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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">The Volcano (British Columbia)</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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</div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Volcano, also known as Lava Fork volcano, is a small <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Ranges" title="Boundary Ranges">Boundary Ranges</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a> in northwestern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada. It is located approximately 60 km (40 mi) northwest of the small community of <a href="/wiki/Stewart,_British_Columbia" title="Stewart, British Columbia">Stewart</a> near the head of <a href="/wiki/Lava_Fork" title="Lava Fork">Lava Fork</a>. With a summit elevation of 1,656 m (5,433 ft) and a <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">topographic prominence</a> of 311 m (1,020 ft), it rises above the surrounding rugged landscape on a remote mountain ridge that represents the northern flank of a glaciated <a href="/wiki/U-shaped_valley" title="U-shaped valley">U-shaped valley</a>. <table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">The Volcano</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader nickname">Lava Fork volcano</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rugged mountain covered with dark rock on its summit and flanks. Dark rock and patches of glacial ice loom in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/The_Volcano.jpg/272px-The_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/The_Volcano.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="259"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">The Volcano with thick black <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a> in the foreground</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,656 m (5,433 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">311 m (1,020 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains" title="Lists of mountains">Listing</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Canada" title="List of volcanoes in Canada">Volcanoes in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_British_Columbia" title="List of mountains of British Columbia">Mountains of British Columbia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&params=56_25_22_N_130_51_00_W_type:mountain_region:CA_scale:100000">56°25′22″N 130°51′00″W / 56.42278°N 130.85000°W / 56.42278; -130.85000</a><a href="#cite_note-bcgnis-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Volcano is located in British Columbia"><img alt="The Volcano is located in British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg/272px-Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg/408px-Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg/544px-Canada_British_Columbia_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="1723"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:31.78%;left:33.008%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="The Volcano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:9px"><div>The Volcano</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location along the British Columbia–Alaska border</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays='["_f323058bf24290f91ccec99eed04f10b00b38052"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=The_Volcano_%28British_Columbia%29&revid=1255846164&groups=_f323058bf24290f91ccec99eed04f10b00b38052" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=The_Volcano_%28British_Columbia%29&revid=1255846164&groups=_f323058bf24290f91ccec99eed04f10b00b38052 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Interactive map of The Volcano</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Land_District" title="Cassiar Land District">Cassiar Land District</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Parent range</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Ranges" title="Boundary Ranges">Boundary Ranges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coast_Mountains" title="Coast Mountains">Coast Mountains</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topo map</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Topographic_System" title="National Topographic System">NTS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.canada.ca/czs/index-en.html?bbox=-131,56.25,-130.5,56.5&name=NTS_map_sheet_104B7">104B7</a> <a href="/wiki/Unuk_River" title="Unuk River">Unuk River</a><a href="#cite_note-bcgnis-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Volcanic region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Province" title="Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province">Northern Cordilleran Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1800 (?)<a href="#cite_note-QQU-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Lava Fork volcano is associated with a small group of volcanoes called the <a href="/wiki/Iskut_volcanic_field" title="Iskut volcanic field">Iskut volcanic field</a>. This forms part of the much larger <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Province" title="Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province">Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province</a>, which extends from the <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>–<a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> border to near the port city of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Rupert,_British_Columbia" title="Prince Rupert, British Columbia">Prince Rupert, British Columbia</a>. Eruptive activity at The Volcano is relatively young compared to most other volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. Geologic studies have shown that The Volcano and its eruptive products were emplaced in the last 400 years; this is well after the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, which ended about 10,000 years ago. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geology">1 Geology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Volcanic_history">1.1 Volcanic history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Human_history">2 Human history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Naming_controversy">2.1 Naming controversy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Protection_and_monitoring">2.2 Protection and monitoring</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Volcanic_hazards">3 Volcanic hazards</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Effects">3.1 Effects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#External_links">6 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The Volcano is the southernmost of ten volcanoes comprising the Iskut volcanic field, as well as the most recent to erupt.