon-bulk-envelopes" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 640 512"><path d="M80 160C88.84 160 96 152.8 96 144V64c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32h256c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32h32c0-35.35-28.65-64-64-64H128C92.65 0 64 28.65 64 64v80C64 152.8 71.16 160 80 160zM576 96H256C220.7 96 192 124.7 192 160h32c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32h320c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32v192c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32h-144c-8.836 0-16 7.162-16 16c0 8.836 7.164 16 16 16H576c35.35 0 64-28.65 64-64V160C640 124.7 611.3 96 576 96zM560 256C568.9 256 576 248.9 576 240v-64C576 167.1 568.9 160 560 160h-64C487.1 160 480 167.1 480 176v64C480 248.9 487.1 256 496 256H560zM512 192h32v32h-32V192zM320 192H64C28.65 192 0 220.7 0 256v192c0 35.35 28.65 64 64 64h256c35.35 0 64-28.65 64-64V256C384 220.7 355.3 192 320 192zM352 448c0 17.67-14.33 32-32 32H64c-17.67 0-32-14.33-32-32V313.6C44.75 323.3 64 339.3 128 384c12.75 9.625 38.38 32 64 32s51.25-22.38 64-32c64-44.75 83.25-60.75 96-70.38V448zM352 275.3c-25.62 19.12-22.38 19.12-115.3 86.38C227.3 364.8 208 384 192 384s-35.25-19.25-44.75-25.62C54.38 291.3 57.63 291.3 32 272V256c0-17.67 14.33-32 32-32h256c17.67 0 32 14.33 32 32V275.3z"/></svg> </a> <div class="profile-dropdown-menu js-profile-dropdown-menu dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" tabindex="0"> <a class="nav-session-link detail-sm dropdown-item js-link-tracked" data-category="Nav Menu" data-event="Clicked Newsletters Link" href="/newsletters">Explore Newsletters</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="user-cell"> <div id="nav-profile-menu" class="dropdown"> <div class="nav-session-link detail-sm profile-dropdown js-profile-dropdown js-taphover" tabindex="0" aria-label="User Profile Options" aria-haspopup="true"> <a href="/sign-in" class="profile-nav-hover-target" aria-label="Account options"> <svg width="21px" class="icon-user" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M224 256c70.7 0 128-57.31 128-128s-57.3-128-128-128C153.3 0 96 57.31 96 128S153.3 256 224 256zM224 32c52.94 0 96 43.06 96 96c0 52.93-43.06 96-96 96S128 180.9 128 128C128 75.06 171.1 32 224 32zM274.7 304H173.3C77.61 304 0 381.6 0 477.3c0 19.14 15.52 34.67 34.66 34.67h378.7C432.5 512 448 496.5 448 477.3C448 381.6 370.4 304 274.7 304zM413.3 480H34.66C33.2 480 32 478.8 32 477.3C32 399.4 95.4 336 173.3 336h101.3C352.6 336 416 399.4 416 477.3C416 478.8 414.8 480 413.3 480z"/></svg> </a> <div class="profile-dropdown-menu js-profile-dropdown-menu dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" tabindex="0"> <a id="nav-sign-in-link" class="nav-session-link detail-sm dropdown-item" href="/sign-in">Sign In</a> <hr> <a id="nav-sign-up-link" class="nav-session-link detail-sm dropdown-item" href="/join">Join</a> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="search-cell"> <div class="nav-search"> <a id="d-search-dropdown-link" class="heading-sm nav-link js-launch-search-link" aria-label="Open Site Search Form" data-search-dock="nav-dropdown-search-dock" data-category="Search Suggest" data-action="Opened Search Form" data-label="Global Search" href="javascript:void(0)"> <svg width="24px" height="24px" class="icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M507.3 484.7l-141.5-141.5C397 306.8 415.1 259.7 415.1 208c0-114.9-93.13-208-208-208S-.0002 93.13-.0002 208S93.12 416 207.1 416c51.68 0 98.85-18.96 135.2-50.15l141.5 141.5C487.8 510.4 491.9 512 496 512s8.188-1.562 11.31-4.688C513.6 501.1 513.6 490.9 507.3 484.7zM208 384C110.1 384 32 305 32 208S110.1 32 208 32S384 110.1 384 208S305 384 208 384z"/></svg> <i class="icon-menu-close"></i> </a> <div class="sitewide-hero-search vue-js-nav-search-bar desktop-search"> <div class="hero-search-bar-bg"></div> <div class="container hero-search-wrapper js-hero-search-wrapper"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1 hero-search-bar"> <form autocomplete="off" class="js-search-form-to-submit js-hero-search" action="/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"> <search-input></search-input> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-10 col-md-offset-1"> <search-suggestions></search-suggestions> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="search-dock-m" class="container-fluid search-dock"></div> <div class="m-nearby-search" > <div class="btns-search-random-aon"> <a class="js-search-nearby js-link-tracked btn-search-random-aon --search-nearby" data-category="Search Nearby" data-action="Submitted" data-label="articles" href="javascript:void(0)"> <svg fill="#D6D3D1" height="16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M47.1 256C32.71 256 19.55 245.2 16.6 230.2C13.65 215.2 21.73 200.2 35.88 194.4L387.9 50.38C399.8 45.5 413.5 48.26 422.6 57.37C431.7 66.49 434.5 80.19 429.6 92.12L285.6 444.1C279.8 458.3 264.8 466.3 249.8 463.4C234.8 460.4 223.1 447.3 223.1 432V256H47.1zM256 224V432L400 80L47.1 224H256z"/></svg> Places near me </a> <a class="js-link-tracked btn-search-random-aon --random" data-category="Random Place Mobile" data-action="Click" data-label="articles" href="/random"> <svg fill="#1c1917" height="16" width="16" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path d="M427.3 292.7c-6.25-6.25-16.38-6.25-22.62 0s-6.25 16.38 0 22.62L457.4 368H336c-5 0-9.781-2.406-12.78-6.406l-38.41-51.19c-5.312-7.094-15.38-8.5-22.41-3.219c-7.062 5.312-8.5 15.34-3.219 22.41l38.41 51.19C306.6 392.8 320.1 400 336 400h121.4l-52.69 52.69c-6.25 6.25-6.25 16.38 0 22.62C407.8 478.4 411.9 480 416 480s8.188-1.562 11.31-4.688l80-80c6.25-6.25 6.25-16.38 0-22.62L427.3 292.7zM336 144h121.4l-52.69 52.69c-6.25 6.25-6.25 16.38 0 22.62C407.8 222.4 411.9 224 416 224s8.188-1.562 11.31-4.688l80-80c6.25-6.25 6.25-16.38 0-22.62l-80-80c-6.25-6.25-16.38-6.25-22.62 0s-6.25 16.38 0 22.62L457.4 112H336c-15.03 0-29.41 7.188-38.41 19.22l-172.8 230.4C121.8 365.6 117 368 112 368h-96C7.156 368 0 375.2 0 384s7.156 16 16 16h96c15.03 0 29.41-7.188 38.41-19.22l172.8-230.4C326.2 146.4 331 144 336 144zM16 144h96c5 0 9.781 2.406 12.78 6.406l38.41 51.19C166.3 205.8 171.2 208 176 208c3.344 0 6.719-1.031 9.594-3.188c7.062-5.312 8.5-15.34 3.219-22.41L150.4 131.2C141.4 119.2 127 112 112 112h-96C7.156 112 0 119.2 0 128S7.156 144 16 144z"/></svg> Random place </a> </div> </div> </div> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_1x1' class="adapex-1x1"></div> </header> <div id="page-content"> <article class="athanasius item-content js-article-content article-content article--content "> <div class="ArticleHeaderBg ArticleHeaderBg--dark ArticleHeaderBg--wide-hero ArticleHeaderBg-- "> <header class="ArticleHeader js-item-header ArticleHeader--wide-hero "> <div class="container"> <h1 class="ArticleHeader__title">Ley Lines and the Allure of Imposing Order on History’s Chaos</h1> <h2 class="ArticleHeader__subtitle"> Believers claim these mysterious paths reveal unseen connections and, through them, a larger picture of the truth. </h2> <div class="ArticleHeader__end-matter"> <div class="ArticleHeader__byline-dateline"> <span class="ArticleHeader__byline"> by <a href="/users/colindickey?view=articles">Colin Dickey</a> </span> <span class="ArticleHeader__pub-date">February 12, 2025</span> </div> <div class="ArticleHeader__social hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="SocialLinks "> <a class="js-share-button-facebook js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Header" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Share" aria-label="Share on Facebook" href=""> <i class="icon icon-facebook"></i> </a> <a target="_blank" class="js-social-action-tracked js-social-ask-for-follow" data-position="Header" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Share" aria-label="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Ley%20Lines%20and%20the%20Allure%20of%20Imposing%20Order%20on%20History%27s%20Chaos%20@atlasobscura&count=none&url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-ley-lines"> <i class="icon icon-twitter"></i> </a> <a class="js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Header" data-service="Email" data-action="Send" aria-label="Email this" onclick="recordShareFor(event, {"id":18304,"type":"Article"})" href="mailto:?subject=Ley%20Lines%20and%20the%20Allure%20of%20Imposing%20Order%20on%20History%27s%20Chaos&body=Ley%20Lines%20and%20the%20Allure%20of%20Imposing%20Order%20on%20History%27s%20Chaos%0ABelievers%20claim%20these%20mysterious%20paths%20reveal%20unseen%20connections%20and%2C%20through%20them%2C%20a%20larger%20picture%20of%20the%20truth.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-are-ley-lines?utm_source=share_by_email%26utm_medium=email%26utm_campaign=mailto_share"> <i class="icon icon-envelope"></i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="btf-nav" class="container-fluid hidden athanasius"> <div class="row"> <div class="mini-nav-wrapper Subnav--with-depth"> <div class="container-fluid"> <nav> <div class="mini-nav-contents"> <div id="btf-nav-home" class="btf-nav-square hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <a class="mini-nav-logo-link non-decorated-link" title="Atlas Obscura" href="/"><i class="icon icon-atlas-icon"></i></a> </div> <div id="btf-nav-title" class="detail hidden-sm hidden-xs"> Ley Lines and the Allure of Imposing Order on History's Chaos </div> <div class="social-links"> <div class="btf-nav-square first-in-series"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="icon icon-facebook link-facebook social-link js-social-action-tracked js-share-button-facebook" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Facebook"></a> </div> <div class="btf-nav-square"> <a href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Ley%20Lines%20and%20the%20Allure%20of%20Imposing%20Order%20on%20History%27s%20Chaos%20@atlasobscura&count=none&url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-ley-lines" class="icon icon-twitter social-link link-twitter js-social-action-tracked js-social-ask-for-follow" target="_blank" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Share" aria-label="Share on Twitter"></a> </div> <div class="btf-nav-square"> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-are-ley-lines" class="icon icon-reddit link-reddit social-link js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="reddit" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Reddit"></a> </div> <div class="btf-nav-square"> <a href="mailto:?subject=Ley%20Lines%20and%20the%20Allure%20of%20Imposing%20Order%20on%20History%27s%20Chaos&body=Ley%20Lines%20and%20the%20Allure%20of%20Imposing%20Order%20on%20History%27s%20Chaos%0ABelievers%20claim%20these%20mysterious%20paths%20reveal%20unseen%20connections%20and%2C%20through%20them%2C%20a%20larger%20picture%20of%20the%20truth.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-are-ley-lines?utm_source=share_by_email%26utm_medium=email%26utm_campaign=mailto_share" class="icon icon-envelope link-email social-link js-social-action-tracked js-btn-email-share hidden-xs hidden-sm" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Email" data-action="Send" onclick="recordShareFor(event, {"id":18304,"type":"Article"})" aria-label="Email this"></a> <a href="mailto:?subject=Ley Lines and the Allure of Imposing Order on History's Chaos&body=Discovered on Atlas Obscura: https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-ley-lines" class="icon icon-envelope link-email social-link js-social-action-tracked js-btn-email-share hidden-md hidden-lg" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Email" data-action="Send" aria-label="Email this"></a> </div> </div> <div class="BTFNav__mobile-share-button js-BTFNav__popover-trigger"> <i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-share"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-share" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-share" /> </svg> </i> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <template class="js-BTFNav__popover-content"> <div> <a onclick="copyURLWithConfirm()" data-placement="left" data-trigger="click" data-template='<div class="tooltip BrownBGTooltip" role="tooltip"><div class="tooltip-arrow"></div><div class="tooltip-inner"></div></div>' data-toggle="tooltip" title="Link Copied" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Link" data-action="Copied" aria-label="Copy Link"> <i class="DDPNavbarIcon--copy-link atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-link"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-link" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-link" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Copy Link</span> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0)" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked js-share-button-facebook" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Facebook"><i class="DDPNavbarIcon--fb atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-facebook"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-facebook" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-facebook" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Facebook</span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Ley%20Lines%20and%20the%20Allure%20of%20Imposing%20Order%20on%20History%27s%20Chaos%20@atlasobscura&count=none&url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-are-ley-lines" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked js-social-ask-for-follow" target="_blank" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Share" aria-label="Share on Twitter"><i class="DDPNavbarIcon--twitter atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-twitter"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-twitter" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-twitter" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Twitter</span></a> <a href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-are-ley-lines" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="reddit" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Reddit"><i class="DDPNavbarIcon--reddit atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-reddit"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-reddit" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-reddit" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Reddit</span></a> <a href="https://share.flipboard.com/bookmarklet/popout?v=2&title=Ley%20Lines%20and%20the%20Allure%20of%20Imposing%20Order%20on%20History%27s%20Chaos&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-are-ley-lines" target="_blank" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked DDPNavbarItem" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="flipboard" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Flipboard"> <i class="DDPNavbarIcon--flipboard atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-flipboard"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-flipboard" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-flipboard" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Flipboard</span> </a> <a href="https://getpocket.com/edit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-are-ley-lines" target="_blank" class="DDPNavbarItem js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Sticky Header" data-service="pocket" data-action="Share" target="_blank" aria-label="Share on Pocket"> <i class="DDPNavbarIcon DDPNavbarIcon--pocket atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-pocket"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-pocket" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-pocket" /> </svg> </i> <span class="DDPNavbarItem__text">Pocket</span> </a> </div> </template> <script charset="utf-8"> function copyURLWithConfirm () { copyCurrentUrlToClipboard(); $('.DDPNavbarItem[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip('show'); window.setTimeout(function () { $('.DDPNavbarItem[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip('destroy'); }, 1500) } $(function (){ $('.js-BTFNav__popover-trigger').popover({ trigger: 'click', html: true, placement: 'bottom', template: '<div class="BTFNav__share-popover popover" role="tooltip"><div class="arrow"></div><h3 class="popover-title"></h3><div class="popover-content"></div></div>', content: function () { return $($('.js-BTFNav__popover-content').html()); }, delay: { hide: 100 } }); }) </script> <div id="article-container" class="container"> <div class="row"> <div id="article-hero" class="hero-img-wide col-xs-12 col-md-8 hidden-print ArticleHero "> <img alt="A map of two leys, drawn by Alfred Watkins in 1922's <em>British Trackways, Moats, Mounds, Camps and Sites</em>." data-width="800" data-height="582" width="1280" class="article-image" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/5rtgrIdolfdU22nxSUykMVLq4C0Qa3wdLIwcr1YfT1U/rt:fit/w:1280/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy82NzQzN2YwOC1j/YzYxLTQzNzAtOTRk/Ny0xODdmOWZjNTMw/ZmQyMTAwZmRiZjkx/MDcyNGFiMTRfd2F0/a2luc19tYXBvZnR3/b2xleXMuanBn.jpg" /> <div class="article-caption-pre-rd article-hero-img-caption"> A map of two leys, drawn by Alfred