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id="mf-section-0"> <div style="float:right; text-align:center; padding:20px; margin:0 0 20px 20px; background-color:#ffd;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Universal_Music_Group_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_Music_Group_logo.svg/180px-Universal_Music_Group_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_Music_Group_logo.svg/270px-Universal_Music_Group_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_Music_Group_logo.svg/360px-Universal_Music_Group_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="371"></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Music_Entertainment_Logo_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Logo_2023.svg/100px-Sony_Music_Entertainment_Logo_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Logo_2023.svg/150px-Sony_Music_Entertainment_Logo_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Logo_2023.svg/200px-Sony_Music_Entertainment_Logo_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="797"></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Warner_Music_Group_logo_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Warner_Music_Group_logo_%282021%29.svg/150px-Warner_Music_Group_logo_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Warner_Music_Group_logo_%282021%29.svg/225px-Warner_Music_Group_logo_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Warner_Music_Group_logo_%282021%29.svg/300px-Warner_Music_Group_logo_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="80"></a> "Big Three" music labels </div> A record label or record company is a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">music recordings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music videos</a>, or the company that owns it. Sometimes, a record label is also a <a href="/wiki/Music_publisher_(popular_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music publisher (popular music)">publishing</a> company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production, <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">distribution</a>, marketing, promotion, and enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> for sound recordings and music videos, while also conducting <a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">talent scouting and development of new artists</a>, artist financing and maintaining <a href="/wiki/Recording_contract" title="Recording contract">contracts</a> with recording artists and their managers. The term "record label" derives from the circular label in the center of a <a href="/wiki/Vinyl_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl record">vinyl record</a> which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Within the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>, recording artists have traditionally been reliant upon record labels to broaden their consumer base, market their albums, and promote their singles on streaming services, radio, and television. Record labels also provide <a href="/wiki/Publicist" title="Publicist">publicists</a>, who assist performers in gaining positive media coverage, and arrange for their merchandise to be available via stores and other media outlets. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Major_versus_independent_record_labels">1 Major versus independent record labels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Major_labels">2 Major labels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Present">2.1 Present</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Past">2.2 Past</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Independent">3 Independent</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Imprint">4 Imprint</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Sublabel">5 Sublabel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Vanity_labels">6 Vanity labels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Relationship_with_artists">7 Relationship with artists</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#New_label_strategies">8 New label strategies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Internet_and_digital_labels">8.1 Internet and digital labels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Open-source_labels">8.2 Open-source labels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Publishers_as_labels">8.3 Publishers as labels</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Crowdfunded_labels">8.4 Crowdfunded labels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References">10 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Major_versus_independent_record_labels">Major versus independent record labels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Major versus independent record labels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Record labels may be small, localized and "<a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">independent</a>" ("indie"), or they may be part of a large <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">international media group</a>, or somewhere in between. The <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Independent_Music" title="Association of Independent Music">Association of Independent Music</a> (AIM) defines a 'major' as "a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> company which (together with the companies in its group) has more than 5% of the world market(s) for the sale of records or music videos." As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit">[update]</a>, there are only three labels that can be referred to as "major labels": <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a>. In 2014, AIM estimated that the majors had a collective global market share of some 65–70%.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Major_labels">Major labels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Major labels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present">Present</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Present" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Major record label </th> <th>Year founded </th> <th>Headquarters </th> <th>Divisions </th> <th>Global market share<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Euronext Amsterdam</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euronext.com/products/equities/NL0015000IY2-XAMS/quotes">UMG</a>) </td> <td align="center">September 1934; 90 years ago (1934-09) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hilversum" title="Hilversum">Hilversum</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</a>, Netherlands (corporate) <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a>, United States (operational) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Universal_Music_Group_labels" title="List of Universal Music Group labels">List of Universal Music Group labels</a> </td> <td>31.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music Entertainment</a> </td> <td align="center">September 9, 1929; 95 years ago (1929-09-09) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sony_Music_labels" title="List of Sony Music labels">List of Sony Music labels</a> </td> <td>22.