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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ancient rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Ethiopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sinosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Sinosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.4</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.6</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.7</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Religious offices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_offices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious offices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coptic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coptic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Coptic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coptic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_caliphates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_caliphates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Islamic caliphates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_caliphates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Regnal name</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A" title="اسم ملكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اسم ملكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_regnat" title="Nom de regnat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nom de regnat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nombre_regnal" title="Nombre regnal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nombre regnal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nom_de_r%C3%A8gne" title="Nom de règne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nom de règne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4%ED%98%B8" title="존호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_regnal" title="Nama regnal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nama regnal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_regale" title="Nome regale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nome regale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99" title="שם מלכותי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שם מלכותי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nama_pemerintahan" title="Nama pemerintahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nama pemerintahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8A%E5%8F%B7" title="尊号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="尊号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nome_r%C3%A9gio" title="Nome régio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nome régio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8F" title="Тронное имя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тронное имя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Regnal name" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladarsko_ime" title="Vladarsko ime – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vladarsko ime" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Престоно име – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Престоно име" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronsko_ime" title="Tronsko ime – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tronsko ime" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallitsijanimi" title="Hallitsijanimi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hallitsijanimi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A2_(%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2)" title="พระปรมาภิไธย (พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระปรมาภิไธย (พระมหากษัตริย์ไทย)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%96%D0%BC%27%D1%8F" title="Тронне ім'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тронне ім'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_hi%E1%BB%87u" title="Tôn hiệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tôn hiệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8A%E5%8F%B7" title="尊号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尊号" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Name chosen by a reigning monarch, different from their original secular name</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Regnal_name" title="Special:EditPage/Regnal name">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Regnal+name%22">"Regnal name"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Regnal+name%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Regnal+name%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Regnal+name%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Regnal+name%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Regnal+name%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>regnal name</b>, <b>regnant name</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-regnant_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regnant-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>reign name</b> is the name used by <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a> during their <a href="/wiki/Reign" title="Reign">reigns</a> and subsequently, historically. Since ancient times, some monarchs have chosen to use a different name from their original name when they accede to the monarchy. </p><p>The regnal name is usually followed by a <a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">regnal number</a>, written as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a>, to differentiate that monarch from others who have used the same name while ruling the same realm. In some cases, the monarch has more than one regnal name, but the regnal number is based on only one of those names, for example <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Charles X Gustav of Sweden</a>. If a monarch reigns in more than one realm, they may carry different ordinals in each one, as some realms may have had different numbers of rulers of the same regnal name. For example, the same person was both <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI of Scotland and King James I of England</a>. </p><p>The ordinal is not normally used for the first ruler of the name, but is used in historical references once the name is used again. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> of England was called simply "Elizabeth of England" until the accession of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> almost four centuries later in 1952; subsequent historical references to the earlier queen retroactively refer to her as Elizabeth I. However, <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Tsar Paul I of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">King Umberto I of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Carlos I of Spain">King Juan Carlos I of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia">Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">Pope John Paul I</a> all used the ordinal I (first) during their reigns. In spoken English, such names are pronounced as "Elizabeth the First", "George the Sixth", etc. </p><p>In some countries in Asia, monarchs took or take <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era names</a>. While era names as such are not used in many monarchies, sometimes eras are named after a monarch (usually long-lived), or a succession of monarchs of the same name. This is customary; there is no formal or general rule. For example, the whole period during which a succession of four Georges (<a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of Great Britain">III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">IV</a>) of the Hanoverian dynasty reigned in Great Britain became known as the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a>. Conversely, although there were many Edwards, the <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a> always refers to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> at the beginning of the 20th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monarchies">Monarchies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Monarchies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_rulers">Ancient rulers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Throne_name_(Ancient_Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Throne name (Ancient Egypt)">Throne name (Ancient Egypt)</a></div> <p>Ancient rulers in many parts of the world took regnal names or throne names which were different from their personal name. This is known to be true, for instance, of several kings of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and appears to be the case for several kings of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, Pharaohs took a number of names—the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary#(Throne_name_(praenomen)" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">praenomen</a></i> being the most commonly