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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Descent_craft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descent_craft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Descent craft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descent_craft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Payload</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balloon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balloon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Balloon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balloon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Halley_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Halley_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Halley mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Halley_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AC_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="برنامج فيغا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برنامج فيغا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ভেগা অভিযান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভেগা অভিযান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Вега (касмічная праграма) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вега (касмічная праграма)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Вега (програма) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вега (програма)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Vega" title="Program Vega – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Program Vega" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(Raumsonde)" title="Vega (Raumsonde) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vega (Raumsonde)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Πρόγραμμα Βέγκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόγραμμα Βέγκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1_y_2" title="Vega 1 y 2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vega 1 y 2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Vega (sonde spatiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vega (sonde spatiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_(sp%C3%A1s%C3%A1rthach)" title="Vega (spásárthach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vega (spásárthach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EA%B0%80_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="베가 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베가 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1_%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Վեգա ծրագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեգա ծրագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_1_e_2" title="Vega 1 e 2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vega 1 e 2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="תוכנית וגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית וגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_Programm" title="Vega Programm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vega Programm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vega program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%82%AC%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="ベガ計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベガ計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega-programmet" title="Vega-programmet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vega-programmet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Wega" title="Program Wega – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Program Wega" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%C3%A3o_Vega" title="Missão Vega – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Missão Vega" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Вега (космический аппарат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вега (космический аппарат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_Vega" title="Program Vega – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Program Vega" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega-ohjelma" title="Vega-ohjelma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vega-ohjelma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegaprogrammet" title="Vegaprogrammet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vegaprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega_program%C4%B1" title="Vega programı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vega programı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Вега (космічний апарат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вега (космічний апарат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%8A%A0%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" title="維加計劃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="維加計劃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q755286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vega+program%22">"Vega program"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vega+program%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vega+program%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vega+program%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vega+program%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vega+program%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega-mission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vega-mission.jpg/220px-Vega-mission.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vega-mission.jpg/330px-Vega-mission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Vega-mission.jpg/440px-Vega-mission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Vega mission description</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><i>Vega</i> program</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Вега</span>) was a series of <a href="/wiki/Venus_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus missions">Venus missions</a> that also took advantage of the appearance of comet <a href="/wiki/1P/Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="1P/Halley">1P/Halley</a> in 1986. <i><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></i> were uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> launched in a cooperative effort among the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (who also provided the spacecraft and launch vehicle) and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Besser_European_Space_Agency_2004_p._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besser_European_Space_Agency_2004_p.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> in December 1984. They had a two-part mission to investigate <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and also flyby <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>. </p><p>The flyby of Halley's Comet had been a late mission change in the <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> program, following on from the cancellation of the American Halley mission in 1981. A later Venera mission was canceled and the Venus part of the <i>Vega 1</i> mission was reduced. Because of this, the craft was designated VeGa, a contraction of <i>Venera</i> and <i>Gallei</i> (Венера and Галлей respectively, the Russian words for "Venus" and "Halley"). The spacecraft design was based on the previous <a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a> missions. </p><p>The two spacecraft were launched on 15 and 21 December 1984, respectively. With their redesignated dual missions, the Vega probes became part of the <a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a>, a group of space probes that studied Halley's Comet during its 1985/1986 <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Vega_spacecraft">The Vega spacecraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Vega spacecraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/220px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/330px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG/440px-Vega_model_-_Udvar-Hazy_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Vega</i> probe