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class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sv.wikipedia.org&uselang=sv" class=""><span>Stöd Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Skapa_konto&returnto=Kongruens+%28lingvistik%29" title="Du uppmuntras att skapa ett konto och logga in, men det är inte obligatoriskt" class=""><span>Skapa konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Inloggning&returnto=Kongruens+%28lingvistik%29" title="Inloggning ger tillgång till 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Varianter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varianter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Varianter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varianter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_olika_språk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_olika_språk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>I olika språk</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-I_olika_språk-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet I olika språk</span> </button> <ul id="toc-I_olika_språk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Svenska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Svenska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Svenska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Svenska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andra_nordiska_språk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andra_nordiska_språk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Andra nordiska språk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andra_nordiska_språk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tyska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tyska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tyska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tyska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engelska" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engelska"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Engelska</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engelska-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konkordans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konkordans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Konkordans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konkordans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kongruens (lingvistik)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 30 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Дапасаванне – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дапасаванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordan%C3%A7a" title="Concordança – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Concordança" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%D1%83_(%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81)" title="Майлашăну (синтаксис) – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Майлашăну (синтаксис)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mluvnick%C3%A1_shoda" title="Mluvnická shoda – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mluvnická shoda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongruenz_(Grammatik)" title="Kongruenz (Grammatik) – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kongruenz (Grammatik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Childumine" title="Ühildumine – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ühildumine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics) – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Agreement (linguistics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordancia_gramatical" title="Concordancia gramatical – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concordancia gramatical" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunztadura" title="Komunztadura – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komunztadura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord_(grammaire)" title="Accord (grammaire) – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accord (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EC%B9%98" title="일치 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sro%C4%8Dnost" title="Sročnost – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sročnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambeyging" title="Sambeyging – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sambeyging" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordo_(linguistica)" title="Accordo (linguistica) – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Accordo (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%9D" title="התאם – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyeztet%C3%A9s_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Egyeztetés (nyelvészet) – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egyeztetés (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congruentie_(taal)" title="Congruentie (taal) – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Congruentie (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4" title="一致 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="一致" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsvarsb%C3%B8yning" title="Samsvarsbøyning – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samsvarsbøyning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsvarsb%C3%B8ying" title="Samsvarsbøying – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samsvarsbøying" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D3%A7%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BC" title="Лӧсялӧм – komi-permjakiska" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Лӧсялӧм" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permjakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_zgody" title="Związek zgody – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Związek zgody" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concord%C3%A2ncia_gramatical" title="Concordância gramatical – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concordância gramatical" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acord_(gramatic%C4%83)" title="Acord (gramatică) – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acord (gramatică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Согласование (грамматика) – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Согласование (грамматика)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongruenssi_(kielitiede)" title="Kongruenssi (kielitiede) – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kongruenssi (kielitiede)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Узгодження – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Узгодження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordo_gramatica%C5%82e" title="Acordo gramaticałe – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Acordo gramaticałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" title="一致 (文法) – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="一致 (文法)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)" title="一致 (語法) – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="一致 (語法)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q829903#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namnrymder"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kongruens_(lingvistik)" title="Visa innehållssidan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskussion:Kongruens_(lingvistik)" rel="discussion" title="Diskussion om innehållssidan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ändra språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">svenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" 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id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=history" title="Tidigare versioner av sidan [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Visa historik</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Sidverktyg"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verktyg" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verktyg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kongruens</b> syftar på <i>samstämmigheten</i> eller <i>variationen</i> mellan olika relaterade ord.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta kan bero på <a href="/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik">grammatiska</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Semantik" title="Semantik">semantiska</a> egenskaper hos andra ord – <a href="/wiki/Huvudord" title="Huvudord">huvudord</a> – som de är kopplade till. Då uppstår grammatisk kongruens. Ett snarlikt ord är <i>konkordans</i>, som syftar på ett ords användning i olika språkliga sammanhang. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Varianter">Varianter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Varianter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Varianter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjektiviska ord (<a href="/wiki/Adjektiv" title="Adjektiv">adjektiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particip" title="Particip">particip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Possessivt_pronomen" title="Possessivt pronomen">possessiva pronomen</a> samt vissa <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4kneord" title="Räkneord">räkneord</a>) och <a href="/wiki/Artikel_(grammatik)" title="Artikel (grammatik)">artiklar</a> kongruensböjs ofta efter egenskaper som <a href="/wiki/Grammatiskt_genus" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatiskt genus">genus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordklass" title="Ordklass">klass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numerus" title="Numerus">numerus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Species_(grammatik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Species (grammatik)">species</a> och artikel hos de <a href="/wiki/Substantiv" title="Substantiv">substantiv</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Pronomen" title="Pronomen">pronomen</a> som de beskriver eller preciserar. Kongruens hos adjektiv är vanligast i språk där adjektiviska ord i <a href="/wiki/Attribut_(lingvistik)" title="Attribut (lingvistik)">attributställning</a> placeras efter huvudordet (och kongruenskategoriernas <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> är <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>). Böjning förekommer också för adjektivistiska ord som <a href="/wiki/Predikatsfyllnad" class="mw-redirect" title="Predikatsfyllnad">predikatsfyllnad</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Finit_verb" title="Finit verb">Finita verbformer</a> kongruensböjs i många språk efter satsens <a href="/wiki/Subjekt_(satsdel)" title="Subjekt (satsdel)">subjekt</a> eller, mer sällan, dess <a href="/wiki/Objekt_(satsdel)" title="Objekt (satsdel)">objekt</a>. Sådan <i>verbkongruens</i> saknas i modern svenska, men finns kvar i vissa genuina folkmål i bland annat <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>. </p><p>Attributets (och predikatfyllnadens) böjning efter genus, numerus och kasus är utbredd i äldre <a href="/wiki/Indoeuropeiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Indoeuropeiska språk">indoeuropeiska språk</a>, exempelvis <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a> och <a href="/wiki/Klassisk_grekiska" title="Klassisk grekiska">klassisk grekiska</a>, så man antar att detta även gällde i <a href="/wiki/Urindoeuropeiska" title="Urindoeuropeiska">urindoeuropeiskan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I_olika_språk"><span id="I_olika_spr.C3.A5k"></span>I olika språk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: I olika språk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: I olika språk"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Svenska">Svenska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Svenska" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Svenska"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>På modern <a href="/wiki/Svenska" title="Svenska">svenska</a> kongruensböjs attributiva adjektiv efter substantiviska ords genus (<i>en lång arm</i> - <i>ett lång<b>t</b> ben</i>), numerus (<i>lång<b>a</b> arm<b>ar</b></i>) och bestämd form (<i>den lång<b>a</b> arm<b>en</b></i>), samt, bara i bestämd form singularis och numera frivilligt, efter semantiskt kön (<i>den långa flickan</i> - <i>den lång<b>e</b> pojken</i>). Predikativa adjektiv saknar kongruensböjning för bestämdhet (<i>En pojke är lång - Pojken är lång</i>), men böjs efter genus och numerus (<i>Benet är långt</i>, <i>Dessa flickor är långa</i>). Även artiklar, adjektiviska pronomen (<i>min</i>, <i>någon</i>, <i>denna</i>, med flera) samt vissa räkneord (<i>en</i>, <i>första</i> och <i>andra</i>) kongruensböjs enligt en eller flera av de nämnda egenskaperna. Kongruensböjningen låter egenskaper hos huvudordet, eller dess <a href="/w/index.php?title=Referent&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Referent [inte skriven än]">referent</a>, följas åt genom hela <a href="/wiki/Nominalfras" title="Nominalfras">nominalfrasen</a>. </p><p>Skillnaden mellan den "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Stark_adjektivb%C3%B6jning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stark adjektivböjning [inte skriven än]">starka</a>" och den "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Svag_adjektivb%C3%B6jning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svag adjektivböjning [inte skriven än]">svaga</a>" <a href="/wiki/Adjektiv#Böjning" title="Adjektiv">adjektivböjningen</a> bestäms dock bara delvis av huvudordets form. </p><p>I litet äldre svenska (exempelvis i <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasas_bibel" title="Gustav Vasas bibel">Gustav Vasas bibel</a>) kongruensböjde man också efter <a href="/wiki/Kasus" title="Kasus">kasus</a>, exempelvis <i>mins herras</i> med genitivmarkörer på både attributet och