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/wmg">WMG</a>) </td> <td align="center">April 6, 1958; 66 years ago (1958-04-06) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Warner_Music_Group_labels" title="List of Warner Music Group labels">List of Warner Music Group labels</a> </td> <td>16% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Past">Past</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Past" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div style="width:100%; overflow:auto; padding:3px; text-align:left; border:1px solid silver"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_bbs0dpub957hedt45j4w8wv37ucugdm"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/PolyGram" coords="750,51,841,75" title="PolyGram" alt="PolyGram"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/PolyGram" coords="590,51,648,75" title="PolyGram" alt="PolyGram"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" coords="1133,34,1311,58" title="Universal Music Group" alt="Universal Music Group"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sony_Music" coords="1336,-1,1441,23" title="Sony Music" alt="Sony Music"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" coords="1053,85,1211,109" title="Warner Music Group" alt="Warner Music Group"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/PolyGram" coords="398,51,457,75" title="PolyGram" alt="PolyGram"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/MCA_Records" coords="750,34,808,58" title="MCA Records" alt="MCA Records"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" coords="1270,-1,1361,23" title="Sony BMG" alt="Sony BMG"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" coords="734,85,792,109" title="Warner Music Group" alt="Warner Music Group"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sony_Music" coords="1003,-1,1201,23" title="Sony Music" alt="Sony Music"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Warner_Records" coords="717,85,769,109" title="Warner Records" alt="Warner Records"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" coords="207,-1,379,23" title="Columbia Records" alt="Columbia Records"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Warner_Records" coords="677,85,729,109" title="Warner Records" alt="Warner Records"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" coords="989,17,1047,41" title="Bertelsmann Music Group" alt="Bertelsmann Music Group"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Warner_Records" coords="530,85,701,109" title="Warner Records" alt="Warner Records"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/EMI" coords="98,68,156,92" title="EMI" alt="EMI"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" coords="941,17,999,41" title="Bertelsmann Music Group" alt="Bertelsmann Music Group"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Warner_Records" coords="63,85,315,109" title="Warner Records" alt="Warner Records"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gramophone_Company" coords="63,68,115,92" title="Gramophone Company" alt="Gramophone Company"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/PolyGram" coords="63,51,122,75" title="PolyGram" alt="PolyGram"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Decca_Records" coords="63,34,188,58" title="Decca Records" alt="Decca Records"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/RCA_Records" coords="63,17,175,41" title="RCA Records" alt="RCA Records"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/American_Record_Corporation" coords="63,-1,122,23" title="American Record Corporation" alt="American Record Corporation"></map><img usemap="#timeline_bbs0dpub957hedt45j4w8wv37ucugdm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/bbs0dpub957hedt45j4w8wv37ucugdm.png"></div></div> Record labels are often under the control of a corporate umbrella organization called a "music <a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">group</a>". A music group is usually affiliated to an international <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerate</a> "<a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a>", which often has non-music divisions as well. A music group controls and consists of music-publishing companies, record (sound recording) manufacturers, record distributors, and record labels. Record companies (manufacturers, distributors, and labels) may also constitute a "record group" which is, in turn, controlled by a music group. The constituent companies in a music group or record group are sometimes marketed as being "divisions" of the group. From 1929 to 1998, there were six major record labels, known as the Big Six:<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony Music</a> (known as CBS Records until January 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">BMG</a> (formed in 1985 as RCA/Ariola International)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal Music Group</a> (known as MCA Music until 1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a></li></ol> PolyGram was merged into Universal Music Group (UMG) in 1999, leaving the remaining record labels to be known as the Big Five. In 2004, Sony and BMG agreed to a joint venture and merged their recorded music division to create the <a href="/wiki/Sony_BMG" title="Sony BMG">Sony BMG</a> label (which would be renamed Sony Music Entertainment after a 2008 merger); BMG kept its music publishing division separate from Sony BMG and later sold BMG Music Publishing to UMG. In 2007, the remaining record labels—then known as the Big Four—controlled about 70% of the <a href="/wiki/World_music_market" class="mw-redirect" title="World music market">world music market</a>, and about 80% of the United States music market.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In 2012, the major divisions of <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> were sold off separately by owner <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>: most of EMI's recorded music division was absorbed into UMG; EMI Music Publishing was absorbed into Sony/ATV Music Publishing; finally, EMI's <a href="/wiki/Parlophone" title="Parlophone">Parlophone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Classics" title="Virgin Classics">Virgin Classics</a> labels were absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music</a> Group (WMG) in July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> This left the so-called Big Three labels. In 2020 and 2021, both WMG and UMG had their <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPO</a> with WMG starting trading at <a href="/wiki/Nasdaq" title="Nasdaq">Nasdaq</a> and UMG starting trading at <a href="/wiki/Euronext_Amsterdam" title="Euronext Amsterdam">Euronext Amsterdam</a> and leaving only Sony Music as wholly-owned subsidiary of an international conglomerate (<a href="/wiki/Sony_Entertainment" title="Sony Entertainment">Sony Entertainment</a> which in turn is owned by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony Group Corporation</a>). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Independent">Independent</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent record label</a></div> Record labels and music publishers that are not under the control of the big three are generally considered to be independent (<a href="/wiki/Indie_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie (music)">indie</a>), even if they are large corporations with complex structures. The term indie label is sometimes used to refer to only those independent labels that adhere to independent criteria of corporate structure and size, and some consider an indie label to be almost any label that releases non-mainstream music, regardless of its corporate structure. Independent labels are often considered more artist-friendly. Though they may have less sales power, indie labels typically offer larger artist royalty with a 50% profit-share agreement, aka 50–50 deal, not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In addition, independent labels are often artist-owned (although not always), with a stated intent often being to control the quality of the artist's output. Independent labels usually do not enjoy the resources available to the "big three" and as such will often lag behind them in market shares. However, frequently independent artists manage a return by recording for a much smaller production cost of a typical big label release. Sometimes they are able to recoup their initial advance even with much lower sales numbers. On occasion, established artists, once their record contract has finished, move to an independent label. This often gives the combined advantage of name recognition and more control over one's music along with a larger portion of royalty profits. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mann" title="Aimee Mann">Aimee Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_Enemy_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Enemy (band)">Public Enemy</a>, among others, have done this. Historically, companies started in this manner have been re-absorbed into the major labels (two examples are American singer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reprise_Records" title="Reprise Records">Reprise Records</a>, which has been owned by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner Music Group</a> for some time now, and musician <a href="/wiki/Herb_Alpert" title="Herb Alpert">Herb Alpert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records" title="A&M Records">A&M Records</a>, now owned by Universal Music Group). Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a>'s Maverick Records (started by Madonna with her manager and another partner) was to come under control of Warner Music when Madonna <a href="/wiki/Divest" class="mw-redirect" title="Divest">divested</a> herself of controlling shares in the company. Some independent labels become successful enough that major record companies negotiate contracts to either distribute music for the label or in some cases, purchase the label completely, to the point where it functions as an imprint or sublabel. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Imprint">Imprint</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Imprint" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">imprint (trade name)</a></div> A label used as a trademark or brand and not a company is called an <a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">imprint</a>, a term used for a similar concept in <a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">publishing</a>. An imprint is often marketed as a "unit" or "division" of the parent label, though in most cases, they operate as <a href="/wiki/Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">pseudonym</a> for it and do not exist as a <a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">distinct business operation</a> or separate business structure (although <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a> are sometimes registered). A record label may give a musical act an imprint as part of their branding, while other imprints serve to house other activities, such as side ventures of that label.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Sublabel">Sublabel</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sublabel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Music collectors often use the term sublabel to refer to either an imprint or a subordinate label company (such as those within a group). For example, in the 1980s and 1990s, <a href="/wiki/4th_%26_B%27way_Records" title="4th & B'way Records">4th & B'way Records</a> (pronounced as "Broadway") was a trademarked brand owned by <a href="/wiki/Island_Records" title="Island Records">Island Records</a> Ltd. in the UK and by a subordinate branch, Island Records, Inc., in the United States. The center label on a 4th & Broadway record marketed in the United States would typically bear a 4th & B'way logo and would state in the fine print, "4th & B'way™, an Island Records, Inc. company". Collectors discussing labels as brands would say that 4th & B'way is a sublabel or imprint of just "Island" or "Island Records". Similarly, collectors who choose to treat corporations and trademarks as equivalent might say 4th & B'way is an imprint and/or sublabel of both Island Records, Ltd. and that company's sublabel, Island Records, Inc. However, such definitions are complicated by the corporate <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers</a> that occurred in 1989 (when Island was sold to PolyGram) and 1998 (when PolyGram merged with Universal). PolyGram held sublabels including Mercury, Island and Motown.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Island remained registered as corporations in both the United States and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, but control of its brands changed hands multiple times as new companies were formed, diminishing the corporation's distinction as the "parent" of any sublabels. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Vanity_labels">Vanity labels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vanity labels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vanity_label" title="Vanity label">Vanity label</a></div> Vanity labels are labels that bear an imprint that gives the impression of an artist's ownership or control, but in fact represent a standard artist/label relationship. In such an arrangement, the artist will control nothing more than the usage of the name on the label, but may enjoy a greater say in the packaging of their work. An example of such a label is the Neutron label owned by <a href="/wiki/ABC_(band)" title="ABC (band)">ABC</a> while at <a href="/wiki/Phonogram_Inc." title="Phonogram Inc.">Phonogram Inc.</a> in the UK. At one point artist Lizzie Tear (under contract with ABC themselves) appeared on the imprint, but it was devoted almost entirely to ABC's offerings and is still used for their re-releases (though Phonogram owns the masters of all the work issued on the label). However, not all labels dedicated to particular artists are completely superficial in origin. Many artists, early in their careers, create their own labels which are later bought out by a bigger company. If this is the case it can sometimes give the artist greater freedom than if they were signed directly to the big label. There are many examples of this kind of label, such as <a href="/wiki/Nothing_Records" title="Nothing Records">Nothing Records</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Trent_Reznor" title="Trent Reznor">Trent Reznor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a>; and Morning Records, owned by the <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Temple_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooper Temple Clause">Cooper Temple Clause</a>, who were releasing EPs for years before the company was bought by <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Relationship_with_artists">Relationship with artists</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationship with artists" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> If an artist and a label want to work together, whether an artist has