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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jerman</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Bahasa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Bahasa </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Jerman&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6373584">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-b{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> Jerman atau secara rasminya Republik Persekutuan Jerman <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Jerman">Bahasa Jerman</a>: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mengenai audio ini"><img alt="Mengenai audio ini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" class="internal" title="De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</a> (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Bantuan_audio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Bantuan audio">bantuan</a>·<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fail:De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">maklumat</a>), <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abjad_Fonetik_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa">IPA</a>: [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant]),<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Duden6-3">[3]</a> ialah sebuah negara yang terletak di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eropah_Tengah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eropah Tengah">Eropah Tengah</a>. Negara ini bersempadankan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut_Utara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut Utara">Laut Utara</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut_Baltik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> di utara; <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland">Poland</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_Czech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik Czech">Republik Czech</a> di timur; <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> di selatan; dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perancis">Perancis</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> di barat. Negara ini memiliki keluasan sekitar 357,021 km² dan mengalami iklim sederhana bermusim. Dengan lebih 82 juta penduduk, jumlah ini merupakan yang terbesar di dalam <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> selain kumpulan pendatang antarabangsa ketiga terbesar.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <table class="infobox ib-country vcard"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"> <div class="fn org country-name"> Republik Persekutuan Jerman </div> <div class="ib-country-names"> Bundesrepublik Deutschland </div></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"> <table class="maptable" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:{{{width1}}};text-align:center;"> <div> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Flag_of_Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Jerman"><img alt="Bendera Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></a> </div> <div></div></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;width:auto;text-align:center;"> <div> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Jata Jerman"><img alt="Jata Jerman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510"></a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bendera_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bendera Jerman">Bendera</a></td> <td style="font-size:85%; text-align:center;">Jata</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Das_Lied_der_Deutschen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Das Lied der Deutschen">Das Lied der Deutschen</a> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=da&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="da" label="dansk ‪(da)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </audio></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:LocationGermany.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Lokasi Jerman (hijau)"><img alt="Lokasi Jerman (hijau)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/LocationGermany.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="115"></a> <div class="ib-country-map-caption"> Lokasi Jerman (hijau) </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibu_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibu negara">Ibu negara</a> <div class="ib-country-largest"> dan bandar terbesar </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:DEU_Berlin_COA.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/16px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/24px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/DEU_Berlin_COA.svg/32px-DEU_Berlin_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="739"></a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_rasmi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa rasmi">Bahasa rasmi</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Jerman">Bahasa Jerman</a><a class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman%23endnote_1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kumpulan_etnik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumpulan etnik">Kumpulan etnik</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th> <td class="infobox-data">91% Jerman, 3% <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orang_Turki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orang Turki">Turki</a>, 6% kumpulan minoriti</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politik_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politik Jerman">Kerajaan</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_persekutuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik persekutuan">Republik persekutuan</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlimen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlimen">Berparlimen</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presiden_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presiden Jerman">Presiden</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanselor_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanselor Jerman">Kanselor</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaf_Scholz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a></td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Pembentukan</th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5657302"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empayar_Suci_Rom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Suci Rom">Empayar Suci Rom</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">962</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empayar_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empayar Jerman">Empayar Jerman</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">18 Januari 1871</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Barat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Barat">Republik Persekutuan</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">23 Mei 1949</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penyatuan_semula_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penyatuan semula Jerman">Penyatuan semula</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">3 Oktober 1990</td> </tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografi_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografi Jerman">Keluasan </a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Jumlah </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">357,021 km2 (137,847 bt2) (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_keluasan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut keluasan">ke-63</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perairan_wilayah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perairan wilayah">Perairan</a> (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peratusan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peratusan">%</a>) </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">2.416</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demografi_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demografi Jerman">Penduduk</a></th> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Perkiraan 2007 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">82,218,000<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Bancian Penduduk 2000 </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">82,797,408</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kepadatan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kepadatan">Kepadatan</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">230.9/km2 (598.0/sq mi) (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kepadatan_penduduk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepadatan penduduk">ke-40</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pariti_kuasa_beli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pariti kuasa beli">PPP</a>)</th> <td class="infobox-data">2007</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Jumlah </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">$2.81 trilion (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP)">ke-5</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Per_kapita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">$34,181 (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(PPP)_per_kapita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (PPP) per kapita">ke-21</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> (nominal)</th> <td class="infobox-data">2007</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> •  Jumlah </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">$4.082 trilion (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(ukuran_dasar)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (ukuran dasar)">ke-3</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Per_kapita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Per kapita">Per kapita</a> </div></th> <td class="infobox-data">$40,415 (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_KDNK_(nominal)_per_kapita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senarai negara mengikut KDNK (nominal) per kapita">ke-19</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pekali_Gini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pekali Gini">Gini</a> (2000)</th> <td class="infobox-data">28.2 rendah</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">HDI</a> (2017)</th> <td class="infobox-data">0.936<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-HDI-2">[2]</a> sangat tinggi · <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senarai_negara_mengikut_Indeks_Pembangunan_Manusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senarai negara mengikut Indeks Pembangunan Manusia">(ke-5)</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mata_wang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mata wang">Mata wang</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">Euro</a> (€) (<code><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_4217?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a></code>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedtoprow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zon_waktu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zon waktu">Zon waktu</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waktu_Eropah_Tengah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waktu Eropah Tengah">CET</a>)</td> </tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> <div class="ib-country-fake-li"> • Musim panas (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu Musim Panas">DST</a>) </div></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Selaras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waktu Universal Selaras">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waktu_Musim_Panas_Eropah_Tengah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Waktu Musim Panas Eropah Tengah">CEST</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Kod panggilan</th> <td class="infobox-data">49</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166">Kod ISO 3166</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-2:DE">DE</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domain_peringkat_tinggi_kod_negara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domain peringkat tinggi kod negara">DPT internet</a></th> <td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.de?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".de">.de</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <div class="ib-country-fn"> <ol class="ib-country-fn-num"> <li value="1"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#ref_1">↑</a>  <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Denmark">Bahasa Denmark</a>, Jerman Rendah, Sorbia, Roma dan Frisia adalah diiktiraf secara rasmi dan dilindungi oleh ECRML.</li> </ol> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Rekod tentang Germania, iaitu sebuah kawasan yang dihuni oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puak-puak_Jermanik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puak-puak Jermanik">orang-orang Jermanik</a> telah dicatatkan sebelum tahun <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/100?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="100">100</a> M. Bermula pada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abad_ke-10?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abad ke-10">abad ke-10</a> pula, wilayah-wilayah Jerman telah membentuk tulang belakang <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empayar_Suci_Rom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Suci Rom">Empayar Suci Rom</a> yang bertahan sehingga tahun 1806. Ketika <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abad_ke-16?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abad ke-16">abad ke-16</a>, kawasan di utara Jerman menjadi pusat pergerakan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformasi_Protestan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reformasi Protestan">Reformasi Protestan</a>. Sebagai sebuah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negara_bangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Negara bangsa">negara bangsa</a> zaman moden, ia kemudiannya disatukan ketika <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Perancis-Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perang Perancis-Prusia">Perang Perancis-Prusia</a> pada tahun 1871. Selepas <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, negara ini telah dipecahkan pula oleh kuasa-kuasa Barat. Akhirnya pada tahun 1990, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Barat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a> telah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penyatuan_semula_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penyatuan semula Jerman">disatukan semula</a>. Jerman Barat ialah negara pengasas Komuniti Eropah pada tahun 1957, yang kemudiannya menjadi Kesatuan Eropah pada tahun 1993. Negara ini adalah sebahagian daripada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perjanjian_Schengen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perjanjian Schengen">kawasan tanpa sempadan Schengen</a> dan mula menggunakan matawang bersama Eropah, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">Euro</a> pada tahun 1999. Jerman ialah sebuah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik">republik</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persekutuan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persekutuan">persekutuan</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parlimen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parlimen">berparlimen</a> yang mengandungi 16 buah negeri bersekutu. Ibu negara ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> dan kota raya terbesar ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. Jerman turut menganggotai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pertubuhan_Bangsa-bangsa_Bersatu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertubuhan Bangsa-bangsa Bersatu">PBB</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pertubuhan_Perjanjian_Atlantik_Utara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pertubuhan Perjanjian Atlantik Utara">NATO</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="G8">G8</a> dan telah menandatangani <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protokol_Kyoto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protokol Kyoto">Protokol Kyoto</a>. Ia merupakan ekonomi ketiga terbesar di dunia mengikut <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Keluaran_dalam_negara_kasar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Keluaran dalam negara kasar">KDNK</a> dan pengeksport barang dagangan terbesar pada tahun 2007. Berdasarkan nilai mutlak, Jerman memperuntukkan bantuan pembangunan kedua terbesar di dunia,<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-derma-5">[5]</a> manakala perbelanjaan ketenteraannya berada di kedudukan keenam.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sipri-6">[6]</a> Negara ini telah berjaya membangunkan gaya hidup yang tinggi dan menubuhkan satu sistem keselamatan sosial yang menyeluruh. Ia memegang kedudukan penting dalam hal-ehwal Eropah dan mengekalkan kerjasama erat pelbagai peringkat di pentas dunia.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Di samping itu, Jerman turut diiktiraf sebagai peneraju dalam pelbagai bidang sains dan teknologi.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ms" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Isi kandungan</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sejarah">1 Sejarah</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Puak-puak_Jermanik">1.1 Puak-puak Jermanik</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Empayar_Rom_Suci_(962%E2%80%931806)">1.2 Empayar Rom Suci (962–1806)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pemulihan_dan_Revolusi_(1814%E2%80%931871)">1.3 Pemulihan dan Revolusi (1814–1871)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Empayar_Jerman_(1871%E2%80%931918)">1.4 Empayar Jerman (1871–1918)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Republik_Weimar_(1919%E2%80%931933)">1.5 Republik Weimar (1919–1933)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Empayar_Ketiga_(1933%E2%80%931945)">1.6 Empayar Ketiga (1933–1945)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pembahagian_dan_Penyatuan_semula_(Sejak_1945)">1.7 Pembahagian dan Penyatuan semula (Sejak 1945)</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geografi">2 Geografi</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Iklim">2.1 Iklim</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alam_sekitar">2.2 Alam sekitar</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kerajaan">3 Kerajaan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Negeri">4 Negeri</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hubungan_luar">5 Hubungan luar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bantuan_pembangunan">5.1 Bantuan pembangunan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ketenteraan">5.2 Ketenteraan</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Undang-undang">6 Undang-undang</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Peringkat_negeri">6.1 Peringkat negeri</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Penduduk">7 Penduduk</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Agama">7.1 Agama</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bahasa">7.2 Bahasa</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ekonomi">8 Ekonomi</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prasarana">8.1 Prasarana</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sains_dan_teknologi">9 Sains dan teknologi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pendidikan">10 Pendidikan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pengangkutan">11 Pengangkutan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Kebudayaan">12 Kebudayaan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sukan">13 Sukan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Lihat_juga">14 Lihat juga</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rujukan">15 Rujukan</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pautan_luar">16 Pautan luar</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Rencana utama: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sejarah_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sejarah Jerman">Sejarah Jerman</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Puak-puak_Jermanik">Puak-puak Jermanik</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Puak-puak Jermanik" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> Asal-usul <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puak-puak_Jermanik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puak-puak Jermanik">orang-orang Jermanik</a> dikatakan bermula sewaktu <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaman_Gangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaman Gangsa">Zaman Gangsa</a> atau sekurang-kurangnya ketika <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaman_Besi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaman Besi">Zaman Besi</a> sebelum era <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rom_kuno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rom kuno">orang-orang Rom</a>. Dari selatan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scandinavia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> dan utara Jerman, puak-puak ini mula berkembang ke selatan, timur dan barat pada abad pertama SM dan membuat perhubungan dengan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celt">puak Celt</a> di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> selain <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangsa_Iran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangsa Iran">orang-orang Iran</a> serta puak-puak <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puak_Balt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puak Balt">Balt</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puak_Slav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puak Slav">Slav</a> di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eropah_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eropah Timur">Eropah Timur</a>. Sumber sejarah berkenaan puak ini hampir kesemuanya berasal daripada rekod <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empayar_Rom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empayar Rom">Empayar Rom</a>.