<a href="#cite_note-QQU-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SI-3">[3]</a> Its structure is poorly formed and has been reduced by <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> from alpine glacial ice found at its elevation and latitude. It represents one of the few historically active volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, with a base elevation estimated to be 100 m (330 ft).<a href="#cite_note-ANL-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> Like most cinder cones, The Volcano consists of a pile of loose <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">lapilli</a>-sized <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_bomb" title="Volcanic bomb">volcanic bombs</a>. These were deposited during periods of <a href="/wiki/Lava_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava fountain">lava fountain</a> activity.<a href="#cite_note-QM-6">[6]</a> The vent area contains volcanic bombs up to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) long and small deposits of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> precipitated from <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">volcanic gases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> Like other Iskut-Unuk River Cones, The Volcano has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continental</a> <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">rifting</a>—a long rupture in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> is being pulled apart. This incipient rifting has formed as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a> sliding northward along the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Fault" title="Queen Charlotte Fault">Queen Charlotte Fault</a>, on its way to the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Trench" title="Aleutian Trench">Aleutian Trench</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZUD-7">[7]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> stretches, the near surface rocks fracture along steeply dipping cracks parallel to the rift known as <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basaltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> rises along these fractures to create <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive eruptions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZZL-8">[8]</a> The rift zone has existed for at least 14.9 million years, and has created the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province.<a href="#cite_note-ANL-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-QM-6">[6]</a> Several dormant volcanoes in the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_province" title="Geologic province">province</a> are potentially active, with The Volcano being one of the three having erupted in the last few hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-ANL-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tseax_Cone" title="Tseax Cone">Tseax Cone</a>, which last erupted in the 18th century, is the southernmost volcano in the province, while <a href="/wiki/Prindle_Volcano" title="Prindle Volcano">Prindle Volcano</a> in easternmost-central Alaska, which last erupted more than 10,000 years ago, is generally considered the northernmost.<a href="#cite_note-ZUD-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_history">Volcanic history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Volcanic history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At least two phases of volcanic activity have been identified at The Volcano. Each event was followed by the eruption of lengthy basaltic <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows that flowed down steep <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granitic</a> flanks of the mountain ridge on which The Volcano lies.<a href="#cite_note-SI-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-QM-6">[6]</a> After this took place, they travelled through the Lava Fork valley for 5 km (3 mi).<a href="#cite_note-SI-3">[3]</a> Here, the flows crossed the British Columbia border into the U.S. state of Alaska and blocked the Blue River, a <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Unuk_River" title="Unuk River">Unuk River</a>, forming several lakes.<a href="#cite_note-SI-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The lava flows in total are about 22 km (14 mi) long and still contain their original features from when they cooled, including <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ridge_(lava)" title="Pressure ridge (lava)">pressure ridges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava_channel" title="Lava channel">lava channels</a>. A series of large trees were engulfed by the lava flows during eruption. The bases of the trees burned and the upper trunks and branches collapsed into the solidifying lava, leaving the trees embedded on the surface of the lava flows. After the flows solidified, <a href="/wiki/Lava_tree_mold" title="Lava tree mold">tree molds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">lava tubes</a> collapsed to form volcanic pits.<a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> At the southern end of one of the lava flows, it spreads into a broad terminal lobe on the flat <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a> of the Unuk River.<a href="#cite_note-QM-6">[6]</a> Volcanic ash and lava from The Volcano still linger on small <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> near Mount Lewis Cass, a 2,094-metre-high (6,870 ft) mountain near the Alaska–British Columbia border.<a href="#cite_note-MM-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_flow_at_the_Lava_Lakes,_British_Columbia,_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Brown rock lying in a glaciated valley with a small lake on the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lava_flow_at_the_Lava_Lakes%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Lava_flow_at_the_Lava_Lakes%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="416"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lava_flow_at_the_Lava_Lakes%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada.jpg/220px-Lava_flow_at_the_Lava_Lakes%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada.jpg" data-alt="Brown rock lying in a glaciated valley with a small lake on the left." data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lava_flow_at_the_Lava_Lakes%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada.jpg/330px-Lava_flow_at_the_Lava_Lakes%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lava_flow_at_the_Lava_Lakes%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada.jpg/440px-Lava_flow_at_the_Lava_Lakes%2C_British_Columbia%2C_Canada.