Watkins in 1922’s <em>British Trackways, Moats, Mounds, Camps and Sites</em>. <a class='caption-credit' target='_blank' href='https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ley_lines#/media/File:Alfred_Watkins_-_Map_of_two_leys.jpg'>Public Domain</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row MainContentRow -- "> <div id="ArticleLeftRail" class="article-left-siderail social-siderail-l hidden-print col-md-2"> <div class="siderail-placement siderail-sponsorship-info" class="hidden-xs hidden-sm "> <a class="SeriesBadge" data-gtm-category="Articles Page Recirc" data-gtm-template="Left Rail" data-gtm-content-type="ContentSeries" data-gtm-recirc-association="Series" href="/series/columns"> <div class="SeriesBadge__logo "> <img class="SeriesBadge__img" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/tfFr-zrVzL8C79byDhzh8fMGzWLzPhmyDUJ9sw90L0I/rs:fit:180:180/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIzLzExLzI4LzE1/LzM5LzM5LzZiMzZj/NGNjLTJkNTgtNGYx/OS1hNDgzLTdjNjIz/Y2QwNmE5Yy9RdWls/bF9uZXcucG5n.png" alt=""> </div> <div class="SeriesBadge__content"> <div class="SeriesBadge__title">Columns</div> <div class="TextCTA ">See More</div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="content-body col-md-6"> <section id="article-body" class="ArticleBody ArticleBody__default article--body "> <figure class=" "><a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/categories/eerie-feeling"><img class="article-image lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/uJX8cTHYsd2NQ5AzHU7D07iZhB1ci1lwRIWLG5lvRs4/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9hYjA4OTYxMy1j/NjJjLTQ4OGQtYWRj/Ni04OTU3NzM1OTNm/MTA3NDRjYjkwNjY2/YjMzM2FiYzdfZWVy/aWVmZWVsaW5nIGJh/ZGdlLmpwZw.jpg" alt="" width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104715" loading="lazy"></a></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf"><span class="section-start-text">I’m walking north on Broadway </span>in <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/things-to-do/manhattan-new-york">Manhattan</a>, trying to imagine what seems impossible now: that this land was once wild, an island of swamps and forests that had to be navigated around and cut through. I can’t even begin to envision the natural landscape and features that once covered this island, but knowing that at some point there had been swamps and ponds here helps me make sense of the crook in the road that happens at 10th Street, when the street bends westward and begins the long diagonal slant that will take it across Manhattan’s fabled grid until it straightens out again around 78th Street on the Upper West Side.</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_1" data-aaad="true" data-aa-target='["mobile", "tablet", "desktop"]' data-aa-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">That stretch of Broadway was once known as the Bloomingdale Road, itself a Lenape pathway that first the Dutch, then the English, and finally New York City’s government gradually expanded and codified, and by the 1860s its meandering kinks and bends had straightened out into the clean diagonal we know today. It’s a simple and straightforward enough story, one that’s easy to grasp even if the original reasons for the directions of these paths—what pond they skirted around, what rock formation caused a change in direction—are long gone and impossible to conceive of now.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">The way that our built world is the result of thousands of previous decisions—some known, some unknown—that gradually accrete over the years is something I find perpetually fascinating. You can walk through a place like Manhattan and feel its centuries-long history that includes the Lenape, Dutch and English colonists, and the endless waves of subsequent Americans and immigrants, corrupt politicians and politicians with utopian ideals, each of whom through design and habit put their mark on the landscape. To me, it’s the symphonic level of cacophony that all these decisions represent that makes a city like this so entrancing. There are so many layers of New York that are piled high on each other, some harmonious and some discordant, that it makes walking through it seem wild and strange.</p> <figure class=" contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/e7IxBp0zEYtn3UhG-SCifIAFidSlLznHfZRuuysl46c/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy8zMGY3YTkxNC0x/OGY0LTQ2ZGMtYTQ2/NS02NDk1NzNlZjVl/YjE1ZGI2OTdhNWYz/ZDQ3MjNkNmNfTWFs/dmVybl9IaWxsc19p/bl9KdW5lXzIwMDUg/KDEpLmpwZWc.jpg" alt="Alfred Watkins theorized that a ley line passed along the Malvern Hills, pictured here, connecting several holy wells." width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104705" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">Alfred Watkins theorized that a ley line passed along the Malvern Hills, pictured here, connecting several holy wells. <a class="caption-credit" target="_blank" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ley_lines#/media/File:Malvern_Hills_in_June_2005.JPG">Daderot / CC BY-SA 3.0</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">There’s still mystery in this city, of course, but there are times you’re reminded that the streets are among the most over-determined in the world. Which is why perhaps I’m drawn to the idea of ley lines: supposedly supernatural or metaphysical axes of power that run through the landscape, connecting sites of significance in unexpected ways. Their existence is doubtful at best, but taken as fiction, they offer other ways of reading the landscape. I’d had a vague notion of them, but it wasn’t until the ley lines of Manhattan formed a major plot point in 2016’s <em>Ghostbusters </em>reboot that I began to think more seriously about them—not as any kind of metaphysical reality, but possibly as a different kind of way of looking at the world.</p> <hr class="baseline-grid-hr"> <p class="item-body-text-graf section-break-graf"><span class="section-start-text">In 1925, Alfred Watkins published </span>his book <em>The Old Straight Track, </em>in which he put forward his idea that there were unseen lines that connected pre-Roman archaeological sites in <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/things-to-do/united-kingdom">Great Britain</a>. Watkins, a British photographer and amateur archaeologist, had set out to visit the newly excavated Roman settlement Blackwardine a few years earlier when he noticed that a number of archaeological landmarks from various eras all lay along the same straight line—not just Blackwardine, but Croft Ambrey and Risbury Camp, both Iron Age forts in Herefordshire near the border with <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/things-to-do/wales">Wales</a>, as well as Stretton Grandison, another former Roman settlement.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Connecting the dots became his hobby and his passion: Watkins gathered up scores of ancient sites—burial mounds and Roman ruins, footpaths and marker stones—and suggested that one could connect them through straight lines, arguing that these lines were once well-worn paths used by ancient cultures. “My main theme is the alignment across miles of country of a great number of objects, or sites of objects, of prehistoric antiquity. And this not in one or a few instances, but in scores and hundreds,” he wrote.</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_2" data-aaad="true"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Watkins himself didn’t attempt to offer much by way of explaining why this was so. His best guess was that these were pre-historical footpaths that had been long forgotten, even as the placement of monuments and settlements revealed their ghostly echoes. Beyond that, however, he felt it was “the task of other branches of archaeology to work out the full chronology of the matter, and I only attempt those few obvious deductions as regards periods which the mechanism of the sighted track reveals.”</p> <figure class=" contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/bGb9ilyXIPZHwyIqRzvG_A9xInKxbtBkSO7qmImzcyw/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy8wZDQ2ZjdlNy1m/ODE3LTRlOGYtODk3/Zi1mOWQ1ZmY3NmRi/NTI3NWVlYWQ5ODQy/MGRjNmMwNGRfSGVy/ZWZvcmRfQ2F0aGVk/cmFsX0V4dGVyaW9y/X2Zyb21fTlcsX0hl/cmVmb3Jkc2hpcmUs/X1VLXy1fRGlsaWZm/LmpwZw.jpg" alt="Alfred Watkins believed that Hereford's cathedral tower marked the crux of several leys connecting ancient sites." width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104466" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">Alfred Watkins believed that Hereford’s cathedral tower marked the crux of several leys connecting ancient sites. <a class="caption-credit" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral#/media/File:Hereford_Cathedral_Exterior_from_NW,_Herefordshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg">Diliff / CC BY-SA 3.0</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">But he did offer a name. He called these tracks “leys,” a term that originally signified a pasture or an enclosed field. But Watkins noted that this term had earlier meanings; there is evidence, he wrote, “indicating that ‘ley’ did not always mean pasture or field. Ley Hills and Leys Hills are frequent, and hills are not likely to be named from pastures.” Thus, the term, he argued, had been in use before the rise of agriculture, when there could have been no pastures to speak of, and suggested that it gradually evolved to its current meaning: “The sequence seems clear,” he wrote. “First, the straight sighted track, then a clearing of the woodland, through which it passed, then the fields which evolved in the clearing, the same name ley, lay, lee applying to each stage, a logical sequence.”</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">From the beginning, archaeologists had called Watkins’s original theory sharply into question: There are simply too many pre-Roman sites throughout England and connecting any three or more of them in a line is remarkably easy. There is nothing statistically noteworthy about these lines, and they don’t suggest occult powers or ancient wisdom so much as the human tendency to find patterns in meaningless noise. One of Watkins’s heroes, Oxford-trained archaeologist Osbert Crawford (who’d been approvingly name-checked repeatedly in <em>The Old Straight Track</em>) spent decades trying to distance himself from Watkins and dissuade the public from embracing his theories, calling <em>The Old Straight Track </em>in 1953 “one of the craziest books ever written about archaelogy.” One of Crawford’s allies, Richard Clay, went further, describing Watkins as being “ignorant of the first principles of the science of archaeology” and accusing him of merely “attempting to startle the world with new theories.”</p> <figure class="article-pullquote-container"> <aside class="article-pullquote"> <blockquote class="article-pullquote-content">What if, occultists wondered, these were lines of power, sacred unto themselves?</blockquote> </aside> </figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">In this, however, Watkins clearly succeeded. Never taken seriously by mainstream archaeologists as he’d hoped, his ideas instead quickly developed metaphysical overtones. What if, occultists wondered, these lines were not merely paths of convenience and convergence, well-weathered footpaths connecting sacred sites, but lines of power, sacred unto themselves? The idea was first put forward in the 1936 novel <em>The Goat-Foot God, </em>by British occultist Dion Fortune. Old centers of pagan power, the novel’s characters assert, became dominated by Christian churches and other modern structures, exorcising the original pagan influence.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">When the novel’s Hugh Pastons sets out to build a house that, he hopes, will “wake the Old Gods” (specifically the eponymous Pan), occultist Mona Wilton advises him to build it anywhere along any line connecting the stone circles at Avebury or <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> to any other remains of pagan worship. Unseen tracks stretch between these places, she claims, demonstrating how Avebury lies on an axis that connects St. Albans and <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/things-to-do/tintagel-england">Tintagel</a>, and another connects Dorset and <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/lindisfarne-the-holy-island">Lindisfarne</a>—which, she claims, were the earlier centers of power before Christianity. Connected with supernatural force, they remain charged: “That’s why we who worship the Old Gods use the lines of force between the power-centres, and not the power-centres themselves because those power-centres have all been exorcised long ago. But they didn’t know enough to know of the lines of force, so they never exorcised them.”</p> <figure class=" contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/o5LQdWPor-e1aRoI8yMnEttwIe_nhMqxxfehRGmWHhY/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iNzhlOTVjZi0w/Mzc0LTQwOTItODJh/OS1kNGM3Y2VhMTc5/ZjAzYzI5ZjMxZmUz/YTM2OTczMzVfSEg0/S0pLLmpwZw.jpg" alt="A map shows Radnor Vale, Wales, with the ley lines added in. " width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104427" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">A map shows Radnor Vale, Wales, with the ley lines added in. <a class="caption-credit" target="_blank" href="https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-map-showing-the-eastern-end-of-radnor-vale-wales-with-the-ley-lines-131024955.html?p=181734">Chronicle / Alamy Stock Photo</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Fortune was a member of the Order of the Golden Dawn and friend to Aleister Crowley. Her ideas found purchase in the occult circles of her day, but it wasn’t until the postwar era that they began to seep into the wider world of pseudoscience and beyond the confines of Great Britain. Once the idea of ley lines were liberated from Watkins’s original idea of footpaths that endured from one civilization to the next, they could be mapped onto any kind of supernatural phenomenon, and need no longer be tethered to archaeological ruins.</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_3" data-aaad="true"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">In 1961, the British ex-pilot Tony Wedd, steeped both in Watkins’s book and a 1958 French UFO book, <em>Flying Saucers and the Straight Line Mystery </em>by Aimé Michel, began to assert that ley lines not only had metaphysical properties, but also helped explain the straight paths of the UFO sightings Michel had described. In his book <em>Skyways and Landmarks</em>, Wedd called these lines “orthotenies” and suggested that they contained magnetic currents. Such currents, he contended, not only were harnessed by UFOs for power, but also explained why earlier civilizations had built sacred temples along their routes. These ideas were further amplified by John Michell, who, in <em>The Flying Saucer Vision </em>(1967) and <em>The View Over Atlantis </em>(1969), propelled the idea of ley lines into the pseudoscientific mainstream.</p> <hr class="baseline-grid-hr"> <p class="item-body-text-graf section-break-graf"><span class="section-start-text">In the 2016 </span><em><span class="section-start-text">Ghostbusters</span></em><span class="section-start-text">, the </span>villain “charges” two ley lines that meet like an <em>X</em> over Manhattan (one of which runs roughly along Broadway’s diagonal), converging at a hotel that, Leslie Jones’s character reveals, was built on a location with a dubious history. “All sorts of massacres happened there before the building was built,” she explains. “A peaceful trade with Captain Warren and the Lenape Indians was supposed to take place…and suddenly everyone died.” This is of course nonsense; the violence that happened between the Lenape and the Dutch and English settlers was almost entirely one-sided, and attributing metaphysical causes obscures the genocidal intent of the colonial settlers.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Still, the red leather-bound book that Kate McKinnon retrieves from the shelf, an atlas of <em>Ley Lines of North America</em>, seems tantalizing; I found more than one Redditor lamenting the fact that such a book doesn’t actually exist. In the absence of such reference works, most believers recommend making your own. As to how to locate a ley line: <a href="https://otherworldlyoracle.com/sacred-sites-how-to-find-ley-lines/">One website</a> suggests starting with local monuments, or really anything with historic significance (every state capital, they say, is on a ley line). From there, add in any known Indigenous landmarks: man-made mounds, burial grounds, caves. On top of this, the writer advises, you should look for haunted houses or other instances of the paranormal. Marking all of these out on a grid should start to reveal lines that you can connect.