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Claster-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Germanic_tribes_(750BC-1AD).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/220px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/220px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/330px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png/440px-Germanic_tribes_%28750BC-1AD%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Perkembangan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puak-puak_Jermanik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puak-puak Jermanik">puak-puak Jermanik</a> sekitar tahun-tahun 750 SM – 1 M. </figcaption> </figure> Di bawah pemerintahan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, Jeneral Rom bernama <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Publius Quinctilius Varus</a> mula menakluk Germania (nama yang digunakan oleh orang-orang Rom untuk merujuk kawasan yang bermula dari <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sungai_Rhine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sungai Rhine">Sungai Rhine</a> hingga ke <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pergunungan_Ural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pergunungan Ural">Pergunungan Ural</a>). Daripada pertembungan sebeginilah puak-puak Jermanik ini mempelajari taktik-taktik perang orang Rom sambil mengekalkan identiti puak mereka. Pada tahun 9 M, tiga legion Romawi yang dipimpin oleh Varus telah dikalahkan oleh pemimpin Cheruscan bernama <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arminius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Hutan_Teutoburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Hutan Teutoburg">Perang Hutan Teutoburg</a>. Jerman Moden, sehingga Sungai Rhine dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sungai_Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Danube">Sungai Danube</a>, terus kekal di luar kawalan Empayar Rom. Menjelang tahun 100 M, puak-puak ini mula menetap sepanjang Sungai Rhine dan Danube, menghuni kebanyakan kawasan yang kini adalah negara Jerman. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abad_ke-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abad ke-3">Abad ke-3</a> menyaksikan kemunculan beberapa puak Jermanik Barat seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alamanni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orang_Frank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orang Frank">Frank</a>, Chatti, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Saxon">Saxon</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frisia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frisia">Frisia</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicambri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thuringia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. Sekitar 260 M, mereka memecahkan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limes">Limes</a> dan kubu sempadan di Sungai Danube untuk mencereboh ke dalam kawasan di bawah kawalan Rom.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CAH-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Empayar_Rom_Suci_(962–1806)">Empayar Rom Suci (962–1806)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Empayar Rom Suci (962–1806)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/220px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1037"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/220px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/330px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg/440px-Balduineum_Wahl_Heinrich_VII.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Putera-Pemilih Empayar Rom Suci di dalam naskhah kulit dari tahun 1341. </figcaption> </figure> Empayar zaman pertengahan ini terhasil melalui pembahagian <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empayar_Carolingia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Empayar Carolingia">Empayar Carolingia</a> pada tahun 843, yang diasaskan oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charlemagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> pada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_Disember?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 Disember">25 Disember</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/800?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="800">800</a> dan wujud dalam bentuk yang berbeza-beza sehingga tahun 1806, dengan wilayahnya merangkumi Sungai Eider di utara hingga <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut_Mediterranean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut Mediterranean">pantai Mediterranean</a> di selatan. Seringkali dirujuk sebagai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empayar_Rom_Suci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empayar Rom Suci">Empayar Rom Suci</a> (atau Empayar Lama), ia secara rasminya digelar Empayar Rom Suci Bangsa Jerman (Sacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicæ) bermula pada tahun 1448 bagi menyesuaikan gelaran itu dengan wilayahnya yang telah dikurangkan. Di bawah maharaja-maharaja Dinasti Ottonia (919-1024), wilayah-wilayah seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lorraine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saxony?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franconia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, Swabia, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thuringia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> telah disatukan dan raja Jerman di wilayah-wilayah ini dimahkotakan sebagai Maharaja Rom Suci pada tahun 962. Di bawah pemerintahan maharaja-maharaja Dinasti Salia (1024-1125), Empayar Rom Suci menyerap utara <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itali">Itali</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, walaupun maharaja-maharaja ini kehilangan kuasa melalui Kontroversi Pertabalan. Di bawah pemerintahan maharaja-maharaja <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinasti_Hohenstaufen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinasti Hohenstaufen">Dinasti Hohenstaufen</a> (1138-1254) pula, putera-putera Jerman meningkatkan pengaruh mereka ke selatan dan timur hingga ke wilayah-wilayah yang dihuni oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puak_Slav?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puak Slav">orang-orang Slav</a>. Bandar-bandar di utara Jerman pula berkembang makmur sebagai ahli di dalam <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liga_Hansa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liga Hansa">Liga Hansa</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Lucas_Cranach_(I)_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_(Uffizi).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/130px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="700"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 190px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/130px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/195px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg/260px-Lucas_Cranach_%28I%29_workshop_-_Martin_Luther_%28Uffizi%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, (1483–1546) pencetus gerakan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformasi_Protestan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reformasi Protestan">Reformasi Protestan</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titah-perintah_Paus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Titah-perintah Paus">Titah-perintah Paus</a> melalui Mohor Emas pada tahun 1356 menyediakan perlembagaan asas bagi empayar ini yang bertahan hingga ke pembubarannya. Ia menyenaraikan peraturan bagi pemilihan maharaja oleh tujuh orang putera-pemilih yang memerintah sebahagian besar wilayah yang berpengaruh di dalam empayar ini. Bermula pada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abad_ke-15?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abad ke-15">abad ke-15</a>, maharaja-maharaja telah dipilih secara eksklusif dari kalangan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinasti_Habsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinasti Habsburg">Dinasti Habsburg</a> dari <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a>. Paderi <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martin_Luther?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> telah menerbitkan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/95_Dalil-dalil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="95 Dalil-dalil">95 Dalil-dalil</a> pada tahun 1517 yang mencabar amalan-amalan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Rom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gereja Katolik Rom">Gereja Katolik Rom</a>, sekaligus mencetuskan pergerakan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reformasi_Protestan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reformasi Protestan">Reformasi Protestan</a>. Sebuah gereja <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lutheran?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> yang terpisah menjadi agama rasmi di beberapa negeri Jerman selepas tahun 1530. Perbalahan keagamaan ini terus memuncak sehingga membawa kepada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peperangan_30_Tahun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peperangan 30 Tahun">Peperangan 30 Tahun</a> (1618-1648) yang memusnahkan banyak tempat di seluruh wilayah Jerman.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Jumlah penduduk di negeri-negeri ini jatuh mendadak sebanyak 30%.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perdamaian_Westfalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perdamaian Westfalen">Perdamaian Westfalen</a> (1648) mengakhiri konflik keagamaan ini tetapi empayar secara nyata (de facto) dibahagikan kepada beberapa wilayah bebas. Dari tahun 1740 dan seterusnya, sifat keduaan di antara Kerajaan Austro-Habsburg dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia">Prusia</a> menguasai sejarah Jerman. Pada tahun 1806, Imperium dicerobohi dan dibubarkan hasil <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peperangan_Napoleon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Peperangan Napoleon">Peperangan Napoleon</a>.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-concise_h-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pemulihan_dan_Revolusi_(1814–1871)">Pemulihan dan Revolusi (1814–1871)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Pemulihan dan Revolusi (1814–1871)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/220px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3364" data-file-height="2229"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/220px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/330px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg/440px-Zeitgen%C3%B6ssige_Lithografie_der_Nationalversammlung_in_der_Paulskirche.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Parlimen Frankfurt pada tahun 1848. </figcaption> </figure> Berikutan kejatuhan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kongres_Vienna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kongres Vienna">Kongres Vienna</a> bersidang pada tahun 1814 dan menubuhkan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabungan_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabungan Jerman">Gabungan Jerman</a> (Deutscher Bund), iaitu sebuah liga yang agak longgar yang menghimpunkan 39 negeri-negeri yang berdaulat. Perselisihan faham berkenaan politik pemulihan membawa kepada kebangkitan pergerakan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liberal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal">liberal</a>, yang menuntut perpaduan dan kebebasan. Hal ini dibalas dengan langkah-langkah baru yang menindas yang diketengahkan oleh seorang negarawan dari Austria yang bernama Klemens Wenzel von Metternich. Zollverein, iaitu penyatuan tarif jual beli, seterusnya berhasil meneguhkan perpaduan dari segi ekonomi di negeri-negeri Jerman. Ketika ini jugalah, ramai orang-orang Jerman dirangsang oleh idea-diea <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolusi_Perancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolusi Perancis">Revolusi Perancis</a> dan semangat kebangsaan pula menjadi daya penggerak yang penting, teutamanya di kalangan intelektual. Buat pertama kalinya warna hitam, merah dan emas dipilih bagi mewakili pergerakan ini, yang kemudiannya menjadi warna-warna kebangsaan Jerman.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Dipengaruhi beberapa pergerakan revolusi di Eropah yang berjaya menubuhkan sebuah Republik di Perancis, para intelektual dan orang-orang awam memulakan Revolusi-revolusi 1848 di negeri-negeri Jerman. Raja-raja pada mulanya cuba memenuhi tuntutan pergerakan ini. Raja Frederick William IV dari Prusia ditawarkan gelaran <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maharaja?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maharaja">maharaja</a> tetapi dengan kuasa yang dikurangkan. Baginda menolak mahkota tersebut dan perlembagaan yang dicadangkan, membawa kepada halangan sebentar bagi gerakan revolusi ini. Perbalahan di antara Raja William I dari Prusia dan parlimen yang semakin liberal tercetus kerana pembaharuan cuba dilakukan ke atas pihak tentera pada tahun 1862 dan tindakan raja melantik <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> sebagai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perdana_Menteri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perdana Menteri">Perdana Menteri</a> Prusia yang baru. Beliau berjaya melancarkan perang ke atas <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> pada tahun 1864. Kemenangan ini, iaitu dua tahun selepas perang bermula, membolehkan beliau menubuhkan Persekutuan Jerman Utara (Norddeutscher Bund) sekaligus mengenepikan Austria, yang dulunya merupakan negeri Jerman yang berpengaruh besar, di dalam hal-ehwal saki-baki negara Jerman yang tinggal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Empayar_Jerman_(1871–1918)">Empayar Jerman (1871–1918)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Empayar Jerman (1871–1918)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_(3._Fassung_1885).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1097"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/220px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/330px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg/440px-A_v_Werner_-_Kaiserproklamation_am_18_Januar_1871_%283._Fassung_1885%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Penubuhan Jerman moden di Versailles, Perancis pada tahun 1871. Bismarck di tengah-tengah berpakaian pakaian seragam berwarna putih. </figcaption> </figure> Negara yang kini dikenali sebagai Jerman telah disatukan sebagai sebuah negara bangsa yang moden pada tahun 1871 apabila <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empayar_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empayar Jerman">Empayar Jerman</a> dibentuk dengan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia">Prusia</a> sebagai ahlinya yang terbesar. Selepas kekalahan Perancis di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Perancis-Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perang Perancis-Prusia">Perang Perancis-Prusia</a>, Empayar Jerman dimasyhurkan di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istana_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Istana Versailles">Istana Versailles</a> pada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_Januari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 Januari">18 Januari</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1871?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1871">1871</a>. Dinasti Hohenzollern dari Prusia memerintah empayar baru ini dengan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> sebagai ibu negaranya. Empayar ini menyatukan bahagian-bahagian Jerman yang bertaburan di Eropah Tengah kecuali Austria (Kleindeutschland atau Jerman kecil). Bermula pada tahun 1884, Jerman mula menubuhkan beberapa koloni di luar Eropah. Sewaktu Era Pengasas (Gründerzeit) yang menyusur selepas penyatuan Jerman, Maharaja William I melancarkan dasar luar negara yang mengukuhkan kedudukan Jerman sebagai sebuah kuasa besar dengan memeterai pakatan sekutu, yang memulaukan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_Perancis_Ketiga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Perancis Ketiga">Perancis</a> melalui kaedah diplomatik dan menghindari perang. Namun di bawah pemerintahan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/William_II,_Maharaja_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, Maharaja Jerman">William II</a>, Jerman, seperti juga kuasa-kuasa besar Eropah yang lainnya, mengambil langkah-langkah imperialistik yang membawa kepada pergeseran dengan negara-negara jirannya. Kebanyakan negara sekutu mula meminggirkannya dengan tidak membaharui pakatan lama dan pakatan-pakatan baru tidak melibatkannya. Lebih khusus lagi ialah kejayaan Perancis menubuhkan hubungan baru melalui Entente Cordiale dengan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> selain dengan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empayar_Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empayar Rusia">Empayar Rusia</a>. Melainkan hubungannya dengan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria-Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria-Hungary">Kerajaan Austro-Hungary</a>, Jerman menjadi semakin terpinggir. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Map-DR-Prussia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map-DR-Prussia.svg/220px-Map-DR-Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="2224"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 187px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map-DR-Prussia.svg/220px-Map-DR-Prussia.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map-DR-Prussia.svg/330px-Map-DR-Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Map-DR-Prussia.svg/440px-Map-DR-Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Empayar Jerman (1871–1918), dengan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kerajaan_Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kerajaan Prusia">Kerajaan Prusia</a> (biru) sebagai ahli terbesar. </figcaption> </figure> Penjajahan Jerman di luar Eropah lebih tertumpu kepada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrika">Afrika</a> sebagaimana kuasa-kuasa besar Eropah yang lainnya. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persidangan_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persidangan Berlin">Persidangan Berlin</a> pada tahun 1884 membahagi-bahagikan Afrika di kalangan kuasa-kuasa Eropah. Jerman memiliki beberapa bahagian di Afrika yang merangkumi <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afrika_Timur_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afrika Timur Jerman">Afrika Timur Jerman</a>, Afrika Barat Daya, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Togo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Togo">Togo</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cameroon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perebutan_Afrika?