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A recently erupted <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81hoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāhoehoe">pāhoehoe</a> lava flow extending down the vegetated flanks of a mountain ridge. The alpine lake in the upper left corner is the southern lake of the two <a href="/wiki/Lava_Lakes" title="Lava Lakes">Lava Lakes</a>.</figcaption></figure> At least one lava flow from The Volcano was notified by a surveyor named Fremont Morse in 1905 during a survey for the <a href="/wiki/International_Boundary_Commission" title="International Boundary Commission">International Boundary Commission</a>. In 1906, Morse wrote that the most recently erupted lava flow had "probably occurred within less than fifty years".<a href="#cite_note-MM-10">[10]</a> Since Morse's report, <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronology" title="Dendrochronology">tree ring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> techniques have been used to establish the dates of The Volcano's two volcanic phases. The first is estimated to have occurred about 360 years ago and the latest possibly took place only 150 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-QM-6">[6]</a> This indicates that The Volcano is the youngest known volcanic mountain in Canada and that its volcanic activity is recent compared to many other volcanoes in British Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> In several documents, the last eruption of The Volcano is written to have occurred in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-CBV-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> However, according to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>, this eruption is considered uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-QQU-2">[2]</a> Although The Volcano is estimated to have last erupted 150 years ago, it is one of the five volcanoes in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province that have recorded <a href="/wiki/Seismicity" title="Seismicity">seismicity</a> since 1985. Others include <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_(volcano)" title="Castle Rock (volcano)">Castle Rock</a> (two events), <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_Mountain" title="Hoodoo Mountain">Hoodoo Mountain</a> (eight events), <a href="/wiki/Crow_Lagoon" title="Crow Lagoon">Crow Lagoon</a> (four events) and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex" title="Mount Edziza volcanic complex">Mount Edziza volcanic complex</a> (eight events).<a href="#cite_note-ZBR-13">[13]</a> Seismic data suggest that these volcanoes still contain active <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chambers</a>, indicating that some Northern Cordilleran volcanoes are probably active, with significant potential hazards.<a href="#cite_note-ZBR-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The seismic activity corresponds both with some of Canada's recently formed volcanoes and with persistent volcanoes that have had major explosive activity throughout their history, such as Hoodoo Mountain and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.<a href="#cite_note-ZBR-13">[13]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Human history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_controversy">Naming controversy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming controversy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The name of the peak was suggested by an explorer named Chris Dickinson during the Cambridge Coast Mountains Expedition in 1979. It was adopted on November 24, 1980, and has been its official name since then.<a href="#cite_note-bcgnis-1">[1]</a> However, this name for the peak does not normally show up in any volcanological resources. Instead, it is informally referred to as Lava Fork or Lava Fork volcano due to its close association with the <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">creek</a> of the same name.<a href="#cite_note-bcgnis-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SI-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> The reason for this controversy is because The Volcano is generic. In speech it may not be obvious whether The Volcano or the volcano is intended, leading to confusion. Similar named volcanoes in Canada include <a href="/wiki/Volcano_Vent" title="Volcano Vent">Volcano Vent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tuya_volcanic_field" title="Tuya volcanic field">Tuya volcanic field</a> of northwestern British Columbia and <a href="/wiki/Volcano_Mountain" title="Volcano Mountain">Volcano Mountain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Selkirk_volcanic_field" title="Fort Selkirk volcanic field">Fort Selkirk volcanic field</a> of central <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-QM-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> As of 2009, the unofficial terms for The Volcano continue to be used by <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_and_monitoring">Protection and monitoring</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Protection and monitoring" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Volcano, its eruptive products and a large <a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">mineral spring</a> are protected in <a href="/wiki/Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park" title="Lava Forks Provincial Park">Lava Forks Provincial Park</a>. Founded in 2001 as a Class A <a href="/wiki/Provincial_park" title="Provincial park">provincial park</a>, this highly remote <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">park</a> covers an area of 7,000 ha (17,000 acres). Lying within its boundaries are the <a href="/wiki/Lava_Lakes" title="Lava Lakes">Lava Lakes</a>, two lakes dammed by lava flows erupted from The Volcano. Located in asserted traditional territory of the <a href="/wiki/Tahltan_First_Nation" title="Tahltan First Nation">Tahltan First Nation</a>, Lava Forks Provincial Park provides a location to study ecological processes associated with primary succession or the establishment of vegetation after a major disturbance. After 150 years of non-eruptive activity, vegetation has grown on the surface of the lava flows, including <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tsuga_heterophylla" title="Tsuga heterophylla">Western Hemlock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsuga_mertensiana" title="Tsuga mertensiana">Mountain Hemlock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">Alpine tundra</a> biogeoclimatic subzones also occur in the area, which form part of the Boundary Ranges Ecosection.