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(PDF) Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Stem Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus
<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="MoRlbUbooNox2J03q1A2hofFRNVtc6_b6_XpPhivCx1xqOxWvwETFIoL_AFPYLcoXM8LxJhNtcYqRcJHq4Ra_w" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Stem Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/17483970/Phytochemical_Screening_and_Antimicrobial_Activity_of_Crude_Stem_Bark_Extracts_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpus" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Stem Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Aims: This study was aimed at screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus Study Design: Stem bark of Anogeissus leiocapus was extracted using solvent extraction method; with ethanol," /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/3168804/7041727/17256968/s200_abdullahi_ibrahim.uba.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/17483970/Phytochemical_Screening_and_Antimicrobial_Activity_of_Crude_Stem_Bark_Extracts_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpus" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Stem Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Aims: This study was aimed at screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus Study Design: Stem bark of Anogeissus leiocapus was extracted using solvent extraction method; with ethanol," /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://buk.academia.edu/AbdullahiIbrahimUba" /> <meta name="description" content="Aims: This study was aimed at screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus Study Design: Stem bark of Anogeissus leiocapus was extracted using solvent extraction method; with ethanol," /> <title>(PDF) Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Stem Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/17483970/Phytochemical_Screening_and_Antimicrobial_Activity_of_Crude_Stem_Bark_Extracts_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpus" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739852739000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739852739000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Aims: This study was aimed at screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus Study Design: Stem bark of Anogeissus leiocapus was extracted using solvent extraction method; with ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and water soluble extracts. Each extract was screened for phytochemicals and tested for sensitivity against E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out at the department of Chemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The duration of the study is 6 months, 2 weeks. Methodology: The stem bark of the plant was dried, ground, sieved and stored at roomtemperature. The sieved powder (200 g) of Anogeissus leiocarpus was percolated with 95% Ethanol (1 l). Maceration was conducted using ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and water soluble extracts. Each extract was screened for phytochemicals and tested for sensitivity against E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and sugars while antimicrobial activity test at various concentration showed that all the extracts had antimicrobial activity against E. coli (causative of diarrhea) and Shigella dysenteriae (causative of dysentery) at different concentrations with the exception of ethyl acetate soluble extract which showed no antimicrobial activity against E. coli. Conclusion: Thus, the plant can be a potential source of bioactive compounds to be considered in the management of infectious diseases, notably diarrhea and dysentery.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba","url":"https://buk.academia.edu/AbdullahiIbrahimUba"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2015-10-29","dateModified":"2015-10-29","headline":"Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Stem Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39713905/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Bioactive Compounds"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"buk"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/39713905/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17483970/Phytochemical_Screening_and_Antimicrobial_Activity_of_Crude_Stem_Bark_Extracts_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpus"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: 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[{"id":39713905,"identifier":"Attachment_39713905","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":17483970,"created_at":"2015-10-29T15:00:20.638-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2021-01-13T08:39:42.199-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Aims: This study was aimed at screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus\nStudy Design: Stem bark of Anogeissus leiocapus was extracted using solvent extraction method;\nwith ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and water soluble extracts. Each extract was\nscreened for phytochemicals and tested for sensitivity against E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae.\nPlace and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out at the department of Chemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The duration of the study is 6 months, 2 weeks.