contacted a label directly, usually by sending their team a demo,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists & Repertoire</a> team of the label has scouted the artist and reached out directly, they will usually enter in to a contractual relationship. A label typically enters into an exclusive <a href="/wiki/Recording_contract" title="Recording contract">recording contract</a> with an artist to market the artist's recordings in return for <a href="/wiki/Music_royalties" title="Music royalties">royalties</a> on the selling price of the recordings. Contracts may extend over short or long durations, and may or may not refer to specific recordings. Established, successful artists tend to be able to renegotiate their contracts to get terms more favorable to them, but <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>'s much-publicized 1994–1996 feud with <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Records">Warner Bros. Records</a> provides a strong counterexample,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> as does <a href="/wiki/Roger_McGuinn" title="Roger McGuinn">Roger McGuinn</a>'s claim, made in July 2000 before a US Senate committee, that <a href="/wiki/The_Byrds" title="The Byrds">the Byrds</a> never received any of the royalties they had been promised for their biggest hits, "<a href="/wiki/Mr._Tambourine_Man" title="Mr. Tambourine Man">Mr. Tambourine Man</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Turn!_Turn!_Turn!_(to_Everything_There_Is_a_Season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn! Turn! Turn! (to Everything There Is a Season)">Turn! Turn!, Turn!</a>".<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> A contract either provides for the artist to deliver completed recordings to the label, or for the label to undertake the recording with the artist. For artists without a recording history, the label is often involved in selecting producers, <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studios</a>, additional musicians, and songs to be recorded, and may supervise the output of recording sessions. For established artists, a label is usually less involved in the recording process. The relationship between record labels and artists can be a difficult one. Many artists have had conflicts with their labels over the type of sound or songs they want to make, which can result in the artist's artwork or titles being changed before release.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Other artists have had their music prevented from release, or shelved.<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a> Record labels generally do this because they believe that the album will sell better if the artist complies with the label's desired requests or changes. At times, the record label's decisions are prudent ones from a commercial perspective, but these decisions may frustrate artists who feel that their art is being diminished or misrepresented by such actions. In other instances, record labels have shelved artists' albums with no intention of any promotion for the artist in question.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Reasons for shelving can include the label deciding to focus its resources on other artists on its roster,<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a> or the label undergoing a restructure where the person that signed the artist and supports the artist's vision is no longer present to advocate for the artist.<a href="#cite_note-:0-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a> In extreme cases, record labels can prevent the release of an artist's music for years, while also declining to release the artist from their contract, leaving the artist in a state of limbo.<a href="#cite_note-:1-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> Artists who have had disputes with their labels over ownership and control of their music have included <a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tinashe" title="Tinashe">Tinashe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Megan_Thee_Stallion" title="Megan Thee Stallion">Megan Thee Stallion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson" title="Kelly Clarkson">Kelly Clarkson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Seconds_to_Mars" title="Thirty Seconds to Mars">Thirty Seconds to Mars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clipse" title="Clipse">Clipse</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ciara" title="Ciara">Ciara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/JoJo_(singer)" title="JoJo (singer)">JoJo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Branch" title="Michelle Branch">Michelle Branch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kesha" title="Kesha">Kesha</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanye_West" title="Kanye West">Kanye West</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lupe_Fiasco" title="Lupe Fiasco">Lupe Fiasco</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In the early days of the recording industry, recording labels were absolutely necessary for the success of any artist.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] The first goal of any new artist or band was to get signed to a contract as soon as possible. In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, many artists were so desperate to sign a contract with a record company that they sometimes ended up signing agreements in which they sold the rights to their recordings to the record label forever. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment lawyers</a> are usually employed by artists to discuss contract terms. Due to advancing technology such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, the role of labels is rapidly changing, as artists are able to freely distribute their own material through <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">online radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> file sharing such as <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a>, and other services, at little to no cost, but with correspondingly low financial returns. Established artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Nine_Inch_Nails" title="Nine Inch Nails">Nine Inch Nails</a>, whose career was developed with major label backing, announced an end to their major label contracts, citing that the uncooperative nature of the recording industry with these new trends is hurting musicians, fans and the industry as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> However, Nine Inch Nails later returned to working with a major label,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> admitting that they needed the international marketing and promotional reach that a major label can provide. <a href="/wiki/Radiohead" title="Radiohead">Radiohead</a> also cited similar motives with the end of their contract with <a href="/wiki/EMI" title="EMI">EMI</a> when their album <a href="/wiki/In_Rainbows" title="In Rainbows">In Rainbows</a> was released as a "<a href="/wiki/Pay_what_you_want" title="Pay what you want">pay what you want</a>" sales model as an online download, but they also returned to a label for a conventional release.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Research shows that record labels still control most access to distribution.