<a href="#cite_note-CBV-11">[11]</a> Like other Iskut-Unuk River Cones, The Volcano is not <a href="/wiki/Prediction_of_volcanic_activity" title="Prediction of volcanic activity">monitored</a> closely enough by the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada" title="Geological Survey of Canada">Geological Survey of Canada</a> to ascertain its activity level. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Seismograph_Network" title="Canadian National Seismograph Network">Canadian National Seismograph Network</a> has been established to monitor earthquakes throughout Canada, but it is too far away to provide an accurate indication of activity under the mountain. The seismograph network may sense an increase in seismic activity if The Volcano becomes highly restless, but this may only provide a warning for a large eruption; the system might detect activity only once the mountain has started erupting.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> If The Volcano were to erupt, mechanisms exist to orchestrate relief efforts. The <a href="/wiki/Interagency_Volcanic_Event_Notification_Plan" title="Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan">Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan</a> was created to outline the notification procedure of some of the main agencies that would respond to an erupting volcano in Canada, an eruption close to the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">Canada–United States border</a> or any eruption that would affect Canada.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Volcanic_hazards">Volcanic hazards</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Volcanic hazards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park_topo.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Overhead image of two lakes surrounded by vegetation and mountain ridges capped by glacial ice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park_topo.png/220px-Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park_topo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park_topo.png/220px-Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park_topo.png" data-alt="Overhead image of two lakes surrounded by vegetation and mountain ridges capped by glacial ice." data-width="220" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park_topo.png/330px-Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park_topo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park_topo.png/440px-Lava_Forks_Provincial_Park_topo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Topographic map of The Volcano and the surrounding landscape. Dark blue lines are creeks, moderate blue areas are glaciers, light blue patches are the Lava Lakes, green zones are vegetated areas and brown areas are lava flows erupted from The Volcano.</figcaption></figure> At least seven eruptions have occurred in the Iskut-Unuk River volcanic field in the last 10,000 years. Since around 1600, all eruptions have occurred from The Volcano, which has a total eruption volume of 2.2 km3 (0.53 cu mi).<a href="#cite_note-QQU-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> Future eruptions from The Volcano will probably be similar in character to those that have occurred throughout its 360-year eruptive history.<a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> There is a one in 200 chance per year of an eruption occurring in Canada and one in 220 chance per year of an effusive eruption.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> An eruption in the foreseeable future is probably more likely along the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province than in an unrelated volcanic zone outside the province. This is because the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, which includes the Iskut-Unuk River Cones, is the most active volcanic zone in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-ANL-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A small range of effects are expected from future eruptions at The Volcano. Its remote uninhabited location makes <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_hazard" title="Volcanic hazard">volcanic hazards</a> less extreme and is therefore not very hazardous. Ash and rock fragments (tephra) ejected during lava fountain activity are unlikely to be high enough to disrupt regional air traffic. However, they could possibly endanger lower flying aircraft along the northern coastal corridor between <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> The closest major air route is about 170 km (110 mi) to the east.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Volcanic ash reduces visibility and can cause jet engine failure, as well as damage to other aircraft systems.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Lava flows emitted during future volcanic eruptions would likely be basaltic in nature based on the composition of its lavas produced during past volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> Basaltic lava flows are low in <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> content and can spread rapidly and move quickly downslope.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The last eruption at The Volcano 150 years ago had a large impact on fish, plant and animal inhabitants in the valley the lava flows travelled through to cross the Canada–United States border.<a href="#cite_note-HEPO-22">[22]</a> Because of these circumstances, future eruptions may again block the flow of local water courses if the volume of the erupted lavas are significant enough. This would again have disastrous consequences for fish habitats and spawning grounds.<a href="#cite_note-AS-5">[5]</a> However, there are neither records of any impacts on people during this eruption, nor evidence that it was even witnessed by people.