\nMethodology: The stem bark of the plant was dried, ground, sieved and stored at roomtemperature. The sieved powder (200 g) of Anogeissus leiocarpus was percolated with 95% Ethanol (1 l). Maceration was conducted using ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and\nwater soluble extracts. Each extract was screened for phytochemicals and tested for sensitivity\nagainst E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae.\nResults: Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and sugars while antimicrobial activity test at various concentration showed that all the extracts had antimicrobial activity against E. coli (causative of diarrhea) and Shigella dysenteriae (causative of dysentery) at different concentrations with the exception of ethyl acetate soluble extract which showed no antimicrobial activity against E. coli.\nConclusion: Thus, the plant can be a potential source of bioactive compounds to be considered in the management of infectious diseases, notably diarrhea and dysentery."},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Stem Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3168804]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":39713905,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Stem Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/39713905/mini_magick20190222-28395-2bm8az.png?1550863475" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Stem Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3168804" href="https://buk.academia.edu/AbdullahiIbrahimUba"><img alt="Profile image of Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3168804/7041727/17256968/s65_abdullahi_ibrahim.uba.jpg" />Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">7 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 17483970; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Aims: This study was aimed at screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of stem bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus Study Design: Stem bark of Anogeissus leiocapus was extracted using solvent extraction method; with ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and water soluble extracts. Each extract was screened for phytochemicals and tested for sensitivity against E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out at the department of Chemistry, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria. The duration of the study is 6 months, 2 weeks. Methodology: The stem bark of the plant was dried, ground, sieved and stored at roomtemperature. The sieved powder (200 g) of Anogeissus leiocarpus was percolated with 95% Ethanol (1 l). Maceration was conducted using ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and water soluble extracts. Each extract was screened for phytochemicals and tested for sensitivity against E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of alkaloid, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and sugars while antimicrobial activity test at various concentration showed that all the extracts had antimicrobial activity against E. coli (causative of diarrhea) and Shigella dysenteriae (causative of dysentery) at different concentrations with the exception of ethyl acetate soluble extract which showed no antimicrobial activity against E. coli. Conclusion: Thus, the plant can be a potential source of bioactive compounds to be considered in the management of infectious diseases, notably diarrhea and dysentery.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":39713905,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/17483970/Phytochemical_Screening_and_Antimicrobial_Activity_of_Crude_Stem_Bark_Extracts_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpus"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":39713905,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/17483970/Phytochemical_Screening_and_Antimicrobial_Activity_of_Crude_Stem_Bark_Extracts_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpus"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Phytochemical studies have shown that these species are very rich in flavonoids (isoflavones) and alkaloids (quinolizidine and bipiperidyl). The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition of both Retama species by GC/MS and LC/MS and to determinate their antimicrobial activity of two Retama species growing naturally in Algeria. Ten alkaloids and seven flavonoids were identified in cladodes of RR and RS. The quantitative analysis showed that the most abundant flavonoid of both the aqueous extract from RR and RS was the isoflavone genistein (610.0±2.8 and 408.0±14.1 mg/100 g respectively), whereas sparteine was the predominant alkaloid in RR and retamine in RS. The antibacterial activity of Retama extracts against standard strains was performed by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and by the disc diffusion method (expressed by inhibition zone, IZ). Both Retama species showed the best activity against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), being RS aqueous extract more active than RR aqueous extract, with MIC 125 µg/mL and bactericidal activity against both strains.