huvudordet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andra_nordiska_språk"><span id="Andra_nordiska_spr.C3.A5k"></span>Andra nordiska språk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Andra nordiska språk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Andra nordiska språk"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern danska har ungefär samma kongruensböjning som modern svenska, men helt utan skillnaden i semantiskt kön (utom i personliga pronomina). Modern norska har olika språkbruk, beroende på vilken av huvudformerna (bokmål/riksmål eller nynorsk) som används, och delvis beroende på vilken del av landet man kommer från. Kongruensböjning uppehålls mer i attributställning än i predikatsfyllnad. I nynorsk kongruensböjer man efter tre grammatiska genus, med en tydlig skillnad mellan <a href="/wiki/Femininum" title="Femininum">femininum</a> och <a href="/wiki/Maskulinum" title="Maskulinum">maskulinum</a> (<i>ein gut</i>, en pojke; <i>ei jente</i>, en flicka). Samma skillnad var till för inte så länge sedan rätt vanlig i en del svenska dialekter. </p><p>Isländska upprätthåller full kongruensböjning efter kasus, genus och numerus, även i predikatsfyllnader. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tyska">Tyska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tyska" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tyska"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I modern tyska kongruensböjer man attribut efter genus, kasus, numerus och (ungefär) bestämdhet; men predikatsfyllnad kongruensböjs inte alls. Skillnaden mellan stark och svag form är tydlig, men i mindre grad än i svenskan kopplad till bestämdhet/obestämdhet. I äldre tyska kongruensböjdes även predikativ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engelska">Engelska</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Engelska" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Engelska"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern engelska saknar helt kongruensböjning av attribut. I äldre engelska, exempelvis i <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a>, böjdes ungefär som i tyska. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konkordans">Konkordans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Konkordans" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Konkordans"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="font-style:italic; ;"> <dl><dd>Se även: <a href="/wiki/Konkordans_(spr%C3%A5kvetenskap)" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkordans (språkvetenskap)">Konkordans (språkvetenskap)</a></dd></dl></div> <p><b>Konkordans</b> ('samstämmighet') syftar på <i>samstämmigheten</i> mellan hur ett visst ord används i olika sammanhang, dess ordfrekvens eller olika ords samförekomster.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ett vanligt sätt att presentera en konkordans är att olika förekomster av sökordet (eller -orden) är listade centrerat under varandra, med höger- och vänsterkontext, det vill säga ett antal ord före och efter sökordet. <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kbanken" class="mw-redirect" title="Språkbanken">Språkbankens</a> konkordansverktyg gör det möjligt att söka i svenska <a href="/wiki/Korpus_(spr%C3%A5kdata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Korpus (språkdata)">korpusar</a> med många miljoner ord. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personkongruens" title="Personkongruens">Personkongruens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personligt_pronomen" title="Personligt pronomen">Personligt pronomen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/kongruens">”kongruens - Uppslagsverk - NE.se”</a>. <i><span>www.ne.se</span></i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/kongruens">https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/kongruens</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 april 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=kongruens+-+Uppslagsverk+-+NE.se&rft.atitle=www.ne.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ne.se%2Fuppslagsverk%2Fencyklopedi%2Fl%25C3%25A5ng%2Fkongruens&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kongruens_(lingvistik)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFLindberg2018">Lindberg, Inger (2018). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://larportalen.skolverket.se/LarportalenAPI/api-v2/document/path/larportalen/material/inriktningar/5-las-skriv/Grundskola/033_nyanlandas-sprakutveckling/del_06/Material/Flik/Del_06_MomentA/Artiklar/M33_7-9_gy_06A_Spaning2.docx">Språk-, läs- och skrivutveckling – Grundskola åk 7-9, gymnasieskola språkintroduktion – Modul: Nyanländas språkutveckling – Del 6: På spaning efter språkliga mönster</a></i>. sid. 8<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://larportalen.skolverket.se/LarportalenAPI/api-v2/document/path/larportalen/material/inriktningar/5-las-skriv/Grundskola/033_nyanlandas-sprakutveckling/del_06/Material/Flik/Del_06_MomentA/Artiklar/M33_7-9_gy_06A_Spaning2.docx">https://larportalen.skolverket.se/LarportalenAPI/api-v2/document/path/larportalen/material/inriktningar/5-las-skriv/Grundskola/033_nyanlandas-sprakutveckling/del_06/Material/Flik/Del_06_MomentA/Artiklar/M33_7-9_gy_06A_Spaning2.docx</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 11 april 2022</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5k-%2C+l%C3%A4s-+och+skrivutveckling+%E2%80%93+Grundskola+%C3%A5k+7-9%2C+gymnasieskola+spr%C3%A5kintroduktion+%E2%80%93+Modul%3A+Nyanl%C3%A4ndas+spr%C3%A5kutveckling+%E2%80%93+Del+6%3A+P%C3%A5+spaning+efter+spr%C3%A5kliga+m%C3%B6nster&rft.aulast=Lindberg&rft.aufirst=Inger&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+Inger&rft.date=2018&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flarportalen.skolverket.se%2FLarportalenAPI%2Fapi-v2%2Fdocument%2Fpath%2Flarportalen%2Fmaterial%2Finriktningar%2F5-las-skriv%2FGrundskola%2F033_nyanlandas-sprakutveckling%2Fdel_06%2FMaterial%2FFlik%2FDel_06_MomentA%2FArtiklar%2FM33_7-9_gy_06A_Spaning2.docx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Kongruens_(lingvistik)"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Hämtad från ”<a dir="ltr" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&oldid=56338085">https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kongruens_(lingvistik)&oldid=56338085</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kategorier" title="Wikipedia:Kategorier">Kategorier</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Lingvistisk_morfologi" title="Kategori:Lingvistisk morfologi">Lingvistisk morfologi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Lingvistik" title="Kategori:Lingvistik">Lingvistik</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Sidan redigerades senast den 27 november 2024 kl. 13.57.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Wikipedias text är tillgänglig under licensen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.sv">Creative Commons Erkännande-dela-lika 4.0 Unported</a>. 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