</p> <figure class=" contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/uxNMpXvB4uHWTvmS4YmTAp0a8mX1KSvcSu4JZAJj5Qs/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9jMDE2ZDczNy1h/MjBlLTQ5ZmUtOWQ5/Ny1iNDM2MGI0NWVm/YTgxM2RlNzA5N2Mw/ZmY1Yjg2NDhfSzdK/VzZQLmpwZw.jpg" alt="The characters from 2016's <em>Ghostbusters</em> reboot stand in the lobby of the cursed hotel at the ley lines' intersection." width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104465" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">The characters from 2016’s <em>Ghostbusters</em> reboot stand in the lobby of the cursed hotel at the ley lines’ intersection. <a class="caption-credit" target="_blank" href="https://www.alamy.com/photo-must-be-credited-sony-picturessupplied-by-alpha-070000-2016-image159610830.html?imageid=280B4A00-FFDB-4619-A615-5B63C813989B&p=539145&pn=1&searchId=ec4324e89f39f68c41b731318d914927&searchtype=0">Alpha Photo / Alamy Stock Photo</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">As a purely practical matter, this makes sense, in that, if you plot enough points on a plane, you’re bound eventually to be able to find some lines that at least roughly connect three or more points. But on a metaphysical level, the allure of a belief in ley lines is that it takes several layers—naturally occurring geographical features, Native American and other prehistorical cultural civilizations, the paranormal, and more modern landmarks and cultural institutions—and folds them into one. It suggests that some unseen band of energy is behind all of these elements, and that they are merely the visible expression of that unseen energy. Everything you can think of, from Indigenous ways of understanding the land to contemporary urban theory, is all part of the same continuum.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Ley lines don’t quite posit an order where none exists; instead, they posit a single order that unites and supersedes any number of pre-existing orders. They usurp the individual decision to build a house or forge a trail or found a capital—be those decisions carefully calculated or happenstance—and suggest that all such decisions are unconsciously directed. They offer a convenient explanation for fate and randomness; if things don’t seem to make sense at first, it may just be because you haven’t properly mapped out the lines yet. With enough sifting through the noise in search of the signal, believers promise, you can tap into a network of energy that will give you power over the ignorant around you. In a complex and chaotic world, it’s easy to see the allure.</p> <figure class=" contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/fZ_bzpsK7J-4iydo_g2u4jxXANCvse_cw_K-nb-0JpU/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84ZTQ3MTQ4NS1l/ZmRkLTQ1NGItYWE1/Yy02Njg4OTg0ODIy/ZDI5MGJjMDYyMTU4/YWE5ZDNkYzVfU3Rv/bmVoZW5nZTIwMDdf/MDdfMzAuanBn.jpg" alt="In <em>The Goat-Foot God</em>, characters believe that unseen tracks stretch between Stonehenge and other pagan-worship sites." width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104706" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">In <em>The Goat-Foot God</em>, characters believe that unseen tracks stretch between Stonehenge and other pagan-worship sites. <a class="caption-credit" target="_blank" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge#/media/File:Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg">garethwiscombe / CC BY 2.0</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">But it turns out that connecting the dots is easier said than done. One map I found of the Northeast U.S., called <a href="https://www.vortexmaps.com/gaia-matrix-points.php"><em>Gaia Complex: Geometry in the Landscape</em></a>, lists a series of supposedly resonant towns and geographic features, which are connected via lines to form a tight, geometric shape, suggesting some sort of magnetic ordering that lies beneath our feet. The central vertical axis, according to this chart, runs south from Lake Willoughby in Vermont, through the towns of Topsham and West Fairlee, then to Mount Ascutney, Shelburne Falls in Massachusetts, the Barkhamsted Reservoir and Derby in Connecticut, and, finally, “Wappinger Falls, Massachusetts.” The various justifications for each of these places’ power is nebulous: Topsham, Vermont, for example, is described as containing Burnham Mountain, a vista point, and an art colony; Shelburne Falls also has an art center, and is further noted for its “Peace Treaty Site” and its Bridge of Flowers. But there are larger problems: Attempting to map these on an actual map creates difficulties, as these places are not aligned in a perfect North-South axis; they’re literally all over the map. There is no such place as Wappinger Falls, Massachusetts, and certainly it is not south of Derby, Connecticut; Wappinger Falls, New York, is far to the west, along the Hudson River.</p><section class="inline-ad-container inline-ad-container--article"><div data-aa-adunit="/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_3" data-aaad="true"></div></section> <p class="item-body-text-graf">This is just one example, but it’s indicative of the ways in which ley line maps work: There’s a lot of fudging to make them make sense. If you want a clean, aesthetically-pleasing geometric shape formed by your ley lines, you not only have to stretch actual geography, but also stretch what does and does not constitute a data point significant enough to be charted.</p> <figure class="article-pullquote-container"> <aside class="article-pullquote"> <blockquote class="article-pullquote-content">[Ley lines] posit a single order that unites and supersedes any number of pre-existing orders.</blockquote> </aside> </figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Alternately, you can just start connecting lines on the map until you end up with something approaching visual chaos. Many online maps of ley lines more closely resemble a common trope of film and TV: the conspiracy wall. A cliché that’s now <a href="https://knowyourmeme.com/memes/pepe-silvia">descended into parody</a>, the conspiracy wall—where a series of newspaper clippings, photographs, and other ephemera are tacked to a wall and usually connected with bright red string—first started appearing in films like <em>Memento </em>and <em>A Beautiful Mind, </em>where they offered a visual metaphor to reflect the troubled, paranoid minds of the films’ protagonists. They soon found their way to police procedurals like <em>The Wire </em>and <em>True Detective, </em>where often as not they represented actual conspiracies—the idea being that only by spreading out all the data visually and connecting individual pieces via string could the larger picture be understood.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Ley lines offer the same tantalizing possibility: a hidden map that reveals unseen connections and, through them, a larger picture of the truth. They offer the forest for the trees, the puzzle for the pieces. They are a reaction, perhaps, against the seeming chaos of nature itself—why a swamp forms here, why a ridge of mountains pushes up there—along with the cacophony of human decision making (How did Sacramento end up winning out over San Jose in becoming California’s capital?).</p> <hr class="baseline-grid-hr"> <p class="item-body-text-graf section-break-graf"><span class="section-start-text">But I’d be lying if </span>I said I wasn’t drawn to these maps, skeptical as I might be of their veracity. The appeal to me is not as any kind of representation of the real world, but as an aesthetic rendering divorced from the real world—a cartography gone haywire, a new strangeness underfoot. Perhaps it’s because we don’t have a great language for the actual way in which meaning accrues like a palimpsest on the land. Translating all this history, these conflicting layers, into something spurious offers a shape to the world, however illusory.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">I’m not the only one. Watkins’s original project quietly became an important—if subtle—influence on <a href="https://umfa.utah.edu/land-art/about">the land art movement</a> of the 1960s and ’70s. In 1967, British conceptual artist Richard Long took a photograph titled <em>A Line Made by Walking, </em>which depicts a straight line of trampled and dead grass in an otherwise verdant field: Long walked repeatedly the same route until the path itself was visible, and though he wouldn’t learn of Watkins’s old straight track until 1971, commentators noted the parallels almost immediately. The artist Hamish Fulton was far more explicitly influenced by Watkins; he sought out the first editions of Watkins’s work as inspiration for his 1969 piece <em>Straight Line Walk. </em></p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">Dubious as archaeology, Watkins’s work offered inspiration for these artists in ways very different than it did for the pseudoscientific community. Art critic Stephen Daniels, tracing the influence of Watkins’s work on the land art movement, notes that his vision of England as connected by ley lines attempts to “articulate a free trade utopia, enabled by an enlightened planning regime, looking back and forward to a liberal landscape without landlordism,” offering a “pre-enclosure vision” of England that cuts “across established propertied interests.” The contemporary world, after all, is already gridded with lines—railway tracks, interstates, property lines, and the boundaries of towns, cities, counties and states—all of which are necessary to keep private property and capitalism functioning and running on schedule. To re-envision the world via ley lines is to argue for an alternative cartography in which these concerns are superseded by something more fundamental.</p> <figure class=" contains-caption "><img class="article-image with-structured-caption lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/n-fQzSDsP7AAOigJUfg0TSJ4DKwteSPnmbdZcNw8-p4/rs:fill:12000:12000/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy84YTU1NzlmNS05/ZGNkLTQwNTUtYTYz/Zi03ZmYyMjBmZTAy/MzQzZDYxNjQzNjRk/MzhmOWQ3MzZfMko2/QzJSRC5qcGc.jpg" alt="Richard Long's 1972 land art piece <em>Walking a Line in Peru.</em>" width="auto" data-kind="article-image" id="article-image-104704" loading="lazy"><figcaption class="caption structured-caption noskim">Richard Long’s 1972 land art piece <em>Walking a Line in Peru.</em> <a class="caption-credit" target="_blank" href="https://www.alamy.com/walking-a-line-in-peru-artwork-by-british-land-artist-richard-long-1972-image468633521.html?imageid=0C62D961-8F0F-472D-8F54-F9CC5BC1626D&p=276664&pn=1&searchId=42b27c7aed8fe9c56204cf6e08c9c754&searchtype=0">colaimages / Alamy Stock Photo</a></figcaption></figure> <p class="item-body-text-graf">I began this column by trying to understand and work through Mark Fisher’s definition of “eerie,” which he posits is a feeling that accompanies either “absence where there should be presence,” or “presence where there should be absence.” The inexplicable coordination and seeming group sentience in Daphne du Maurier’s short story “The Birds” suggests presence where there should be only the wildness of nature; the unexplained mystery of the <em>Mary Celeste </em>unsettles because where we expect some kind presence, there is only absence.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf">The metaphysical approach to ley lines, by this logic, attempts to suggest presence where we expect absence: a hidden but durable organizing feature that explains the seemingly random ordering of geography. It seeks to reduce all the cacophonous wonder of the world to something clear and uniform, a secret pattern that is the key to decoding everything.</p> <p class="item-body-text-graf item-body-last">But the inspiration that land artists took from Watkins, divorced necessarily from any attempt at veracity—and certainly any metaphysical overtones—may be an attempt to wrest absence from presence. To think with ley lines as an aesthetic exercise is to attempt to imagine a world prior to rigorously divided property, and a world without firmly distinct eons and eras—a line that can cut through taxonomy and order and law, and create other kinds of meaning. Or, indeed, even the mere absence of meaning. The ley line–inspired land art I admire most undoes the lines that grid our lives for the purpose of circulating capital by positing alternatives. From <a href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/spiral-jetty">Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty</a> to the work of Andy Goldsworthy, they involve, in some form or other, creating or establishing lines that cut through nature, that give a shape and order to the freeform chaos of the natural world. These works do not “symbolize” anything, and they don’t substitute a new kind of meaning for an old one. They simply cut through the land, making the natural into the unnatural, undoing whatever we know of the world without seeking to replace that knowledge with anything new.</p> </section> <script type="text/javascript"> var bodyViewedPercentageLogger = debounce( function() { logPercentBelowViewport( $('#article-body'), 'contentViewed' ); // Chase campaign: Simple Reach reporting %> // END Chase campaign }, 16); $(window).on('scroll resize', bodyViewedPercentageLogger); </script> <div class="ItemEndRow" data-category='Articles Page Recirc' data-action='Recirc Item Clicked' data-label='Footer Next Article'> <div class="HorizontalCardWrapper --ArticleWrapper "> <a class="HorizontalCard" data-gtm-category="Articles Page Recirc" data-gtm-template="End Cap" data-gtm-content-type="Article" data-gtm-recirc-association="Related" href="/articles/column-mars-copter-aviation-history"> <div class="HorizontalCard__content-wrap"> <div class="HorizontalCard__hat">Next in series</div> <h3 class="HorizontalCard__heading"> <span class="js-socket-title">Where the Little Helicopter on Mars Fits in the History of Aviation</span> </h3> <div class="HorizontalCard__content js-subtitle-content js-socket-subtitle"> If the past is any guide, things are going to take off quickly. </div> </div> <figure class="HorizontalCard__figure js-HorizontalCard__figure js-content-horizontal-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/oT0dqnti23QoPEm42eOcGy5mPvoKjgOKXmJSveCgm34/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9iMWViMWU4YmZi/MDllN2M3MjZfUElB/MjQ1ODF-b3JpZy5q/cGc.jpg" alt="" data-width="1578" data-height="1176" class="lazy HorizontalCard__img u-img-responsive" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> </a> </div> </div> <div class="itemTags ItemEndRow"> <span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/eerie-feeling">eerie feeling</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/occult">occult</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/maps">maps</a></span><span class="itemTags__tag itemTags__tag--rounded itemTags__tag--light"><a class="itemTags__link" href="/categories/archaeology">archaeology</a></span> </div> </div> <div id="ArticleStickyRailTrack" class="content-siderail hidden-print"> <div class="js-above-rail"></div> <div id="ArticleStickyRail" class="js-sticky-siderail" data-below-of=".js-above-rail" data-affixed-top-margin="74" data-affixed-bottom-margin="0" data-above-of=".js-below-rail"> <div class="siderail-ad hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="ad-wrapper hidden-print"> <div class="ProgrammaticMembershipCallout ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--sticky-rail js-programmatic-member-cta"> Want to see fewer ads?<br/> <a href="/membership">Become a Member</a>. </div> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_1'></div> </div> </div> <aside id="sidebar-popular" class="js-most-popular-recircs aside-recirc-module related-articles-module"> </aside> <div class="siderail-bottom-affix-placeholder hidden-xs"> <div class="siderail-ad siderail-bottom-ad js-sticky-bottom-siderail-ad hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <div class="fixedPositionAdBg--300"> <div class="ad-wrapper hidden-print"> <div class="ProgrammaticMembershipCallout ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--sticky-rail js-programmatic-member-cta"> Want to see fewer ads?<br/> <a href="/membership">Become a Member</a>. </div> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_sticky_rail_2'></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="ArticleStickyRailBrakePositioner" class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <div id="ArticleStickyRailBrake" class="js-below-rail"></div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 ArticleRightRail__space-holder hidden-xs hidden-sm"></div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="athanasius"> <div class="AdBlockModal modal fade" id="adBlockModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="adBlockModalTitle" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-close"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-close" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-close" /> </svg> </i> </span> </button> </div> <h5 class="modal-title" id="adBlockModalTitle">Using an ad blocker?