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perebutan Afrika">Perebutan Afrika</a> ini menyebabkan tekanan di antara kuasa-kuasa besar yang mungkin menyumbang kepada keadaan-keadaan yang menyebabkan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>. Pembunuhan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_dari_Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand dari Austria">Putera Mahkota Austria</a> pada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/28_Jun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="28 Jun">28 Jun</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1914">1914</a> mencetuskan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>. Jerman, sebagai sebahagian daripada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuasa_Tengah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuasa Tengah">Kuasa Tengah</a>, mengalami kekalahan di tangan Kuasa-kuasa Sekutu di dalam salah satu perbalahan terburuk sepanjang zaman. Revolusi Jerman tercetus pada bulan November 1918 yang memaksa Maharaja William II dan semua putera-putera pemerintah di Jerman turun takhta. Gencatan senjata yang mengakhiri peperangan dipersetujui pada 11 November dan Jerman dipaksa menerima syarat-syarat <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persetiaan_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persetiaan Versailles">Persetiaan Versailles</a> pada bulan Jun 1919. Rundingannya, yang berlawanan dengan amalan tradisi diplomasi pasca-perang, langsung tidak melibatkan Kuasa Tengah yang kalah. Perjanjian ini dianggap di Jerman sebagai sambungan memalukan perang sebelumnya, yang dilakukan dengan kaedah-kaedah lain dan kekerasannya sering dikaitkan dengan kebangkitan fahaman <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> di negara ini.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-lee-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Republik_Weimar_(1919–1933)">Republik Weimar (1919–1933)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Republik Weimar (1919–1933)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> Selepas kejayaan Revolusi Jerman pada bulan November 1918, sebuah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_Weimar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik Weimar">republik</a> diisytiharkan. Perlembagaan Weimar berkuatkuasa setelah ditandatangani oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presiden_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presiden Jerman">Presiden</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a> pada 11 Ogos 1919. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_Komunis_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti Komunis Jerman">Parti Komunis Jerman</a> ditubuhkan oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> pada tahun 1918 manakala Parti Pekerja Jerman, kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Parti Pekerja Sosialistik Kebangsaan Jerman atau <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Parti Nazi</a>, pula ditubukan pada bulan Januari 1919. Menderita akibat <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaman_Meleset?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zaman Meleset">Zaman Meleset</a>, syarat-syarat <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persetiaan_Versailles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persetiaan Versailles">Persetiaan Versailles</a> yang agak keras dan kerajaan tidak stabil yang silih berganti menyebabkan khalayak umum di Jerman semakin tidak menghiraukan sistem politik demokrasi berparlimen. Hal ini diburukkan lagi dengan tersebarnya mitos <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politik_sayap_kanan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Politik sayap kanan">politik sayap kanan</a> Dolchstoßlegende, yang menyatakan bahawa Jerman kalah pada Perang Dunia I kerana Revolusi Jerman, dan bukanlah kerana kalah di medan perang. Di sebelah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politik_sayap_kiri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Politik sayap kiri">sayap kiri</a> pula, pergerakan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komunis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunis">komunis</a> seperti Liga Spartacus, mahu memansuhkan sistem yang mereka anggap sebagai "<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kapitalisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kapitalisme">pemerintahan kapitalis</a>" dengan sistem komunisme majlis yang dipanggil "Räterepublik". Kumpulan separa tentera ditubuhkan oleh beberapa parti dan pembunuhan bermotifkan politik berleluasa. Kumpulan separa tentera ini menakut-nakutkan pengundi dan mencambahkan keganasan dan kemarahan di kalangan khalayak umum, yang menempuh kemiskinan dan kadar pengangguran yang tinggi. Selepas beberapa siri kabinet kecundang, Presiden <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, yang tiada pilihan lain selain yang diajukan oleh penasihat-penasihatnya yang rata-rata dari parti sayap kanan, melantik <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> sebagai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canselor_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canselor Jerman">Canselor Jerman</a> pada 30 Januari 1933. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Empayar_Ketiga_(1933–1945)">Empayar Ketiga (1933–1945)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Empayar Ketiga (1933–1945)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> Pada 27 Februari 1933, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bangunan_Reichstag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bangunan Reichstag">bangunan Reichstag</a> mengalami kebakaran. Melalui dikri kecemasan, beberapa hak asasi demokrasi kemudiannya dibatalkan dengan serta-merta. Sebuah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akta_Pengkuasaan_1933?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akta Pengkuasaan 1933">Akta Pengkuasaan</a> memberi kerajaan pimpinan Hitler kuasa penuh perundangan. Hanya <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_Demokratik_Sosial_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Demokratik Sosial Jerman">Parti Demokratik Sosial Jerman</a> (SPD) sahaja yang membangkang akta ini manakala Parti Komunis tidak boleh hadir untuk membangkang kerana kebanyakan wakil-wakilnya telah dibunuh atau dipenjarakan.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-stackelberg-16">[16]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-scheck-17">[17]</a> Sebuah negara <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Totalitarianisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Totalitarianisme">totalitarian</a> berpusat ditubuhkan melalui beberapa siri tindakan dan dikri yang menjadikan Jerman sebuah negara satu parti. Perusahaan dikawal ketat dengan pelbagai kuota dan keperluan bagi menganjak ekonomi ke arah pengeluaran berasaskan keperluan perang. Pada tahun 1936, tentera Jerman memasuki <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kawasan_cegah_senjata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawasan cegah senjata">kawasan cegah senjata</a> Rheinland dan dasar beralah yang dibawakan oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perdana Menteri United Kingdom">Perdana Menteri United Kingdom</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> ternyata tidak cukup untuk mengekang kemaraan tentera Jerman. Kejayaan itu memberanikan Hitler melancarkan dasar peluasan kuasa pada tahun 1938 bagi menubuhkan Jerman Raya. Bagi mengelakkan peperangan dari dua arah, Hitler memeterai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakatan_Molotov-Ribbentrop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakatan Molotov-Ribbentrop">Pakatan Molotov-Ribbentrop</a> dengan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Kesatuan Soviet</a>. Pada tahun 1939, akibat percambahan tekanan daripada semangat kebangsaan, ketenteraan dan isu-isu kewilayahan membawa kepada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blitzkrieg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blitzkrieg">serangan kilat</a> oleh Jerman ke atas Poland, yang diikuti dua hari kemudiannya dengan pengisytiharan perang oleh Britain dan Perancis, sekaligus menandakan bermulanya <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>. Jerman kemudiannya mencapai kawalan secara langsung mahupun tidak langsung ke atas sebahagian besar benua Eropah. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg/220px-Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="449"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg/220px-Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg/330px-Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg/440px-Potsdamer_Platz_1945.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Runtuhan perang di Berlin selepas <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, Postdamer Platz 1945. </figcaption> </figure> Pada 22 Jun 1941, Hitler melanggar pakatan dengan Kesatuan Soviet dengan pembukaan barisan timur dan penaklukan ke atas Kesatuan Soviet. Sejurus selepas <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empayar_Jepun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empayar Jepun">Empayar Jepun</a> melancarkan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serangan_Pearl_Harbour?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Serangan Pearl Harbour">serangan ke atas markas Amerika Syarikat</a> di Pearl Harbour, Jerman mengisytiharkan perang ke atas <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>. Walaupun tentera Jerman pada mulanya mara dengan pantas ke dalam wilayah Kesatuan Soviet, Perang Stalingrad menandakan titik peralihan penting peperangan ini. Berikutan dengan itu, tentera Jerman terpaksa menarik diri ke barisan timur. Perang Normandy pula menjadi titik peralihan di barisan barat, apabila tentera sekutu mendarat di pantai Normandy dan mara dengan pantas ke dalam wilayah Jerman. Pada 8 Mei 1945, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hari_Kemenangan_di_Eropah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hari Kemenangan di Eropah">angkatan tentera Jerman menyerah kalah</a> apabila <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tentera_Merah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tentera Merah">Tentera Merah</a> menakluki <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. Rejim Empayar Ketiga ini, telah melaksanakan dasar-dasar yang secara langsung menindas sebahagian daripada ahli masyarakat termasuklah orang-orang <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yahudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komunis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunis">Komunis</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orang_Roma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orang Roma">Roma</a>, golongan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homoseksual?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoseksual">homoseksual</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Freemason?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Freemason">freemason</a>, pembangkang, paderi, pendakwah dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orang_kurang_upaya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang kurang upaya">orang kurang upaya</a>. Penindasan di zaman Nazi ini, yang kemudiannya dikenali sebagai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holokus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holokus">Holokus</a>, telah mengakibatkan pembunuhan sehingga lebih 11 juta orang, termasuk 6 juta orang Yahudi dan 3 juta rakyat Poland. Perang Dunia II dan pembunuhan beramai-ramai Nazi ini menyebabkan korban nyawa sebanyak 35 juta di seluruh Eropah. <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pembahagian_dan_Penyatuan_semula_(Sejak_1945)">Pembahagian dan Penyatuan semula (Sejak 1945)</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembahagian dan Penyatuan semula (Sejak 1945)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/170px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="599"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 219px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/170px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png" data-width="170" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/255px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/340px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Selepas tahun 1949, dua buah negara Jerman termasuk kota Berlin yang dibahagi dua terbentuk menurut zon pendudukan Pihak Berikat. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Barat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a> dibentuk daripada zon-zon yang ditadbir oleh Amerika Syarikat, Britian dan Perancis. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a> dibentuk daripada kawasan yang ditadbir oleh Kesatuan Soviet. </figcaption> </figure> Peperangan telah menyebabkan jumlah kematian sekitar 10 juta orang tentera dan orang awam. Jerman kemudiannya menanggung kehilangan wilayah yang besar. Sebanyak 15 juta orang berketurunan Jerman yang tinggal kebanyakannya di bekas wilayahnya di timur (dan negara-negara lain) pula diusir keluar. Jerman turut mengalami kemusnahan teruk di banyak bandar-bandar utamanya. Wilayah kebangsaan yang tinggal dan kota <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> dibahagi oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pihak_Berikat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pihak Berikat">Pihak Berikat</a> kepada empat zon pendudukan tentera. Sektor-sektor yang dikawal oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perancis">Perancis</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_Kingdom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a> kemudiannya bergabung pada 23 Mei 1949 bagi membentuk <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Barat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Barat">Republik Persekutuan Jerman</a>, manakala pada 7 Oktober 1949, kawasan ditadbir Kesatuan Soviet pula membentuk <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Timur">Republik Demokratik Jerman</a>. Kedua-dua negara ini dikenali secari tidak rasmi sebagai "<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Barat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a>" dan "<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a>", manakala dua bahagian kota Berlin dikenali sebagai "<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin_Barat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin Barat">Berlin Barat</a>" dan "<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin Timur">Berlin Timur</a>". Ibu negara kedua-duanya pula ialah masing-masing <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bonn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin Timur">Berlin Timur</a>. Namun begitu, Bonn hanya diisytihar sebagai ibu negara sementara.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sementara-18">[18]</a> bagi menekankan pendirian kerajaannya bahawa kewujudan dua negara itu hanyalah sementara dan akan disatukan semula pada kemudian hari. Jerman Barat seterusnya menubuhkan republik persekutuan berparlimen dengan "ekonomi pasaran sosial" dan bersekutu dengan Amerika Syarikat, Britain dan Perancis. Negara ini kemudiannya menikmati pertumbuhan ekonomi yang panjang sekitar dekad 1950-an (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a>) dan menyertai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> pada tahun 1955 selain turut membentuk <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Komuniti_Ekonomi_Eropah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah">Komuniti Ekonomi Eropah</a> (EEC) pada tahun 1958. Jerman Timur pula menjadi anggota <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blok_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok Timur">Blok Timur</a> di bawah kawalan politik dan ketenteraan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/KRSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="KRSS">KRSS</a> melalui tenteranya dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakatan_Warsaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakatan Warsaw">Pakatan Warsaw</a>. Sedang ia mengaku sebagai sebuah demokrasi, kuasa politik sebenarnya dipegang oleh ahli-ahli tertinggi ("Politbüro") Parti Perpaduan Sosialis Jerman (SED) yang berfahaman komunis. Kuasa mereka dijamin melalui Stasi, polis cawangan khas yang besar saiznya dan beberapa pertubuhan di bawah SED yang mengawal semua aspek kehidupan masyarakat. Sebagai balasan, keperluan asas penduduk dipenuhi oleh pemerintah dengan harga yang rendah. Negara ini mengamalkan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekonomi_terancang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekonomi terancang">ekonomi terancang</a> ala-Soviet dan kemudiannya menyertai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comecon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comecon">Comecon</a>. Pada masa yang sama, pemerintah memainkan propaganda dengan menonjolkan faedah program sosial di bawah pemerintahannya selain menuduh Jerman Barat berulang kali cuba menaklukinya. Di sebalik propaganda ini, kebanyakan warganya masih "memandang ke barat" bagi kebebasan berpolitik dan kemakmuran ekonomi.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tembok_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tembok Berlin">Tembok Berlin</a> yang dibina pada tahun 1961 bagi menghalang warga Jerman Timur daripada melarikan diri ke Jerman Barat kemudiannya menjadi simbol <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Dingin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>. Ketegangan hubungan di antara Jerman Timur dan Barat menjadi seakan-akan reda pada awal dekad 1970-an melalui Ostpolitik yang dibawakan oleh Canselor <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Willy_Brandt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>. Dasarnya itu termasuklah penerimaan de facto kehilangan wilayah-wilayah Jerman sewaktu Perang Dunia II. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/330px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/440px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tembok_Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tembok Berlin">Tembok Berlin</a> di hadapan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerbang_Brandenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerbang Brandenburg">Gerbang Brandenburg</a> sejurus selepas pembukaanya pada tahun 1989. </figcaption> </figure> Setelah menempuhi penghijrahan besar-besaran warga Jerman Timur ke Jerman Barat melalui <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hungary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> dan tunjuk perasan besar-besaran ketika musim panas tahun 1989, penguasa-penguasa Jerman Timur dengan tanpa disangka-sangka melonggarkan kawalan sempadan pada bulan November yang membenarkan warganya masuk ke Jerman Barat. Dasar yang pada asalnya dilakukan sebagai "tolok tekanan" bagi mengekalkan Jerman Timur sebagai sebuah negara, sebenarnya mempercepatkan proses pembaharuan Wende, yang akhirnya ditamatkan dengan Perjanjian Dua Tambah Empat pada 12 September 1990 dan Penyatuan Semula Jerman pada 3 Oktober 1990. Di bawah perjanjian ini, keempat-empat kuasa pendudukan melepaskan hak mereka di bawah "Surat Cara Penyerahan" dan Jerman memperoleh semula kedaulatannya. Melalui Akta Bonn-Berlin yang diluluskan parlimen pada 10 Mac 1994, Berlin dipilih sebagai ibu negara Jerman yang bersatu manakala Bonn diikitiraf sebagai bandar raya persekutuan (Bundesstadt) dengan mengekalkan beberapa kementerian.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bbg-20">[20]</a> Perpindahan kerajaan ke Berlin diselesaikan pada tahun 1999. Sejak penyatuan semula, Jerman telah mengambil peranan penting di dalam <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> dan NATO. Jerman menghantar tentera pengaman bagi menjamin kestabilan di Balkan dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundeswehr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundeswehr">tentera persekutuannya</a> ke <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> sebagai sebahagian daripada usaha NATO menjamin keselamatan di negara ini selepas penggulingan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taliban?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Kerahan tentera ini adalah sangat kontroversi, kerana Jerman, yang diikat oleh undang-undang selepas perang, hanya boleh mengerah tenteranya bagi tujuan pertahanan negara sahaja, Kerahan tentera di wilayah asing dianggap sebagai tidak termasuk di dalam peruntukan pertahanan tersebut. Namun, undian di parlimen terhadap isu berkenaan secara langsung membenarkan penglibatannya dalam usaha-usaha pengaman. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Geografi">Geografi</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Geografi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Deutschland_topo.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deutschland_topo.png/170px-Deutschland_topo.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2410"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 205px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deutschland_topo.png/170px-Deutschland_topo.png" data-width="170" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deutschland_topo.png/255px-Deutschland_topo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Deutschland_topo.png/340px-Deutschland_topo.