<a href="#cite_note-HEPO-22">[22]</a> A repeat of <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> in the Lava Fork valley is also a possibility due to the existence of vegetation on and around the erupted lavas.<a href="#cite_note-CBV-11">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/28px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/28px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/42px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/56px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="30" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/45px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/60px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Volcanoes portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinder_Mountain" title="Cinder Mountain">Cinder Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_Glacier_Volcano" title="Cone Glacier Volcano">Cone Glacier Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskut_Canyon_Cone" title="Iskut Canyon Cone">Iskut Canyon Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Creek_Cone" title="King Creek Cone">King Creek Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cinder_cones" title="List of cinder cones">List of cinder cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Cordilleran_volcanoes" title="List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes">List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Canyon_Cone" title="Second Canyon Cone">Second Canyon Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snippaker_Creek_Cone" title="Snippaker Creek Cone">Snippaker Creek Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_MacKay_Creek_Cone" title="Tom MacKay Creek Cone">Tom MacKay Creek Cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Western_Canada" title="Volcanism of Western Canada">Volcanism of Western Canada</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Volcano_(British_Columbia)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bcgnis-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bcgnis_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bcgnis_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bcgnis_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bcgnis_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/23504.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-03. 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November 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/north_america/canada/Final-LF.html">the original</a> on 2010-07-31. Retrieved 2010-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lava+Fork%2C+NW+British+Columbia%2FSE+Alaska&rft.pub=Oregon+State+University&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.oregonstate.edu%2Fvwdocs%2Fvolc_images%2Fnorth_america%2Fcanada%2FFinal-LF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Volcano+%28British+Columbia%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ANL-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ANL_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ANL_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615214726/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_stikine_e.php">"Stikine volcanic belt"</a>. Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>. 2008-02-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/belt_stikine_e.php">the original</a> on June 15, 2008. Retrieved 2010-06-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catalogue+of+Canadian+volcanoes&rft.atitle=Stikine+volcanic+belt&rft.date=2008-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgsc.nrcan.gc.ca%2Fvolcanoes%2Fcat%2Fbelt_stikine_e.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Volcano+%28British+Columbia%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_5-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615214823/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_lfk_040">"Lava Fork"</a>. Catalogue of Canadian volcanoes. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>. 2009-03-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/cat/volcano_e.php?id=svb_lfk_040">the original</a> on June 15, 2008. 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Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 114, 118, 121, 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43811-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43811-X"><bdi>0-521-43811-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27910629">27910629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+North+America%3A+United+States+and+Canada&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=114%2C+118%2C+121%2C+129&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27910629&rft.isbn=0-521-43811-X&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft.au=Kienle%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Volcano+%28British+Columbia%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZUD-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZUD_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZUD_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527015102/http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/volcanoes/map/map_e.php?id=svb">"Volcanoes of Canada"</a>. 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Structural Geology: A Quantitative Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139547222">10.1017/9781139547222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03506-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03506-5"><bdi>978-1-107-03506-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:223906426">223906426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Geology%3A+A+Quantitative+Introduction&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A223906426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139547222&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03506-5&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft.au=Martel%2C+Stephen+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Volcano+%28British+Columbia%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HEPO-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HEPO_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HEPO_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217001048/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/naturalhazards/volcanoes/1">"Volcanoes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada" title="Natural Resources Canada">Natural Resources Canada</a>. 2007-09-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/environment/naturalhazards/volcanoes/1">the original</a> on 2009-02-17. 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