</h5> <p class="modal-body">We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the world’s hidden wonders. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month.</p> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="o-ghost-btn" data-dismiss="modal">Continue Using Ad-Block</button> <a href="/membership" class="o-primary-btn">Support Us <i style="margin-left: 7px; fill: white; width: 16px; height: 16px;" class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-heart"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-heart" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-heart" /> </svg> </i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> if( isIE() ) { $(function() { window.railSelector = '.js-sticky-siderail'; ensureRelevantMargins('.js-sticky-siderail'); affixRightRail('.js-sticky-siderail'); }); $(function() { var debounceAffixRightRail = debounce( function(){ affixRightRail('.js-sticky-siderail'); }, 50, true); $(window).on('resize scroll', debounceAffixRightRail); }); } $(function(){ $('.js-sticky-bottom-siderail-ad').affix({ offset: { top: function() { return $('#sidebar-popular').offset().top + $('#sidebar-popular').innerHeight() - 35; }, bottom: function () { return $('.recirc-footer-wrap').innerHeight() + $('.page-footer').innerHeight() + 100; } } }) }) </script> <div class="recirc-footer-wrap hidden-print "> <div class="card-grid js-inject-gtm-data-in-child-links" data-gtm-category='Articles Page Recirc' data-gtm-action='Recirc Item Clicked' data-gtm-label='Footer Related Content Card' data-gtm-template='Footer Cards' data-gtm-recirc-association='Related Mixed Content' > <div class="athanasius"> <div class="full-width-container CardRecircSection CardRecircSection--8-cards-lg full-width-container CardRecircSection__article-footer"> <div class="container"> <div class='CardRecircSection__header CardRecircSection__flex'> <div> <div class="CardRecircSection__title">Keep Exploring</div> </div> </div> <div class="card-grid CardRecircSection__card-grid js-inject-gtm-data-in-child-links" data-gtm-category='Article Page Recirc' data-gtm-action='Recirc Item Clicked' data-gtm-label='Related Content Card' data-gtm-template='Footer Cards' data-gtm-recirc-association='Related Mixed Content'> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --ArticleWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat" data-type="Article" data-item-id="18236" data-gtm-content-type="Article" href="/articles/north-sea-lost-land-doggerland"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure --content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/gt7VyxmNfsdMG9R3-mDPWaU8uI3ndeYa5o-UREp4AJU/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9mNzNiOWM0My1k/N2EwLTQ4ZDItYmVl/ZC05MDlmYWE4NTQ5/NTJhYzVjMDRmODJj/MTk1NTY4MTFfR2V0/dHlJbWFnZXMtMTMw/MTMwODkxMy5qcGc.jpg" alt="Tidal flats in Denmark's Wadden Sea National Park show what the land on the edge of the North Sea looks like today." data-width="5124" data-height="3416" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">maps</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Exploring the Lost Land Beneath the North Sea</span> </h3> <div class="Card__content js-subtitle-content"> New research reveals that Doggerland—a sunken swath of Europe connecting Britain to the mainland—was more than a simple thoroughfare. It was home. </div> <div class="Card__footer --content-card-footer"> <div class="Card__byline-dateline --article-byline-dateline"> <span class="Card__byline --article-byline">Tristan McConnell</span> <span class="Card__dateline --article-byline-date"> December 9, 2024 </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --ArticleWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat" data-type="Article" data-item-id="16630" data-gtm-content-type="Article" href="/articles/dodecahedrons-roman-empire"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure --content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/Y03Ggpe3AGXScMLhchuJWzyu03qE5do-sEdcw-6aY3U/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy83ZDhjNDc1ZGZh/OGNhZThkODFfRG9k/ZWNhaGVkcm9uX0F2/ZW50aWN1bS5qcGc.jpg" alt="This ancient dodecahedron found in Avenches, Switzerland, once the Roman city of Aventicum. " data-width="1024" data-height="768" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">objects of intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>The Mysterious Dodecahedrons of the Roman Empire</span> </h3> <div class="Card__content js-subtitle-content"> The first of many of these puzzling objects was unearthed almost three centuries ago, and we still don't know what they were for. </div> <div class="Card__footer --content-card-footer"> <div class="Card__byline-dateline --article-byline-dateline"> <span class="Card__byline --article-byline">Frank Jacobs</span> <span class="Card__dateline --article-byline-date"> May 12, 2023 </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --ArticleWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat" data-type="Article" data-item-id="16441" data-gtm-content-type="Article" href="/articles/europe-oldest-map-shows-tiny-bronze-age-kingdom"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure --content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/at2vB-nG5h9Bh-qS92lezqpQ95fDcLWRqcWfyVHxRGg/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy9lMjZhMGFiOS05/N2I5LTQ3OWYtOWM2/Yy01ZTMzYjUyZTE3/ODJmZjM0NGJiNGJl/ZDdlNDE0ZDdfRXVy/b3BlX09sZGVzdF9N/YXBfQ2xvc2V1cC5q/cGVn.jpg" alt="The Saint-Bélec slab in full." data-width="1920" data-height="1280" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">objects of intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Europe’s Oldest Map Shows Tiny Bronze Age Kingdom</span> </h3> <div class="Card__content js-subtitle-content"> Discovered in 1900, the Saint-Bélec slab languished unrecognized in a castle basement for over a century. </div> <div class="Card__footer --content-card-footer"> <div class="Card__byline-dateline --article-byline-dateline"> <span class="Card__byline --article-byline">Frank Jacobs</span> <span class="Card__dateline --article-byline-date"> March 17, 2023 </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --ArticleWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat" data-type="Article" data-item-id="14031" data-gtm-content-type="Article" href="/articles/secret-irish-pirate-republic"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure --content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img data-src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/M9dU5BmFAb7VGfUhi88eCEuf0-MVzuAB6fyzYhnmpfE/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS91/cGxvYWRzL2Fzc2V0/cy8yZTNiNmJlYjlh/MzllYzlmMzRfQW50/aS1waXJhdGUgY2hh/cnRfZGV0YWlsIDIu/anBn.jpg" alt="All indications are that the coast was mapped from the sea, in secret. " data-width="1280" data-height="959" class="lazy Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img" nopin="nopin" src="https://assets.atlasobscura.com/assets/blank-f2c3362333e2a7a073648cf7e50aa224b02674cd3b28b24000ca5cdc8980f75f.png" /></figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">objects of intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>How a Secret Map Brought Down a Pirate Alliance on the Irish Coast</span> </h3> <div class="Card__content js-subtitle-content"> Now archaeologists are using it to search for evidence of clandestine activity. </div> <div class="Card__footer --content-card-footer"> <div class="Card__byline-dateline --article-byline-dateline"> <span class="Card__byline --article-byline">Erin Mullally</span> <span class="Card__dateline --article-byline-date"> September 29, 2020 </span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/secrets-of-the-hunt-lenox-globe"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/A1zxecgS7dW4Jk-PpWASxqw52Ojc22B3qX6JluvJQDk/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzAzLzI1LzE4/LzUzLzAxL2QzNzU0/MDExLWY5M2EtNDQz/My1hZjYwLTY1Nzdl/NDdkYjllYy9IdW50/TGVub3hTdGlsbDA1/LmpwZw.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Object of Intrigue</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Here Be Dragons: Secrets of One of the Earliest Terrestrial Globes</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>2:26</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/artist-who-maps-the-world-through-smell"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/Id-ucPrZMKiioAtagaDJBhRqBuJKYzRY6Bufd7-CVIQ/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzEwLzE0LzE2/LzU1LzQ4LzQzYTNm/NzAxLTRkMTItNDU1/OC04MzVmLWVhY2Q0/NzgxNzFlYS9TbWVs/bE1hcHNTdGlsbF8w/NS5qcGc.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Mapping the World Through Smell</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>3:25</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/hand-drawn-maps-anton-thomas"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/deWQVodDMawwmk1OFFYs2PHCmCWsof8YRpGn0lmYnqw/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIwLzA2LzE1LzIw/LzU4LzIxL2RjNTU5/ZTRhLWY1YTQtNGZi/ZC1hNmM3LTA5Njg1/ZThhZDNiNy9BbnRv/biBUaG9tYXMgQ01T/IFN0aWxsLmpwZw.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Wonder From Home</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Show & Tell With Colored-Pencil Cartographer Anton Thomas</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>11:53</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/pull-tab-archaeology"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/by_HMW1NN2siM7zh9FeYjzuD5n6rN4tVvjooDSchbvU/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDIwLzA2LzE1LzIx/LzE1LzAwLzkyYWNj/MTJmLTI2ZGUtNDA0/My04YWYzLWQ4NDNi/MjYyMjAyMC9Kb2Ji/ZSBDTVMgU3RpbGwg/MDEuanBn.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • Wonder From Home</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Show & Tell With a Pull-Tab Archaeologist</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>10:07</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/an-ancient-cemetery-pillaged-by-grave-robbers"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/iQyjo5ToohWbNfS0u6hbdDPOlJv3I1yCcXWsg4eNo6g/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzA1LzE0LzE0/LzMwLzExL2M3YWY5/ZDQ0LTI3MzUtNDk4/NC1hM2YxLThmNGJh/NWQ1YjYyMS9DaGF1/Y2hpbGxhc3RpbGww/NC5qcGc.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video • PinDrop</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>An Ancient Cemetery, Resurrected</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>1:51</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="CardWrapper js-CardWrapper"> <div class="CardWrapper --VideoWrapper js-CardWrapper "> <a class="Card --content-card-v2 --content-card-item Card--flat Card--video" data-gtm-content-type="Video" href="/videos/inside-ohio-s-experimental-archaeology-lab"> <figure class="Card__figure js-Card__figure -- content-card-figure js-content-card-figure"> <img src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/XnZr_QCUQfVOUBrO9o4w4k_4RZSsV2Q7V1-ONJGa0Kw/rs:fill:600:400:1/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS8y/MDE5LzExLzA2LzIy/LzE1LzAwLzdiMGMw/MTYyLWIwYzUtNDky/Yi1hMTdlLTIyYjll/ZWI4ZDJkYS9FeHBl/cmltZW50YWxBcmNo/YWVvbG9neUxhYiAw/OTIzMTkgRkIuMDBf/MDBfNTBfMjAuU3Rp/bGwwMTIuanBn.jpg" class="Card__img u-img-responsive --img-responsive --content-card-img lazy" alt=""/> </figure> <div class="Card__content-wrap --content-card-text"> <div class="Card__hat">Video</div> <h3 class="Card__heading --content-card-v2-title js-title-content"> <span>Inside Ohio's Experimental Archaeology Lab</span> </h3> <div class="Card__subheading VideoCard__subheading --content-card-footer"><i class=" atlas-svg-wrap wrap-icon-aoc-video"> <svg version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <use href="#icon-aoc-video" xlink:href="#icon-aoc-video" /> </svg> </i> <span>7:29</span></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="athanasius"> <div class="full-width-container CardRecircSection"> <div class="container adapex-container"> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_970v_2' class="advertisement-disclaimer"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="athanasius" style="padding-bottom: 24px;"> <div class="full-width-container"> <div class="container"> <div class="disco-widget" data-widget-id="WI_clf02s3xs00020sppz6efmo7h"></div> <script defer src="https://disco.headliner.link/d/atlasobscura/web/js/widget.js"></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="athanasius"> <div class="full-width-container ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--taboola-member-article-container"> <div class="container"> <div class="ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--taboola-member-article-cta ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--taboola-member-article-top-border"> Want to see fewer ads? <a class="" href="/membership">Become a Member</a>. </div> <div class="CardRecircSection__header CardRecircSection__flex"> <div class="CardRecircSection__title ProgrammaticMembershipCallout--taboola-member-article-header">From Around the Web</div> </div> <div id="taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd"></div> <script type="text/javascript"> TaboolaUtils.pushCards(); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="articleBody__interrupt-card" class="hidden hidden-print"> <div class="athanasius"> <div class="article-gastro-interruptor" style="background-color: #EFE8DC"> <div class="article-gastro-copies"> <div class="article-gastro-text-section"> <div class=""><strong class="fs--13 article-gastro-heading">ATLAS OBSCURA BOOKS</strong></div> <div class="o-heading fs--28 article-gastro-subheading">A Visual Odyssey Through the Marvels of Life</div> <span class="article-gastro-cta-text" style="line-height: 1.125em">Venture into Nature's Unseen Realms with Our New Book <em>Atlas Obscura: Wild Life</em></span> <a class="article-gastro-button" href="https://wildlife.atlasobscura.com?utm_source=atlasobscura&utm_medium=article_interrupt">Order Now</a> </div> <div class="article-gastro-interruptor-book"> <img width="130" style="border-radius: 6px;" alt="Gastro Obscura Book" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/7um0Zx45LlpKitn8ZB3QZCVl8zEUh1HzjEg5_KHDM78/rt:fit/h:320/el:0/g:ce/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/ar:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS9h/b24vbWFya2V0aW5n/L3dpbGRsaWZlL3dp/bGRsaWZlX2NvdmVy/X2FuZ2xlX2xnLnBu/Zw" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="modal lightbox-modal fadeX" id="lightbox" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="lightbox"> <div id="lightbox-content"> <span class="icon-menu-close modal-close" data-dismiss="modal"></span> <div id="lightbox-figure-box"> <figure id="lightbox-figure"> <img src="" id="lightbox-image" alt=""/> <figcaption id="lightbox-caption" class="caption"> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div id="lightbox-controls" class="hidden-sm hidden-xs"> <a class="js-lightbox-prev lightbox-gallery-control prev-arrow" href="javascript:void(0)" aria-label="Previous image"> <i class="icon-expand_left"></i> </a> <a class="js-lightbox-next lightbox-gallery-control next-arrow" href="javascript:void(0)" aria-label="Next image"> <i class="icon-expand_right"></i> </a> </div> <div id="mobile-lightbox-control-prev" class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <a class="js-lightbox-prev lightbox-gallery-control prev-arrow" href="javascript:void(0)"> <i class="icon-expand_left"></i> </a> </div> <div id="mobile-lightbox-control-next" class="hidden-md hidden-lg"> <a class="js-lightbox-next lightbox-gallery-control next-arrow" href="javascript:void(0)"> <i class="icon-expand_right"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="lightbox-thumbnails hidden-sm hidden-xs hidden-md"> <div class="lightbox-thumbnails-container"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hidden-md hidden-lg m-social-adhesive-wrap"> </div> <div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_mobile_stickyfooter'></div> <script async defer src="//platform.instagram.com/en_US/embeds.js"></script> <script async src="https://secure.assets.tumblr.com/post.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> if( isIE() ){ $("#article-body .article-image").removeAttr("width"); } </script> <script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8"> $(function () { function loadMostReadRecircs () { $.ajax({ url: '/payloads/most_read_recircs' }).success(function(viewMarkup) { $('.js-most-popular-recircs').append(viewMarkup); addCTA('.js-most-popular-recircs', 'View More Stories', '/articles'); pinContent(); }); } function addCTA(target, content, href) { $(target).append('<div class="recirc-view-all"><a class="TextCTA" href="' + href + '">'+ content +'</a></div>') }; function pinContent () { if ($('#pinned-content-template').length > 0) { $('#sidebar-popular .numbered-recirc-item:last-child').remove(); $('#sidebar-popular').append($('#pinned-content-template').html()); } } var ArticleBodyState = {}; var $articleContent = $('.content-body #article-body').children(); loadMostReadRecircs(); if (isSmallScreen()){ placeMobileArticleEndAd(); placeMobileLeftRail(); } placeInterruptContent($articleContent, shouldNotAbutInterrupt, placeArticleInterruptCard, 5); function placeInterruptContent($content, nodeCheckFunction, placingFunction, limit) { var limit = (typeof limit !