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Peta topografi Jerman. </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Rencana utama: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografi_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografi Jerman">Geografi Jerman</a> </div> Wilayah Jerman meliputi kawasan seluas 357,024 km², mengandungi 349,223 km² daratan dan 7,798 km² laut. Ia adalah negara ketujuh terbesar dari segi keluasan di Eropah dan ke-63 terbesar di dunia. Ketinggiannya merangkumi pergunungan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp">Alp</a> (puncak tertinggi: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zugspitze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zugspitze">Zugspitze</a> pada 2,962 m) di selatan hinggalah ke pantai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut_Utara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut Utara">Laut Utara</a> di barat laut dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut_Baltik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> di timur laut. Di antara kedua-duanya terhampar kawasan tanah tinggi berhutan di tengah Jerman dan dataran tanah rendah bahagian utara dengan kedudukan terendah ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilstermarsch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wilstermarsch">Wilstermarsch</a> pada 3.54 m di bawah paras laut. Beberapa sungai utama Eropah mengalir melaluinya seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sungai_Rhine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sungai Rhine">Sungai Rhine</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sungai_Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Danube">Danube</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sungai_Elbe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sungai Elbe">Elbe</a>.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-22">[22]</a> Oleh kerana kedudukannya yang di tengah-tengah, negara ini bersempadankan banyak negara Eropah berbanding negara lain di benua ini. Negara jirannya ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> di utara, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland">Poland</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republik_Czech?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republik Czech">Republik Czech</a> di timur, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> di selatan, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perancis">Perancis</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> di barat daya dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belanda">Belanda</a> di barat laut. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Iklim">Iklim</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Iklim" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Hintersee.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/300px-Hintersee.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1531"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/300px-Hintersee.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/450px-Hintersee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Hintersee.jpg/600px-Hintersee.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Pemandangan Pergunungan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp">Alp</a> di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Hampir keseluruhan Jerman memiliki iklim sederhana bermusim yang dipengaruhi oleh tiupan bayu barat. Iklim ini disederhanakan oleh Arus Atlantik Utara, yang merupakan sambungan kepada Arus Teluk. Air laut yang lebih panas ini memberi kesan kepada kawasan-kawasan yang bersempadankan Laut Utara termasuk Semenanjung <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jutland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> dan kawasan sepanjang Sungai Rhine, yang turut mengalir ke Laut Utara. Oleh yang demikian, kawasan di utara dan barat laut <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iklim_kelautan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iklim kelautan">beriklim kelautan</a>. Hujan berlaku sepanjang tahun dengan jumlah terbanyak di musim panas. Musim sejuk adalah sederhana dan musim panas cenderung menjadi sejuk, walaupun suhu boleh melebihi 30 °<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celsius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celsius">C</a> bagi tempoh yang panjang. Di timur, iklim adalah lebih <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iklim_kebenuaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iklim kebenuaan">kebenuaan</a> dengan musim sejuk yang boleh menjadi sangat sejuk dan musim panas pula sangat panas, selain tempoh kering yang panjang selalu direkodkan. Kawasan tengah dan selatan Jerman adalah wilayah peralihan yang berubah dari iklim kelautan sederhana hinggalah ke kebenuaan. Sekali lagi, suhu maksimum boleh melebihi 30 °C pada musim panas.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Alam_sekitar">Alam sekitar</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Alam sekitar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Windgermany.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/220px-Windgermany.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1616" data-file-height="1184"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/220px-Windgermany.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/330px-Windgermany.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Windgermany.JPG/440px-Windgermany.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ladang angin. Pengeluar <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenaga_boleh_diperbaharui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tenaga boleh diperbaharui">tenaga boleh diperbaharui</a> terbesar di dunia ialah Jerman dengan 14% jumlah penggunaan elektrik pada tahun 2007 dijana oleh tenaga seperti angin dan suria.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[25]</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Dari segi fitogeografi, Jerman dikongsi di antara wilayah-wilayah Eropah Atlantik dan Eropah Tengah dalam Alam Boreal. Wilayah Jerman seterusnya boleh dibahagikan kepada empat rantau semula jadi iaitu Hutan-hutan bercampur Atlantik, Baltik, Eropah Tengah dan Hutan berdaun lebar Eropah Barat. Jerman terkenal dengan tahap kesedaran terhadap alam sekitar.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Ramai warganya menganggap bahawa <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antropogen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antropogen">kegiatan manusia</a> merupakan penyumbang terbesar kepada fenomena <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pemanasan_sejagat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemanasan sejagat">pemanasan sejagat</a>.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Kerajaannya amat komited terhadap <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protokol_Kyoto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protokol Kyoto">Protokol Kyoto</a> dan beberapa perjanjian lain bagi menggalakkan kepelbagaian biologi, piawaian pembebasan gas rumah hijau, kitar semula, penggunaan tenaga boleh diperbaharui dan menyokong pembangunan lestari di peringkat sejagat.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Kerajaan Jerman juga telah memulakan kegiatan pengurangan pembebasan gas <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rumah_hijau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rumah hijau">rumah hijau</a> yang meluas dan kadar pembebasan keseluruhan yang dicatatkannya semakin berkurangan.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Walau bagaimanapun, negara ini masih merupakan antara pengeluar per kapita gas <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karbon_dioksida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> terbesar di Eropah, tetapi masih rendah berbanding <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Australia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kanada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arab_Saudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a> atau <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amerika_Syarikat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amerika Syarikat">Amerika Syarikat</a>. Pembebasan gas daripada janakuasa dan perusahaan yang berasaskan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arang_batu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arang batu">arang batu</a> menyumbang kepada pencemaran udara. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hujan_asid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hujan asid">Hujan asid</a> yang terhasil akibat pembebasan gas <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sulfur_dioksida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sulfur dioksida">sulfur dioksida</a> merosakkan hutan-hutan. Pencemaran di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laut_Baltik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laut Baltik">Laut Baltik</a> akibat sisa buangan perpaipan dan industri dari sungai-sungai di negeri-negeri bekas Jerman Timur telah berjaya dikurangkan. Kerajaan pimpinan Canselor Gerhard Schröder telah mengumumkan hasrat untuk menghentikan penggunaan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenaga_nuklear?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tenaga nuklear">tenaga nuklear</a> bagi janakuasa elektrik. Malah, Jerman berusaha memenuhi janji-janjinya kepada EU berhubung kawasan pemuliharaan semula jadi berlandaskan Arahan EU mengenai Tumbuhan, Haiwan dan Habitat. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Glasier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Glasier">Glasier</a> terakhir Jerman di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alp?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp">Pergunungan Alp</a> walau bagaimanapun menghadapi pencairan. Bencana alam paling berleluasa pula ialah banjir ketika musim bunga dan angin ribut yang berlaku di semua kawasan. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Kerajaan">Kerajaan</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Kerajaan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/220px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/220px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/330px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg/440px-Berlin_reichstag_CP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Bangunan Reichstag, tempat bersidangnya parlimen Jerman. </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Rencana utama: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politik_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politik Jerman">Politik Jerman</a> </div> Jerman ialah sebuah republik persekutuan yang mengamalkan demokrasi berperwakilan dan berparlimen. Sistem politik di Jerman beroperasi dalam rangka kerja satu dokumen bertaraf perlembagaan yang dipersetujui pada tahun <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1949?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1949">1949</a> yang dipanggil <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hukum_Asas_Republik_Persekutuan_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hukum Asas Republik Persekutuan Jerman">Grundgesetz</a> (Hukum Asas). Dengan memanggilnya Grundgesetz dan bukannya Verfassung (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perlembagaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perlembagaan">perlembagaan</a>), penulis-penulisnya ingin menyampaikan hasrat bahawa dokumen ini akan digantikan dengan sebuah perlembagaan yang lebih elok tatkala seluruh Jerman disatukan dalam sebuah negara. Pindaan-pindaan ke atas Grundgesetz selalunya memerlukan majoriti dua pertiga di dalam <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundestag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundestag">parlimen</a> dan juga <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesrat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Bundesrat">Majlis Persekutuan</a>. Namun bagi perkara-perkara yang menjamin hak asasi manusia, pengasingan kuasa, rangka persekutuan dan hak menentang usaha menggulingkan perlembagaan adalah kekal dan tidak boleh dipinda.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Walaupun penggunaannya hanya dirancang sehingga penyatuan semula, Grundgesetz masih lagi terus digunakan sehingga hari ini dengan beberapa pindaan-pindaan kecil. Ketua Negara Jerman ialah Bundespräsident (Presiden Persekutuan). Penjawat ke jawatan ini - ketika ini ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Christian_Wulff?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a> - dilantik oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesversammlung?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesversammlung">Bundesversammlung</a> (Majlis Perhimpunan Persekutuan), iaitu sebuah institusi yang mengandungi anggota-anggota parlimen dan perwakilan negeri-negeri. Jawatan kedua tertinggi di Jerman mengikut aturan ialah Bundestagpräsident (Presiden Parlimen) yang dilantik oleh parlimen dan berperanan mengawalselia sesi harian badan itu. Jawatan seterusnya pula ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canselor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canselor">canselor</a> yang dicalonkan oleh Presiden Parlimen setelah diundi oleh ahli-ahlinya. Canselor boleh digulingkan melalui satu undian tidak percaya yang membina. Membina di sini bermaksud parlimen boleh melantik penggantinya yang baru dengan serta-merta. Canselor Jerman, yang ketika ini dijawat oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angela_Merkel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>, adalah ketua kerajaan dan beliau menjalankan kuasa-kuasa eksekutif, sama seperti seorang Perdana Menteri di demokrasi berparlimen yang lain. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Badan_perundangan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Badan perundangan">Kuasa perundangan</a> terletak di bahu Parlimen dan Majlis Persekutuan dan kedua-duanya membentuk satu badan perundangan yang unik. Parlimen dipilih melalui pilihan raya yang mengamalkan sistem perwakilan bercampur yang bernisbah (Inggeris: mixed-member proportional system). Ahli-ahli Majlis Persekutuan pula mewakili kerajaan-kerajaan negeri malah turut menganggotai kabinet negeri. Mereka ini bertugas seperti seorang duta negeri dan boleh dipecat atau digantikan oleh kerajaan negeri pada bila-bila masa. Sejak tahun <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1949?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1949">1949</a> sistem politik di Jerman didominasi oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesatuan_Demokratik_Kristian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesatuan Demokratik Kristian">Kesatuan Demokratik Kristian</a> (CDU) dan juga <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_Demokratik_Sosial_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Demokratik Sosial Jerman">Parti Demokratik Sosial Jerman</a> (SPD). Namun, terdapat juga beberapa parti kecil seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_Demokratik_Bebas_(Jerman)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti Demokratik Bebas (Jerman)">Parti Demokratik Bebas</a> yang liberal, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pakatan_90/Hijau?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pakatan 90/Hijau">Pakatan '90/Hijau</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_Kiri_(Jerman)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti Kiri (Jerman)">Parti Kiri</a> yang turut diwakili di parlimen juga memainkan peranan penting. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Negeri">Negeri</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Negeri" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Republik Persekutuan Jerman mempunyai 16 buah Länder (mufrad: Land; <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Melayu">Melayu</a>: negericode: ms is deprecated ), yang seterusnya dibahagikan kepada 439 buah daerah (Kreise) dan bandar raya (kreisfreie Stadt). <table style="background:transparent;" cellspacing="2px"> <tbody> <tr> <td> <table class="prettytable sortable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%"> <tbody> <tr> <th width="140px" class="unsortable"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negeri-negeri_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri-negeri Jerman">Negeri-negeri Jerman</a></th> <th> </th> <th width="140px"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Negeri-negeri_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri-negeri Jerman">Negeri</a></th> <th><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ibu_negeri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ibu negeri">Ibu negeri</a></th> <th><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luas">Luas</a> (km²)</th> <th><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penduduk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penduduk">Penduduk</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="17" width="40%"> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg/260px-Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="352" class="mw-file-element" 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coords="11,208,3,221,12,235,10,245,30,241,37,243,40,268,65,274,72,249,69,229,52,229,62,196,55,187,25,210" alt="Rheinland-Pfalz" title="Rheinland-Pfalz"></map> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">1</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">35,752</td> <td style="text-align:right">10,747,456</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">2</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munich">Munich</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">70,551</td> <td style="text-align:right">12,523,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">3</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">892</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,420,756</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">4</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brandenburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potsdam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">29 479</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,535,737</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">5</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremen_(negeri)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremen (negeri)">Bremen</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bremen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">404</td> <td style="text-align:right">662,244</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">6</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">755</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,773,218</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">7</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hessen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessen">Hessen</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wiesbaden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">21,115</td> <td style="text-align:right">6,070,425</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">8</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schwerin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">23,180</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,679,682</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">9</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niedersachsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedersachsen">Niedersachsen</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hanover?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">47,624</td> <td style="text-align:right">7,973,800</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">10</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nordrhein-Westfalen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordrhein-Westfalen">Nordrhein-Westfalen</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">34,085</td> <td style="text-align:right">17,996,621</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">11</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rheinland-Pfalz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rheinland-Pfalz">Rheinland-Pfalz</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">19,853</td> <td style="text-align:right">4,046,860</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">12</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,569</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,036,598</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">13</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sachsen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sachsen">Sachsen</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dresden?