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phytochemical profile and Antibacterial activity of stem bark of Anogeissus latifolia","attachmentId":66894298,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48113217/Phytochemical_profile_and_Antibacterial_activity_of_stem_bark_of_Anogeissus_latifolia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48113217/Phytochemical_profile_and_Antibacterial_activity_of_stem_bark_of_Anogeissus_latifolia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="49201951" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49201951/Phytochemical_and_Antimicrobial_Studies_of_Stem_Bark_Extracts_of_Anogeissusleiocarpus_Found_in_Dutsin_Ma_Katsina_Nigeria">Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Stem-Bark Extracts of Anogeissusleiocarpus Found in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina - Nigeria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="108094263" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbdulrasheedHalliruUsman">Abdulrasheed Halliru Usman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Preliminary characterization of phytocompounds from stem bark of Anogeissusleiocarpus and its antimicrobial effects was carried out in this study. Concentrated and dried extracts obtained, after extraction of the plant material, were subjected to phytochemical screening and FT-IR analysis. Part of extracts obtained were used for antimicrobial studies on eleven pathogenic clinical isolates namely Methicillin resistant Staphylococcusaureus, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi, Candida krusei, Candida albicans and Candida stellatoidea using standard protocols. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts revealed the presence of, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and reducing sugars. FT-IR&#39;s spectroscopic analysis showed characteristic peaks of alcohols, ethers, esters, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and amines groups matching with some of...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Stem-Bark Extracts of Anogeissusleiocarpus Found in Dutsin-Ma, Katsina - Nigeria","attachmentId":67589529,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49201951/Phytochemical_and_Antimicrobial_Studies_of_Stem_Bark_Extracts_of_Anogeissusleiocarpus_Found_in_Dutsin_Ma_Katsina_Nigeria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49201951/Phytochemical_and_Antimicrobial_Studies_of_Stem_Bark_Extracts_of_Anogeissusleiocarpus_Found_in_Dutsin_Ma_Katsina_Nigeria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12333900" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12333900/In_Vitro_Antibacterial_Activity_and_Preliminary_Phytochemical_Screening_of_Four_Plants_on_Selected_Clinical_Pathogens">In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Four Plants on Selected Clinical Pathogens </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17711752" href="https://ijsrp.academia.edu/ijsrporg">IJSRP Journal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Twelve preparation of the ethanol and water extracts of four medicinal plants,Anogeissus leiocarpus(root and bark), Terminalia glaucescens(root and bark), Adansonia digitata(bark) and Lennea welwitschii(bark) were screened for their inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhii, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysentriae using the agar-diffusion method. The efficacy of the extracts was assessed by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition around the colonies on nutrient agar medium. The result obtained showed that the ethanol extracts (root) from T. glaucenscens and A. leiocarpus were active against all the test bacteria. The ethanol and aqueous extracts of A. digitata did not exert any inhibitory effect on test organisms, while the other eight extracts exhibited variable antibacterial activities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"In Vitro Antibacterial Activity and Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Four Plants on Selected Clinical Pathogens ","attachmentId":37602625,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12333900/In_Vitro_Antibacterial_Activity_and_Preliminary_Phytochemical_Screening_of_Four_Plants_on_Selected_Clinical_Pathogens","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12333900/In_Vitro_Antibacterial_Activity_and_Preliminary_Phytochemical_Screening_of_Four_Plants_on_Selected_Clinical_Pathogens"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="122742218" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122742218/Phytochemical_and_antimicrobial_screening_of_the_stem_aqueous_extract_of_Anisopus_mannii">Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the stem aqueous extract of Anisopus mannii</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2710686" href="https://upm.academia.edu/DahiruSani">Dahiru Sani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Medicinal plants will continue to be relevant in the production of lead compounds that can be utilized for its antibacterial activity directly or through chemical modification (s). Aims: The present study is conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity vis-à-vis phytochemical constituents of Globimetula oreophila and Phragmanthera capitata. Materials and Methods: Cup plate agar diffusion assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extracts of both plants against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by plotting the diameters of zones of inhibition against the logarithm of concentrations and the straight line graph so generated extrapolated to the value equivalent to the diameter of the cork-borer. The antilog of the corresponding value of concentration was taken as the MIC value. Statistical Analysis: All the values of the results of cup plate diffusion assay were expressed as means of two replicates ± standard deviation. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening reveals the presence of saponin, tannins, alkaloids, anthraquinones and flavonoid in both plants. Antibacterial screening of both plants showed that both of them were active against all clinical bacterial isolates tested with P. capitata having a higher activity than G. oreophila on most of the isolates. The ability of both plants to inhibit the growth of S. typhi is a major breakthrough in the control of incidence of typhoid fever notwithstanding the reports of resistance to existing antibiotics. Conclusion: It therefore follows that the importance of both plants in the management and control of infections with which all the bacterial isolates used for this study were associated cannot be underestimated.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the stem aqueous extract of Anisopus mannii","attachmentId":117345075,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122742218/Phytochemical_and_antimicrobial_screening_of_the_stem_aqueous_extract_of_Anisopus_mannii","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122742218/Phytochemical_and_antimicrobial_screening_of_the_stem_aqueous_extract_of_Anisopus_mannii"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="63460004" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63460004/Antibacterial_and_Phytochemical_Evaluation_of_Three_Medicinal_Plants">Antibacterial and Phytochemical Evaluation of Three Medicinal Plants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="157301036" href="https://khybermedical.academia.edu/ZainabGul">Zainab Gul</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aqueos and ethanol extracts of the leaves, bark and roots of Senna hirsuta, Landolphia dulcis and Daniella oliveri were examined for possible sources of antimicrobial activities and phytochemical constitu ents. The preliminary evaluations of both the aqueous and ethanol extracts exhibited app reciable inhibitory activities on the tested pathogenic bacterial isolates at concentrati on of 20mg m/L. S.hirsuta showed more therapeutic activity where the aqueous extract of t he leaves displayed inhibitory potency (30-37mm) in diameter on the tested bacterial isola tes. The ethanol extract of the leaves showed inhibitory halo of between (30-38mm) in diameter. However, the leaves extracts of other plants as well demonstrated higher antibac terial potency than the bark and roots extracts. Saponins and alkaloids were recorded pres ent in all the plants parts. While highest saponins constituent (5.10±0.11%) was recor ded in the leaves extracts of L.dulcis , alkaloids was also highest in it...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibacterial and Phytochemical Evaluation of Three Medicinal Plants","attachmentId":75883241,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63460004/Antibacterial_and_Phytochemical_Evaluation_of_Three_Medicinal_Plants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63460004/Antibacterial_and_Phytochemical_Evaluation_of_Three_Medicinal_Plants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="110693855" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/110693855/A_comparative_study_of_antimicrobial_activity_of_the_extracts_from_root_leaf_and_stem_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpous_growing_in_Sudan">A comparative study of antimicrobial activity of the extracts from root, leaf and stem of Anogeissus leiocarpous growing in Sudan</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="281518261" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SaadAyoub6">Saad Ayoub</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Anogeissus leiocarpus plant is widely used in African and Sudanese traditional medicine and is well known for its antimicrobial activities against many pathogenic microorganisms for treating of many diseases. This study was carried out in vitro to compare the antibacterial and antifungal activities of alcoholic crude extracts and their petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions of the leaf, stem and root of A. leiocarpusrngrowing in Sudan against five standards bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and two standards fungi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The bioactive fractions were subjected to TLC and HPLC analysis. The results showed remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities of A. leiocarpus against these seven tested microorganisms. A comparison of RP HPLC-DAD chromatogram of six bioactive fractions clearly represented the presence of different phenolic compounds.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A comparative study of antimicrobial activity of the extracts from root, leaf and stem of Anogeissus leiocarpous growing in Sudan","attachmentId":108431921,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/110693855/A_comparative_study_of_antimicrobial_activity_of_the_extracts_from_root_leaf_and_stem_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpous_growing_in_Sudan","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/110693855/A_comparative_study_of_antimicrobial_activity_of_the_extracts_from_root_leaf_and_stem_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpous_growing_in_Sudan"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="96493413" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/96493413/Antibacterial_study_of_guava_leaves_on_some_enteric_bacteria_E_coli_and_Shigella_dysentriae_from_Sokoto_Nigeria">Antibacterial study of