== 'undefined') ? limit : 7; var n = 0; var contentWasPlaced = false; $content.each(function (index, p) { // nodeCheckFunction must take a node & // return true/false about its content if ( nodeCheckFunction( $(p) ) ) { return; } n++; if (n >= limit) { if ( nodeCheckFunction($(p).next()) ) { return; } placingFunction(p); contentWasPlaced = true; return false; } }); if (!contentWasPlaced) { placingFunction($articleContent.last()); } } function shouldNotAbutInterrupt(domElement) { var headers = hasHeadingContent(domElement); var iframes = $(domElement).html() && $(domElement).html().indexOf("iframe") >= 0; var cards = $(domElement).html() && $(domElement).html().indexOf(".Card") >= 0; return headers || iframes || cards; } function placeArticleEmailAsk(p) { ArticleBodyState.emailAsk = $('#newsletter-email-ask').detach(); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.insertAfter(p); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.removeClass("hidden"); attachEmailAskListeners(); } function placeArticleInterruptCard(p) { if ($('#articleBody__interrupt-card').length > 0) { if ( insertionShouldBeSkipped(p) ) { return; } else { ArticleBodyState.interruptorCard = $('#articleBody__interrupt-card').detach(); ArticleBodyState.interruptorCard.insertAfter(p); ArticleBodyState.interruptorCard.removeClass('hidden'); } } } function attachEmailAskListeners() { ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.on('click', 'a', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); }); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.on('click', function (e) { e.preventDefault(); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.find('.input-container') .slideToggle(200); }); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.find('#email').on('click', function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); }); ArticleBodyState.emailAsk.find('button').on('click', function (e) { e.stopPropagation(); }); } function placeInBodyAd(p) { // Only place the belly band ad on Desktop Features. if(!isSmallScreen()){ var bodyWithNow = $("body.articles")[0].offsetWidth; ArticleBodyState.featureAdMarkup = "<div class='ad-background-intra-body hidden-print'><div class='ad-wrapper hidden-print ad-inline-banner ad-banner-lg'></div></div>"; Content = $articleContent; $(p).after( ArticleBodyState.featureAdMarkup ); } } function insertionShouldBeSkipped (graf) { return ( $(graf).next().hasClass('ad-background-intra-body') || ($('section#article-body').first().find('> p.item-body-text-graf').length < 5) ) } function placeMobileArticleEndAd () { $('section#article-body').first().append($("<div class='ad-background-intra-body hidden-print'><div class='ad-wrapper hidden-print mobile-bottom-ad'><div data-aaad='true' data-aa-adunit='/22181265/atlasobscura_300v_3'></div></div>")); } function placeMobileLeftRail () { var $leftRail = $('.article-left-siderail .siderail-placement').detach(); if($('section#article-body p').length > 2) { $($('section#article-body p').get(2)).after($leftRail); } else { $('section#article-body p').last().after($leftRail); } } }); </script> <script> $(function() { $('.ad-background-intra-body .ad-wrapper:empty').parent().remove(); }); </script> </div> <footer class="page-footer"> <section class="footer-banner js-membership-footer-banner"> <h1 class="footer-banner__title">See Fewer Ads</h1> <h2 class="footer-banner__subtitle">Become an Atlas Obscura member and experience far fewer ads and no pop-ups.</h2> <div class="athanasius"> <a class="o-primary-btn" href="/membership">Learn More</a> </div> <script> (function() { $('.js-membership-footer-banner a').click(function(e) { gtag('event', 'select_content', { "promotions": [ { 'id': 'onsite_member_promo', 'name': 'Membership', 'creative': 'banner', 'position': 'footer_see_all' } ] }); gtag('event', 'click', { 'event_category': 'Internal Promotions', 'event_label': 'Membership' }); }); })(); </script> </section> <div class="new-footer"> <div class="container js-page-left-reference"> <div class="row footer-first-row"> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 newsletter-form"> <div class="footer-social"> <section class="footer-subscribe"> <h4 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading">Get Our Email Newsletter</h4> <div class="athanasius" style="margin-top:0.5em"> <form class="footer-newsletter-form js-email-ask-form js-ath-form-validated" action="/email_lists/signup" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="qW0vGboMc0YIZhmw73YUyjR1HSULtTFafy5MkiGspr11DGa57G67eFgj6bwQDM0O6N8A2CDwkqaVPcQDfABavg" autocomplete="off" /> <input type="hidden" name="source" value="footer-email-ask" autocomplete="off" /> <input type="hidden" name="subscribe_general" value="true" autocomplete="off" /> <input type="text" name="nickname" style="display: none;" /> <div class="FormGroup FormGroup--inline"> <div class="FormGroup__validated-field-wrap"> <input type="email" name="email" class="FormGroup__text-input js-footer-email-ask-removable" required="required" placeholder="Enter your email" aria-label="Email" /> <div class="FormGroup__feedback-ui"> <div class="FormGroup__validate-message"></div> <div class="FormGroup__underliner"></div> </div> <div id="js-footer-email-ask-thanks" class="subscribe-thanks detail">Thanks for subscribing! <a target="_parent" data-category="View All Newsletters Link" data-action="Click" data-label="Footer" class="js-view-newsletters" href="/newsletters">View all newsletters »</a> </div> </div> <input type="submit" name="commit" value="Submit" class="o-primary-btn FormGroup__inline-submit js-footer-email-ask-removable" data-disable-with="Submit" /> </div> </form> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 social-icons"> <div class="row nested-row"> <h4 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading social-icons-heading">Follow Us</h4> <ul id="footer-social-list"> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/atlasobscura/" class="icon-facebook btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Like" aria-label="Like us on Facebook"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/atlasobscura" class="icon-youtube btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Youtube" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Subscribe to our Youtube channel"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/atlasobscura" class="icon-twitter btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Follow us on Twitter"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.instagram.com/atlasobscura/" class="icon-instagram btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Instagram" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Follow us on Instagram"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.pinterest.com/atlasobscura/_saved/" class="icon-pinterest btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="Pinterest" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Follow us on Pinterest"></a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="/feeds/latest" class="icon-rss btn-icon footer-social-btn js-social-action-tracked" data-position="Footer" data-service="RSS" data-action="Follow" aria-label="Subscribe to our RSS feed"></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 apple-store-icon"> <div class="row nested-row"> <h4 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading app-store-heading">Get the app</h4> <a class="hidden-md hidden-lg" href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/atlas-obscura-travel-guide/id1563250221"> <img src="https://atlas-dev.s3.amazonaws.com/misc/internal-one-offs/apple_logo.svg" alt="Download on the Apple App Store"> </a> <a class="hidden-md hidden-lg" href='https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.atlasobscura.android&pcampaignid=pcampaignidMKT-Other-global-all-co-prtnr-py-PartBadge-Mar2515-1'><img alt='Get it on Google Play' src='https://play.google.com/intl/en_us/badges/static/images/badges/en_badge_web_generic.png' style="height: 58px;"/></a> <div class="athanasius" style="margin-top: 0.5em"> <a href="https://app.atlasobscura.com" class="download-the-app o-white-primary-btn" > <svg fill="none" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" > <path clip-rule="evenodd" d="m13.3673 7.56543c.0196-.01249.1374-.04856.1451-.10097.0145-.09727-.0091-.22078-.0624-.30416-.4387-.68524-.8878-1.36371-1.3339-2.04422-.2278-.3474-.4502-.69846-.6852-1.04087-.2137-.31118-.4391-.28688-.5917.0533-.0142.03154-.0302.06235-.0423.09462-.4164 1.10624-.83625 2.21118-1.24217 3.32122-.04104.11216.00229.25513.00651.38379.12062-.00999.2516.00724.36014-.03425.80822-.30894 1.63112-.5204 2.50692-.42984.292.03018.584.06297.939.10138zm-10.17496 4.12907c-.00657 1.8598.32025 3.2218 1.05714 4.4748.09964.1695.15495.4271.41879.4063.26275-.0208.27973-.2818.34962-.4653 1.25714-3.2997 2.50876-6.60152 3.76168-9.90286.27583-.72672.558-1.45115.82086-2.18246.03656-.10169.01781-.27251-.04812-.34647-.05568-.0624-.21692-.03482-.33166-.03815-.04078-.00119-.0826.0228-.12333.03706-3.53804 1.23891-5.90686 4.62051-5.90498 8.01708zm17.73166.3641c-.0182-.0046-.0364-.0091-.0547-.0137-.0396-.4393-.0694-.8797-.1226-1.3174-.0323-.2646-.0953-.5261-.154-.78681-.8093-3.58926-3.9623-6.36723-7.6093-6.69554-.1383-.01249-.3476.02202-.4087.11232-.0555.08213.0088.29469.0835.4082 2.35 3.5724 4.7064 7.14063 7.0686 10.70503.1083.1635.2788.4019.4205.402.2622.0002.3396-.3041.3823-.5227.1486-.7604.2655-1.5271.3944-2.2914zm-8.8346 8.7928c.2614-.0271.6586-.0566 1.0525-.1107 1.9309-.265 3.6074-1.0694 5.0026-2.4273.3814-.3711.7193-.7971 1.0204-1.2368.2361-.3448.3156-.768.0694-1.152-.4528-.7062-.9298-1.3969-1.4072-2.0868-.0496-.0718-.1777-.1415-.2543-.1278-.0778.014-.1621.1215-.1987.2072-.0605.1413-.0795.2997-.1252.4481-.8478 2.7519-3.6187 4.3386-6.4162 3.6598-1.68774-.4096-2.8955-1.4214-3.65626-2.9785-.05124-.1049-.1576-.2023-.26254-.2505-.03505-.0161-.1814.1187-.2164.2081-.30832.7879-.6018 1.5816-.9022 2.3726-.17297.4553-.04745.8378.3016 1.146 1.67171 1.4757 3.62351 2.2511 5.9925 2.3286zm-.0015-3.8514c2.2582.0421 4.291-1.8484 4.227-4.3257-.0601-2.3249-1.996-4.12441-4.2774-4.09729-2.30051.02732-4.25418 1.95909-4.15783 4.39659.08963 2.2672 2.01263 4.057 4.20823 4.0264zm9.9114-5.0053c.0588 5.4674-4.4267 9.8761-9.7322 10.0024-5.63487.1341-10.1749-4.3749-10.26563-9.7953-.0951-5.68175 4.43822-10.1151 9.83433-10.2005 5.7288-.09067 10.2305 4.59162 10.1635 9.9934z" fill-rule="evenodd" /> </svg> <span>Download the App</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row footer-links"> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Places <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/articles/all-places-in-the-atlas-on-one-map">All Places</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/places?sort=published_at">Latest Places</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/places?sort=likes_count">Most Popular</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/cool-places-to-eat">Places to Eat</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/random">Random</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/search/search_nearby">Nearby</a></li> <li><a class="js-user-required" data-cause-key="p_add" target="" href="/places/new">Add a Place</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Editorial <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/articles">Stories</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/unique-food">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/itineraries">Itineraries</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/series/ao-puzzles">Puzzles</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/videos">Video</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/podcast">Podcast</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Trips <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips">All Trips</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips?int=family+trip">Family Trip</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips?int=food+%26+drink">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips?int=history+%26+culture">History & Culture</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/trips?int=wildlife+%26+nature">Wildlife & Nature</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/adventures/adventures-faq">FAQ</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Community <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/membership">Membership</a></li> <li><a target="" class="js-link-tracked" data-nolt="modal" data-category="Footer" data-action="Nolt Link Clicked" href="https://atlas-obscura-digital-product.nolt.io">Feedback & Ideas</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/community-guidelines">Community Guidelines</a></li> <li><a target="" class="js-link-tracked" href="/product-blog">Product Blog</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/unique-gifts">Unique Gifts</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/jobs">Work With Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="col-sm-12 col-md-4 col-lg-2"> <h3 class="heading-sm footer-links-heading mobile-accordion-title js-footer-links-heading"> Company <i class="icon-expand_more footer-expand-arrow visible-sm visible-xs"></i> </h3> <div class="is-slider-hidden-m"> <ul class="links-column"> <li><a target="" href="/about">About</a></li> <li class="hidden-md hidden-lg"><a onclick="window.open(this.href,'Contact Atlas Obscura','width=600,height=700,toolbar=no,menubar=no,scrollbars'); return false" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/contact_form" target="_blank">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/faq">FAQ</a></li> <li><a target="" href="https://studio-obscura.atlasobscura.com/studio-obscura/p/1">Advertise With Us</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/advertising-acceptability-guidelines">Advertising Guidelines</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/cookies">Cookie Policy</a></li> <li><a target="" href="/terms">Terms of Use</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-4 hidden-md hidden-lg hidden-xl"> <a href="/" title="Atlas Obscura" class="footer-logo logo-link"> <svg width="171" height="24" viewBox="0 0 171 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" > <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M32.8983 13.1237H35.7686L34.3334 9.00865L32.8983 13.1237ZM36.8982 16.4156H31.7687L30.4272 20.2949H26.5682L32.2628 4.02411H36.4041L42.4278 20.2949H38.2629L36.8982 16.4156Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M46.6951 7.71579H48.3657V10.8897H46.6951V15.8982C46.6951 16.7445 47.0479 17.0266 47.7302 17.0266H48.3657V20.2009C48.3657 20.2009 47.7775 20.4362 46.4601 20.4362C44.0599 20.4362 42.9066 19.1898 42.9066 17.0266V10.8897H41.801V7.71579H42.9066V5.7171H46.6951V7.71579Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M49.6208 20.2949H53.409V3.10699H49.6208V20.2949Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M73.732 12.0657C74.273 12.183 74.8376 12.2774 75.2612 12.3946C77.4496 13.006 78.4375 14.0168 78.4375 16.298C78.4375 19.2602 76.1554 20.4594 73.6375 20.4594C69.9198 20.4594 68.8375 18.3435 68.9316 16.1567H72.5319C72.5082 16.7918 72.7201 17.4736 73.6847 17.4736C74.3202 17.4736 74.7671 17.1915 74.7671 16.6973C74.7671 16.1803 74.508 15.9451 73.732 15.7806C72.9315 15.6161 72.4846 15.4981 71.8255 15.2868C69.9903 14.6518 69.1434 13.3586 69.1434 11.4779C69.1434 9.03228 71.1199 7.55096 73.708 7.55096C76.3905 7.55096 78.2024 8.75018 78.2256 11.6424H74.7671C74.7435 10.8897 74.3907 10.4196 73.6375 10.4196C73.0729 10.4196 72.7201 10.7253 72.7201 11.1954C72.7201 11.666 73.026 11.9245 73.732 12.0657Z" fill="white" /> <mask id="mask0_1882_13" style="mask-type:luminance" maskUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x="0" y="0" width="68" height="24" > <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M67.8173 23.9764H0.0235596V0.336792H33.9204H67.8173V23.9764Z" fill="white" /> </mask> <g mask="url(#mask0_1882_13)"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M61.229 17.1443C63.0642 17.1443 64.1466 15.7806 64.1466 13.9936C64.1466 12.2066 62.9469 10.8665 61.2054 10.8665C59.3466 10.8665 58.2642 12.2302 58.2642 13.9936C58.2642 15.7806 59.4171 17.1443 61.229 17.1443ZM64.3351 19.2527C63.9335 19.6773 62.9448 20.5066 60.9699 20.5066C57.0877 20.5066 54.4993 17.8969 54.4993 13.9936C54.4993 10.3019 57.0172 7.50415 60.9699 7.50415C62.422 7.50415 63.5583 8.03648 64.2642 8.67149V7.71582H67.8173V20.295H64.3351V19.2527Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M11.8402 24C5.3011 24 -0.00012207 18.7027 -0.00012207 12.1684C-0.00012207 5.6341 5.3011 0.336792 11.8402 0.336792C18.3793 0.336792 23.6805 5.6341 23.6805 12.1684C23.6805 18.7027 18.3793 24 11.8402 24ZM5.81924 15.4568C5.72435 15.4568 