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">18,416</td> <td style="text-align:right">4,220,200</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">14</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sachsen-Anhalt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sachsen-Anhalt">Sachsen-Anhalt</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Magdeburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">20,446</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,414,917</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">15</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kiel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">15,799</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,837,810</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="right">16</td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Th%C3%BCringen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thüringen">Thüringen</a></td> <td><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">16,172</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,289,219</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Hubungan_luar">Hubungan luar</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Hubungan luar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Jerman telah memainkan peranan utama di dalam <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesatuan_Eropah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kesatuan Eropah">Kesatuan Eropah</a> sejak penubuhannya dan masih mengekalkan persahabatan erat dengan Perancis sejak tamatnya Perang Dunia II. Kedua-dua negara sekutu ini amat rapat terutamanya sekitar lewat dekad 1980-an dan awal 1990-an di bawah pimpinan Canselor <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helmut_Kohl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CDU?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CDU">CDU</a>) dan Presiden <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parti_Sosialis_(Perancis)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parti Sosialis (Perancis)">Sosialis</a>). Jerman juga merupakan negara Eropah yang mendukung kuat pembentukan cabang-cabang politik, pertahanan dan keselamatan Eropah yang bersatu dan berkemampuan.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Sejak penubuhannya pada 23 Mei 1949, Republik Persekutuan Jerman tidak menampilkan imej yang sangat menonjol di dalam hubungan antarabangsa kerana sejarahnya yang terkini dan pendudukan wilayahnya oleh kuasa-kuasa asing. Ketika Perang Dingin, Jerman yang dibahagikan oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tirai_Besi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tirai Besi">Tirai Besi</a>, menjadi simbol ketegangan Barat dan Timur dan juga medan pertempuran politik dan fahaman di Eropah. Namun, Ostpolitik yang dibawakan Canselor Willy Brandt merupakan faktor utama yang membawa kepada peredaan ketegangan (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Perancis">Perancis</a>: détentecode: fr is deprecated ) sekitar 1970-an.[<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] Pada tahun 1999, Canselor <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> memperkenalkan prinsip baru dasar luar kerajaannya dengan penglibatan Jerman dalam <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Kosovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perang Kosovo">Perang NATO ke atas Yugoslavia</a> dan dengan menghantar Tentera Persekutuan Jerman di dalam pertempuran buat pertama kalinya selepas Perang Dunia II.[<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:33rdG8Leaders.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/220px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="322"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/220px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/330px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/33rdG8Leaders.jpg/440px-33rdG8Leaders.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Canselor <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angela_Merkel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> menganjurkan sidang puncak <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="G8">G8</a> di Heiligendamm. </figcaption> </figure> Jerman dan Amerika Syarikat merupakan dua negara sekutu yang rapat.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Melalui <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rancangan_Marshall?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rancangan Marshall">Rancangan Marshall</a> (1948), AS menyokong usaha-usaha membangunkan semula Jerman selepas Perang Dunia II. Namun begitu, bangkangan keras Schröder terhadap <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perang_Iraq?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Perang Iraq">Perang Iraq</a> dilihat sebagai penyejukan hubungan Amerika-Jerman.[<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] Kedua-dua negara ini juga saling bergantung dari segi ekonomi kerana 8.8% eksport Jerman adalah ke AS manakala 6.6% import berasal daripada AS.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fakta-33">[33]</a> Di pihak AS pula, 8.8% eksportnya ialah ke Jerman, manakala 9.8% importnya datang dari negara ini.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-fakta-33">[33]</a> Tanda-tanda lain yang membuktikan hubungan erat ialah kedudukan berterusan rakyat Amerika berketurunan Jerman sebagai kumpulan etnik terbesar di AS<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-34">[34]</a> dan taraf Pangkalan Udara Rammstein (dekat <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaiserslautern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaiserslautern">Kaiserslautern</a>) sebagai komuniti tentera AS paling besar di luar AS.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bantuan_pembangunan">Bantuan pembangunan</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Bantuan pembangunan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> Dasar pembangunan Republik Persekutuan Jerman ialah satu bahagian yang bebas daripada dasar luar Jerman. Ia digubal oleh Kementerian Persekutuan bagi Kerjasama dan Pembangunan Ekonomi (BMZ) dan dilaksanakan oleh pelbagai pertubuhan. Kerajaan Jerman memandang dasar pembangunan sebagai tanggungjawab bersama masyarakat antarabangsa.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Angka-angka rasmi bantuan pembangunan dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bantuan_kemanusiaan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bantuan kemanusiaan">bantuan kemanusiaan</a> Jerman bagi tahun 2007 mencecah €8.96 bilion ($12.26 bilion), meningkat sebanyak 5.9% berbanding tahun sebelumnya. Sekaligus, Jerman menjadi penyumbang bantuan kedua terbesar di dunia selepas Amerika Syarikat (AS).<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-derma-5">[5]</a> Jerman membelanjakan sekitar 0.37% daripada KDNKnya bagi tujuan pembangunan. Peratusan ini di bawah paras yang disasarkan kerajaan iaitu sebanyak 0.51% daripada KDNK menjelang tahun 2010. Sasaran antarabangsa sekitar 0.7% daripada KDNK juga di luar jangkauan.[<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ketenteraan">Ketenteraan</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Ketenteraan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/220px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/220px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/330px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg/440px-Fregatte_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_F218.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kapal Mecklenburg-Vorpommern menyertai operasi UNIFIL II di persisiran pantai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lubnan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lubnan">Lubnan</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Tentera Jerman, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundeswehr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a>, ialah sebuah pasukan pertahanan dengan cawangan-cawangan tentera darat (Heer), laut (Marine), udara (Luftwaffe), perkhidmatan perubatan (Zentraler Sanitätsdienst) dan perkhidmatan sokongan (Streitkräftebasis). Khidmat ketenteraan diwajibkan ke atas semua warganegara lelaki berumur 18 tahun dan dikerah bertugas selama sembilan bulan. Pembantah ikut nurani pula diberi pilihan menyertai Zivildienst (terjemahan kasar: perkhidmatan orang awam), atau komitmen enam tahun dalam perkhidmatan sukarela kecemasan seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bomba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bomba">bomba</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Palang_Merah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Palang Merah">Palang Merah</a> atau Technisches Hilfswerk (program bantuan teknikal). Pada tahun 2003, Jerman membelanjakan 1.3% daripada KDNKnya untuk tujuan ketenteraan.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-sipri-6">[6]</a> Di masa aman, Bundeswehr diarahkan oleh Menteri Pertahanan, ketika ini ialah Franz Josef Jung (CDU). Jika Jerman pergi berperang, yang hanya dibolehkan oleh perlembagaan untuk tujuan pertahanan sahaja, canselor akan menjadi pemerintah angkatan tentera.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Sehingga September 2008, sejumlah 6,000 anggota tentera telah dihantar bertugas di dalam pelbagai misi antarabangsa.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-bw-38">[38]</a> Pecahannya pula ialah 3,270 anggota di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afghanistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (kontijen ketiga terbesar selepas AS seabanyak 14,000 orang dan UK sebanyak 5,200 orang),[<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan">perlu rujukan</a>] 2,220 anggota di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kosovo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, 230 orang di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lubnan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lubnan">Lubnan</a> selain 120 orang di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bosnia_dan_Herzegovina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bosnia dan Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>. Jerman berkongsi senjata nuklear dengan NATO dalam bentuk senjata nuklear AS yang disimpan di pangkalan udara Büchel.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Undang-undang">Undang-undang</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Undang-undang" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/220px-Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="1506"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/220px-Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/330px-Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg/440px-Karlsruhe_bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany in <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karlsruhe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Badan Kehakiman di Jerman ialah cabang kerajaan yang bebas daripada badan pemerintah dan perundangan. Negara ini mengamalkan sistem <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Undang-undang_sivil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Undang-undang sivil">undang-undang sivil</a> yang berlandaskan undang-undang orang Rom yang disadur dengan undang-undang Jermanik. Bundesverfassungsgericht (Mahkamah Perlembagaan Persekutuan), yang terletak di Karlsruhe, ialah mahkamah atasan yang mendengar kes-kes mengenai hal-ehwal perlembagaan dan mempunyai kuasa mengkaji semula undang-undang (semakan kehakiman).<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Mahkamah ini merupakan penguasa undang-undang tertinggi di negara ini yang memastikan amalan perundangan dan kehakiman mematuhi <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hukum_Asas_Republik_Persekutuan_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hukum Asas Republik Persekutuan Jerman">Hukum Asas Republik Persekutuan Jerman</a> (Hukum Asas). Sistem mahkamah tinggi di negara ini, yang dipanggil Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes (Mahkamah-mahkamah Kehakiman Tertinggi Persekutuan), diberi peranan yang khusus. Bagi kes-kes awam mahupun jenayah, mahkamah rayuan tertinggi ialah Bundesgerichtshof (Mahkamah Keadilan Persekutuan), yang terletak di Karlsruhe dan Leipzig. Bilik perbicaraannya disusun dengan gaya penyiasatan. Mahkamah-mahkamah atasan yang lain pula ialah Bundesarbeitsgericht (Mahkamah Buruh Persekutuan) di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Erfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Bundessozialgericht (Mahkamah Sosial Persekutuan) di Kassel, Bundesfinanzhof (Mahkamah Kewangan Persekutuan) di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munich">Munich</a> dan Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Mahkamah Pentadbiran Persekutuan) di Leipzig. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Undang-undang_jenayah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Undang-undang jenayah">Undang-undang jenayah</a> dan undang-undang persendirian dikanunkan di peringkat kebangsaan di dalam kanun keseksaan (Strafgesetzbuch) dan kanun awam (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch). Sistem kanun keseksaan di Jerman ditujukan ke arah pemulihan penjenayah, manakala tujuan keduanya ialah melindungi khalayak umum.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Bagi mencapai tujuan keduanya itu, seseorang pesalah boleh diletakkan di bawah tahanan pencegahan (Sicherungsverwahrung) di samping hukuman biasa sekiranya ia dianggap mengancam keselamatan awam. Kanun Jenayah Antarabangsa (Völkerstrafgesetzbuch) pula telah digubal bagi menghukum kekejaman kemanusiaan, pembunuhan kaum dan juga <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jenayah_perang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jenayah perang">jenayah perang</a>. Kanun ini memberikan mahkamah-mahkamah Jerman kuasa untuk mendakwa penjenayah, sekiranya pendakwaan oleh mahkamah tempatan di mana jenayah itu dilakukan atau oleh mahkamah antarabangsa tidak boleh dilakukan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Peringkat_negeri">Peringkat negeri</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Peringkat negeri" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/170px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="4368"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/170px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/255px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg/340px-HH_Polizeihauptmeister_MZ.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Pegawai polis negeri di Hamburg. </figcaption> </figure> Kuasa perundangan dibahagi-bahagikan di antara pihak persekutuan dan juga negeri. Hukum Asas menyatakan semua kuasa perundangan terletak di tangan negeri-negeri melainkan yang digariskannya dengan khusus. Di sesetengah bidang, persekutuan dan negeri mempunyai kuasa bersama. Di dalam kes-kes sebegini, pihak persekutuan mempunyai kuasa untuk menggubal undang-undang "jika dan dengan tujuan untuk membentuk gaya hidup yang sama rata di seluruh persekutuan" atau "untuk pemuliharaan keseragaman undang-undang mahupun ekonomi yang memerlukan kawalan persekutuan demi kepentingan kebangsaan."<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Semua undang-undang persekutuan mengatasi undang-undang negeri sekiranya kuasa perundangan terletak di tangan persekutuan. Satu contoh terkenal ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hukuman_bunuh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukuman bunuh">hukuman bunuh</a> di bawah undang-undang negeri <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hesse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> yang bertentangan dengan larangan yang termaktub di dalam Hukum Asas, sekaligus menolak peruntukan undang-undang negeri itu sebagai tidak sah. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesrat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a> (Majlis Persekutuan) ialah badan persekutuan yang disertai oleh negeri-negeri dalam menggubal undang-undang persekutuan. Penglibatan ini diwajibkan terutamanya apabila undang-undang yang hendak digubal jatuh di bawah peruntukan kuasa bersama, memerlukan negeri-negeri melaksanakan peraturan persekutuan atau sebagaimana yang digariskan di dalam Hukum Asas. Setiap negeri, kecuali <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> (yang kuasa perlembagaannya dikendalikan oleh Bundesverfassungsgericht bagi pihaknya) memiliki mahkamah perlembagaan masing-masing. Amtsgericht (Mahkamah Daerah), Landgericht (Mahkamah Negeri) dan Oberlandesgericht (Mahkamah Tinggi Negeri) pula adalah mahkamah-mahkamah negeri yang memiliki kuasa-kuasa umum. Kesemuanya berkuasa membicarakan kes-kes samada menggunakan undang-undang negeri mahupun persekutuan. Kebanyakan hal-ehwal asas berkaitan undang-undang pentadbiran masih dipegang oleh negeri-negeri, walaupun kebanyakannya menggunapakai beberapa isi penting Akta Prosiding Pentadbiran 1976. Di dalam bidang kuasa pentadbiran, Oberverwaltungsgerichte (Mahkamah Tinggi Pentadbiran) ialah mahkamah tertinggi berkaitan hal-ehwal pentadbiran negeri, melainkan "persoalan undang-undang itu menyentuh undang-undang persekutuan" atau "undang-undang negeri yang mirip dengan undang-undang persekutuan." Di dalam kes-kes sebegini, rayuan terakhir boleh dibuat ke Mahkamah Pentadbiran Persekutuan. <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Penduduk">Penduduk</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Penduduk" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg/220px-Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg/220px-Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg/330px-Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg/440px-Siegessaeule_Aussicht_10-13_img4_Tiergarten.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> ialah bandar raya terbesar di Jerman dengan penduduk berjumlah 3.4 juta orang. </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Rencana utama: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demografi_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demografi Jerman">Demografi Jerman</a> </div> Dengan 82 juta orang, Jerman ialah negara paling banyak penduduk di dalam Kesatuan Eropah. Namun, kadar kesuburannya adalah yang paling rendah di dunia dengan 1.39 orang anak bagi seorang ibu.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-22">[22]</a> Pejabat Perangkaan Persekutuan menganggarkan penduduknya akan mengecut ke antara 69 dan 74 juta orang menjelang tahun 2050.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Jerman mempunyai beberapa buah bandar raya besar, di antaranya ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. Konurbasi terbesar pula ialah kawasan Rhine-Ruhr, meliputi <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> (ibu negeri NRW) dan bandar raya-bandar raya seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cologne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, Essen, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dortmund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, Duisburg, dan Bochum. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/220px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="604"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/220px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/330px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG/440px-Population_of_German_territories_1800_-_2000.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Jumlah penduduk di wilayah-wilayah Jerman 1800 - 2000 dan jumlah pendatang asing 1975 - 2000. </figcaption> </figure> Sehingga Disember 2006, terdapat sejumlah 7.3 juta orang dengan kewarganegaraan asing yang berdaftar di Jerman dan 18.2% daripada keseluruhan penduduknya adalah berketurunan asing.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Golongan muda berkebarangkalian lebih tinggi untuk mempunyai keturunan asing berbanding warga tua. 30% daripada orang-orang Jerman yang berumur 15 tahun atau lebih muda mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya seorang penjaga yang dilahirkan di luar negara. Di bandar raya-bandar raya besar, 60% daripada kanan-kanak berumur 5 tahun dan lebih muda mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya seorang penjaga yang dilahirkan di luar negara.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Kumpulan yang terbesar (2.3 juta orang)<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-46">[46]</a> berasal dari <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turki">Turki</a> dan majoriti lainnya berasal dari negara-negara Eropah seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Itali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Itali">Itali</a> (kumpulan kedua terbesar dengan 8% daripada 7 juta warga asing), <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poland">Poland</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Croatia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Menurut Tabung Penduduk PBB, jumlah penduduk asing di Jerman merupakan yang ketiga terbesar di dunia, iaitu 5% atau 10 juta daripada 191 juta golongan pendatang di seluruh dunia, atau sekitar 12% daripada keseluruhan penduduknya.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Penguatkuasaan undang-undang baru berkenaan imigresen dan permohonan suaka yang lebih ketat berbanding undang-undang lama yang agak longgar pula menyebabkan kadar kemasukan semakin berkurangan sejak tahun 2000.