bus on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></i> were identical sister ships developed from the earlier <i><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></i> craft. They were of the <a href="/wiki/5VK" title="5VK">5VK</a> type, designed by <a href="/wiki/Babakin_Space_Centre" title="Babakin Space Centre">Babakin Space Center</a> and constructed by <a href="/wiki/Lavochkin" title="Lavochkin">Lavochkin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Khimki" title="Khimki">Khimki</a>. The craft were powered by twin large solar panels and instruments included an antenna dish, cameras, <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>, infrared sounder, <a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometers</a> (MISCHA), and plasma probes. The 4,920 kg (10,850 lb) craft were launched by a <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton 8K82K rocket</a> from <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyuratam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyuratam">Tyuratam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazakh SSR">Kazakh SSR</a> (current <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>). Both <i>Vega 1</i> and <i>Vega 2</i> were three-axis stabilized spacecraft. The spacecraft were equipped with a dual bumper shield for dust protection from Halley's comet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus_Instruments">Bus Instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bus Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ul><li>imaging system</li> <li>infrared spectrometer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">visible</a>, infrared imaging <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a></li> <li>shield penetration detector</li> <li>dust detectors</li> <li>dust mass spectrometer</li> <li>neutral gas mass spectrometer</li> <li>APV-V plasma energy analyzer</li> <li>energetic-particle analyzer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetometer" title="Magnetometer">magnetometer</a></li> <li>wave and plasma analyzers</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Venus_mission">The Venus mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Venus mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VenusLanderTopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/300px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/450px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/600px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Position of Vega landing sites. Red points denote sites returning images from the surface, black central dots sites of surface sample analysis. Map based on mapping from <i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Venera_15_and_16" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera 15 and 16">Venera 15/16</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Vega 1</i> arrived at Venus on 11 June 1985 and <i>Vega 2</i> on 15 June 1985, and each delivered a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb), 240 cm (94 in) diameter spherical descent unit. The units were released some days before each arrived at Venus and entered the atmosphere without active inclination changes. Each contained a lander and a balloon explorer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descent_craft">Descent craft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Descent craft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vega_balloon_probe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vega_balloon_probe.jpg/220px-Vega_balloon_probe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vega_balloon_probe.jpg/330px-Vega_balloon_probe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vega_balloon_probe.jpg/440px-Vega_balloon_probe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of the <i>Vega</i> probe on Venus</figcaption></figure> <p>The landers were identical to that of the previous five <i><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a></i> missions and were to study the atmosphere and surface. Each had instruments to study temperature and pressure, a <a href="/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a> spectrometer, a water concentration meter, a <a href="/wiki/Gas-liquid_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-liquid chromatography">gas-phase chromatograph</a>, an <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>, and a surface sampling device. </p><p>The <i>Vega 1</i> lander's surface experiments were inadvertently activated at 20 km (12 mi) from the surface by an especially hard wind jolt, and so failed to provide results. It landed at 7.5°N, 177.7°E. </p><p>The <i>Vega 2</i> lander touched down at 03:00:50 UT on 15 June 1985 at 8.5° S, 164.5° E, in eastern <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a>. The altitude of the touchdown site was 0.1 km (0.062 mi) above the planetary mean radius. The measured pressure at the landing site was 91 atm and the temperature was 736 K (463 °C; 865 °F). The surface sample was found to be an <a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">anorthosite</a>-<a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">troctolite</a>. The lander transmitted data from the surface for 56 minutes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Payload">Payload</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ul><li>Meteocomplex T,P sensors</li> <li>Sigma-3 gas chromatograph</li> <li>LSA particle size spectrometer</li> <li>IFP aerosol analyzer</li> <li>VM-4 hygrometer</li> <li>ISAV-A nephelometer/scatterometer</li> <li>Malakhit-V mass spectrometer</li> <li>ISAV-S UV spectrometer</li> <li>GZU VB-02 drill + BDRP-AM25 soil X-ray fluorescence spectrometer</li> <li>GS-15-STsV gamma ray spectrometer</li> <li>PrOP-V penetrometer</li> <li>MSB small solar batteries</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balloon">Balloon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Balloon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/220px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/330px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg/440px-Russian_%22Vega%22_balloon_mission_to_Venus_on_display_at_the_Udvar-Hazy_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Vega balloon probe on display at the <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Udvar-Hazy_Center" title="Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center">Udvar-Hazy Center</a> of the Smithsonian Institution. Photo by Geoffrey A. Landis.</figcaption></figure> <p>The two balloon <a href="/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">aerobots</a> were designed to float at 54 km (34 mi) from the surface, in the most active layer of the Venusian cloud system. The instrument pack had enough battery power for 60 hours of operation and measured temperature, pressure, wind speed, and aerosol density. The balloon envelopes were surfaced with <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">polytetrafluoroethylene</a> to resist attack by the corrosive atmosphere. Both Vega-1 and Vega-2 balloons operated for more than 46 hours from injection to the final transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The balloons were of spherical superpressure types of 3.54 m (11.6 ft) diameter, filled with <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. A gondola assembly weighing 6.9 kg (15 lb) and 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) long was connected to the balloon envelope by a tether 13 m (43 ft) long. Total mass of the entire assembly was 21 kg (46 lb). </p><p>The top section of the gondola assembly was capped by a conical antenna 37 cm (15 in) tall and 13 cm (5.1 in) wide at the base. Beneath the antenna was a module containing the radio transmitter and system control electronics. The lower section of the gondola assembly carried the instrument payload and batteries. </p><p>The instruments consisted of: </p> <ul><li>An arm carrying thin-film resistance thermometers and a <a href="/wiki/Anemometer" title="Anemometer">velocity anemometer</a>. The anemometer consisted of a free-spinning plastic propeller, whose spin was measured by <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>-photodetector optointerrupters.