5.6334 15.5315 5.57985 15.6929C5.57985 15.6929 4.75537 17.8143 4.52819 18.445C4.33329 18.9856 4.35967 19.3173 4.77191 19.7953C4.86877 19.9074 7.65246 22.5986 11.8075 22.5986C12.1906 22.5986 12.5859 22.5757 12.9911 22.5258C15.7779 22.1827 18.1809 20.8151 19.8605 18.8215C20.6425 17.8938 20.6527 17.1805 20.3393 16.7319C20.3393 16.7319 18.8703 14.5849 18.7518 14.3866C18.6663 14.2442 18.5561 14.1659 18.4529 14.1659C18.3344 14.1659 18.2254 14.2694 18.175 14.4988C17.4757 17.4744 14.9235 19.4872 11.9449 19.4872C10.0117 19.4872 7.38196 18.5162 6.09564 15.6944C6.02555 15.541 5.92003 15.4568 5.81924 15.4568ZM11.9489 8.12812C11.7662 8.12812 11.5815 8.13835 11.3957 8.15881C8.66711 8.46137 6.69333 10.9259 6.99611 13.6524C7.27841 16.1941 9.43922 18.0799 11.9414 18.0799C12.1237 18.0799 12.3083 18.0696 12.4942 18.0492C15.2228 17.7466 17.1965 15.2821 16.8938 12.5551C16.6115 10.0139 14.4506 8.12812 11.9489 8.12812ZM8.74742 2.24972C8.68797 2.24972 8.62103 2.26113 8.5474 2.28591C3.95609 3.82624 1.02041 8.33037 1.47518 13.3169C1.64724 15.2018 2.27642 16.4353 2.82135 17.3477C2.91821 17.5102 3.03514 17.5896 3.14657 17.5896C3.27414 17.5896 3.39462 17.4866 3.4714 17.2851L8.98996 2.76159C9.1069 2.45627 8.99665 2.24972 8.74742 2.24972ZM12.8143 1.79567C12.4662 1.79567 12.3493 2.04983 12.5591 2.36577L21.1295 15.3273C21.2343 15.5032 21.3414 15.5819 21.4445 15.5819C21.5555 15.5819 21.6618 15.4898 21.7552 15.3293C22.0532 14.8174 22.4277 12.9588 22.2068 11.0184C21.6516 6.13691 17.8202 2.25403 12.8871 1.79921C12.8619 1.79685 12.8375 1.79567 12.8143 1.79567ZM10.8 2.54479C10.6681 2.54479 10.5452 2.64826 10.4673 2.85167L8.92344 6.95371C8.81674 7.23266 8.888 7.39869 9.08014 7.39869C9.14865 7.39869 9.23252 7.37744 9.32938 7.33298C9.32938 7.33298 10.3216 6.90335 11.2677 6.79869C11.4595 6.77744 11.654 6.76879 11.8426 6.76879C12.584 6.76879 13.2309 6.9002 13.2309 6.9002C13.2911 6.91318 13.3455 6.91948 13.3939 6.91908C13.6612 6.91908 13.7337 6.72748 13.5439 6.44144L11.1374 2.77731C11.0338 2.62151 10.9138 2.54479 10.8 2.54479Z" fill="#C3AD85" /> </g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M90.9132 16.935C93.7839 16.935 95.3368 14.8186 95.3368 12.1617C95.3368 9.5048 93.6894 7.38887 90.8896 7.38887C88.0189 7.38887 86.4896 9.5048 86.4896 12.1617C86.4896 14.8422 88.2071 16.935 90.9132 16.935ZM90.8191 3.72083C96.1369 3.72083 99.4549 7.36528 99.4549 12.1145C99.4549 16.8642 96.1601 20.6027 90.9364 20.6027C85.6187 20.6027 82.3716 16.9586 82.3716 12.1853C82.3716 7.45932 85.8073 3.72083 90.8191 3.72083Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M107.275 17.123C109.134 17.123 110.193 15.7825 110.193 13.9955C110.193 12.1853 109.063 10.8448 107.252 10.8448C105.369 10.8448 104.31 12.1853 104.31 13.9955C104.31 15.8062 105.486 17.123 107.275 17.123ZM104.192 20.2973H100.639V3.10938H104.428V8.58767C105.063 8.02347 106.31 7.5061 107.769 7.5061C111.605 7.5061 113.958 10.1162 113.958 13.9955C113.958 17.7344 111.416 20.509 107.51 20.509C106.263 20.509 105.016 20.1325 104.192 19.451V20.2973Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M119.378 12.0677C119.919 12.1853 120.484 12.2794 120.907 12.397C123.096 13.0084 124.084 14.0192 124.084 16.3C124.084 19.2626 121.801 20.4618 119.284 20.4618C115.566 20.4618 114.484 18.3455 114.578 16.1591H118.178C118.154 16.7937 118.366 17.4756 119.331 17.4756C119.966 17.4756 120.413 17.1935 120.413 16.6997C120.413 16.1823 120.155 15.9474 119.378 15.7826C118.578 15.6181 118.131 15.5005 117.472 15.2892C115.636 14.6542 114.79 13.361 114.79 11.4799C114.79 9.03466 116.766 7.55334 119.354 7.55334C122.037 7.55334 123.849 8.75216 123.872 11.6444H120.413C120.39 10.8921 120.037 10.4219 119.284 10.4219C118.719 10.4219 118.366 10.7276 118.366 11.1978C118.366 11.668 118.672 11.9269 119.378 12.0677Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M148.729 7.71777V15.2892C148.729 18.4399 146.964 20.4382 143.67 20.4382C140.046 20.4382 138.611 18.4399 138.611 15.2892V7.71777H142.399V15.3124C142.399 16.2295 142.776 16.8409 143.67 16.8409C144.564 16.8409 144.94 16.2295 144.94 15.3124V7.71777H148.729Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M133.966 14.7403C133.675 16.1009 132.84 17.1159 131.337 17.1159C129.605 17.1159 128.575 15.7117 128.575 14.0073C128.575 12.1806 129.707 10.8988 131.304 10.8988C132.722 10.8988 133.718 11.9072 134.003 13.2268L137.716 12.9675C137.273 9.85614 134.583 7.5061 131.304 7.5061C127.711 7.5061 124.798 10.3314 124.798 14.0073C124.798 17.8509 127.497 20.509 131.304 20.509C134.72 20.509 137.287 18.1011 137.736 14.9485L133.966 14.7403Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M164.079 17.1466C165.915 17.1466 166.997 15.7825 166.997 13.9955C166.997 12.2089 165.797 10.8684 164.056 10.8684C162.197 10.8684 161.115 12.2321 161.115 13.9955C161.115 15.7825 162.267 17.1466 164.079 17.1466ZM167.186 19.2547C166.784 19.6796 165.795 20.509 163.821 20.509C159.938 20.509 157.35 17.8989 157.35 13.9955C157.35 10.3043 159.868 7.5061 163.821 7.5061C165.272 7.5061 166.409 8.03882 167.115 8.67384V7.71778H170.668V20.2973H167.186V19.2547Z" fill="white" /> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M156.958 11.6211H155.208C154.196 11.6211 153.937 12.0209 153.937 12.7967V20.2973H150.149V7.71777H153.937V8.84262C154.151 8.37718 154.468 8.00853 154.953 7.82597C155.438 7.64341 156.09 7.64735 156.958 7.64735V11.6211Z" fill="white" /> </svg> </a> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="copyright"> © 2025 Atlas Obscura. All rights reserved. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <a id="site-feedback-wrap" target="_blank" onclick="window.open(this.href,'Contact Atlas Obscura','width=600,height=700,toolbar=no,menubar=no,scrollbars'); return false" href="https://www.atlasobscura.com/contact_form"> <button id="btn-site-feedback" class="btn btn-stretch">Questions or Feedback? <span class="static-underline">Contact Us</span></button> </a> <div class="mobile-ad-spacer"></div>  <div class="js-paginate-content-modal-controls paginate-content-modal-controls close-button-container"> <button type="button" class="modal-close-button js-modal-close-button icon icon-menu-close" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="js-paginate-content-modal paginate-content-modal modal"> <div class="modal-body"> </div> </div> <div class="js-confirmation-modal confirmation-modal modal"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-bg"> <div class="modal-header hidden"></div> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="modal-dismiss"> <button type="button" data-dismiss="modal" class="modal-close-button js-modal-close-button icon icon-menu-close" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="confirmation-modal-heading title-md baseline-standard baseline-mobile"></div> <p class="confirmation-modal-text"></p> </div> <div class="modal-buttons athanasius"> <div class="submit-button o-secondary-btn btn-modal-cancel"></div> <div data-dismiss="modal" class="back-button o-primary-btn btn-modal-submit"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="social-follow-ask-modal" class="confirmation-modal modal"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-bg"> <div class="modal-body"> <div class="modal-dismiss"> <button type="button" data-dismiss="modal" class="modal-close-button js-modal-close-button icon icon-menu-close" aria-label="Close"></button> </div> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="confirmation-modal-heading title-md baseline-standard baseline-mobile">Thanks for sharing!</div> <p data-service="Twitter" style="display: none;" class="baseline-standard baseline-mobile">Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders.</p> <p data-service="Facebook" style="display: none;" class="baseline-standard baseline-mobile">Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders.</p> <a href="https://twitter.com/atlasobscura" class="js-social-action-tracked btn btn-twitter fullscreen-modal-social-btn" target="_blank" data-service="Twitter" data-action="Follow" data-position="Modal After Social Action" style="display: none;"><i class="icon icon-twitter"></i>Follow us on Twitter</a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/atlasobscura/" class="js-social-action-tracked btn btn-facebook fullscreen-modal-social-btn" target="_blank" data-service="Facebook" data-action="Like" data-position="Modal After Social Action" style="display: none;"><i class="icon icon-facebook"></i>Like us on Facebook</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="book-contest-email-modal" class="modal modal-sm-fullscreen modal-md-fullscreen js-subscription-ask-modal" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-body-fullscreen"> <div class="close-button-container"> <i class="modal-close-button icon icon-menu-close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></i> </div> <div id="contest-wrap" class="standalone-signup-wrap align-items-center fullpage-bg-modal plain-beige-version"> <div class="container pre-final-container"> <div class="row"> <center class="contest-contents col-lg-10 col-lg-push-1"> <div class="contest-image-wrap hidden-md hidden-lg hidden-xl"> <img class="img-responsive lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/jRRqVmwSdq_sqQiPPFNoINXhRb6xOS_fwnr78p5Ntfo/h:450/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS9h/b24vbWFya2V0aW5n/L3dpbGRsaWZlL3dp/bGRsaWZlX2Nvdm9y/X2FuZ2xlX3hsLnBu/Zw" alt="Wild Life Cover"/> </div> <div class="contest-form-wrap"> <h4 id="book-contest-title" class="title-lg baseline-standard baseline-mobile animate-swing-up">Order <em>Atlas Obscura: Wild Life</em> Today!</h4> <div class="subtitle-lg baseline-mobile" style="margin-bottom: 1.5em">Venture into nature's unseen realms with our new book <em>Wild Life</em>. Explore hidden ecosystems & discover incredible species.</div> <a class="cta-button" href="https://wildlife.atlasobscura.com?utm_source=atlasobscura&utm_medium=modal_overlay">Order Now!</a> </div> <div class="contest-image-wrap hidden-xs hidden-sm"> <img class="img-responsive lazy" src="https://img.atlasobscura.com/jRRqVmwSdq_sqQiPPFNoINXhRb6xOS_fwnr78p5Ntfo/h:450/q:81/sm:1/scp:1/aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxh/cy1kZXYuczMuYW1h/em9uYXdzLmNvbS9h/b24vbWFya2V0aW5n/L3dpbGRsaWZlL3dp/bGRsaWZlX2Nvdm9y/X2FuZ2xlX3hsLnBu/Zw" alt="Wild Life Cover"/> </div> </center> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="facebook-topographic-modal" class="modal js-subscription-ask-modal " role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-wrap modal-wrap-topographic topographic modal-wrap-responsive modal-wrap-fb"> <i class="icon-modal-close modal-close" data-dismiss="modal"></i> <div class="row modal-bg roadblock-modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <div id="js-facebook-topographic-modal-thanks" class="form-complete-notice"></div> <h4 class="title-lg modal-title-roadblock" style="font-size: 38px;">We'd Like You to Like Us</h4> <div class="subtitle-md">Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed.</div> <fieldset class="modal-fieldset"> <div id="fb-modal-like-wrap"></div> </fieldset> <footer class="roadblock-footer"> <a href="" class="roadblock-dismiss-link cta-lg" data-dismiss="modal">No Thanks</a> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="fixed-notice-m" class="js-notice"> <div class="notice"> <i class="icon-info"></i> <span id="fixed-notice-m-text" class="flash-message"></span> <i class="icon-menu-close js-dismiss-notice"></i> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="//s.skimresources.com/js/89027X1542228.skimlinks.js"></script> <script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?v=3&key=AIzaSyDS5K_jUTkei2yHIfiUGCoXTjyaHMO0N84&libraries=places&language=en&callback=triggerMapsInit" async defer></script>  <script> var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "21716107" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = "https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/cs/21716107/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })(); </script> <noscript> <img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=21716107&cv=3.6.0&cj=1"> </noscript>   <script type="text/javascript"> var _qevents = _qevents || []; (function() { // AO BLOCK for blocking the pixel // according to eu_origin cookie. var isEu = Cookies.get('eu_origin') == "1"; if (isEu) return false; // END AO BLOCK var elem = document.createElement('script'); elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://secure" : "http://edge") + ".quantserve.com/quant.js"; elem.async = true; elem.type = "text/javascript"; var scpt = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; scpt.parentNode.insertBefore(elem, scpt); })(); </script> <script> _qevents.push({ qacct:"p-wCQ2x-2BzmYPY" ,labels: "Section.Article.United Kingdom.England,Location.United Kingdom.England.Article" }); </script> <noscript> <div style="display:none;"><img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-wCQ2x-2BzmYPY.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/></div> </noscript> <script type="application/javascript">(function(w,d,t,r,u){w[u]=w[u]||[];w[u].push({'projectId':'10000','properties':{'pixelId':'10090539'}});var s=d.createElement(t);s.src=r;s.async=true;s.onload=s.onreadystatechange=function(){var y,rs=this.readyState,c=w[u];if(rs&&rs!="complete"&&rs!="loaded"){return}try{y=YAHOO.ywa.I13N.fireBeacon;w[u]=[];w[u].push=function(p){y([p])};y(c)}catch(e){}};var scr=d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],par=scr.parentNode;par.insertBefore(s,scr)})(window,document,"script","https://s.yimg.com/wi/ytc.js","dotq");</script>  <div id="parsely-root" style="display: none"> <span id="parsely-cfg" data-parsely-site="atlasobscura.com"></span> </div> <script> (function(s, p, d) { var h=d.location.protocol, i=p+"-"+s, e=d.getElementById(i), r=d.getElementById(p+"-root"), u=h==="https:"?"d1z2jf7jlzjs58.cloudfront.net" :"static."+p+".com"; if (e) return; e = d.createElement(s); e.id = i; e.async = true; e.src = h+"//"+u+"/p.js"; r.appendChild(e); })("script", "parsely", document); </script>  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/cookieconsent@3/build/cookieconsent.min.css" /> <style> .cc-banner .cc-message {margin-right: 2em;} .cc-link {padding: 0} </style> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/cookieconsent@3/build/cookieconsent.min.js" data-cfasync="false"></script> <svg aria-hidden="true" style="position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0; overflow: hidden;" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <defs> <symbol id="icon-aoc-full-screen"> <title>aoc-full-screen</title> <path d="M8,14.5857864 L9.41421356,16 L4.477,21 L7,21 L7,23 L1,23 L1,17 L3,17 L3,19.65 L8,14.5857864 Z M16,14.5857864 L21,19.561 L21,17 L23,17 L23,23 L17,23 L17,21 L19.611,21 L14.5857864,16 L16,14.5857864 Z M7,1 L7,3 L4.392,3 L9.41421356,8 L8,9.41421356 L3,4.437 L3,7 L1,7 L1,1 L7,1 Z M23,1 L23,7 L21,7 L21,4.432 L16,9.41421356 L14.5857864,8 L19.604,3 L17,3 L17,1 L23,1 Z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-heart" viewBox="0 0 21 18"> <title>aoc-heart-solid</title> <path d="M9.84346228,1.39508088 L10.4997548,2.00856898 L11.1537468,1.39723137 C12.2309202,0.498852678 13.6081673,0 15.0384384,0 C16.6195837,0 18.1359284,0.609647939 19.2537044,1.694752 C20.371701,2.77905149 21,4.2503834 21,5.78459222 C21,7.31880105 20.371701,8.79013296 19.2535523,9.87458013 L10.5,18 L1.74595725,9.87458012 C-0.581985776,7.61574216 -0.581985748,3.9534423 1.74595732,1.69460437 C3.96600394,-0.459540024 7.50147956,-0.559381197 9.84346228,1.39508088 Z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-compass" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-compass</title> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11c-6.075 0-11-4.925-11-11s4.925-11 11-11zM12 3c-4.971 0-9 4.029-9 9s4.029 9 9 9c4.971 0 9-4.029 9-9s-4.029-9-9-9zM7.679 4.515l6.438 6.262 2.204 8.707-6.438-6.262-2.204-8.707z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-flipboard" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-flipboard</title> <path d="M2 2v20h20v-20h-20zM18 10h-4v4h-4v4h-4v-12h12v4z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-globe" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-globe</title> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11c-6.075 0-11-4.925-11-11s4.925-11 11-11zM14.777 13h-5.554c0.208 4.498 1.777 7.8 2.777 7.8s2.569-3.302 2.777-7.8zM7.020 13l-3.764 0c0.366 3.232 2.482 5.933 5.377 7.133-0.899-1.802-1.497-4.314-1.613-7.133zM20.744 13l-3.764-0c-0.116 2.819-0.714 5.331-1.613 7.132 2.895-1.2 5.011-3.901 5.377-7.132zM8.633 3.867l-0.059 0.024c-2.866 1.212-4.956 3.899-5.319 7.109l3.764 0c0.115-2.819 0.714-5.332 1.613-7.133zM12 3.2c-1 0-2.569 3.303-2.777 7.801h5.554c-0.203-4.393-1.705-7.646-2.706-7.795l-0.071-0.005zM15.367 3.867l0.018 0.036c0.889 1.799 1.481 4.297 1.595 7.098l3.764-0c-0.365-3.232-2.481-5.934-5.377-7.134z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-pocket" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-pocket</title> <path d="M20.196 3h-16.384c-0.987 0-1.812 0.803-1.812 1.762v5.868c0 5.412 4.451 9.731 10.009 9.731 5.536 0 9.991-4.319 9.991-9.731v-5.868c0-0.972-0.79-1.762-1.804-1.762zM12.964 14.654c-0.554 0.512-1.402 0.482-1.893 0-5.076-4.727-5.129-4.562-5.129-5.347 0-0.733 0.616-1.332 1.371-1.332 0.759 0 0.719 0.165 4.696 3.876 4.045-3.772 3.955-3.876 4.71-3.876s1.371 0.599 1.371 1.332c0 0.773-0.129 0.681-5.125 5.347v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-share" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-share</title> <path d="M18 16.080c-0.76 0-1.44 0.3-1.96 0.77l-7.13-4.15c0.050-0.23 0.090-0.46 0.090-0.7s-0.040-0.47-0.090-0.7l7.050-4.11c0.54 0.5 1.25 0.81 2.040 0.