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Agama">Agama</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Agama" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg/220px-Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg/220px-Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg/330px-Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg/440px-Koeln_Hohenzollernbruecke.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Katedral Cologne di tebing <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sungai_Rhine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sungai Rhine">Sungai Rhine</a> ialah Tapak Warisan Dunia UNESCO. </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kristian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kristian">Kristian</a> ialah kumpulan agama terbesar di Jerman dengan 53 juta penganut (64%),<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ekd-51">[51]</a> Agama kedua terbesar pula ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a> dengan 3.3 juta penganut (4%) diikuti dengan penganut <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yahudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a>, kedua-duanya dengan jumlah penganut sekitar 200,000 orang (0.25%). Agama <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> pula mempunyai sekitar 90,000 orang penganut (0.1%). Lain-lain kumpulan agama memiliki penganut kurang daripada 50,000 orang (kurang daripada 0.05%). Sekitar 24.4 juta orang (29.6%) pula tidak mempunyai agama. Penganut <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestan">Protestan</a> bertumpu di utara dan timur manakala penganut <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Rom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gereja Katolik Rom">Katolik</a> pula bertumpu di selatan dan barat. Masing-masing memiliki penganut sekitar 31% daripada keseluruhan penduduk. Ketua Gereja Katolik Rom pada masa kini, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paus_Benedict_XVI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paus Benedict XVI">Paus Benedict XVI</a>, dilahirkan di negeri <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. Orang-orang yang tidak beragama, termasuk <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ateisme?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ateisme">ateis</a> dan agnostik yang membentuk 29.6% daripada keseluruhan penduduk, kebanyakannya bertumpu di negeri-negeri bekas <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a> dan kawasan metropolitan utama.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rmid-52">[52]</a> Daripada 3.3 juta orang penganut <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam">Islam</a>, kebanyakannya adalah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ahlussunnah_waljamaah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahlussunnah waljamaah">golongan Sunnah</a> dan juga Alewi dari <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turki">Turki</a>, tetapi terdapat juga sekumpulan kecil penganut <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syi%27ah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Syi'ah">Syi'ah</a>.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-53">[53]</a> 1.7% penduduk negara ini mengaku sebagai penganut <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gereja Ortodoks Timur">Kristian Ortodoks</a>, dengan orang-orang berketurunan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Serb?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb">Serb</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek">Greek</a> membentuk majoriti.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ekd-51">[51]</a> Jerman juga mempunyai jumlah penganut agama <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yahudi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahudi">Yahudi</a> ketiga terbesar di Eropah Barat.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Pada tahun 2004, pendatang-pendatang Yahudi dari bekas republik <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kesatuan Soviet">Soviet</a> berhijrah ke Jerman dalam jumlah yang sama besar dengan kumpulan yang berhijrah ke <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Israel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Israel">Israel</a>, membawa kepada jumlah keseluruhan sebanyak 200,000 orang berbanding 30,000 sebelum <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Penyatuan_semula_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Penyatuan semula Jerman">penyatuan semula</a>. Kota-kota besar dengan komuniti penting orang-orang Yahudi termasuklah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Berlin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frankfurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munich">Munich</a>.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Sementara itu, sekitar 250,000 orang, sebahagian besar merupakan pendatang-pendatang dari Asia, penganut agama <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Buddha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> tinggal di Jerman.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-rmid-52">[52]</a> Menurut Undian Eurobarometer pada tahun 2005, 47% warga Jerman bersetuju dengan pernyataan: "Saya percaya akan kewujudan Tuhan", sementara 25% pula bersetuju dengan pernyataan: "Saya percaya wujudnya roh atau kuasa kehidupan" dan 25% pula bersetuju dengan: "Saya tidak percaya akan kewujudan roh, tuhan atau kuasa kehidupan".<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Bahasa">Bahasa</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahasa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Rencana utama: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Jerman">Bahasa Jerman</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Knowledge_German_EU_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/220px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1218" data-file-height="1245"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/220px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png" data-width="220" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/330px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Knowledge_German_EU_map.png/440px-Knowledge_German_EU_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Pengetahuan Bahasa Jerman di Kesatuan Eropah dan beberapa negara Eropah lain. </figcaption> </figure> Bahasa Jerman ialah bahasa rasmi dan yang paling dominan yang ditutur di negara Jerman.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-57">[57]</a> Ia juga adalah salah satu daripada 23 bahasa rasmi Kesatuan Eropah, dan salah satu bahasa bekerja di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suruhanjaya_Eropah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suruhanjaya Eropah">Suruhanjaya Eropah</a>, selain <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Inggeris">bahasa Inggeris</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Perancis">bahasa Perancis</a>. Bahasa minoriti yang diiktiraf pula termasuklah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Denmark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Denmark">bahasa Denmark</a>, bahasa Sorbia, bahasa Roma dan bahasa Frisia. Kesemuanya dipelihara dan dilindungi oleh Piagam Eropah bagi Bahasa Wilayah dan Minoriti. Bahasa golongan pendatang yang paling banyak digunakan pula ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Turki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Turki">bahasa Turki</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Poland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Poland">Poland</a>, bahasa-bahasa Balkan dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Rusia">Rusia</a>. Bahasa Jerman piawai ialah bahasa Jermanik Barat yang sangat berkait rapat dan turut digolongkan bersama-sama bahasa Inggeris, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Belanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Belanda">Belanda</a> dan Frisia. Kebanyakan perbendaharaan kata bahasa ini berasal dari cabang Jermanik di dalam keluarga bahasa Indo-Eropah.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Beberapa kumpulan kecil perkataan penting pula berpunca daripada bahasa-bahasa <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Greek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Greek">Greek</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Perancis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Perancis">Perancis</a>, dan juga <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Inggeris">Inggeris</a>. Tabiat mencampuri dua bahasa (seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Rojak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Rojak">Bahasa Rojak</a>) turut mula menular di kalangan penutur bahasa Jerman, yang dikenali sebagai Denglish (Bahasa rojak yang mencampurkan bahasa Jerman dan Inggeris). Bahasa Jerman ditulis menggunakan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abjad_Rumi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abjad Rumi">abjad Rumi</a>. Namun, terdapat beberapa abjad tambahan iaitu tiga huruf vokal <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Umlaut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Umlaut">umlaut</a> (ä, ö dan ü) serta Eszett atau scharfes S (S tajam) yang ditulis sebagai "ß" atau gantinya "ss". Loghat Jerman dibezakan daripada jenis-jenis utama bahas Jerman. Loghat ini adalah jenis tempatan yang berasal daripada puak-puak Jermanik yang berbeza-beza. Kebanyakannya tidak mudah difahami oleh mereka yang hanya boleh bertutur bahasa Jerman piawai kerana kosa kata, sebutan dan susunan ayat yang berlainan. Di seluruh dunia, bahasa Jerman dituturkan oleh sekitar 100 juta orang <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_pertama?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa pertama">penutur asli</a> dan juga sejumlah 80 juta pengguna yang lain.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-natgeo2006-59">[59]</a> Jerman ialah bahasa utama di EU yang dituturkan oleh lebih 90 juta orang (18%). Sementara itu, 67% warga Jerman mengaku boleh bertutur sekurang-kurangnya satu bahasa asing, 27% yang lain pula boleh bertutur dua bahasa asing selain bahasa ibunda mereka. <div style="clear:both;"></div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Ekonomi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Rencana utama: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ekonomi_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ekonomi Jerman">Ekonomi Jerman</a> </div> Jerman ialah ekonomi terbesar di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eropah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eropah">Eropah</a>, ketiga terbesar di dunia dari segi KDNK dan kelima dari segi kuasa membeli.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Pertumbuhan ekonomi pada tahun 2007 dicatatkan sebanyak 2.4% dan dijangka akan mengekalkan tahap ini pada tahun-tahun berikutnya.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dw-61">[61]</a> Sejak Era Industrialisasi, negara ini telah menjadi penggerak, pereka dan penerima faedah sebuah ekonomi yang lebih terbuka. Pengeksportan barangan buatan Jerman adalah faktor utama kekayaan negara ini. Jerman ialah negara pengeksport terbesar di dunia dengan jumlah dagangan mencecah €969.1 bilion pada tahun 2007 (termasuk kawasan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">Euro</a>) dan menghasilkan lebihan dagangan bernilai €159 bilion.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Sektor perkhidmatan pula menyumbang sekitar 70% daripada keseluruhan KDNK, berbanding perusahaan sebanyak 29.1% dan pertanian sebanyak 0.9%. Kebanyak produk keluaran negara ini ialah dalam bidang kejuruteraan, khususnya automobil, jentera, logam dan barangan kimia.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cia-22">[22]</a> Jerman juga merupakan negara pengeluar terbesar dunia bagi teknologi turbin angin dan tenaga suria.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Beberapa perhimpunan dan pameran dagangan dunia tahunan terbesar diadakan di beberapa buah bandar raya Jerman seperti Hanover, Frankfurt dan Berlin. Di kalangan syarikat yang disenaraikan di bursa saham terbesar di dunia mengikut pulangan, iaitu <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fortune_Global_500?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fortune Global 500">Fortune Global 500</a>, 37 daripadanya berpangkalan di Jerman. Sepuluh terbesar adalah Daimler, Volkswagen, Allianz (syarikat paling untung), Siemens, Deutsche Bank, E.ON, Deutsche Post, Deutsche Telekom, Metro dan BASF.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Di kalangan majikan terbesar pula antaranya ialah Deutsche Post, Robert Bosch dan Edeka<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Jenama terkenal dunia pula ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercedes_Benz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes Benz">Mercedes Benz</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/SAP_AG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="SAP AG">SAP</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BMW?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BMW">BMW</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adidas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adidas">Adidas</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siemens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porsche">Porsche</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volkswagen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deutsche_Bank?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:S-Klasse_W221.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/S-Klasse_W221.jpg/220px-S-Klasse_W221.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="726"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/S-Klasse_W221.jpg/220px-S-Klasse_W221.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/S-Klasse_W221.jpg/330px-S-Klasse_W221.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/S-Klasse_W221.jpg/440px-S-Klasse_W221.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Jerman adalah pengeksport terbesar dunia pada tahun 2007. </figcaption> </figure> Jerman adalah negara yang memperjuangkan kesepaduan ekonomi dan politik dalam Eropah, dan dasar komersilnya acapkali ditentukan oleh perjanjian dengan ahli-ahli EU dan perundangan pasaran tunggal EU. Jerman menggunakan matawang bersama Eropah, iaitu <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a>, dan dasar kewangannya ditentukan oleh Bank Pusat Eropah di Frankfurt. Selepas penyatuan semula Jerman pada tahun 1990, taraf hidup dan pendapatan tahunan masih kekal lebih tinggi di negeri-negeri Jerman Barat.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Pemodenan dan integrasi ekonomi Jerman Timur masih berterusan sebagai satu proses jangka panjang yang dijadualkan sehingga tahun 2019, dengan perpindahan tahunan daripada barat ke timur menelan belanja sebanyak $80 bilion. Kadar pengangguran keseluruhan telah turun dengan konsisten sejak tahun 2005 dan mencecah rekod terendah dalam 15 tahun pada bulan Jun 2008 dengan 7.5%.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Peratusan ini meliputi purata 6.2% di Jerman Barat dan 12.7% di Jerman Timur. Kerajaan sebelum ini di bawah Canselor <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> telah melancarkan satu rancangan yang menyeluruh bagi memperbaharui pasaran buruh dan institusi-institusi kebajikan. Kerajaan masa kini pula menjalankan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dasar_fiskal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasar fiskal">dasar fiskal</a> yang ketat dan telah memotong pekerjaan biasa di dalam sektor awam dengan tujuan mendapatkan belanjawan seimbang pada tahun 2008.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Prasarana">Prasarana</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Prasarana" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg/220px-Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1002"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg/220px-Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg/330px-Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg/440px-Two_Ships-Hamburg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Pelabuhan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hamburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> ialah yang kedua terbesar di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eropah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eropah">Eropah</a> dan ke-9 terbesar di dunia. </figcaption> </figure> Pada tahun 2002, Jerman dicatatkan sebagai pengguna tenaga kelima terbesar dunia dan dua pertiga daripada sumber tenaga utamanya diimport. Pada tahun yang sama, Jerman merupakan pengguna utama tenaga elektrik dengan jumlah penggunaan mencecah 512.9 bilion kilowatt-sejam. Dasar kerajaannya menekankan penjimatan dan pembangunan sumber <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tenaga_boleh_diperbaharui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tenaga boleh diperbaharui">tenaga boleh diperbaharui</a> seperti suria, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kuasa_angin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kuasa angin">angin</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biojisim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biojisim">biojisim</a>, hidro dan geoterma. Hasil daripada langkah-langkah penjimatan ini, kecekapan tenaga (jumlah tenaga yang diperlukan untuk mengeluarkan seunit KDNK) telah bertambah baik sejak awal 1970-an. Kerajaan turut mensasarkan untuk memenuhi separuh daripada keperluan tenaganya melalui sumber-sumber boleh diperbaharui menjelang 2050. Pada tahun 2000, kerajaan dan industri tenaga nuklear Jerman telah bersetuju untuk memansuhkan semua loji janakuasa nuklear secara berperingkat-peringkat menjelang 2021.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Namun begitu, tenaga boleh diperbaharui hanya memainkan peranan sederhana di dalam penggunaan tenaga. Pada tahun 2006, keperluan tenaga dipenuhi oleh pelbagai sumber, iaitu petroleum (35.7%), arang batu (23.9%), gas asli (22.8%), nuklear (12.6%) hidro dan kuasa angin (1.3%) dan lain-lain sumber (3.7%). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg/220px-ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg/220px-ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg/330px-ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg/440px-ICE3-Einfahrt-Dortmund.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kereta api laju ICE3 </figcaption> </figure> Oleh kerana kedudukannya di tengah Eropah, Jerman merupakan pusat pengangkutan yang penting. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan jaringan pengangkutannya yang moden dan padat. Antara yang paling dikenali ialah sistem lebuh raya <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autobahn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> yang meluas yang berkedudukan ketiga dunia dari segi panjang keseluruhan. Satu ciri unik Autobahn di Jerman ialah ketiadaan had laju di kebanyakan laluannya. Jerman turut menubuhkan satu jaringan kereta api laju dengan pelbagai pusat. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ICE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ICE">Intercity-Express</a> atau ICE menghubungkan bandar-bandar utamanya selain pelbagai destinasi di negara jiran. Kelajuan kereta api ini berubah daripada 160 km/j hinggalah ke 300 km/j. Perkhidmatan ini adalah yang paling maju yang disediakan oleh Deutsche Bahn AG. Sambungan ditawarkan dalam tempoh setiap 30 minit, satu jam atau dua jam.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Sains_dan_teknologi">Sains dan teknologi</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Sains dan teknologi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Rencana utama: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sains_dan_teknologi_di_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sains dan teknologi di Jerman">Sains dan teknologi di Jerman</a> </div> Jerman telah melahirkan ramai pengkaji terkemuka di dalam pelbagai bidang sains. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hadiah Nobel">Hadiah Nobel</a> telah dianugerahkan kepada 100 orang penerima yang berasal dari negara ini.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Hasil kerja <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Albert_Einstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Max_Planck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> menjadi asas kepada ilmu <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fizik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fizik">fizik</a> moden, yang kemudiannya dibangunkan oleh Werner Heisenberg dan Max Born.