</li> <li>A module containing a <a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a> <a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">photodetector</a> to measure light levels and a vibrating-<a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>-beam <a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">pressure sensor</a>.</li> <li>A package at the bottom carrying the batteries and a <a href="/wiki/Nephelometer" title="Nephelometer">nephelometer</a> to measure cloud density through light reflection.</li></ul> <p>The small low-power (5 watt)<sup id="cite_ref-FF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transmitter only allowed a data transmission rate of 2,048 bit/s, though the system performed data compression to squeeze more information through the narrow bandwidth. Nonetheless, the sampling rate for most of the instruments was only once every 75 seconds. The balloons were tracked by two networks (20 radio telescopes total) back on Earth: the Soviet network, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a>, and the international network, coordinated by <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Centre national d'études spatiales</i></span> of France (<a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>). </p><p>The balloons were pulled out of the lander at 180,000 feet (55 km) above the planet's darkside surface, and fell to 164,000 feet (50 km) ASL while they were being inflated. After that, they rose to 177,000 feet (54 km) and stabilized.<sup id="cite_ref-FF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this altitude, pressure and temperature conditions of Venus are similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> at 18,000 feet MSL (5,5 km),<sup id="cite_ref-FF_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the planet's winds move at hurricane velocity, and the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> atmosphere is laced with <a href="/wiki/Sulphuric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphuric acid">sulphuric acid</a>, along with smaller concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrofluoric_acid" title="Hydrofluoric acid">hydrofluoric acid</a>. </p><p>The balloons moved swiftly across the night side of the planet into the light side, where their batteries finally died, and contact was lost. Tracking indicated that the motion of the balloons included a surprising vertical component, revealing vertical motions of air masses that had not been detected by earlier probe missions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Halley_mission">The Halley mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Halley mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg/250px-1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg/375px-1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/1986_venera_galley_nh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>1985 <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> <a href="/wiki/Miniature_sheet" title="Miniature sheet">miniature sheet</a> dedicated to the program, depicting the <i><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></i> spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/Comet_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Halley">Comet Halley</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> logo</figcaption></figure> <p>After their encounters, the Vega motherships were redirected to intercept <a href="/wiki/Comet_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Halley">Comet Halley</a>, utilizing the gravity of Venus to alter their trajectory. </p><p><i>Vega 1</i> made its closest approach on 6 March, around 8,890 km (5,520 mi) from the nucleus, and <i>Vega 2</i> made its closest approach on 9 March at 8,030 km (4,990 mi). The data intensive examination of the comet covered only the three hours around closest approach. They were intended to measure the physical parameters of the nucleus, such as dimensions, shape, temperature, and surface properties, as well as to study the structure and dynamics of the <a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">coma</a>, the gas composition close to the nucleus, the dust particles' composition and mass distribution as functions of distance to the nucleus, and the cometary-<a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> interaction. </p><p>In total <i>Vega 1</i> and <i>Vega 2</i> returned about 1,500 images of Comet Halley. Spacecraft operations were discontinued a few weeks after the Halley encounters. </p><p>The on-board TV system was created in international cooperation of the scientific and industrial facilities from the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">Hungary</a>, France, and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>. The TV data was processed by an international team, including scientists from the Soviet Union, Hungary, France, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The basic steps of data acquisition and preprocessing were performed in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">IKI</a> using an image processing computer system based on a <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11/40</a> compatible host. </p><p><i>Vega 1</i> and <i>Vega 2</i> are currently in <a href="/wiki/Heliocentric_orbit" title="Heliocentric orbit">heliocentric orbits</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Venera program">Venera program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Besser_European_Space_Agency_2004_p.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Besser_European_Space_Agency_2004_p._1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBesserEuropean_Space_Agency2004" class="citation book cs1">Besser, Bruno Philipp; European Space Agency (2004). <i>Austria's history in space</i>. Noordwijk, the Netherlands: ESA Publications Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-9092-545-0" title="Special:BookSources/92-9092-545-0"><bdi>92-9092-545-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56103655">56103655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria%27s+history+in+space&rft.place=Noordwijk%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=ESA+Publications+Division&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56103655&rft.isbn=92-9092-545-0&rft.aulast=Besser&rft.aufirst=Bruno+Philipp&rft.au=European+Space+Agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1986" class="citation journal cs1">Preston; et al. (1986). "Determination of Venus Winds by Ground-Based Radio Tracking of the VEGA Balloons". <i>Science</i>. <b>231</b> (4744): 1414–1416. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...231.1414P">1986Sci...231.1414P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.231.4744.1414">10.1126/science.231.4744.1414</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17748082">17748082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29444555">29444555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Determination+of+Venus+Winds+by+Ground-Based+Radio+Tracking+of+the+VEGA+Balloons&rft.volume=231&rft.issue=4744&rft.pages=1414-1416&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.231.4744.1414&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29444555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17748082&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...231.1414P&rft.au=Preston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FF_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FF_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Gallentine2016" class="citation web cs1">Jay Gallentine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-planet/ireali-first-flight-another-world-180977540/">"The First Flight on Another Planet (from <i>Infinity Beckoned</i>)"</a>. <i>Air & Space Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Air+%26+Space+Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+First+Flight+on+Another+Planet+%28from+Infinity+Beckoned%29&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Jay+Gallentine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airspacemag.com%2Fdaily-planet%2Fireali-first-flight-another-world-180977540%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVega+program" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vega_program&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vega_program" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vega program">Vega program</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arc.iki.rssi.ru/IPL/vega.html">Vega mission images from the Space Research Institute (IKI)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311040927/http://starbase.jpl.nasa.gov/archive/vega2-c-tvs-5-rdr-halley-transform-v1.0/hal_0026/">Raw data from <i>Vega 1</i> and <i>Vega 2</i> on board instruments</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Vega.htm">Soviet Exploration of Venus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venus" title="Template:Venus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venus" title="Template talk:Venus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Venus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Venus" title="Outline of Venus">Outline of Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnoid_(astrogeology)" title="Arachnoid (astrogeology)">Arachnoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Dune fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapping_of_Venus" title="Mapping of Venus">Mapping of Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Regio" title="Alpha Regio">Alpha Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria_Regio" title="Asteria Regio">Asteria Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Regio" title="Beta Regio">Beta Regio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovda_Regio" title="Ovda Regio">Ovda Regio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrae_on_Venus" title="List of terrae on Venus">Terrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_Terra" title="Aphrodite Terra">Aphrodite Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtar_Terra" title="Ishtar Terra">Ishtar Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lada_Terra" title="Lada Terra">Lada Terra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_montes_on_Venus" title="List of montes on Venus">Mountains</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">volcanoes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abeona_Mons" title="Abeona Mons">Abeona Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akna_Montes" title="Akna Montes">Akna Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anala_Mons" title="Anala Mons">Anala Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Corona" title="Artemis Corona">Artemis Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%CA%BDhet_Corona" title="Baʽhet Corona">Baʽhet Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boala_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Boala Corona">Boala Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciuacoatl_Mons" title="Ciuacoatl Mons">Ciuacoatl Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fand_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fand Mons">Fand Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotla_Corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotla Corona">Fotla Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gula_Mons" title="Gula Mons">Gula Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng-o_Corona" title="Heng-o Corona">Heng-o Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iaso_Tholus" title="Iaso Tholus">Iaso Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idunn_Mons" title="Idunn Mons">Idunn Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irnini_Mons" title="Irnini Mons">Irnini Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaszai_Patera" title="Jaszai Patera">Jaszai Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maat_Mons" title="Maat Mons">Maat Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Corona" title="Nightingale Corona">Nightingale Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onatah_Corona" title="Onatah Corona">Onatah Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozza_Mons" title="Ozza Mons">Ozza Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_Corona" title="Pavlova Corona">Pavlova Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetzalpetlatl_Corona" title="Quetzalpetlatl Corona">Quetzalpetlatl Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake_dome" title="Pancake dome">Pancake dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renpet_Mons" title="Renpet Mons">Renpet Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacajawea_Patera" title="Sacajawea Patera">Sacajawea Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachs_Patera" title="Sachs Patera">Sachs Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapas_Mons" title="Sapas Mons">Sapas Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalloped_margin_dome" title="Scalloped margin dome">Scalloped margin dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddons_Patera" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddons Patera">Siddons Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif_Mons" title="Sif Mons">Sif Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skadi_Mons" title="Skadi Mons">Skadi Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_Mons" title="Theia Mons">Theia Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushas_Mons" title="Ushas Mons">Ushas Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisa_Corona" title="Zisa Corona">Zisa Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coronae_on_Venus" title="List of coronae on Venus">List of coronae on Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Plains</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">plateaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere_Planitia" title="Guinevere Planitia">Guinevere Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Planum" title="Lakshmi Planum">Lakshmi Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_Planitia" title="Sedna Planitia">Sedna Planitia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">Canyons</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Venus" title="List of geological features on Venus">valleys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikhulu_Chasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aikhulu Chasma">Aikhulu Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Chasma" title="Artemis Chasma">Artemis Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltis_Vallis" title="Baltis Vallis">Baltis Vallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Chasma" title="Dali Chasma">Dali Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devana_Chasma" title="Devana Chasma">Devana Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Chasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Chasma">Diana Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganis_Chasma" title="Ganis Chasma">Ganis Chasma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Venus" title="List of craters on Venus">Craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addams_(crater)" title="Addams (crater)">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivar_(crater)" title="Adivar (crater)">Adivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnesi_(crater)" title="Agnesi (crater)">Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_(crater)" title="Alcott (crater)">Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne_(crater)" title="Ariadne (crater)">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(crater)" title="Aurelia (crater)">Aurelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balch_(crater)" title="Balch (crater)">Balch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton_(crater)" title="Barton (crater)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_(crater)" title="Buck (crater)">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(crater)" title="Cleopatra (crater)">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunitz_(crater)" title="Cunitz (crater)">Cunitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilova_(crater)" title="Danilova (crater)">Danilova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Lalande_(crater)" title="De Lalande (crater)">De Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_(crater)" title="Dickinson (crater)">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goeppert-Mayer_(crater)" title="Goeppert-Mayer (crater)">Goeppert-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golubkina_(crater)" title="Golubkina (crater)">Golubkina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimke_(crater)" title="Grimke (crater)">Grimke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_(Venusian_crater)" title="Gregory (Venusian crater)">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilbert_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilbert (crater)">Guilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_(crater)" title="Isabella (crater)">Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_(crater)" title="Jeanne (crater)">Jeanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Celeste_(crater)" title="Maria Celeste (crater)">Maria Celeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariko_(crater)" title="Mariko (crater)">Mariko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_(crater)" title="Mead (crater)">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitner_(Venusian_crater)" title="Meitner (Venusian crater)">Meitner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_Ptah_(crater)" title="Merit Ptah (crater)">Merit Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(crater)" title="Mona Lisa (crater)">Mona Lisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanichi" title="Nanichi">Nanichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riley_(crater)" title="Riley (crater)">Riley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(Venusian_crater)" title="Ruth (Venusian crater)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefania_(crater)" title="Stefania (crater)">Stefania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanda_(crater)" title="Wanda (crater)">Wanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheatley_(crater)" title="Wheatley (crater)">Wheatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkina_(crater)" title="Yablochkina (crater)">Yablochkina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics_of_Venus" title="Geodynamics of Venus">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Venus" title="Geology of Venus">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_features_of_Venus" title="Surface features of Venus">Surface features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_snow" title="Venus snow">Venus snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusquake" class="mw-redirect" title="Venusquake">Venusquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspects_of_Venus" title="Aspects of Venus">Aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit_of_Venus" title="Orbit of Venus">Orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_Venus" title="Phases of Venus">Phases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">Transits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1639_transit_of_Venus" title="1639 transit of Venus">1639</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1761_transit_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="1761 transit of Venus">1761</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1769_transit_of_Venus_observed_from_Tahiti" title="1769 transit of Venus observed from Tahiti">1769</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_transit_of_Venus" title="1874 transit of Venus">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_transit_of_Venus" title="1882 transit of Venus">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_transit_of_Venus" title="2004 transit of Venus">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_transit_of_Venus" title="2012 transit of Venus">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus-crosser asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_trojan" title="Venus trojan">Venus trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/524522_Zoozve" title="524522 Zoozve">Zoozve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Sputnik 7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> program <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">Sputnik 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">Sputnik 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">Sputnik 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">Venera 1964A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">Kosmos 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">Kosmos 167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">Kosmos 482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> / Pioneer 12</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> / Pioneer 13</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vega program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin'en</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gravity Assists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a></i> (planned)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a></i> (planned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed<br />(crewed)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a> (flyby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_mapping_of_Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological mapping of Venus">Geological mapping of Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">Artificial objects on Venus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytherean" title="Cytherean">Cytherean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_in_culture" title="Venus in culture">In culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_in_fiction" title="Venus in fiction">In fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperus" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_on_Venus" title="Life on Venus">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith (hypothetical moon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_(morning_star)" title="Phosphorus (morning star)">Phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Venus" title="Category:Venus">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Venus_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Venus_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Venus spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Venus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (en route)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/80px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/120px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/160px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="262" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/80px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/120px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg/160px-MESSENGER_-_Venus_630_nm_stretch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/80px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/120px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg/160px-Maat_Mons_on_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">16</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">10</a><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shin%27en_(spacecraft)" title="Shin'en (spacecraft)">Shin-en</a></i><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe#Small_probes" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Small Probes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Balloon probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Failed launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyazhely_Sputnik" title="Tyazhely Sputnik">Tyazhely Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_1" title="Mariner 1">Mariner 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.1">2MV-1 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-1_No.2" title="Venera 2MV-1 No.2">2MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_2MV-2_No.1" title="Venera 2MV-2 No.1">2MV-2 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_21" title="Kosmos 21">Kosmos 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3MV-1_No.2" title="Zond 3MV-1 No.2">3MV-1 No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_27" title="Kosmos 27">Kosmos 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_96" title="Kosmos 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_167" title="Kosmos 167">167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">482</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> (2031)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR (spacecraft)">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a><sup>‡</sup> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Descent probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Life_Finder" title="Venus Life Finder">Venus Life Finder</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a> (2031–2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Venus missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CubeSat_UV_Experiment" title="CubeSat UV Experiment">CUVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_(rover)" title="Zephyr (rover)">Zephyr</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_Orbiter_and_Probe" title="Uranus Orbiter and Probe">Uranus Orbiter and Probe</a><sup>‡</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled <br /> or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automaton_Rover_for_Extreme_Environments" title="Automaton Rover for Extreme Environments">AREE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Venus_Explorer" title="European Venus Explorer">European Venus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Altitude_Venus_Operational_Concept" title="High Altitude Venus Operational Concept">HAVOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspectral_Observer_for_Venus_Reconnaissance" title="Hyperspectral Observer for Venus Reconnaissance">HOVER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK#Mavr_(MArs_-_VeneRa)" title="TMK">TMK-Mavr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Atmospheric_Maneuverable_Platform" title="Venus Atmospheric Maneuverable Platform">VAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiting_Imaging_Radar" title="Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar">Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_situ_Composition_Investigations" title="Venus In situ Composition Investigations">VICI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Atmospheric_and_Geochemical_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer">VISAGE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_In_Situ_Explorer" title="Venus In Situ Explorer">VISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Volcano_Imaging_and_Climate_Explorer" title="Venus Volcano Imaging and Climate Explorer">VOICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Origins_Explorer" title="Venus Origins Explorer">VOX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Program overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3MV" title="3MV">3MV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_project" title="Pioneer Venus project">Pioneer Venus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vega</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Venus" title="Colonization of Venus">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Observations and explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Venus" title="List of artificial objects on Venus">List of artificial objects on Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">List of missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Venus_flyby" title="Manned Venus flyby">Manned Venus flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Venus" title="Terraforming of Venus">Terraforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Spectral_Rocket_Experiment" title="Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment">VeSpR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before any data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2♯</a> (lander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)"><i>Lucy</i></a> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a> (orbiter) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/90px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/135px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros,_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/90px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/135px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/180px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/90px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/135px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/180px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/90px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/135px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/180px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9#Pioneer_7" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Rosetta (spacecraft)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA_(spacecraft)" title="MINERVA (spacecraft)">MINERVA</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1A / HIBOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1B / OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sample return</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> (multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (multiple flybys, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (flyby, 2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (flybys, 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTER_(spacecraft)" title="ASTER (spacecraft)">ASTER</a> (orbiter, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_(spacecraft)" title="Ramses (spacecraft)">Ramses</a> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i> (flyby, 2030–2042)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Cancelled or <br />not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGORA_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="AGORA mission">AGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)#History" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(spacecraft)" title="Athena (spacecraft)">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia_(spacecraft)" title="Castalia (spacecraft)">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_(spacecraft_mission)" title="Centaurus (spacecraft mission)">Centaurus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(spacecraft)" title="Chimera (spacecraft)">Chimera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_2" title="Clementine 2">Clementine 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous_Asteroid_Flyby" title="Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby">CRAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(spacecraft)" title="Janus (spacecraft)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAOSEP" class="mw-redirect" title="MAOSEP">MAOSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Asteroid capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization of asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. <sup>†</sup> indicates mission failures.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSR_space_probes" title="Template:USSR space probes"><abbr title="View this 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(satellite)">Zenit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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