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3 0 0.24 0.040 0.47 0.090 0.7l-7.050 4.11c-0.54-0.5-1.25-0.81-2.040-0.81-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c0.79 0 1.5-0.31 2.040-0.81l7.12 4.16c-0.050 0.21-0.080 0.43-0.080 0.65 0 1.61 1.31 2.92 2.92 2.92s2.92-1.31 2.92-2.92c0-1.61-1.31-2.92-2.92-2.92v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-cancel" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-cancel</title> <path d="M12 2c-5.53 0-10 4.47-10 10s4.47 10 10 10c5.53 0 10-4.47 10-10s-4.47-10-10-10v0zM17 15.59l-1.41 1.41-3.59-3.59-3.59 3.59-1.41-1.41 3.59-3.59-3.59-3.59 1.41-1.41 3.59 3.59 3.59-3.59 1.41 1.41-3.59 3.59 3.59 3.59z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-video" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-video</title> <path d="M10 16.5l6-4.5-6-4.5v9zM12 2c-5.52 0-10 4.48-10 10s4.48 10 10 10c5.52 0 10-4.48 10-10s-4.48-10-10-10v0zM12 20c-4.41 0-8-3.59-8-8s3.59-8 8-8c4.41 0 8 3.59 8 8s-3.59 8-8 8v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-building" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-building</title> <path d="M16 8.050c-0.096 0.098-0.187 0.202-0.272 0.312-1.061 0.455-1.911 1.305-2.366 2.366-0.129 0.099-0.25 0.207-0.362 0.322v-0.050h-2v2h1.036c-0.024 0.164-0.036 0.331-0.036 0.5 0 1.883 1.487 3.419 3.351 3.497 0.2 0.177 0.418 0.334 0.649 0.468v4.535h-5v-6h-4v6h-5v-20h14v6.050zM5 11v2h2v-2h-2zM5 7v2h2v-2h-2zM8 7v2h2v-2h-2zM8 11v2h2v-2h-2zM11 7v2h2v-2h-2zM17 16.829c-0.485-0.171-0.913-0.464-1.247-0.842-0.083 0.008-0.167 0.013-0.253 0.013-1.381 0-2.5-1.119-2.5-2.5 0-0.898 0.474-1.686 1.185-2.127 0.349-1.027 1.161-1.839 2.188-2.188 0.441-0.711 1.228-1.185 2.127-1.185 1.381 0 2.5 1.119 2.5 2.5 0 0.185-0.020 0.365-0.058 0.539 1.17 0.209 2.058 1.231 2.058 2.461 0 1.381-1.119 2.5-2.5 2.5-0.085 0-0.17-0.004-0.253-0.013-0.334 0.378-0.762 0.67-1.247 0.842v5.171h-2v-5.171z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-clock" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-clock</title> <path d="M11.99 2c5.53 0 10.010 4.48 10.010 10s-4.48 10-10.010 10c-5.52 0-9.99-4.48-9.99-10s4.47-10 9.99-10zM13 11.423v-5.423c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1s-1 0.448-1 1v6.577l3.964 2.289c0.478 0.276 1.090 0.112 1.366-0.366s0.112-1.090-0.366-1.366l-2.964-1.711z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-clipboard" viewBox="0 0 19 24"> <title>aoc-clipboard</title> <path d="M12.984 2.4c-0.504-1.392-1.824-2.4-3.384-2.4s-2.88 1.008-3.384 2.4h-3.816c-1.32 0-2.4 1.080-2.4 2.4v16.8c0 1.32 1.080 2.4 2.4 2.4h14.4c1.32 0 2.4-1.080 2.4-2.4v-16.8c0-1.32-1.080-2.4-2.4-2.4h-3.816zM10.8 3.6c0 0.66-0.54 1.2-1.2 1.2s-1.2-0.54-1.2-1.2c0-0.66 0.54-1.2 1.2-1.2s1.2 0.54 1.2 1.2zM4.804 20.4c-0.665 0-1.204-0.533-1.204-1.2v0c0-0.663 0.525-1.2 1.204-1.2h5.993c0.665 0 1.204 0.533 1.204 1.2v0c0 0.663-0.525 1.2-1.204 1.2h-5.993zM4.794 15.6c-0.66 0-1.194-0.533-1.194-1.2v0c0-0.663 0.547-1.2 1.194-1.2h9.611c0.66 0 1.194 0.533 1.194 1.2v0c0 0.663-0.547 1.2-1.194 1.2h-9.611zM4.794 10.8c-0.66 0-1.194-0.533-1.194-1.2v0c0-0.663 0.547-1.2 1.194-1.2h9.611c0.66 0 1.194 0.533 1.194 1.2v0c0 0.663-0.547 1.2-1.194 1.2h-9.611z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-help" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-help</title> <path d="M12 1c6.072 0 11 4.928 11 11s-4.928 11-11 11c-6.072 0-11-4.928-11-11s4.928-11 11-11zM12 19.5c0.69 0 1.25-0.56 1.25-1.25s-0.56-1.25-1.25-1.25c-0.69 0-1.25 0.56-1.25 1.25s0.56 1.25 1.25 1.25zM7.6 8.7c0 0.608 0.492 1.1 1.1 1.1s1.1-0.492 1.1-1.1c0-1.21 0.99-2.2 2.2-2.2s2.2 0.99 2.2 2.2c0 0.605-0.242 1.155-0.649 1.551l-1.364 1.386c-0.67 0.679-1.285 1.592-1.285 2.563h-0.002c0 0.608 0.492 1.1 1.1 1.1s1.1-0.492 1.1-1.1c0.067-1.003 0.7-1.417 1.287-2.013l0.99-1.012c0.627-0.627 1.023-1.507 1.023-2.475 0-2.431-1.969-4.4-4.4-4.4s-4.4 1.969-4.4 4.4z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-arrow-right</title> <path d="M9.295 7.115l1.41-1.41 6 6-6 6-1.41-1.41 4.58-4.59z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-arrow-left" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-arrow-left</title> <path d="M7.295 11.705l6-6 1.41 1.41-4.58 4.59 4.58 4.59-1.41 1.41z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-ticket" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-ticket</title> <path d="M19.778 12.707l-8.485-8.485 2.828-2.828c0.391-0.391 1.024-0.391 1.414 0l2.311 2.311c-0.005 0.004-0.009 0.009-0.013 0.013-0.71 0.71-0.743 1.828-0.073 2.498s1.788 0.637 2.498-0.073c0.004-0.004 0.009-0.009 0.013-0.013l2.336 2.336c0.391 0.391 0.391 1.024 0 1.414l-2.828 2.828zM19.071 13.414l-9.192 9.192c-0.391 0.391-1.024 0.391-1.414 0l-2.336-2.336c0.697-0.711 0.725-1.819 0.060-2.484s-1.774-0.637-2.484 0.060l-2.311-2.311c-0.391-0.391-0.391-1.024 0-1.414l9.192-9.192 8.485 8.485zM5.636 14.121c-0.391 0.391-0.391 1.024 0 1.414s1.024 0.391 1.414 0l4.95-4.95c0.391-0.391 0.391-1.024 0-1.414s-1.024-0.391-1.414 0l-4.95 4.95zM8.464 16.95c-0.391 0.391-0.391 1.024 0 1.414s1.024 0.391 1.414 0l4.95-4.95c0.391-0.391 0.391-1.024 0-1.414s-1.024-0.391-1.414 0l-4.95 4.95z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-place-entry" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-place-entry</title> <path d="M18 8c0-3.31-2.69-6-6-6s-6 2.69-6 6c0 4.5 6 11 6 11s6-6.5 6-11v0zM10 8c0-1.1 0.9-2 2-2s2 0.9 2 2c0 1.1-0.89 2-2 2-1.1 0-2-0.9-2-2v0zM5 20v2h14v-2h-14z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-facebook" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-facebook</title> <path d="M20.895 2h-17.789c-0.61 0-1.105 0.495-1.105 1.105v17.789c0 0.61 0.495 1.105 1.105 1.105h9.579v-7.719h-2.614v-3.042h2.6v-2.221c0-2.586 1.575-3.993 3.881-3.993 0.783 0.002 1.566 0.047 2.344 0.133v2.698h-1.593c-1.253 0-1.495 0.593-1.495 1.467v1.93h3l-0.389 3.028h-2.611v7.719h5.088c0.61 0 1.105-0.495 1.105-1.105v-17.789c0-0.61-0.495-1.105-1.105-1.105z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-instagram" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-instagram</title> <path d="M12 2c2.716 0 3.056 0.012 4.123 0.060 1.064 0.049 1.791 0.218 2.427 0.465 0.658 0.256 1.215 0.597 1.771 1.153s0.898 1.114 1.153 1.771c0.247 0.636 0.416 1.363 0.465 2.427 0.049 1.067 0.060 1.407 0.060 4.123s-0.012 3.056-0.060 4.123c-0.049 1.064-0.218 1.791-0.465 2.427-0.256 0.658-0.597 1.215-1.153 1.771s-1.114 0.898-1.771 1.153c-0.636 0.247-1.363 0.416-2.427 0.465-1.067 0.049-1.407 0.060-4.123 0.060s-3.056-0.012-4.123-0.060c-1.064-0.049-1.791-0.218-2.427-0.465-0.658-0.256-1.215-0.597-1.771-1.153s-0.898-1.114-1.153-1.771c-0.247-0.636-0.416-1.363-0.465-2.427-0.049-1.067-0.060-1.407-0.060-4.123s0.012-3.056 0.060-4.123c0.049-1.064 0.218-1.791 0.465-2.427 0.256-0.658 0.597-1.215 1.153-1.771s1.114-0.898 1.771-1.153c0.636-0.247 1.363-0.416 2.427-0.465 1.067-0.049 1.407-0.060 4.123-0.060zM12 3.802c-2.67 0-2.986 0.010-4.041 0.058-0.975 0.044-1.504 0.207-1.857 0.344-0.467 0.181-0.8 0.398-1.15 0.748s-0.567 0.683-0.748 1.15c-0.137 0.352-0.3 0.882-0.344 1.857-0.048 1.054-0.058 1.371-0.058 4.041s0.010 2.986 0.058 4.041c0.044 0.975 0.207 1.504 0.344 1.857 0.181 0.467 0.398 0.8 0.748 1.15s0.683 0.567 1.15 0.748c0.352 0.137 0.882 0.3 1.857 0.344 1.054 0.048 1.371 0.058 4.041 0.058s2.987-0.010 4.041-0.058c0.975-0.044 1.504-0.207 1.857-0.344 0.467-0.181 0.8-0.398 1.15-0.748s0.567-0.683 0.748-1.15c0.137-0.352 0.3-0.882 0.344-1.857 0.048-1.054 0.058-1.371 0.058-4.041s-0.010-2.986-0.058-4.041c-0.044-0.975-0.207-1.504-0.344-1.857-0.181-0.467-0.398-0.8-0.748-1.15s-0.683-0.567-1.15-0.748c-0.352-0.137-0.882-0.3-1.857-0.344-1.054-0.048-1.371-0.058-4.041-0.058zM12 6.865c2.836 0 5.135 2.299 5.135 5.135s-2.299 5.135-5.135 5.135c-2.836 0-5.135-2.299-5.135-5.135s2.299-5.135 5.135-5.135zM12 15.333c1.841 0 3.333-1.492 3.333-3.333s-1.492-3.333-3.333-3.333c-1.841 0-3.333 1.492-3.333 3.333s1.492 3.333 3.333 3.333zM18.538 6.662c0 0.663-0.537 1.2-1.2 1.2s-1.2-0.537-1.2-1.2 0.537-1.2 1.2-1.2c0.663 0 1.2 0.537 1.2 1.2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-reddit" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-reddit</title> <path d="M22.999 12.034c0-1.397-1.137-2.534-2.534-2.534-0.621 0-1.208 0.225-1.67 0.632-1.648-1.054-3.834-1.732-6.252-1.823l1.441-4.096 3.601 0.861c0.002 1.139 0.929 2.065 2.069 2.065 1.141 0 2.069-0.928 2.069-2.069s-0.929-2.069-2.069-2.069c-0.866 0-1.609 0.536-1.917 1.292l-4.265-1.020-1.771 5.030c-2.519 0.048-4.803 0.729-6.512 1.816-0.46-0.399-1.040-0.618-1.655-0.618-1.397 0-2.534 1.137-2.534 2.534 0 0.864 0.445 1.661 1.166 2.126-0.044 0.253-0.069 0.509-0.069 0.77 0 3.658 4.434 6.634 9.884 6.634s9.884-2.976 9.884-6.634c0-0.253-0.023-0.502-0.064-0.748 0.74-0.461 1.199-1.27 1.199-2.148l-0.001-0.001zM7.283 13.759c0-0.86 0.697-1.557 1.558-1.557 0.86 0 1.557 0.697 1.557 1.557 0 0.86-0.697 1.557-1.557 1.557-0.861 0-1.558-0.697-1.558-1.557zM15.652 17.971c-0.046 0.049-1.164 1.185-3.689 1.185-2.538 0-3.554-1.153-3.595-1.202-0.143-0.167-0.124-0.419 0.044-0.562 0.166-0.142 0.415-0.124 0.559 0.041 0.023 0.025 0.87 0.926 2.993 0.926 2.16 0 3.107-0.933 3.116-0.942 0.153-0.156 0.404-0.16 0.562-0.006s0.162 0.401 0.011 0.56l0.001-0.001zM15.342 15.316c-0.861 0-1.558-0.697-1.558-1.557s0.697-1.557 1.558-1.557c0.86 0 1.557 0.697 1.557 1.557 0 0.86-0.697 1.557-1.557 1.557z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-rss" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-rss</title> <path d="M3 2c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v18c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1h18c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1v-18c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1h-18zM14.083 18.25h-2.381c0-3.282-2.671-5.952-5.953-5.952v-2.381c4.595 0 8.333 3.738 8.333 8.333zM18.25 18.25h-2.381c0-5.58-4.539-10.119-10.119-10.119v-2.381c6.892 0 12.5 5.608 12.5 12.5zM5.75 16.464c0-0.986 0.8-1.786 1.786-1.786s1.786 0.8 1.786 1.786c0 0.986-0.8 1.786-1.786 1.786s-1.786-0.8-1.786-1.786z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-twitter" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-twitter</title> <path d="M23 6.072c-0.772 0.351-1.602 0.589-2.474 0.695 0.89-0.546 1.573-1.412 1.895-2.443-0.833 0.506-1.754 0.873-2.738 1.071-0.784-0.858-1.904-1.394-3.144-1.394-2.378 0-4.307 1.978-4.307 4.418 0 0.346 0.037 0.683 0.111 1.006-3.581-0.185-6.755-1.941-8.881-4.617-0.371 0.655-0.583 1.414-0.583 2.223 0 1.532 0.761 2.884 1.917 3.677-0.705-0.021-1.371-0.222-1.952-0.551v0.054c0 2.141 1.485 3.927 3.457 4.332-0.361 0.104-0.742 0.155-1.135 0.155-0.277 0-0.549-0.027-0.811-0.078 0.549 1.754 2.139 3.032 4.024 3.066-1.474 1.186-3.333 1.892-5.351 1.892-0.348 0-0.692-0.020-1.028-0.061 1.907 1.251 4.172 1.983 6.604 1.983 7.926 0 12.258-6.731 12.258-12.569 0-0.192-0.004-0.384-0.011-0.573 0.842-0.623 1.573-1.401 2.148-2.287z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-accommodation" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-accommodation</title> <path d="M23 12v1h-17c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1s0.448-1 1-1h4v-2.834c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1 0.051 0 0.102 0.004 0.152 0.012l11 1.692c0.488 0.075 0.848 0.495 0.848 0.988v2.142zM4 14h19v6h-3v-3h-16v3h-3v-15c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1h1c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v9zM7 10c-1.105 0-2-0.895-2-2s0.895-2 2-2c1.105 0 2 0.895 2 2s-0.895 2-2 2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-activity-level" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-activity-level</title> <path d="M22.994 17.99h-7.239c-0.366 0-0.72-0.134-0.994-0.377l-11.172-9.883 3.409-4.016c0.422-0.557 0.839-0.788 1.251-0.694 0.619 0.141 0.619 2.349 2.249 3.47 0.909 0.625 1.601 0.94 5 0.5 0.889 1.249 2.099 5.976 3.050 6.747s4.447 1.234 4.447 3.753v0.5zM22.994 18.99v1c0 0.552-0.448 1-1 1l-6.864-0c-0.73 0-1.435-0.266-1.983-0.749l-10.808-9.522c-0.409-0.36-0.454-0.982-0.101-1.397l0.704-0.829 11.157 9.87c0.457 0.404 1.046 0.628 1.656 0.628h7.239z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-add-a-photo" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-add-a-photo</title> <path d="M3 4v-3h2v3h3v2h-3v3h-2v-3h-3v-2h3zM6 10v-3h3v-3h7l1.83 2h3.17c1.1 0 2 0.9 2 2v12c0 1.1-0.9 2-2 2h-16c-1.1 0-2-0.9-2-2v-10h3zM13 19c2.76 0 5-2.24 5-5s-2.24-5-5-5c-2.76 0-5 2.24-5 5s2.24 5 5 5v0zM9.8 14c0 1.77 1.43 3.2 3.2 3.2s3.2-1.43 3.2-3.2c0-1.77-1.43-3.2-3.2-3.2s-3.2 1.43-3.2 3.2v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-add-box" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-add-box</title> <path d="M19 3h-14c-1.11 0-2 0.9-2 2v14c0 1.1 0.89 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2v-14c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2v0zM17 13h-4v4h-2v-4h-4v-2h4v-4h2v4h4v2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-add-shape" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-add-shape</title> <path d="M19 13h-6v6h-2v-6h-6v-2h6v-6h2v6h6z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-arrow-forward" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-arrow-forward</title> <path d="M12 4l-1.41 1.41 5.58 5.59h-12.17v2h12.17l-5.58 5.59 1.41 1.41 8-8z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-been-here" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-been-here</title> <path d="M7 20h-2l-1-16h2l1 16zM8.625 15l-0.625-10h12l-3 5 3 5h-11.375z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-chat-bubbles" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-chat-bubbles</title> <path d="M21 6h-2v9h-13v2c0 0.55 0.45 1 1 1h11l4 4v-15c0-0.55-0.45-1-1-1v0zM17 12v-9c0-0.55-0.45-1-1-1h-13c-0.55 0-1 0.45-1 1v14l4-4h10c0.55 0 1-0.45 1-1v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-close" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-close</title> <path d="M19 6.41l-1.41-1.41-5.59 5.59-5.59-5.59-1.41 1.41 5.59 5.59-5.59 5.59 1.41 1.41 5.59-5.59 5.59 5.59 1.41-1.41-5.59-5.59z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-expand-more" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-expand-more</title> <path d="M16.59 9l-4.59 4.58-4.59-4.58-1.41 1.41 6 6 6-6z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-expand-less" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-expand-less</title> <path d="M12 8l-6 6 1.41 1.41 4.59-4.58 4.59 4.58 1.41-1.41z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-forum-flag" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-forum-flag</title> <path d="M6 15v6c0 0.552-0.448 1-1 1s-1-0.448-1-1v-18c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1s1 0.448 1 1h14l-3 6 3 6h-14zM16.764 5h-10.764v8h10.764l-2-4 2-4z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-group-size" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-group-size</title> <path d="M12 3c1.812 0 3.281 1.469 3.281 3.281s-1.469 3.281-3.281 3.281c-1.812 0-3.281-1.469-3.281-3.281s1.469-3.281 3.281-3.281zM6.292 10.178c-0.345 0.519-0.542 1.139-0.542 1.797v5.025h-4c-0.414 0-0.75-0.336-0.75-0.75v-5.266c0-0.688 0.468-1.288 1.136-1.455l0.71-0.178c0.582 0.63 1.416 1.024 2.341 1.024 0.388 0 0.76-0.069 1.104-0.197zM17.488 9.885c0.492 0.31 1.075 0.49 1.699 0.49 0.888 0 1.691-0.363 2.269-0.948l0.408 0.102c0.668 0.167 1.136 0.767 1.136 1.455v5.266c0 0.414-0.336 0.75-0.75 0.75h-4v-5.025c0-0.787-0.282-1.52-0.762-2.091zM19.188 9.375c-1.208 0-2.187-0.979-2.187-2.187s0.979-2.187 2.187-2.187c1.208 0 2.187 0.979 2.187 2.187s-0.979 2.187-2.187 2.187zM5.187 9.375c-1.208 0-2.187-0.979-2.187-2.187s0.979-2.187 2.187-2.187c1.208 0 2.187 0.979 2.187 2.187s-0.979 2.187-2.187 2.187zM9.279 9.587c0.74 0.61 1.688 0.976 2.721 0.976s1.981-0.366 2.721-0.976l0.824 0.206c1.002 0.25 1.704 1.15 1.704 2.183v6.9c0 0.621-0.504 1.125-1.125 1.125h-8.25c-0.621 0-1.125-0.504-1.125-1.125v-6.9c0-1.032 0.703-1.932 1.704-2.183l0.824-0.206z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-heart-outline" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-heart-outline</title> <path d="M18.91 11.473c0.697-0.71 1.090-1.677 1.090-2.689s-0.394-1.979-1.091-2.689c-0.689-0.703-1.62-1.095-2.587-1.095s-1.897 0.393-2.587 1.095l-1.736 1.768-1.736-1.768c-1.433-1.46-3.741-1.46-5.174 0-1.454 1.481-1.454 3.897-0.031 5.347l6.941 6.765 6.91-6.734zM11.375 4.395l0.625 0.613 0.623-0.611c1.026-0.898 2.338-1.397 3.7-1.397 1.506 0 2.95 0.61 4.015 1.695s1.663 2.556 1.663 4.090-0.598 3.006-1.663 4.090l-8.337 8.125-8.337-8.125c-2.217-2.259-2.217-5.921 0-8.18 2.114-2.154 5.481-2.254 7.712-0.3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-heart-solid" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-heart-solid</title> <path d="M11.375 4.395l0.625 0.613 0.623-0.611c1.026-0.898 2.338-1.397 3.7-1.397 1.506 0 2.95 0.61 4.015 1.695s1.663 2.556 1.663 