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Mereka ini didahului oleh ahli-ahli fizik seperti Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer dan Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen telah menemui <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sinar-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sinar-X">Sinar-X</a> yang dipanggil Röntgenstrahlen (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Melayu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Melayu">Melayu</a>: Sinar Röntgencode: ms is deprecated ) di dalam <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Jerman">bahasa Jerman</a> dan beberapa bahasa lain. Penemuannya ini menjadikannya penerima pertama Hadiah Nobel dalam Fizik pada tahun 1901.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Werner von Braun telah membangunkan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roket_V-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roket V-2">roket angkasa lepas pertama</a> (roket pertama melepasi 100 km sempadan ke angkasa lepas) dan kemudiannya menjadi anggota terkemuka <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NASA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA">NASA</a> dan membangunkan roket bulan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn_V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>, yang membawa kepada kejayaan Amerika Syarikat melalui Rancangan Apollo. Hasil kerja <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz">Heinrich Rudolf Hertz</a> di dalam bidang sinaran elektomagnet adalah penting dalam pembangunan teknologi <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telekomunikasi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telekomunikasi">telekomunikasi</a> moden.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Melalui pembinaan makmal pertama di Universiti Leipzig pada tahun 1879, Wilhelm Wundt dianggap sebagai pengasas bidang <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Psikologi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Psikologi">psikologi</a> sebagai sains empirik bebas.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Sumbangan Alexander von Humboldt sebagai ahli sains semula jadi dan peneroka pula kemudiannya menjadi asas kepada biogeografi. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Cleanroom1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cleanroom1.jpg/220px-Cleanroom1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="566"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cleanroom1.jpg/220px-Cleanroom1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cleanroom1.jpg/330px-Cleanroom1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Cleanroom1.jpg/440px-Cleanroom1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Kompleks bilik bersih yang luas untuk pengeluaran mikroelektronik di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stuttgart?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Beberapa ahli <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matematik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matematik">matematik</a> terkemuka juga telah dilahirkan di Jerman, termasuklah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Hilbert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a>, Bernhard Riemann, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> dan Hermann Weyl. Jerman juga merupakan tempat kediaman banyak pereka dan jurutera terkenal seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a>, yang mencipta mesin pencetak boleh gerak; Hans Geiger, pereka pembilang Geiger; dan Konrad Zuse, yang mula-mula mencipta komputer digital automatik.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Pereka, pencipta, jurutera dan usahawan seperti Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Otto Lilienthal, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gottlieb_Daimler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gottlieb Daimler">Gottlieb Daimler</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rudolf_Diesel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rudolf Diesel">Rudolf Diesel</a>, dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karl_Benz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karl Benz">Karl Benz</a> telah membantu membentuk sistem kenderaan dan pengangkutan udara moden.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Institusi-institusi kajian sains yang penting di Jerman ialah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persatuan_Max_Planck?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Persatuan Max Planck">Persatuan Max Planck</a>, Masyarakat-Helmholtz dan Persatuan Fraunhofer. Mereka mempunyai hubungan samada secara bebas atau luaran dengan sistem universiti dan menyumbang dalam jumlah yang agak besar terhadap usaha-usaha saintifik di negara ini. Anugerah berprestij Hadiah Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz dianugerahkan kepada sepuluh orang ahli sains dan akademik pada setiap tahun. Dengan hadiah maksimum €2.5 juta bagi setiap anugerah, ia merupakan salah satu hadiah kajian tertiinggi di dunia.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Pendidikan">Pendidikan</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Pendidikan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> Tanggungjawab terhadap pendidikan di Jerman diserahkan kepada negeri-negeri sementara kerajaan persekutuan hanya memiliki peranan kecil. Pendidikan pra-sekolah yang tidak diwajibkan disediakan untuk kanak-kanak berusia tiga hingga enam tahun. Selepas itu, mereka diwajibkan menghadiri pengajian di sekolah selama sekurang-kurangnya sembilan tahun. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendidikan_rendah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pendidikan rendah">Pendidikan rendah</a> selalunya berlangsung selama empat tahun dan sekolah-sekolah awam tidak disusun mengikut kategori pada tahap ini.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ed-82">[82]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-basic-83">[83]</a> Berbeza pula di peringkat <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendidikan_menengah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pendidikan menengah">menengah</a>, sistem persekolahan dibahagikan kepada empat jenis berlandaskan kemahiran atau keupayaan murid-murid seperti yang dicadangkan oleh guru, iaitu: Gymnasium, yang turut dihadiri oleh murid-murid yang berbakat besar yang menyediakan mereka ke arah pengajian di universiti dengan kehadiran sekitar lapan atau sembilan tahun bergantung kepada tahap murid-murid; Realschule, yang menawarkan pengajian lebih terbuka dan meluas bagi murid-murid tahap pertengahan yang berlangsung sehingga enam tahun; Hauptschule, yang menawarkan pengajian vokasional; dan juga Gesamtschule atau sekolah komprehensif yang menggabungkan ketiga-tiga jenis sekolah menengah di bawah satu bumbung.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ed-82">[82]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-basic-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Universitaetsbibliothek_Heidelberg_Fassade.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Universitaetsbibliothek_Heidelberg_Fassade.jpg/170px-Universitaetsbibliothek_Heidelberg_Fassade.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1897"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Universitaetsbibliothek_Heidelberg_Fassade.jpg/170px-Universitaetsbibliothek_Heidelberg_Fassade.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Universitaetsbibliothek_Heidelberg_Fassade.jpg/255px-Universitaetsbibliothek_Heidelberg_Fassade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Universitaetsbibliothek_Heidelberg_Fassade.jpg/340px-Universitaetsbibliothek_Heidelberg_Fassade.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Perpustakaan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universiti_Heidelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universiti Heidelberg">Universiti Heidelberg</a>. Universiti ini ditubuhkan pada tahun 1386. </figcaption> </figure> Rancangan Penilaian Murid-murid Antarabangsa (PISA) yang dikendalikan oleh <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OECD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a>, menilai kemahiran murid-murid berumur 15 tahun di negara-negara ahli dan beberapa negara-negara rakan. Pada tahun 2006, murid-murid memperbaiki kedudukan mereka dari tahun-tahun sebelumnya dengan menduduki tangga ke-13 (atas purata) dalam kemahiran sains, tangga ke-20 dalam kemahiran matematik dan tangga ke-18 dalam kemahiran membaca.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PISAex-84">[84]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PISA1-85">[85]</a> Memandangkan tahap kecerunan sosio-ekonomi di Jerman lebih tinggi, pencapaian di Jerman dipengaruhi kuat faktor-faktor sosio-ekonomi berbanding negara-negara lain.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PISAex-84">[84]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-PISA1-85">[85]</a> Untuk memasuki sebuah universiti, murid-murid sekolah menengah perlulah menduduki peperiksaan Abitur, yang menyamai <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sijil_Tinggi_Pelajaran_Malaysia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia">Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia</a>. Namun, murid-murid yang memiliki sijil daripada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sekolah_vokasional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sekolah vokasional">sekolah vokasional</a> boleh juga memohon. Sebuah sistem perantisan yang dipanggil Duale Ausbildung membolehkan murid-murid menghadiri latihan vokasional dengan bekerja (belajar) di syarikat-syarikat perusahaan selain sekolah latihan khas yang dikendalikan kerajaan.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ed-82">[82]</a> Kebanyakan universiti di Jerman dimiliki oleh kerajaan negeri dan mengenakan yuran pengajian yang berbeza-beza dari €50 hingga ke €500 bagi satu semester pengajian.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Universiti-universiti Jerman diakui di peringkat antarabangsa, sekaligus menonjolkan nilai pengajian yang tinggi di negara ini. Di dalam "Kedudukan Universiti Dunia THES-QS" pada tahun 2007, tiga buah universiti awam Jerman menduduki tangga 100 utama dunia, manakala 11 yang lain menghuni kedudukan 200 utama.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[87]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Pengangkutan">Pengangkutan</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Pengangkutan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Autobahn_1-999.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Autobahn_1-999.png/220px-Autobahn_1-999.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3030"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 273px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Autobahn_1-999.png/220px-Autobahn_1-999.png" data-width="220" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Autobahn_1-999.png/330px-Autobahn_1-999.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Autobahn_1-999.png/440px-Autobahn_1-999.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Peta jaringan lebuh raya di Jerman </figcaption> </figure> Oleh sebab kedudukan Jerman di Eropah Tengah, terdapat jumlah pergerakan trafik yang amat tinggi di Jerman. Ini termasuk pergerakan trafik darat, udara dan air. Jerman merupakan negara persinggahan penting bagi sektor logistik Eropah dimana majoriti pergerakan trafiknya terdiri daripada pergerakan barang-barang perdagangan. Dalam dekad yang lepas, trafik barang perdagangan sentiasa beralih daripada perkhidmatan rel kepada jalanraya. Justeru itu, Kerajaan Persekutuan Jerman memperkenalkan tol lebuh raya kepada kenderaan berat pada tahun 2005. Disamping itu, trafik awam juga turut meningkat sehingga dalam jaringan jalanraya di Jerman, terdapat kepadatan yang amat tinggi berbanding di peringkat antarabangsa. Pada masa akan datang dijangka tedapat peningkatan pergerakan trafik penumpang (1997-2015)sekitar 20% dan pergerakan trafik barang perdagangan (1997-2005)meningkat sekitar 64%. Demi memenuhi peningkatan ini, kerajaan persekutuan Jerman telah meluluskan pelaburan sebanyak 150 bilion Euro untuk tempoh 2001 hingga 2015 bagi menambah kapasiti jaringan jalanraya di Jerman. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Kebudayaan">Kebudayaan</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Kebudayaan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Rencana utama: <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kebudayaan_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kebudayaan Jerman">Kebudayaan Jerman</a> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Sukan">Sukan</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Sukan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bola_sepak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bola sepak">Bola sepak</a> merupakan sukan yang paling popular di Jerman. Dengan lebih daripada 7 juta ahli rasmi, Persatuan Bola Sepak Jerman (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) adalah pertubuhan sukan tunggal terbesar di seluruh dunia,<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-88">[88]</a> dan liga teratas Jerman, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bundesliga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a>, menarik kedatangan purata kedua tertinggi dari semua liga sukan profesional di dunia.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pasukan_bola_sepak_kebangsaan_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan Jerman">Pasukan bola sepak kebangsaan lelaki Jerman</a> memenangi <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piala_Dunia_FIFA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piala Dunia FIFA">Piala Dunia FIFA</a> pada tahun 1954, 1974, 1990, dan 2014,<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Kejuaraan Eropah UEFA pada tahun 1972, 1980 dan 1996,<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-91">[91]</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piala_Konfederasi_FIFA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piala Konfederasi FIFA">Piala Konfederasi FIFA</a> pada tahun 2017.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Jerman adalah salah satu negara yang terkemuka dalam sukan permotoran di dunia. Pembina seperti <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BMW?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BMW">BMW</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercedes-Benz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a> adalah pengeluar terkemuka dalam sukan permotoran. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Porsche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> telah memenangi perlumbaan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> sebanyak 19 kali, dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Audi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Audi">Audi</a> sebanyak 13 kali (setakat April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DJerman%26action%3Dedit">[kemas kini]</a>).<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Pemandu <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Michael_Schumacher?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Michael Schumacher">Michael Schumacher</a> telah menetapkan banyak rekod sukan permotoran semasa kerjayanya, dengan memenangi tujuh Kejuaraan Pemandu Formula Satu Dunia.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sebastian Vettel">Sebastian Vettel</a> juga merupakan antara pemandu <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Formula_One?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> yang paling berjaya sepanjang masa.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Atlet Jerman secara sejarah telah menjadi pesaing berjaya dalam <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sukan_Olimpik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sukan Olimpik">Sukan Olimpik</a>, menduduki tempat ketiga dalam jumlah medalia sepanjang sejarah Sukan Olimpik apabila menggabungkan medalia <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Timur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman_Barat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerman Barat">Jerman Barat</a> sebelum Penyatuan Semula Jerman.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Pada tahun 1936, Berlin menjadi tuan rumah <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sukan_Olimpik_Musim_Panas_1936?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sukan Olimpik Musim Panas 1936">Sukan Musim Panas</a> dan <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sukan_Olimpik_Musim_Sejuk_1936?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sukan Olimpik Musim Sejuk 1936">Sukan Musim Sejuk</a> di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a>. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Munich?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munich">Munich</a> menjadi tuan rumah Sukan Musim Panas 1972.<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Islam_di_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Islam di Jerman">Islam di Jerman</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"> <h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6415981">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6405196">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/press/pr/2008/06/PE08__229__126,templateId%3DrenderPrint.psml">"Jumlah penduduk menurun meskipun jumlah kelahiran bertambah"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Pejabat Perangkaan Persekutuan. 26 Jun 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-09-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumlah+penduduk+menurun+meskipun+jumlah+kelahiran+bertambah&rft.pub=Pejabat+Perangkaan+Persekutuan&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FEN%2Fpress%2Fpr%2F2008%2F06%2FPE08__229__126%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-2"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-HDI_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf">"2018 Human Development Statistical Update"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322153238/http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf">Diarkibkan</a> (PDF) daripada yang asal pada 22 Mac 2017. Dicapai pada 14 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2018+Human+Development+Statistical+Update&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Duden6-3"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Duden6_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Mangold_(stg.)1995" class="citation book cs1">Max Mangold (stg.), penyunting (1995). Duden, Aussprachewörterbuch (Kamus Sebutan Duden) (dalam bahasa Jerman) (ed. ke-6). Mannheim: Dudenverlag, Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG. m/s. ms. 271, 53f. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/3-411-04066-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/3-411-04066-1"><bdi>3-411-04066-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duden%2C+Aussprachew%C3%B6rterbuch+%28Kamus+Sebutan+Duden%29&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.pages=ms.+271%2C+53f&rft.edition=ke-6&rft.pub=Dudenverlag%2C+Bibliographisches+Institut+%26+F.A.+Brockhaus+AG&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=3-411-04066-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.migrationinformation.org/datahub/countrydata/data.cfm">"Kemasukan penduduk-penduduk asing berdasarkan kewarganegaraan mengikut tahun"</a> (CFM) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Institut Dasar Migrasi. Dicapai pada 2008-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kemasukan+penduduk-penduduk+asing+berdasarkan+kewarganegaraan+mengikut+tahun&rft.pub=Institut+Dasar+Migrasi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migrationinformation.org%2Fdatahub%2Fcountrydata%2Fdata.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-derma-5">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-derma_5-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-derma_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.topnews.in/germany-worlds-second-biggest-aid-donor-after-us-229970">"Jerman penderma bantuan kedua terbesar di dunia selepas AS"</a> (Cetakan semula) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). (dpa). 4 April 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jerman+penderma+bantuan+kedua+terbesar+di+dunia+selepas+AS&rft.date=2008-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topnews.in%2Fgermany-worlds-second-biggest-aid-donor-after-us-229970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-sipri-6">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sipri_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sipri_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814224502/http://www.sipri.org/contents/milap/milex/mex_major_spenders.pdf/download">"15 pembeli terbesar pada tahun 2006"</a>. Arah aliran terkini dalam perbelanjaan ketenteraan (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Institut Kajian Keamanan Antarabangsa Stockholm. 2007. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sipri.org/contents/milap/milex/mex_major_spenders.pdf/download">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2007-08-14. Dicapai pada 2008-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arah+aliran+terkini+dalam+perbelanjaan+ketenteraan&rft.atitle=15+pembeli+terbesar+pada+tahun+2006&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fcontents%2Fmilap%2Fmilex%2Fmex_major_spenders.pdf%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/04/04/europe/poll.php">"Pemimpin Eropah? Jawapan-jawapan yang jauh berbeza"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). International Herald Tribune. 