guava leaves on some enteric bacteria (E. coli and Shigella dysentriae) from Sokoto, Nigeria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="134214086" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YusufSarkingobir">Yusuf Sarkingobir</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study conducted identification of phytochemicals in guava and expunge the antimicrobial capacity possessed by the plant on some bacteria. Ethanol and water were utilized to make the plant extracts that are used against Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae all isolated from clinical isolates. The results showed that the phytochemicals were present in leave extracts of P. guajava. The plant contains alkaloid, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroid. The antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaves extract of P. guajava revealed the mean diameter of zone of inhibition of extract on the test isolate with E. coli spp being the most susceptible isolate at 200 mg/ml concentration (20 mm). The ethanol extracts revealed the highest activity against the test bacteria, Escherichia coli (20mm zone of inhibition, MIC of 12.5mg/ml, and MBC of 25mg/ml) followed by Shigella (18.3mm zone of inhibition, MIC of 6.25mg/ml and MBC of 25mg/ml). The aqueous extracts showed slightly lower activity on the test organisms compare to the water extracts. Escherichia coli (8.6mm zone of inhibition, MIC of 12.5mg/ml and MBC of 12.5mg/ml), followed by Shigella (5mm zone of inhibition, MIC of 12.5mg/ml and MBC of 25mg/ml). The obtained result displayed that both extracts impede the growth of the test isolates using 6.25-25mg/ml concentration. In turn, the leave contains of the plant can be improved to benefit from its antibacterial and phytochemical compounds.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibacterial study of guava leaves on some enteric bacteria (E. coli and Shigella dysentriae) from Sokoto, Nigeria","attachmentId":98376938,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/96493413/Antibacterial_study_of_guava_leaves_on_some_enteric_bacteria_E_coli_and_Shigella_dysentriae_from_Sokoto_Nigeria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/96493413/Antibacterial_study_of_guava_leaves_on_some_enteric_bacteria_E_coli_and_Shigella_dysentriae_from_Sokoto_Nigeria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="87739306" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87739306/Phytochemical_and_antimicrobial_screening_of_three_Nigerian_medicinal_plants_used_to_treat_infectious_diseases_traditionally">Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of three Nigerian medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases traditionally</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="184252033" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LanreMoody">Lanre Moody</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Traditional healers have successfully used several species of the genus Ficus to cure several ailments such as; diarrhea, dysentery, cuts, wounds, mumps, cholera, and jaundice. Ficus natalensis being of the same genus was screened for the presence of phytochemicals and antimicrobial effects. Phytochemical investigation of crude extracts of F. natalensis showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, saponins, tannins, glycosides, steroids, triterpenes and anthraquinones. The crude hexane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions had inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Escherichia coli, Candida krusei ,and Candida tropicalis. Minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC)/(MFC) and Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were carried out on the extracts using the two fold serial dilution method at concentrations of 20 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL and 0.63 mg/mL but the crude extracts did not show inhibitory effect on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcusaureus, Shigeiladysenteriae, Vancomycin resistant enterococci, and Campylobacter jejuni.The result in this work agrees with the ethno-medicinal claim on this specie of the genus.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of three Nigerian medicinal plants used to treat infectious diseases traditionally","attachmentId":91869008,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87739306/Phytochemical_and_antimicrobial_screening_of_three_Nigerian_medicinal_plants_used_to_treat_infectious_diseases_traditionally","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87739306/Phytochemical_and_antimicrobial_screening_of_three_Nigerian_medicinal_plants_used_to_treat_infectious_diseases_traditionally"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="14531775" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14531775/Antibacterial_activity_of_some_African_medicinal_plants_used_traditionally_against_infectious_diseases">Antibacterial activity of some African medicinal plants used traditionally against infectious diseases</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33489841" href="https://lisboa.academia.edu/AidaDuarte">Aida Duarte</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pharmaceutical Biology, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Context: Plants are known to play a crucial role in African traditional medicine for the treatment of infection diseases. Objectives: To investigate the claimed antimicrobial properties of plants traditionally used in African