used, on occasion in conjunction with their personal name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethiopia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a>, many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Emperors_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Emperors of Ethiopia">Emperors</a> would take a throne name, though this was not a general practice; a great number of rulers would remain known during their reign by their birth names. <a href="/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekuno Amlak of Ethiopia">Yekuno Amlak</a>, the founder of the Solomonic dynasty, took his father's name, Tasfa Iyasus, as his throne name. <a href="/wiki/Yagbe%27u_Seyon_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia">Yagbe'u Seyon</a>, his son and heir, took the throne name <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Salomon</a> after the biblical figure. <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amda Seyon I of Ethiopia">Amda Seyon</a> took the throne name Gebre Mesqel, "slave of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tewodros I of Ethiopia">Tewodros I</a> was Walda Ambasa, "son of the lion"; <a href="/wiki/Sarwe_Iyasus" title="Sarwe Iyasus">Sarwe Iyasus</a> was Mehreka Nañ "distributor of your [the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Lord</a>'s] mercy"; etc. Tafari Makonnen, the last sovereign Emperor of Ethiopia, took as his throne name <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I">Haile Selassie</a>, meaning "Power of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the various extant <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nigerian_traditional_states" title="List of Nigerian traditional states">traditional states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, the regnal names of the titled monarchs, who are known locally as the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_traditional_rulers" title="Nigerian traditional rulers">traditional rulers</a>, serve two very important functions within the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Chieftaincy" title="Nigerian Chieftaincy">monarchical system</a>. Firstly, seeing as how most states are organised in such a way as to mean that <i>all</i> of the legitimate descendants of the first man or woman to arrive at the site of any given community are considered its dynastic <a href="/wiki/Heir" class="mw-redirect" title="Heir">heirs</a>, their thrones are usually rotated amongst almost endless pools of contending cousins who all share the names of the founders of their houses as primary surnames. In order to tell them all apart from one another, secondary surnames are also used for the <a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">septs</a> of each of the royal families that are eligible for the aforementioned rotations, names that often come from the names of state of the first members of their immediate lineages to rule in their lands. Whenever any of their direct heirs ascend the thrones, they often use their septs' names as reign names as well, using the appropriate ordinals to differentiate themselves from the founders of the said septs. An example of this is found in the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>, where the Adeniji-Adele family is distinguished from their numerous Adele cousins by the word <i>Adeniji</i>, which was actually the first name of the reigning founder of their branch of the dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)" title="Oba (ruler)">Oba</a> <a href="/wiki/Adeniji_Adele" title="Adeniji Adele">Adeniji Adele II</a>. This distinction notwithstanding, both groups of <a href="/wiki/Dynast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynast">dynasts</a> (as well as a number of other ones that do not have the name Adele as an official surname, such as that of the Oloye <a href="/wiki/Adekunle_Ojora" title="Adekunle Ojora">Adekunle Ojora</a>, a prominent nobleman of royal descent) are part of what is known as the Adele Ajosun Ruling House of Lagos. </p><p>Beyond that which is described above, regnal names also serve in Nigeria and indeed in much of Africa as chronological markers in much the same way that those of Europe do (e.g. the <i>Victorian</i> era). Whenever one hears of a person describing what happened at the time when so and so ruled over any particular place or people, what he or she is actually saying is that an event happened within a finite period of time, one that is equal to the duration of the reign of the monarch in question. Now seeing as how it is possible (and in fact common, particularly among the southern tribes) for one individual to have several different names and aliases in a single life, a certain degree of uniformity in usage is required if the history of an entire state is to be tied to his or her name. It is for this reason that when new monarchs are enthroned, the uniqueness of their names is usually considered to be a matter of considerable importance (even when it is caused by nothing more than the adding of ordinals to them or the allowing of more than a generation to pass before their subsequent usage). An example of this can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">kingdom of Benin</a>, where the throne name of <a href="/wiki/Erediauwa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Erediauwa I">Erediauwa I</a> became the surname of all of his immediate family in the Eweka royal house of the state, thus nominally tying them and their descendants to the era of his reign. This is especially obvious when their branch's name is compared to the last names of the said king's brothers and their heirs, named the Akenzuas after his father <a href="/wiki/Akenzua_II" title="Akenzua II">Akenzua II</a>, and his uncles and their heirs, named the Ewekas after his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Eweka_II" title="Eweka II">Eweka II</a>. </p><p>In the case of the comparatively small number of Nigerian monarchs, such as Obi <a href="/wiki/Nnaemeka_Alfred_Ugochukwu_Achebe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nnaemeka Alfred Ugochukwu Achebe">Nnaemeka Achebe</a> of <a href="/wiki/Onitsha" title="Onitsha">Onitsha</a>, who do not make use of regnal names as a result of a variety of reasons, pre-coronation names are maintained during their reigns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sinosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese era name</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean era name</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese era name</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese era name</a></div> <p>Monarchies of the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Chinese cultural sphere</a> practiced <a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">naming taboo</a>, wherein the personal names of the rulers were to be avoided. </p><p>Monarchs could adopt or be honored with regnal names (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">尊號</span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zūn hào</i></span>) during their reign or after they had abdicated. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_sovereign" title="Chinese sovereign">Chinese sovereigns</a> could be honored with temple names (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">廟號</span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">miào hào</i></span>) after their death, for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">ancestor worship</a>. Temple names consisted of two or three Chinese characters, with the last word being either <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zǔ</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">祖</span></span>; "progenitor") or <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zōng</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">宗</span></span>; "ancestor"). Since the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, Chinese monarchs were frequently accorded posthumous names (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">謚號</span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">shì hào</i></span>) after their death. Posthumous names were adjectives originally intended to determine the achievements and moral values, or the lack thereof, of one's life. Since both titles were accorded only after one's death, they were not effectively regnal names. As a result of Chinese cultural and political influence, temple names and posthumous names were adopted by monarchs of Korea and Vietnam, whereas monarchs of Japan adopted only posthumous names. </p><p>Since 140 BC, during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a>, Chinese sovereigns often proclaimed era names (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">年號</span></span>; <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">nián hào</i></span>) for the purpose of identifying and numbering years.