4.090-0.598 3.006-1.663 4.090l-8.337 8.125-8.337-8.125c-2.217-2.259-2.217-5.921 0-8.18 2.114-2.154 5.481-2.254 7.712-0.3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-home" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-home</title> <path d="M15 22v-5c0-1.657-1.343-3-3-3s-3 1.343-3 3v5h-5v-11h-2v-1l9.995-8 10.005 8v1h-2v11h-5z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-important" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-important</title> <path d="M21.775 18.469c0.641 1.125-0.164 2.531-1.444 2.531h-16.663c-1.283 0-2.083-1.408-1.444-2.531l8.331-14.626c0.641-1.125 2.247-1.123 2.887 0l8.331 14.626zM12 8c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1v5c0 0.552 0.448 1 1 1s1-0.448 1-1v-5c0-0.552-0.448-1-1-1zM12 19c0.552 0 1-0.448 1-1s-0.448-1-1-1c-0.552 0-1 0.448-1 1s0.448 1 1 1z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-knife-fork" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-knife-fork</title> <path d="M9.25 2.75v4.625c0 0.345 0.28 0.625 0.625 0.625s0.625-0.28 0.625-0.625v-4.625c0-0.414 0.336-0.75 0.75-0.75s0.75 0.336 0.75 0.75v6.25c0 1.306-0.835 2.417-2 2.829v8.671c0 0.828-0.672 1.5-1.5 1.5s-1.5-0.672-1.5-1.5v-8.671c-1.165-0.412-2-1.523-2-2.829v-6.25c0-0.414 0.336-0.75 0.75-0.75s0.75 0.336 0.75 0.75v4.625c0 0.345 0.28 0.625 0.625 0.625s0.625-0.28 0.625-0.625v-4.625c0-0.414 0.336-0.75 0.75-0.75s0.75 0.336 0.75 0.75zM19 1v19.5c0 0.828-0.672 1.5-1.5 1.5s-1.5-0.672-1.5-1.5v-7.5h-1c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-6c0-2.761 2.239-5 5-5z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-library-books" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-library-books</title> <path d="M4 6h-2v14c0 1.1 0.9 2 2 2h14v-2h-14v-14zM20 2h-12c-1.1 0-2 0.9-2 2v12c0 1.1 0.9 2 2 2h12c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2v-12c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2v0zM19 11h-10v-2h10v2zM15 15h-6v-2h6v2zM19 7h-10v-2h10v2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-link" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-link</title> <path d="M9.937 12.2c0.441-0.33 1.067-0.24 1.397 0.201 0.542 0.724 1.372 1.178 2.274 1.242s1.788-0.266 2.428-0.906l2.451-2.451c1.187-1.229 1.171-3.173-0.032-4.377-1.201-1.201-3.146-1.221-4.355-0.053l-1.421 1.413c-0.391 0.389-1.023 0.387-1.412-0.004s-0.387-1.023 0.004-1.412l1.431-1.423c2.002-1.934 5.192-1.904 7.164 0.067 1.975 1.975 1.998 5.165 0.044 7.187l-2.463 2.463c-1.049 1.049-2.502 1.591-3.982 1.485s-2.841-0.85-3.73-2.038c-0.33-0.441-0.24-1.067 0.201-1.397zM14.425 12.152c-0.441 0.33-1.067 0.24-1.397-0.201-0.542-0.724-1.372-1.178-2.274-1.242s-1.788 0.266-2.428 0.906l-2.451 2.451c-1.187 1.229-1.171 3.173 0.032 4.377 1.201 1.201 3.145 1.221 4.352 0.056l1.414-1.414c0.39-0.39 1.022-0.39 1.412 0s0.39 1.022-0 1.412l-1.426 1.426c-2.002 1.933-5.191 1.903-7.163-0.068-1.975-1.975-1.998-5.165-0.044-7.187l2.463-2.463c1.049-1.049 2.502-1.591 3.982-1.485s2.841 0.85 3.73 2.038c0.33 0.441 0.24 1.067-0.201 1.397z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-list-circle-bullets" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-list-circle-bullets</title> <path d="M4 10.5c-0.83 0-1.5 0.67-1.5 1.5s0.67 1.5 1.5 1.5c0.83 0 1.5-0.67 1.5-1.5s-0.67-1.5-1.5-1.5v0zM4 4.5c-0.83 0-1.5 0.67-1.5 1.5s0.67 1.5 1.5 1.5c0.83 0 1.5-0.67 1.5-1.5s-0.67-1.5-1.5-1.5v0zM4 16.5c-0.835 0-1.5 0.677-1.5 1.5s0.677 1.5 1.5 1.5c0.823 0 1.5-0.677 1.5-1.5s-0.665-1.5-1.5-1.5v0zM7 19h14v-2h-14v2zM7 13h14v-2h-14v2zM7 5v2h14v-2h-14z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-list" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-list</title> <path d="M3 13h2v-2h-2v2zM3 17h2v-2h-2v2zM3 9h2v-2h-2v2zM7 13h14v-2h-14v2zM7 17h14v-2h-14v2zM7 7v2h14v-2h-14z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-location-add" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-location-add</title> <path d="M12 2c-3.86 0-7 3.14-7 7 0 5.25 7 13 7 13s7-7.75 7-13c0-3.86-3.14-7-7-7v0zM16 10h-3v3h-2v-3h-3v-2h3v-3h2v3h3v2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-location" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-location</title> <path d="M12 2c-3.87 0-7 3.13-7 7 0 5.25 7 13 7 13s7-7.75 7-13c0-3.87-3.13-7-7-7v0zM12 11.5c-1.38 0-2.5-1.12-2.5-2.5s1.12-2.5 2.5-2.5c1.38 0 2.5 1.12 2.5 2.5s-1.12 2.5-2.5 2.5v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-mail" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-mail</title> <path d="M20 4h-16c-1.1 0-1.99 0.9-1.99 2l-0.010 12c0 1.1 0.9 2 2 2h16c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2v-12c0-1.1-0.9-2-2-2v0zM20 8l-8 5-8-5v-2l8 5 8-5v2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-map" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-map</title> <path d="M20.5 3l-0.16 0.030-5.34 2.070-6-2.1-5.64 1.9c-0.21 0.070-0.36 0.25-0.36 0.48v15.12c0 0.28 0.22 0.5 0.5 0.5l0.16-0.030 5.34-2.070 6 2.1 5.64-1.9c0.21-0.070 0.36-0.25 0.36-0.48v-15.12c0-0.28-0.22-0.5-0.5-0.5v0zM15 19l-6-2.11v-11.89l6 2.11v11.89z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-menu" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-menu</title> <path d="M3 5h18v2h-18v-2zM3 11h18v2h-18v-2zM3 17h18v2h-18v-2z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-more-horizontal" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-more-horizontal</title> <path d="M6 10c-1.1 0-2 0.9-2 2s0.9 2 2 2c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2s-0.9-2-2-2v0zM18 10c-1.1 0-2 0.9-2 2s0.9 2 2 2c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2s-0.9-2-2-2v0zM12 10c-1.1 0-2 0.9-2 2s0.9 2 2 2c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2s-0.9-2-2-2v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-my-location" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-my-location</title> <path d="M12 8c-2.21 0-4 1.79-4 4s1.79 4 4 4c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4v0zM20.94 11c-0.46-4.17-3.77-7.48-7.94-7.94v-2.060h-2v2.060c-4.17 0.46-7.48 3.77-7.94 7.94h-2.060v2h2.060c0.46 4.17 3.77 7.48 7.94 7.94v2.060h2v-2.060c4.17-0.46 7.48-3.77 7.94-7.94h2.060v-2h-2.060zM12 19c-3.87 0-7-3.13-7-7s3.13-7 7-7c3.87 0 7 3.13 7 7s-3.13 7-7 7v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-near-me" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-near-me</title> <path d="M21 3l-18 7.53v0.98l6.84 2.65 2.64 6.84h0.98z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-notifications-alert" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-notifications-alert</title> <path d="M18.988 10.589c0.008 0.136 0.012 0.273 0.012 0.411v5l2 1v2h-18v-2l2-1v-5c0-3.526 2.608-6.444 6-6.929v-1.071c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1s1 0.447 1 1c-0.628 0.836-1 1.875-1 3 0 2.761 2.239 5 5 5 0.707 0 1.379-0.147 1.988-0.411zM10 20h4c0 1.105-0.895 2-2 2s-2-0.895-2-2zM17 9c-1.657 0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3 3-3c1.657 0 3 1.343 3 3s-1.343 3-3 3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-notifications-mentions" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-notifications-mentions</title> <path d="M15.52 15.487c-0.585 0.857-1.949 1.786-3.776 1.786-3.094 0-5.189-2.154-5.189-5.164 0-2.937 2.144-5.237 5.092-5.237 1.486 0 2.704 0.587 3.265 1.297v-1.126h2.12v6.534c0 1.126 0.39 1.835 1.535 1.835 1.34 0 2.388-1.786 2.388-4.601 0-4.943-3.411-7.978-8.771-7.978-5.677 0-9.039 4.185-9.039 9.201 0 5.555 3.898 9.103 9.623 9.103 2.68 0 4.848-1.003 6.383-2.349l1.121 1.37c-1.437 1.444-4.166 2.839-7.553 2.839-7.358 0-11.719-4.748-11.719-10.914 0-6.412 4.629-11.086 11.256-11.086 6.797 0 10.744 4.283 10.744 9.715 0 4.209-1.998 6.534-4.653 6.534-1.657 0-2.509-0.832-2.826-1.762zM8.75 12.011c0 1.747 1.19 2.989 2.929 2.989s3.071-1.149 3.071-2.989c0-1.839-1.357-3.011-3.095-3.011s-2.905 1.241-2.905 3.011z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-notifications-muted" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-notifications-muted</title> <path d="M13 4.071c3.392 0.485 6 3.403 6 6.929v5l2 1v2h-18v-2l2-1v-5c0-3.526 2.608-6.444 6-6.929v-1.071c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1s1 0.448 1 1v1.071zM10 20h4c0 1.105-0.895 2-2 2s-2-0.895-2-2zM13.407 11.993l2.828-2.828-1.414-1.414-2.828 2.828-2.828-2.828-1.414 1.414 2.828 2.828-2.828 2.828 1.414 1.414 2.828-2.828 2.828 2.828 1.414-1.414-2.828-2.828z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-notifications-tracking" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-notifications-tracking</title> <path d="M19 9.9c0.323 0.066 0.658 0.1 1 0.1s0.677-0.034 1-0.1v10.1c0 1.105-0.895 2-2 2h-14c-1.105 0-2-0.895-2-2v-14c0-1.105 0.895-2 2-2h10.1c-0.066 0.323-0.1 0.658-0.1 1s0.034 0.677 0.1 1h-10.1v14h14v-10.1zM20 8c-1.657 0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3 3-3c1.657 0 3 1.343 3 3s-1.343 3-3 3z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-open-in-new" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-open-in-new</title> <path d="M19 19h-14v-14h7v-2h-7c-1.11 0-2 0.9-2 2v14c0 1.1 0.89 2 2 2h14c1.1 0 2-0.9 2-2v-7h-2v7zM14 3v2h3.59l-9.83 9.83 1.41 1.41 9.83-9.83v3.59h2v-7h-7z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-pencil" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-pencil</title> <path d="M3 17.25v3.75h3.75l11.060-11.060-3.75-3.75-11.060 11.060zM20.71 7.040c0.39-0.39 0.39-1.020 0-1.41l-2.34-2.34c-0.39-0.39-1.020-0.39-1.41 0l-1.83 1.83 3.75 3.75 1.83-1.83z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-person" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-person</title> <path d="M12 12c2.21 0 4-1.79 4-4s-1.79-4-4-4c-2.21 0-4 1.79-4 4s1.79 4 4 4v0zM12 14c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 4v2h16v-2c0-2.66-5.33-4-8-4v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-pinned" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-pinned</title> <path d="M6.515 16.077l-4.223-4.223c1.774-1.774 4.266-2.391 6.541-1.853l5.516-4.667c-0.493-1.098-0.288-2.433 0.614-3.335l7.039 7.039c-0.902 0.902-2.236 1.106-3.335 0.614l-4.667 5.516c0.539 2.274-0.079 4.767-1.852 6.541l-4.223-4.223-4.223 4.223c-0.389 0.389-1.019 0.389-1.408 0s-0.389-1.019 0-1.408l4.223-4.223z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-plane-takeoff" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-plane-takeoff</title> <path d="M2.5 19h19v2h-19v-2zM22.070 9.64c-0.21-0.8-1.040-1.28-1.84-1.060l-5.31 1.42-6.9-6.43-1.93 0.51 4.14 7.17-4.97 1.33-1.97-1.54-1.45 0.39 1.82 3.16 0.77 1.33 1.6-0.43 14.97-4c0.81-0.23 1.28-1.050 1.070-1.85v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-plane" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-plane</title> <path d="M21 16v-2l-8-5v-5.5c0-0.83-0.67-1.5-1.5-1.5s-1.5 0.67-1.5 1.5v5.5l-8 5v2l8-2.5v5.5l-2 1.5v1.5l3.5-1 3.5 1v-1.5l-2-1.5v-5.5l8 2.5z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="passport-plane"> <title>passport-plane</title> <path d="m6.9935.373223c-.80137 0-1.10188 1.001717-1.10188 1.602747l.15025 3.65626-1.70291.7012v-.60103c0-.20035-.15026-.3506-.3506-.3506-.15026-.05009-.25043.15025-.30052.30051v.90154l-1.30222.50086v-.50086c0-.20034-.15026-.3506-.30052-.30051-.20034 0-.3506.15026-.3506.3506v.80137l-.3506.15026c-.601028.20034-1.001714.7012-.951628 1.35231h5.809948l.05008 2.35402-1.85317 1.6528.10017.6011 2.4542-.6511 2.4542.6511.10017-.6011-1.85317-1.6528.10017-2.4041h5.80993c0-.60103-.4007-1.20206-.9516-1.35232l-.3506-.15025v-.80138c0-.20034-.1503-.3506-.3506-.3506-.2004 0-.3506.15026-.3506.3506v.50086l-1.3523-.55094v-.90155c0-.20034-.1503-.3506-.35063-.3506-.20034 0-.35059.15026-.30051.30052v.60103l-1.70291-.7012.20034-3.60618c.05009-.55094-.3506-1.552653-1.10189-1.502567z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-print" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-print</title> <path d="M19 8h-14c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3v6h4v4h12v-4h4v-6c0-1.66-1.34-3-3-3v0zM16 19h-8v-5h8v5zM19 12c-0.55 0-1-0.45-1-1s0.45-1 1-1c0.55 0 1 0.45 1 1s-0.45 1-1 1v0zM18 3h-12v4h12v-4z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-reply" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-reply</title> <path d="M10 9v-4l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-search" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-search</title> <path d="M15.5 14h-0.79l-0.28-0.27c0.98-1.14 1.57-2.62 1.57-4.23 0-3.59-2.91-6.5-6.5-6.5s-6.5 2.91-6.5 6.5c0 3.59 2.91 6.5 6.5 6.5 1.61 0 3.090-0.59 4.23-1.57l0.27 0.28v0.79l5 4.99 1.49-1.49-4.99-5zM9.5 14c-2.49 0-4.5-2.010-4.5-4.5s2.010-4.5 4.5-4.5c2.49 0 4.5 2.010 4.5 4.5s-2.010 4.5-4.5 4.5v0z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-shuffle" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-shuffle</title> <path d="M10.59 9.17l-5.18-5.17-1.41 1.41 5.17 5.17 1.42-1.41zM14.5 4l2.040 2.040-12.54 12.55 1.41 1.41 12.55-12.54 2.040 2.040v-5.5h-5.5zM14.83 13.41l-1.41 1.41 3.13 3.13-2.050 2.050h5.5v-5.5l-2.040 2.040-3.13-3.13z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-star" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-star</title> <path d="M18.18 21l-1.635-7.029 5.455-4.727-7.191-0.617-2.809-6.627-2.809 6.627-7.191 0.617 5.455 4.727-1.635 7.029 6.18-3.728z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-subject" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-subject</title> <path d="M14 17h-10v2h10v-2zM20 9h-16v2h16v-2zM4 15h16v-2h-16v2zM4 5v2h16v-2h-16z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-trip-style" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-trip-style</title> <path d="M20 6c1.11 0 2 0.89 2 2v11c0 1.11-0.89 2-2 2h-16c-1.11 0-2-0.89-2-2l0.010-11c0-1.11 0.88-2 1.99-2h4v-2c0-1.11 0.89-2 2-2h4c1.11 0 2 0.89 2 2v2h4zM14 6v-2h-4v2h4zM6.5 14c0.828 0 1.5-0.672 1.5-1.5s-0.672-1.5-1.5-1.5c-0.828 0-1.5 0.672-1.5 1.5s0.672 1.5 1.5 1.5zM6 16.042l0.347 1.97 5.909-1.042-0.347-1.97-5.909 1.042z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-unpinned" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-unpinned</title> <path d="M5.416 12.15l6.433 6.433c0.362-0.93 0.439-1.959 0.203-2.955l-0.233-0.982 5.94-7.020-1.386-1.386-7.020 5.94-0.982-0.233c-0.996-0.236-2.025-0.16-2.955 0.203zM6.515 16.077l-4.223-4.223c1.774-1.774 4.266-2.391 6.541-1.853l5.516-4.667c-0.493-1.098-0.288-2.433 0.614-3.335l7.039 7.039c-0.902 0.902-2.236 1.106-3.335 0.614l-4.667 5.516c0.539 2.274-0.079 4.767-1.852 6.541l-4.223-4.223-4.223 4.223c-0.389 0.389-1.019 0.389-1.408 0s-0.389-1.019 0-1.408l4.223-4.223z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-send" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-send</title> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/> <path d="M2.01 21L23 12 2.01 3 2 10l15 2-15 2z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-phone" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-phone</title> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/> <path d="M6.62 10.79c1.44 2.83 3.76 5.14 6.59 6.59l2.2-2.2c.27-.27.67-.36 1.02-.24 1.12.37 2.33.57 3.57.57.55 0 1 .45 1 1V20c0 .55-.45 1-1 1-9.39 0-17-7.61-17-17 0-.55.45-1 1-1h3.5c.55 0 1 .45 1 1 0 1.25.2 2.45.57 3.57.11.35.03.74-.25 1.02l-2.2 2.2z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-apps" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-apps</title> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/> <path d="M4 8h4V4H4v4zm6 12h4v-4h-4v4zm-6 0h4v-4H4v4zm0-6h4v-4H4v4zm6 0h4v-4h-4v4zm6-10v4h4V4h-4zm-6 4h4V4h-4v4zm6 6h4v-4h-4v4zm0 6h4v-4h-4v4z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-lock" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-lock</title> <path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/> <path d="M18 8h-1V6c0-2.76-2.24-5-5-5S7 3.24 7 6v2H6c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v10c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h12c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V10c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm-6 9c-1.1 0-2-.9-2-2s.9-2 2-2 2 .9 2 2-.9 2-2 2zm3.1-9H8.9V6c0-1.71 1.39-3.1 3.1-3.1 1.71 0 3.1 1.39 3.1 3.1v2z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-aoc-verified" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>aoc-verified</title> <path d="m0 0h24v24h-24z" fill="none"/> <path d="m23 12-2.44-2.79.34-3.69-3.61-.82-1.89-3.2-3.4 1.46-3.4-1.46-1.89 3.19-3.61.81.34 3.7-2.44 2.8 2.44 2.79-.34 3.7 3.61.82 1.89 3.19 3.4-1.47 3.4 1.46 1.89-3.19 3.61-.82-.34-3.69zm-12.91 4.72-3.8-3.81 1.48-1.48 2.32 2.33 5.85-5.87 1.48 1.48z"/> </symbol> </defs> </svg> <script type="text/javascript"> window._taboola = window._taboola || []; _taboola.push({flush: true}); </script> <script async src="https://cdn.nolt.io/widgets.js"></script> <script>window.noltQueue=window.noltQueue||[];function nolt(){noltQueue.push(arguments)}</script>  <img src='https://tag.yieldoptimizer.com/ps/analytics?pxid=149095&' width='1' height='1'><img src='https://tag.yieldoptimizer.com/ps/analytics?pxid=149100&' width='1' height='1'> <script type="text/javascript" async="" src="https://static.klaviyo.com/onsite/js/UUnqkC/klaviyo.js"></script> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'914963d25ca26b99',t:'MTc0MDAwMDk2MS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

The Mysterious Maps That Connect Pagan and Supernatural Sites - Atlas Obscura