countries, providing scientific validation for their use. Materials and methods: Eighty-three polar and non-polar extracts from 22 medicinal plants were screened for their antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and Mycobacterium smegmatis using the broth microdilution method. Results and Discussion: In vitro antibacterial activity against one or more tested bacteria was shown by 83% of the extracts. The highest activity was obtained with the methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Acacia karroo Hayne (Fabaceae) and Anacardium occidentale L. (Anacardiaceae) and the roots of Bridelia cathartica G. Bertol (Euphorbiaceae), against S. aureus (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 7.5 µg/mL). The same MIC values were exhibited against E. faecalis by the methanol extract of A. occidentale, the dichloromethane and methanol extracts of B. cathartica and the ethyl acetate extract of Momordica balsamina l. (Curcubitaceae) leaves. Gram-negative bacteria were less sensitive; the growth of P. aeruginosa was significantly inhibited (MIC = 31 µg/mL) by the n-hexane and methanol extracts of Gomphocarpus fruticosus (l.) Ait. (Asclepiadaceae) fruits and by the dichloromethane extract of Trichilia emetica Vahl (Meliaceae) seeds. Most of the active extracts were rich in fenols/flavonoids. Conclusion: This study supports the use of most of the studied plants in traditional medicine, for the treatment of infectious diseases. Some of them are worthy of further investigation. Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Lisboa on 12/02/11 For personal use only. Pharmaceutical Biology Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Lisboa on 12/02/11</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Antibacterial activity of some African medicinal plants used traditionally against infectious diseases","attachmentId":44088276,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14531775/Antibacterial_activity_of_some_African_medicinal_plants_used_traditionally_against_infectious_diseases","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14531775/Antibacterial_activity_of_some_African_medicinal_plants_used_traditionally_against_infectious_diseases"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="103603238" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103603238/PHYTOCHEMICAL_PROFILES_OF_THREE_TRADITIONAL_MEDICINAL_PLANTS_AND_ITS_ANTIMICROBIAL_ACTIVITIES">PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF THREE TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="265496504" href="https://independent.academia.edu/InternationalJournalofPharmacyandPharmaceuticalSciencesIJPPS">International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (IJPPS)</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective: The objective of the current study was to compare the phytochemical composition and to evaluate the antibacterial properties of Cissus qudrangularis, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Trigonella foenum-graecum against the bacterial strains Escherichia coli and Bacillus circulans. Methods: Qualitative analysis and quantitative estimation of various phytochemical components were done using standard protocols. Antibacterial activity against gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Bacillus circulans was evaluated using standard protocol of agar well diffusion and disc diffusion assay. The zone of inhibition was calculated. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins and tannins in all three plant extracts. In quantitative estimation, Cinnamomum zeylanicum showed high alkaloid content (22%), Cissus qudrangularis showed high saponin content (6%) Trigonella foenum-graecum showed a high concentration (4.65 mg/g) of tannin. All the three plants showed moderate antimicrobial activity. The water extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum showed the highest zone of inhibition (13 mm) against Escherichia coli and the water extract of Trigonella foenumgraecum showed the highest zone of inhibition (11 mm) against Bacillus circulans. Conclusion: The result of this study supports the use of all the selected three medicinal plants as a source of antibacterial substance for the possible treatment of human pathogenic organisms. These plants can be further subjected to isolation of the therapeutic phytochemicals and further pharmacological evaluation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"PHYTOCHEMICAL PROFILES OF THREE TRADITIONAL MEDICINAL PLANTS AND ITS ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES","attachmentId":103567349,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103603238/PHYTOCHEMICAL_PROFILES_OF_THREE_TRADITIONAL_MEDICINAL_PLANTS_AND_ITS_ANTIMICROBIAL_ACTIVITIES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103603238/PHYTOCHEMICAL_PROFILES_OF_THREE_TRADITIONAL_MEDICINAL_PLANTS_AND_ITS_ANTIMICROBIAL_ACTIVITIES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39713905,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":39713905,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_39713905" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="107796502" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107796502/Anti_radical_and_antibacterial_activities_of_the_ethanolic_extract_bark_of_Anogeissus_leiocarpus_Guill_Et_Perr_from_Chad">Anti radical and antibacterial activities of the ethanolic extract bark of Anogeissus leiocarpus (Guill. 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