<sup id="cite_ref-EraName1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EraName1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EraName2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EraName2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, it was common for Chinese monarchs to proclaim more than one era name during a single reign, or that a single era name could span the reigns of several rulers. Monarchs of the Ming and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, however, often adopted only one era name throughout their reign.<sup id="cite_ref-EraName3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EraName3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Chinese sovereigns of the Ming and Qing dynasties came to be highly associated with the corresponding era name of their reign and are commonly known by their respective era name with few exceptions, although era names were not effectively regnal names. The era name system was also adopted by rulers of Korea, Vietnam and Japan, with Japan still using the system to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-EraName2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EraName2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EraName4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EraName4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EraName5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EraName5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table provides examples from China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam to illustrate the differences between monarchical titles in the Sinosphere. <b>Bold</b> characters represent the most common way to refer to the monarchs. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Realm </th> <th>Dynasty </th> <th>Personal name </th> <th>Regnal name </th> <th>Era name </th> <th>Temple name </th> <th>Posthumous name </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">China </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhang_of_Han" title="Emperor Zhang of Han">Liu Da</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉炟</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td>Jianchu<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">建初</span></span><hr />Yuanhe<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">元和</span></span><hr />Zhanghe<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">章和</span></span> </td> <td>Suzong<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">肅宗</span></span> </td> <td><b>Emperor</b> Xiao<b>zhang</b><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">孝<b>章皇帝</b></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Li Longji</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">李隆基</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Kaiyuan Shengwen Shenwu<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">開元聖文神武皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Xiantian<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">先天</span></span><hr />Kaiyuan<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">開元</span></span><hr />Tianbao<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">天寶</span></span> </td> <td><b>Xuanzong</b><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><b>玄宗</b></span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Zhidao Dasheng Daming Xiao<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">至道大聖大明孝皇帝</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Yelü Deguang</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">耶律德光</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Sisheng<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">嗣聖皇帝</span></span> </td> <td>Tianxian<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">天顯</span></span><hr />Huitong<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">會同</span></span><hr />Datong<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大同</span></span> </td> <td><b>Taizong</b><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><b>太宗</b></span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Xiaowu Huiwen<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">孝武惠文皇帝</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiyuan" title="Liu Jiyuan">Liu Jiyuan</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉繼元</span></span> </td> <td><b>Emperor Yingwu</b><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><b>英武皇帝</b></span></span> </td> <td>Tianhui<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">天會</span></span><hr />Guangyun<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">廣運</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Aisin Gioro Xuanye</a><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">愛新覺羅·玄燁</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><b>Kangxi</b><br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant"><b>康熙</b></span></span> </td> <td>Shengzu<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">聖祖</span></span> </td> <td>Emperor Hetian Hongyun Wenwu Ruizhe Gongjian Kuanyu Xiaojing Chengxin Zhonghe Gongde Dacheng Ren<br /><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信中和功德大成仁皇帝</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Japan </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_House_of_Japan" title="Imperial House of Japan">Imperial dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Sh%C5%8Dmu" title="Emperor Shōmu">Obito</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">首</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinki_(era)" title="Jinki (era)">Jinki</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">神亀</span></span><hr /><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō">Tenpyō</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天平</span></span><hr /><a href="/wiki/Tenpy%C5%8D-kanp%C5%8D" title="Tenpyō-kanpō">Tenpyō-kanpō</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天平感宝</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><b>Emperor Shōmu</b><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>聖武天皇</b></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_K%C5%8Dmei" title="Emperor Kōmei">Osahito</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">統仁</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaei" title="Kaei">Kaei</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">嘉永</span></span><hr /><a href="/wiki/Ansei" title="Ansei">Ansei</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">安政</span></span><hr /><a href="/wiki/Man%27en" title="Man'en">Man'en</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">万延</span></span><hr /><a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%AB" title="Bunkyū">Bunkyū</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">文久</span></span><hr /><a href="/wiki/Genji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genji (era)">Genji</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">元治</span></span><hr /><a href="/wiki/Kei%C5%8D" title="Keiō">Keiō</a><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">慶応</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><b>Emperor Kōmei</b><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><b>孝明天皇</b></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Korea </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Seonjong of Goryeo">Wang Un</a><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">王運</span></span><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">왕운</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><i>None</i><sup id="cite_ref-Goryeo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goryeo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>Seonjong</b><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>宣宗</b></span></span><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>선종</b></span></span> </td> <td>King Gwanin Hyeonsun Anseong Sahyo<br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">寬仁顯順安成思孝大王</span></span><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">관인현순안성사효대왕</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sejo_of_Joseon" title="Sejo of Joseon">Yi Yu</a><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">李瑈</span></span><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">이유</span></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><i>None</i><sup id="cite_ref-Joseon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joseon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><b>Sejo</b><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>世祖</b></span></span><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko"><b>세조</b></span></span> </td> <td>King Hyejang Sungcheon Chedo Yeolmun Yeongmu Jideok Yunggong Seongsin Myeongye Heumsuk Inhyo<br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">惠莊承天體道烈文英武至德隆功聖神明睿欽肅仁孝大王</span></span><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">혜장승천체도열문영무지덕융공성신명예흠숙인효대왕</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Vietnam </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_Th%E1%BA%A7n_T%C3%B4ng" title="Lê