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="New_label_strategies">New label strategies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New label strategies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Computers and internet technology led to an increase in file sharing and <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-Fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-to-Fan">direct-to-fan</a> digital distribution, causing music sales to plummet in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Labels and organizations have had to change their strategies and the way they work with artists. New types of deals called "multiple rights" or "360" deals are being made with artists,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> where labels are given rights and percentages to artist's touring, merchandising, and <a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">endorsements</a>. In exchange for these rights, labels usually give higher advance payments to artists, have more patience with artist development, and pay higher percentages of CD sales. These 360 deals are most effective when the artist is established and has a loyal fan base. For that reason, labels now have to be more relaxed with the development of artists because longevity is the key to these types of pact. Several artists such as <a href="/wiki/Paramore" title="Paramore">Paramore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:3-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maino_(rapper)" title="Maino (rapper)">Maino</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna (entertainer)">Madonna</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> have signed such types of deals. A look at an actual 360 deal offered by <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> to an artist shows a variation of the structure. Atlantic's document offers a conventional cash advance to sign the artist, who would receive a royalty for sales after expenses were recouped. With the release of the artist's first album, however, the label has an option to pay an additional $200,000 in exchange for 30 percent of the net income from all touring, merchandise, endorsements, and fan-club fees. Atlantic would also have the right to approve the act's tour schedule, and the salaries of certain tour and merchandise sales employees hired by the artist. In addition, the label also offers the artist a 30 percent cut of the label's album profits—if any—which represents an improvement from the typical industry royalty of 15 percent.<a href="#cite_note-:3-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_and_digital_labels">Internet and digital labels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internet and digital labels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Netlabel" title="Netlabel">Netlabel</a></div> With the Internet now being the dominant source for obtaining music, <a href="/wiki/Netlabel" title="Netlabel">netlabels</a> have emerged. Depending on the ideals of the net label, music files from the artists may be downloaded free of charge or for a fee that is paid via <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> or other online payment system. Some of these labels also offer hard copy CDs in addition to direct download. Digital Labels are the latest version of a 'net' label. Whereas 'net' labels were started as a free site, digital labels represent more competition for the major record labels.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open-source_labels">Open-source labels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Open-source labels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Open-source_record_label" title="Open-source record label">Open-source record label</a></div> The new century brought the phenomenon of open-source or open-content record labels. These are inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a> movements and the success of <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishers_as_labels">Publishers as labels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Publishers as labels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the mid-2000s, some music publishing companies began undertaking the work traditionally done by labels. The publisher Sony/ATV Music, for example, leveraged its connections within the Sony family to produce, record, distribute, and promote <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Yamin" title="Elliott Yamin">Elliott Yamin</a>'s debut album under <a href="/wiki/Hickory_Records" title="Hickory Records">a dormant Sony-owned imprint</a>, rather than waiting for a deal with a proper label.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crowdfunded_labels">Crowdfunded labels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Crowdfunded labels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2002, <a href="/wiki/ArtistShare" title="ArtistShare">ArtistShare</a> was founded as the Internet's first record label where the releases were directly funded by the artist's fans. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/28px-45_record.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/42px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/55px-45_record.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_record_labels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of record labels">List of record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label" title="White label">White label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a>, with a "big five" (containing within them all of the three companies above)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" 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   </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Record_label&oldid=1269140973">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Record_label&oldid=1269140973</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Record_label&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 13 January 2025, at 06:21 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaatetiket" title="Plaatetiket – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plaatetiket" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiklabel" title="Musiklabel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Musiklabel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="شركة تسجيلات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شركة تسجيلات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiqi_%C5%9Firk%C9%99ti" title="Musiqi şirkəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Musiqi şirkəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="রেকর্ড লেবেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেকর্ড লেবেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhi%C3%B9%E2%81%BF-po%C3%A2%E2%81%BF_kong-si" title="Chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ kong-si – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhiùⁿ-poâⁿ kong-si" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%83" title="Лэйбл гуказапісу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лэйбл гуказапісу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BB_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81%D1%83" title="Лэйбл гукапісу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лэйбл гукапісу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Звукозаписна компания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звукозаписна компания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogr%C3%A0fica" title="Discogràfica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Discogràfica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Record label" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudebn%C3%AD_vydavatelstv%C3%AD" title="Hudební vydavatelství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hudební vydavatelství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_recordio" title="Label recordio – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Label recordio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiklabel" title="Musiklabel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Musiklabel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δισκογραφική εταιρεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δισκογραφική εταιρεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sello_discogr%C3%A1fico" title="Sello discográfico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sello discográfico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskeldonejo" title="Diskeldonejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diskeldonejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskoetxe" title="Diskoetxe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diskoetxe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="ناشر موسیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناشر موسیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_discographique" title="Label discographique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Label discographique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platemaatskippij" title="Platemaatskippij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Platemaatskippij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip%C3%A9ad_ceoil" title="Lipéad ceoil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lipéad ceoil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selo_discogr%C3%A1fico" title="Selo discográfico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Selo discográfico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%94" title="레코드 레이블 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레코드 레이블" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%AC" title="Ձայնագրման լեյբլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձայնագրման լեյբլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Label_rekaman" title="Label rekaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Label rekaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etichetta_discografica" title="Etichetta discografica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etichetta discografica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חברת תקליטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חברת תקליטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಧ್ವನಿ ಮುದ್ರಣ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಧ್ವನಿ ಮುದ್ರಣ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლეიბლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეიბლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Дыбысжазба лейблі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дыбысжазба лейблі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AE%C5%9Fana_qeyd%C3%AA" title="Nîşana qeydê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nîşana qeydê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musekslabel" title="Musekslabel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Musekslabel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AEra%C5%A1%C5%B3_kompanija" title="Įrašų kompanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Įrašų kompanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemezkiad%C3%B3" title="Lemezkiadó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lemezkiadó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9C%D0%B0" title="Издавачка куќа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Издавачка куќа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლეიბლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლეიბლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syarikat_rakaman" title="Syarikat rakaman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syarikat rakaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platenlabel" title="Platenlabel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Platenlabel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="रेकर्ड लेबल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेकर्ड लेबल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB" title="レコードレーベル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レコードレーベル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leybl" title="Leybl – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leybl" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਰਿਕਾਰਡ ਲੇਬਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਕਾਰਡ ਲੇਬਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wydawnictwo_muzyczne" title="Wydawnictwo muzyczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wydawnictwo muzyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selo_fonogr%C3%A1fico" title="Selo fonográfico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Selo fonográfico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Лейбл звукозаписи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лейбл звукозаписи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="සංගීතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංගීතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Record label" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%84" title="رکورد لیبل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رکورد لیبل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudobn%C3%A9_vydavate%C4%BEstvo" title="Hudobné vydavateľstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hudobné vydavateľstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasbena_zalo%C5%BEba" title="Glasbena založba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glasbena založba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="کۆمپانیای تۆمارکردن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمپانیای تۆمارکردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%B0" title="Издавачка кућа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Издавачка кућа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skivm%C3%A4rke" title="Skivmärke – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Skivmärke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Record label" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87" title="ค่ายเพลง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค่ายเพลง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCzik_%C5%9Firketi" title="Müzik şirketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müzik şirketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83" title="Лейбл звукозапису – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лейбл звукозапису" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A3ng_thu_%C3%A2m" title="Hãng thu âm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hãng thu âm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="唱片公司 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="唱片公司" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="唱片公司 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="唱片公司" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%B1%E7%89%87%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="唱片公司 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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