Thần Tông">Lê Duy Kỳ</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1051880798">.mw-parser-output .vi-nom{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Nom Na Tong","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","HAN NOM A","HAN NOM B","Han-Nom Kai","TH-Khaai-TP0","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP0","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP0","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP0","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP0","TH-Ming-JP2","Sun-ExtA","Sun-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-UNI-H","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinA","HanaMinB","HanaMin","MingLiU","MingLiU-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","SimSun","SimSun-ExtB","FZKaiT-Extended","FZKaiT-Extended(SIP)",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .vi-nom.ext{font-family:"Han-Nom Gothic","Han-Nom Ming","Han-Nom Minh","TH-Khaai-TP2","TH-Khaai-PP2","TH-Sung-PP2","TH-Sung-TP2","TH-Sy-P0","TH-Sy-P2","TH-Ming-JP2","BabelStone Han","Sun-ExtB","MingLiU HKSCS-ExtB","Ming-Lt-HKSCS-ExtB","HanaMinB","Han-Nom Kai",sans-serif}</style><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">黎維祺</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Lê Duy Kỳ</i></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td>Vĩnh Tộ<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">永祚</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Vĩnh Tộ</i></span><hr />Đức Long<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">德隆</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Đức Long</i></span><hr />Dương Hòa<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">陽和</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Dương Hòa</i></span><hr />Khánh Đức<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">慶德</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Khánh Đức</i></span><hr />Thịnh Đức<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">盛德</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Thịnh Đức</i></span><hr />Vĩnh Thọ<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">永壽</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Vĩnh Thọ</i></span><hr />Vạn Khánh<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">萬慶</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Vạn Khánh</i></span> </td> <td><b>Thần Tông</b><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom"><b>神宗</b></span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><b>Thần Tông</b></i></span> </td> <td>Emperor Uyên<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">淵皇帝</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Uyên Hoàng đế</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%87u_Tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Thiệu Trị">Nguyễn Phúc Tuyền</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">阮福暶</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Nguyễn Phúc Tuyền</i></span> </td> <td><i>None</i> </td> <td><b>Thiệu Trị</b><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom"><b>紹治</b></span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><b>Thiệu Trị</b></i></span> </td> <td>Hiến Tổ<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">憲祖</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Hiến Tổ</i></span> </td> <td>Emperor Thiệu thiên Long vận Chí thiện Thuần hiếu Khoan minh Duệ đoán Văn trị Vũ công Thánh triết Chương<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1051880798"><span lang="vi-Hani" class="vi-nom">紹天隆運至善純孝寬明睿斷文治武功聖哲章皇帝</span><br /><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Thiệu thiên Long vận Chí thiện Thuần hiếu Khoan minh Duệ đoán Văn trị Vũ công Thánh triết Chương Hoàng đế</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_(Kings_of_Thailand)" title="Rama (Kings of Thailand)">Rama (Kings of Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">List of kings of Cambodia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Medieval Age, when the <a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%81rp%C3%A1d" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Árpád">House of Árpád</a> disappeared in 1301, two of the monarchs that claimed the throne and were crowned chose a different name. <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Otto III, Duke of Bavaria">Otto III, Duke of Bavaria</a> became Bela V of Hungary, taking the name of his maternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_IV_of_Hungary" title="Béla IV of Hungary">Béla IV of Hungary</a>. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III of Bohemia</a> signed his royal documents in Hungary as Ladislas, this being a very traditional name in the Kingdom. </p><p>Later during the first half of the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Hungary" title="Charles I of Hungary">Charles I of Hungary</a> signed as "<i>Carolus rex</i>", but in fact his birth name was the Italian <i>Caroberto</i>. This is why he is often referred to by Hungarian historians as "Charles Robert of Hungary". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All ruling male members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a> bore the name <a href="/wiki/Willem" title="Willem">Willem</a> (William). The current king of the Netherlands was christened <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a>. During an interview in 1997 he said he intended to rule under the name of Willem IV, but he had a change of mind. In a televised interview just before his inauguration, he announced he would continue to use the name Willem-Alexander, saying "I spent 46 years of my life under the name Willem-Alexander, and specifically under the nickname of Alexander. I think it would be weird to discard that because I become king of the country." Furthermore, he said he did not consider himself "a mere number", adding that regnal numbers reminded him of Dutch cattle naming conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Piast" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Piast">House of Piast</a> disappeared and the <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Jagiellon" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Jagiellon">House of Jagiellon</a> was elected in the figure of the High Duke <a href="/wiki/Jogaila" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogaila">Jogaila</a>, this monarch took the name of Władysław II, in honour of the previous Polish king (<a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_the_Elbow-high" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław I the Elbow-high">Władysław I the Elbow-high</a>) with this traditional name. Similarly, when the Elector of Saxony, Frederick Augustus I, was elected king in 1697, he took the name of Augustus II. His son Frederick Augustus II crowned in 1734, also took the name of Augustus, becoming Augustus III. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">monarchs of Portugal</a> have traditionally used their first baptismal name as their regnal name upon their accession. The only notable exception was <a href="/wiki/Sancho_I_of_Portugal" title="Sancho I of Portugal">Sancho I</a>, who was born Martin of Burgundy (<i>Martinho de Borgonha</i>, in Portuguese). As he was a younger son, Martin was expected to join the clergy, and was named after <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Saint Martin of Tours</a>, on whose feast day he had been born. When the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>, Henry, died, the prince's name was changed to Sancho, one with a more established royal tradition in the other Iberian monarchies (Navarre, Castile and Aragon).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though most <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchs of the United Kingdom</a> have used their first baptismal name as their regnal name, on three occasions monarchs have chosen a different name. </p><p>First, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> had been christened Alexandrina Victoria, but took the throne under the name Victoria. </p><p>When Victoria's son, Prince Albert Edward, became king in 1901, he took the regnal name <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>, against the wish of his late mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Regnal_Names_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regnal_Names-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 392">: 392 </span></sup> The new king declared that he chose the name Edward as an honoured name borne by six of his English predecessors, and that he preferred that the name Albert be only associated in royal history with <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">his father</a>. </p><p>In 1936, after the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">abdication crisis</a>, Prince Albert, Duke of York, assumed the throne. His full name was Albert Frederick Arthur George, but he became <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a> rather than "King Albert". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">John, Earl of Carrick</a> ascended the throne in 1390, it was deemed imprudent for him to take the regnal name of "John II", due to the turbulent reigns of recent kings named John (<a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II of France</a>). Furthermore, royal propaganda of the time held that John Balliol had not been a legitimate king of Scots, making the new king's <a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">regnal number</a> also a difficult issue. To avoid these problems, John took the regnal name of <i>Robert III</i>, honouring <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">his father</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Scotland">great-grandfather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 220">: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotlandstoryofn0000magn/page/220">220</a> </span></sup> </p><p>Upon the 1952 accession of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, the title <i>Elizabeth II</i> caused controversy in Scotland as there had never been a Scottish <i>Elizabeth I</i>. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> suggested that British sovereigns would use either the Scottish or the English number, whichever was higher; this convention fit the pattern of prior reigns since the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a>, all subsequent monarchs either having higher regnal numbers in England (namely <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>) or had names not used before the Union (George and Victoria).<sup id="cite_ref-hansard_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hansard-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> post boxes in Scotland bearing the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cypher" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Cypher">cypher</a> <i>E<small>II</small>R</i>, were vandalised, after which, to avoid further problems, post boxes and Royal Mail vehicles in Scotland bore only the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Scotland" title="Crown of Scotland">Crown of Scotland</a>. A legal case, <i><a href="/wiki/MacCormick_v._Lord_Advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="MacCormick v. Lord Advocate">MacCormick v. Lord Advocate</a></i> (1953 SC 396), contested the right of the Queen to title herself <i>Elizabeth II</i> in Scotland, arguing that to do so would be a breach of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Act of Union</a>. The case, however, was dismissed on the grounds that the pursuers had no title to sue the Crown, and also that the numbering of monarchs was part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>, and thus not governed by the Act of Union.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperors">Roman Emperors</a> usually had the titles of "Imperator Caesar Augustus" in their names (which made these regnal names). Caesar came from the cognomen of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> meant Commander and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> meant venerable or majestic. The name usually went in two ways, Imperator (<a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a>) Caesar Augustus or Imperator Caesar (Praenomen, Nomen and Cognomen) Augustus. Also, Imperator became a Praenomen of Roman Emperors, Augustus and Caesar became a cognomen of theirs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_offices">Religious offices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religious offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></div> <p>Immediately after a new pope is elected, and accepts the election, he is asked by the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a>, "By what name shall you be called?" The new pope chooses the name by which he will be known. The senior Cardinal Deacon, or <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Protodeacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Protodeacon">Cardinal Protodeacon</a>, then appears on the balcony of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Basilica">Saint Peter's Basilica</a> to proclaim the new Pope, informing the world of the man elected Pope, and under which name he would be known during his reign. </p> <blockquote lang="la" style="font-style:italic; width:42%; margin:1em 4%;"><div class="poem"> <p>Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Habemus_Papam" class="mw-redirect" title="Habemus Papam">Habemus Papam</a>!<br /> Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum,<br /> Dominum [forename],<br /> Sanctæ Romanæ Ecclesiæ Cardinalem [surname],<br /> qui sibi nomen imposuit [papal name]. </p> </div></blockquote> <blockquote style="width:42%; margin:1em 4%; float:left;"><div class="poem"> <p>I announce to you a great joy:<br /> We have a Pope,<br /> The Most Eminent and Most Reverend Lord,<br /> Lord [forename],<br /> Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church [surname],<br /> who conferred upon himself the name [papal name]. </p> </div></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>During the first centuries of the church, priests elected <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">bishop of Rome</a> continued to use their baptismal names after their elections. The custom of choosing a new name began in AD 533 with the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_II" title="Pope John II">Mercurius</a>. Mercurius had been named after the Roman god <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>, and decided that it would not be appropriate for a pope to be named after a Roman god. Mercurius subsequently decreed that he would be known as John II. Since the end of the tenth century the pope has customarily chosen a new name for himself during his Pontificate; however, until the 16th century some pontiffs used their <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">baptismal names</a>. </p><p>The last pope to use his baptismal name was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_II" title="Pope Marcellus II">Pope Marcellus II</a> in 1555, a choice that was even then quite exceptional. The names chosen by popes are not based on any system other than general honorifics. They have been based on immediate predecessors, mentors, political similarity, or even after family members—as was the case with <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a>. The practice of using the baptismal name as papal name has not been ruled out and future popes could elect to continue using their original names after being elected pope. </p><p>Often the new pontiff's choice of name upon being elected to the papacy is seen as a signal to the world of whom the new pope will emulate or what policies he will seek to enact. Such is the case with <a href="/wiki/Benedict_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a> who, in fact, explained the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI#Choice_of_name" title="Pope Benedict XVI">reasons for his choice of name</a> during his first General Audience in St. Peter's Square, on 27 April 2005. On that occasion, he said that he wanted to remember "<a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a>, that courageous prophet of peace, who guided the Church through turbulent times of war", and also "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Benedict_of_Nursia" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Benedict of Nursia">Saint Benedict of Nursia</a>, co-patron of Europe, whose life evokes the Christian roots of Europe". </p><p>There has never been a Pope Peter II. Even though there is no specific prohibition against choosing the name Peter, bishops elected to the Papacy have refrained from doing so even if their own given name was Peter. This is because of a tradition that only <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> should have that honor. In the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XIV" title="Pope John XIV">John XIV</a> used the regnal name <i>John</i> because his given name was Peter. While some <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">antipopes</a> did take the name Peter II, their claims are not recognized by the mainstream Roman Catholic Church, and each of these men only either has or had a minuscule following that recognized their claims. </p><p>Probably because of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Antipope_John_XXIII" title="Antipope John XXIII">Antipope John XXIII</a>, new popes avoided taking the regnal name John for over 600 years until the election of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Angelo Cardinal Roncalli</a> in 1958. Immediately after his election, there was some confusion as to whether he would be known as John XXIII or John XXIV. Cardinal Roncalli thus moved to immediately resolve by declaring that he would be known as John XXIII. </p><p>In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Albino_Luciani" class="mw-redirect" title="Albino Luciani">Albino Luciani</a> became the first pope to use two names for his regnal name when he took the name <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I" title="Pope John Paul I">John Paul I</a>, including the "I". He took the "John Paul" name to honor both John XXIII and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a>. With the unexpected death of John Paul I a little over a month later, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Karol Wojtyła</a> took the name John Paul II to honor his immediate predecessor. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">Antipopes</a> also have regnal names, and also use the ordinal to show their position in the line of previous pontiffs with their names. For example, <a href="/wiki/David_Bawden" title="David Bawden">David Bawden</a> took the name Michael I when declared pope in 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coptic_Church">Coptic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Coptic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coptic_pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic pope">Coptic popes</a> also choose regnal names distinct from their given names. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="caliphal_regnal_names"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_caliphates">Islamic caliphates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Islamic caliphates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_caliphs" title="List of caliphs">List of caliphs</a></div> <p>The use of regnal names (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Laqab" class="mw-redirect" title="Laqab">laqab</a></i></span><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was uncommon in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Islamic history">Medieval Islamic era</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, when the first Abbasid caliph, <a href="/wiki/As-Saffah" class="mw-redirect" title="As-Saffah">Abu al-Abbas Abdullah ibn Muhammad</a>, who overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a>, used the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">laqab</i></span> as-Saffah ("the Blood-Shedder"). This name carried a messianic association, a theme that would be continued by as-Saffah's successors.<sup id="cite_ref-Crone2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of regnal names among the caliphs lasted throughout the reign of the Abbasid Caliphate, until the institution was deposed after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> and the capture of Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil_III" title="Al-Mutawakkil III">al-Mutawakkil III</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a> in 1517. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid caliphs</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid</a> use of the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">laqab</i></span> to assert their claims of authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Safran2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safran2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese era name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese era name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean era name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese era name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_(Kings_of_Thailand)" title="Rama (Kings of Thailand)">Rama (Kings of Thailand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">Religious name</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Goryeo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goryeo_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the Korean <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo dynasty</a> was a tributary state of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>-led Chinese <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, the former did not have independent era names of its own. Instead, the Goryeo dynasty officially used the era names of the Liao dynasty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseon-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joseon_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the Korean <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon dynasty</a> was a tributary state of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, the former did not have independent era names of its own. Instead, the Joseon dynasty officially used the era names of the Ming dynasty.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-regnant-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regnant_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Montefiore, Simon Sebag</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KC4xXI-tRkwC&dq=%22regnant+name%22&pg=PR32"><i>Jerusalem</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. p. xxxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307266514" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307266514"><bdi>978-0307266514</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103201747/https://books.google.com/books?id=KC4xXI-tRkwC&dq=%22regnant+name%22&pg=PR32">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem&rft.pages=xxxii&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0307266514&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKC4xXI-tRkwC%26dq%3D%2522regnant%2Bname%2522%26pg%3DPR32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrissell1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hartwell_de_la_Garde_Grissell" title="Hartwell de la Garde Grissell">Grissell, Hartwell de la Garde</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d8K3uCB8ReQC&dq=%22regnant+name%22&pg=PA46"><i>Sede Vacante</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Parker_and_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Parker and Co. (page does not exist)">James Parker and Co.</a> p. 46. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103201748/https://books.google.com/books?id=d8K3uCB8ReQC&dq=%22regnant+name%22&pg=PA46">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sede+Vacante&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=James+Parker+and+Co.&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Grissell&rft.aufirst=Hartwell+de+la+Garde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd8K3uCB8ReQC%26dq%3D%2522regnant%2Bname%2522%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblower1945" class="citation journal cs1">Hornblower, G.D. (May–June 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wlLIVDcuy9UC&q=regnant">"The Establishing of Osiris"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Man_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Man (journal)">Man</a></i>. <b>45</b> (38–39). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Anthropological_Institute_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland">Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</a>: 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2791435">10.2307/2791435</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2791435">2791435</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103201746/https://books.google.com/books?id=wlLIVDcuy9UC&q=regnant">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=The+Establishing+of+Osiris&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=38%E2%80%9339&rft.pages=63&rft.date=1945-05%2F1945-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2791435&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2791435%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=G.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwlLIVDcuy9UC%26q%3Dregnant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&dq=%22regnant+name%22&pg=PT671"><i>India: A History</i></a> (electronic ed.). <a href="/wiki/Grove_Atlantic" title="Grove Atlantic">Grove Atlantic</a>. p. PT671. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802195500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802195500"><bdi>978-0802195500</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103201749/https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&dq=%22regnant+name%22&pg=PT671">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=PT671&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=Grove+Atlantic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0802195500&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IquM4BrJ4YC%26dq%3D%2522regnant%2Bname%2522%26pg%3DPT671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-EraName1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EraName1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLü2003" class="citation book cs1">Lü, Zongli (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvYvAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+nian+hao+origin"><i>Power of the words: Chen prophecy in Chinese politics, AD 265–618</i></a>. Peter Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3906769561" title="Special:BookSources/978-3906769561"><bdi>978-3906769561</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322075218/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvYvAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+nian+hao+origin">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+of+the+words%3A+Chen+prophecy+in+Chinese+politics%2C+AD+265%E2%80%93618&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3906769561&rft.aulast=L%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Zongli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvYvAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bnian%2Bhao%2Borigin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EraName2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EraName2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EraName2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSogner2001" class="citation book cs1">Sogner, Sølvi (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7nsWAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam+making+sense+of+global+history"><i>Making Sense of Global History: The 19th International Congress of the Historical Sciences, Oslo 2000, Commemorative Volume</i></a>. Universitetsforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8215001067" title="Special:BookSources/978-8215001067"><bdi>978-8215001067</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322075049/https://books.google.com/books?id=7nsWAQAAIAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam+making+sense+of+global+history">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+Global+History%3A+The+19th+International+Congress+of+the+Historical+Sciences%2C+Oslo+2000%2C+Commemorative+Volume&rft.pub=Universitetsforlaget&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8215001067&rft.aulast=Sogner&rft.aufirst=S%C3%B8lvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7nsWAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bchina%2BKorea%2BJapan%2Bvietnam%2Bmaking%2Bsense%2Bof%2Bglobal%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EraName3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EraName3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dp4ZAQAAMAAJ&q=%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96+%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83"><i>中國學術</i></a>. Vol. 6. 商务印书馆. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7100051965" title="Special:BookSources/978-7100051965"><bdi>978-7100051965</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322075300/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dp4ZAQAAMAAJ&q=%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E7%A5%96+%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7100051965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDp4ZAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E6%2598%258E%25E5%25A4%25AA%25E7%25A5%2596%2B%25E4%25B8%2580%25E4%25B8%2596%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%2585%2583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EraName4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EraName4_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJølstadLunde2000" class="citation book cs1">Jølstad, Anders; Lunde, Marianne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ervAAAAMAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam"><i>International Congress of Historical Sciences</i></a>. Vol. 19. University of Oslo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8299561419" title="Special:BookSources/978-8299561419"><bdi>978-8299561419</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322075050/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ervAAAAMAAJ&q=era+name+china+Korea+Japan+vietnam">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Congress+of+Historical+Sciences&rft.pub=University+of+Oslo&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8299561419&rft.aulast=J%C3%B8lstad&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Lunde%2C+Marianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ervAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dera%2Bname%2Bchina%2BKorea%2BJapan%2Bvietnam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EraName5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EraName5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Ancient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era">"Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817065323/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-s-Reiwa-era/Ancient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+tradition+carries+forward+with+Japan%27s+new+era&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FSpotlight%2FJapan-s-Reiwa-era%2FAncient-tradition-carries-forward-with-Japan-s-new-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nos.nl/video/496848-willem-4-staat-bij-bertha-38-in-de-wei">"Willem 4 staat bij Bertha 38 in de wei"</a> [Willem 4 is in the meadow with Bertha 38]. <i><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Omroep_Stichting" title="Nederlandse Omroep Stichting">Nederlandse Omroep Stichting</a></i> (in Dutch). 13 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610011747/https://nos.nl/video/496848-willem-4-staat-bij-bertha-38-in-de-wei">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nederlandse+Omroep+Stichting&rft.atitle=Willem+4+staat+bij+Bertha+38+in+de+wei&rft.date=2013-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnos.nl%2Fvideo%2F496848-willem-4-staat-bij-bertha-38-in-de-wei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Regnal_Names-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Regnal_Names_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanton2011" class="citation book cs1">Panton, Kenneth J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BiyyueBTpaMC&q=Prince+Albert+Edward%2C+became+king+in+1901%2C+he+took+the+regnal+name+%5B%5BEdward+VII%5D%5D%2C+against+the+wish+of+his+late+mother&pg=PA392"><i>Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy</i></a>. US: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810857797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810857797"><bdi>978-0810857797</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010038859">2010038859</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1249713860">1249713860</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408203200/https://books.google.com/books?id=BiyyueBTpaMC&q=Prince+Albert+Edward,+became+king+in+1901,+he+took+the+regnal+name+%5B%5BEdward+VII%5D%5D,+against+the+wish+of+his+late+mother&pg=PA392">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+British+Monarchy&rft.place=US&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1249713860&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010038859&rft.isbn=978-0810857797&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBiyyueBTpaMC%26q%3DPrince%2BAlbert%2BEdward%252C%2Bbecame%2Bking%2Bin%2B1901%252C%2Bhe%2Btook%2Bthe%2Bregnal%2Bname%2B%255B%255BEdward%2BVII%255D%255D%252C%2Bagainst%2Bthe%2Bwish%2Bof%2Bhis%2Blate%2Bmother%26pg%3DPA392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Magnusson" title="Magnus Magnusson">Magnusson, Magnus</a> (2000). "Chapter 13 – Robert II and Robert III". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scotlandstoryofn0000magn"><i>Scotland: The Story of a Nation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Atlantic" title="Grove Atlantic">Atlantic Monthly Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871137982" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871137982"><bdi>978-0871137982</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001035859">2001035859</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47018511">47018511</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13+%E2%80%93+Robert+II+and+Robert+III&rft.btitle=Scotland%3A+The+Story+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47018511&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001035859&rft.isbn=978-0871137982&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Magnus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscotlandstoryofn0000magn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansard-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hansard_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1953/apr/15/royal-style-and-title">"Royal Style and Title"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 15 April 1953. col. 199–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Royal+Style+and+Title&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-199-201&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1953-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1953%2Fapr%2F15%2Froyal-style-and-title&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106163856/https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1953/apr/15/royal-style-and-title">Archived</a> 6 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C.E. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/lakab-COM_0563">"Laḳab"</a>. In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004161214" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004161214"><bdi>978-9004161214</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808034419/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/lakab-COM_0563">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La%E1%B8%B3ab&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9004161214&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Flakab-COM_0563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crone2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crone2005_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2gx0Dck-kvIC&pg=PA87"><i>God's Rule: Government and Islam</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 87–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13291-6"><bdi>978-0-231-13291-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Rule%3A+Government+and+Islam&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13291-6&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2gx0Dck-kvIC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Safran2000-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Safran2000_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafran2000" class="citation book cs1">Safran, Janina M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2n-TErluCqQC&pg=PA203"><i>The Second Umayyad Caliphate: The Articulation of Caliphal Legitimacy in Al-Andalus</i></a>. Harvard CMES. pp. 203–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-24-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932885-24-1"><bdi>978-0-932885-24-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Umayyad+Caliphate%3A+The+Articulation+of+Caliphal+Legitimacy+in+Al-Andalus&rft.pages=203-204&rft.pub=Harvard+CMES&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-932885-24-1&rft.aulast=Safran&rft.aufirst=Janina+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2n-TErluCqQC%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegnal+name" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Personal_names" title="Template:Personal names"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Personal_names" title="Template talk:Personal names"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Personal_names" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Personal names"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Matriname" title="Matriname">Matrilineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">Affixes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">Nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_name" class="mw-redirect" title="First name">First name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">Last name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">Plant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matronymic" title="Matronymic">Matronymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">Metonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mononymous_person" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononymous person">Mononymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">Surname</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teknonymy" title="Teknonymy">Teknonymic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponymic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_name" title="Code name">Code name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bug%C5%8D" title="Bugō">Bugō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nicknames" title="Lists of nicknames">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">Hypocorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nom_de_guerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nom de guerre">Nom de guerre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">Pen name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">Heteronym</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_name" title="Ring name">Ring name</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shikona" title="Shikona">Shikona</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stage_names" title="List of stage names">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">Mononyms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture<br /><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cultural sphere">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_name" title="Amami name">Amami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">Courtesy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Art_name" title="Art name">Art</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">Generation</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">Titles</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br />and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakut names">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a><br />and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berber_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berber name (page does not exist)">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_name" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_language#Naming_system" title="Ewe language">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_name" title="Igbo name">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_surname#Ashkenazi_Jewry" title="Jewish surname">Ashkenazi Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estonian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estonian name (page does not exist)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">Ancient Greek</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_surnames" title="Manx surnames">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_name" title="English name">English</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Hongkongese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_name" title="German name">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_name" title="French name">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan name (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">Praenomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">Nomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">Cognomen</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">Agnomen</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Russian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kashubian_name&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kashubian name (page does not exist)">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_name" title="Lao name">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Ancient Tamil country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_name" title="Thai name">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">Biblical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_name" title="Papal name">Papal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint%27s_name" title="Saint's name">Saint's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles" title="List of titles">List</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">of authority</a>/<a href="/wiki/Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Imperial, royal, and noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">Orders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">Courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">Subsidiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">Substantive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional titles">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">Honorary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">Papal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">Name day</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_change" title="Name change">Name change</a></li></ul></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_popular_given_names" title="List of most popular given names">Given</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_most_common_surnames" title="Lists of most common surnames">Surname</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">Nomen nescio</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-onym" title="-onym">-onym</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">Identifier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">Proper name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">Khelrtva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">Signum manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_names" title="Category:Lists of names">Category:Lists of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&oldid=1258648767">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regnal_name&oldid=1258648767</a>"</div></div> <div 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