4 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404235732/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/04/04/europe/poll.php">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2008-04-04. Dicapai pada 2008-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pemimpin+Eropah%3F+Jawapan-jawapan+yang+jauh+berbeza&rft.date=2008-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F04%2F04%2Feurope%2Fpoll.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAnna-Kristina_Wassilew2008" class="citation news cs1">Anna-Kristina Wassilew (6 Mei 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.innovations-report.de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-109339.html">"Dengan Yakin Menuju Masa Depan bersama-sama Teknologi yang boleh diharapkan"</a>. Dicapai pada 2008-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dengan+Yakin+Menuju+Masa+Depan+bersama-sama+Teknologi+yang+boleh+diharapkan&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.au=Anna-Kristina+Wassilew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innovations-report.de%2Fhtml%2Fberichte%2Finformationstechnologie%2Fbericht-109339.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Claster-9"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Claster_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJill_N._Claster1982" class="citation book cs1">Jill N. Claster (1982). Pengalaman Zaman Pertengahan: 300 - 1400 (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Percetakan NYU. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0814713815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0814713815"><bdi>0814713815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pengalaman+Zaman+Pertengahan%3A+300+-+1400&rft.pub=Percetakan+NYU&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0814713815&rft.au=Jill+N.+Claster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-CAH-10"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CAH_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sejarah Purba Cambridge. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0521301998?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0521301998"><bdi>0521301998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Purba+Cambridge&rft.isbn=0521301998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_Rempel" class="citation web cs1">Gerhard Rempel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/30yearswar.html">"Peperangan Tiga Puluh Tahun"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peperangan+Tiga+Puluh+Tahun&rft.au=Gerhard+Rempel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.wnec.edu%2F~grempel%2Fcourses%2Fwc2%2Flectures%2F30yearswar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_McFarlane2003" class="citation web cs1">Alan McFarlane (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm%2330YrW">"Peperangan Tiga Puluh Tahun (1618-48)"</a>. Jumlah Kematian Terpilih bagi Peperangan, Pembunuhan beramai-ramai dan Kekejaman sebelum Kurun Ke-20 (dalam bahasa Inggeris).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peperangan+Tiga+Puluh+Tahun+%281618-48%29&rft.series=Jumlah+Kematian+Terpilih+bagi+Peperangan%2C+Pembunuhan+beramai-ramai+dan+Kekejaman+sebelum+Kurun+Ke-20&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Alan+McFarlane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.erols.com%2Fmwhite28%2Fwarstat0.htm%2330YrW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-concise_h-13"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-concise_h_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Fullbrook1991" class="citation book cs1">Mary Fullbrook (1991). Sejarah Ringkas Jerman (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Penerbitan Universiti Cambridge. m/s. ms. 97. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0521540712?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0521540712"><bdi>0521540712</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Ringkas+Jerman&rft.pages=ms.+97&rft.pub=Penerbitan+Universiti+Cambridge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0521540712&rft.au=Mary+Fullbrook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Martin2000" class="citation web cs1">Norman Martin (5 Oktober 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fotw.net/flags/de1848.html">"Gabungan Jerman 1815-1866 (Jerman)"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Flags of the World. Dicapai pada 2008-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gabungan+Jerman+1815-1866+%28Jerman%29&rft.pub=Flags+of+the+World&rft.date=2000-10-05&rft.au=Norman+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.net%2Fflags%2Fde1848.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-lee-15"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-lee_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_J._Lee2003" class="citation book cs1">Stephen J. Lee (2003). Eropah, 1890-1945 (dalam bahasa Inggeris). m/s. ms. 131. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0415254558?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0415254558"><bdi>0415254558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eropah%2C+1890-1945&rft.pages=ms.+131&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0415254558&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-stackelberg-16"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-stackelberg_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_Stackelberg1999" class="citation book cs1">Roderick Stackelberg (1999). Jerman di bawah Hitler: Asal-usul, tafsiran dan warisan (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0415201144?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0415201144"><bdi>0415201144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerman+di+bawah+Hitler%3A+Asal-usul%2C+tafsiran+dan+warisan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0415201144&rft.au=Roderick+Stackelberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-scheck-17"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-scheck_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRaffael_Scheck" class="citation web cs1">Raffael Scheck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114153606/http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyE1.html">"Pembentukan Pemerintahan Diktator: Penstabilan Kuasa Nazi"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.colby.edu/personal/r/rmscheck/GermanyE1.html">yang asal</a> pada 2013-01-14. Dicapai pada 2009-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pembentukan+Pemerintahan+Diktator%3A+Penstabilan+Kuasa+Nazi&rft.au=Raffael+Scheck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colby.edu%2Fpersonal%2Fr%2Frmscheck%2FGermanyE1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-sementara-18"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-sementara_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/73127/Bonn">"Bonn"</a>. Ensyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Britannica. Dicapai pada 2009-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bonn&rft.series=Ensyclopedia+Britannica&rft.pub=Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F73127%2FBonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNico_Colchester2001" class="citation news cs1">Nico Colchester (1 Januari 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501092536/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/504285c4-68b6-11da-bd30-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid%3D6f876a3c-e19f-11da-bf4c-0000779e2340.html">"Hari D-mark sudah tiba"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Financial Times. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/504285c4-68b6-11da-bd30-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid%3D6f876a3c-e19f-11da-bf4c-0000779e2340.html">yang asal</a> pada 2011-05-01. Dicapai pada 2009-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hari+D-mark+sudah+tiba&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.au=Nico+Colchester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F504285c4-68b6-11da-bd30-0000779e2340%2Cdwp_uuid%3D6f876a3c-e19f-11da-bf4c-0000779e2340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bbg-20"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bbg_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wdr.de/themen/kultur/stichtag/2004/03/10.jhtml">"Sebuah pembahagian yang adil. 10 Tahun sebelum ini: Bundestag meluluskan Akta Bonn-Berlin"</a>. 10 Mac 2004. Dicapai pada 2009-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sebuah+pembahagian+yang+adil.+10+Tahun+sebelum+ini%3A+Bundestag+meluluskan+Akta+Bonn-Berlin&rft.date=2004-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdr.de%2Fthemen%2Fkultur%2Fstichtag%2F2004%2F03%2F10.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJudy_Dempsey2006" class="citation news cs1">Judy Dempsey (31 Oktober 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/31/news/germany.php">"Jerman merancang pengunduran di Bosnia"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). International Herald Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007082348/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/10/31/news/germany.php">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2008-10-07. Dicapai pada 2009-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jerman+merancang+pengunduran+di+Bosnia&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft.au=Judy+Dempsey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iht.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F10%2F31%2Fnews%2Fgermany.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-cia-22">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_22-1">b</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cia_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211075204/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html">"Germany"</a>. Buku Fakta CIA (dalam bahasa Inggeris). CIA. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html">yang asal</a> pada 2016-02-11. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany&rft.series=Buku+Fakta+CIA&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fgm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dummies.com/WileyCDA/DummiesArticle/id-5361.html">Germany For Dummies, Edisi ke-3</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Wiley. 2007. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9780470089569?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-470-08956-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+For+Dummies%2C+Edisi+ke-3&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dummies.com%2FWileyCDA%2FDummiesArticle%2Fid-5361.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wordtravels.com/Travelguide/Countries/Germany/Climate/">"Iklim dan Cuaca Jerman"</a>. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iklim+dan+Cuaca+Jerman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordtravels.com%2FTravelguide%2FCountries%2FGermany%2FClimate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id%3D10961890">"Pelajaran dari Jerman"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). The Economist. 3 April 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelajaran+dari+Jerman&rft.pub=The+Economist&rft.date=2008-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D10961890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich_Witte2004" class="citation web cs1">Ulrich Witte (16 Oktober 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dzforum.de/downloads/020101311.pdf">"Titik-titik permulaan dan fokus terhadap perhubungan alam sekitar"</a> (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Yayasan Persekutan bagi Alam Sekitar Jerman. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Titik-titik+permulaan+dan+fokus+terhadap+perhubungan+alam+sekitar&rft.pub=Yayasan+Persekutan+bagi+Alam+Sekitar+Jerman&rft.date=2004-10-16&rft.au=Ulrich+Witte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dzforum.de%2Fdownloads%2F020101311.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/sep07/BBCClimate_Sep07_rpt.pdf">"Semua negara perlu mengambil langkah penting terhadap fenomena perubahan iklim: Undian Sedunia"</a> (PDF). BBC World Service & Globescan (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Rancangan tentang Sikap terhadap Dasar Antarabangsa di Universiti Maryland. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+Service+%26+Globescan&rft.atitle=Semua+negara+perlu+mengambil+langkah+penting+terhadap+fenomena+perubahan+iklim%3A+Undian+Sedunia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldpublicopinion.org%2Fpipa%2Fpdf%2Fsep07%2FBBCClimate_Sep07_rpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/uba-info-presse-e/2004/pe04-056.htm">"Memperkukuh industri perlindungan alam sekitar Jerman"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Pejabat Alam Sekitar. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memperkukuh+industri+perlindungan+alam+sekitar+Jerman&rft.pub=Pejabat+Alam+Sekitar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umweltbundesamt.de%2Fuba-info-presse-e%2F2004%2Fpe04-056.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Earth/Germany_greenest_country_in_the_world/articleshow/3151766.cms">"Jerman negara terhijau di dunia"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Times of India. 20 Jun 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jerman+negara+terhijau+di+dunia&rft.date=2008-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FEarth%2FGermany_greenest_country_in_the_world%2Farticleshow%2F3151766.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bundesrecht.juris.de/gg/art_79.html">Perkara 79</a>, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hukum_Asas_Republik_Persekutuan_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hukum Asas Republik Persekutuan Jerman">Hukum Asas Republik Persekutuan Jerman</a> (dalam bahasa <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bahasa_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bahasa Jerman">Jerman</a>) Bundesministerium der Justiz. Dicapai pada <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/10_Jun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="10 Jun">10 Jun</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2008?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2008">2008</a></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.elysee.fr/elysee/anglais/speeches_and_documents/2004/declaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html">"Pengisytiharan oleh Majlis Keselamatan dan Pertahanan Perancis-Jerman"</a>. 13 Mei 2001. Dicapai pada 2008-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pengisytiharan+oleh+Majlis+Keselamatan+dan+Pertahanan+Perancis-Jerman&rft.date=2001-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elysee.fr%2Felysee%2Fanglais%2Fspeeches_and_documents%2F2004%2Fdeclaration_by_the_franco-german_defence_and_security_council.1096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3997.htm">"Nota latar belakang: Jerman - Hubungan AS-Jerman"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Jabatan Negara AS. Dicapai pada 2008-09-11 date=Januari 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nota+latar+belakang%3A+Jerman+-+Hubungan+AS-Jerman&rft.pub=Jabatan+Negara+AS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F3997.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Missing pipe in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23missing_pipe" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>); Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-fakta-33">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fakta_33-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-fakta_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFKedutaan_AS_Berlin2006" class="citation book cs1">Kedutaan AS Berlin (Mei 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511123309/http://germany.usembassy.gov/germany/img/assets/9336/econ_factsheet_may2006.pdf">Helaian Fakta: Hubungan Ekonomi AS-Jerman</a> (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://germany.usembassy.gov/germany/img/assets/9336/econ_factsheet_may2006.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2011-05-11. Dicapai pada 2008-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Helaian+Fakta%3A+Hubungan+Ekonomi+AS-Jerman&rft.date=2006-05&rft.au=Kedutaan+AS+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgermany.usembassy.gov%2Fgermany%2Fimg%2Fassets%2F9336%2Fecon_factsheet_may2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/census_2000/001870.html">"Jerman masih paling kerap dilaporkan sebagai keturunan"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Biro Bancian AS. 30 Jun 2004. Dicapai pada 2008-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerman+masih+paling+kerap+dilaporkan+sebagai+keturunan.&rft.pub=Biro+Bancian+AS&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2FPress-Release%2Fwww%2Freleases%2Farchives%2Fcensus_2000%2F001870.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://benefits.military.com/misc/installations/Base_Content.jsp?id%3D1675">"Kaiserslautern, Jerman"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Tentera AS. Dicapai pada 2008-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kaiserslautern%2C+Jerman&rft.pub=Tentera+AS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbenefits.military.com%2Fmisc%2Finstallations%2FBase_Content.jsp%3Fid%3D1675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bmz.de/en/index.html">"Tujuan dasar pembangunan Jerman"</a>. BMZ. Dicapai pada 2008-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tujuan+dasar+pembangunan+Jerman&rft.pub=BMZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmz.de%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625041054/http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/parliament/function/legal/germanbasiclaw.pdf">"Perkara 115 - Hal ehwal kecemasan (pertahanan)"</a> (PDF). <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hukum_Asas_Republik_Persekutuan_Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hukum Asas Republik Persekutuan Jerman">Hukum Asas Republik Persekutuan Jerman</a> (GG) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Bundestag. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bundestag.de/htdocs_e/parliament/function/legal/germanbasiclaw.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2008-06-25. Dicapai pada 2008-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hukum+Asas+Republik+Persekutuan+Jerman+%28GG%29&rft.atitle=Perkara+115+-+Hal+ehwal+kecemasan+%28pertahanan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundestag.de%2Fhtdocs_e%2Fparliament%2Ffunction%2Flegal%2Fgermanbasiclaw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-bw-38"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-bw_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/bwde/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443DgoESYGZASH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQD-G0VU/delta/base64xml/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfQ180MkQ!?yw_contentURL%3D%252FC1256EF4002AED30%252FW264VFT2439INFODE%252Fcontent.jsp">"Jumlah Tentera bertugas di luar negara"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). Bundeswehr. 4 September 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumlah+Tentera+bertugas+di+luar+negara&rft.pub=Bundeswehr&rft.date=2008-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswehr.de%2Fportal%2Fa%2Fbwde%2Fkcxml%2F04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd443DgoESYGZASH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQD-G0VU%2Fdelta%2Fbase64xml%2FL2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfQ180MkQ%21%3Fyw_contentURL%3D%252FC1256EF4002AED30%252FW264VFT2439INFODE%252Fcontent.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHans_M._Kristensen2005" class="citation book cs1">Hans M. Kristensen (Februari 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/euro/euro.pdf">Senjata nuklear AS di Eropah: Kajian semula dasar pasca-Perang Dingin, tahap tentera dan perancangan perang</a> (PDF). Majlis Pertahanan Sumber Asli (NDRC). m/s. ms. 9. Dicapai pada 2008-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senjata+nuklear+AS+di+Eropah%3A+Kajian+semula+dasar+pasca-Perang+Dingin%2C+tahap+tentera+dan+perancangan+perang&rft.pages=ms.+9&rft.pub=Majlis+Pertahanan+Sumber+Asli+%28NDRC%29&rft.date=2005-02&rft.au=Hans+M.+Kristensen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrdc.org%2Fnuclear%2Feuro%2Feuro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/en/index.html">"Mahkamah Perlembagaan Persekutuan"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahkamah+Perlembagaan+Persekutuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesverfassungsgericht.de%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|accessed=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvollzg/__2.html">"§ 2 Aufgaben des Vollzuges"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). Kementerian Kehakiman Persekutuan (BMJ). Dicapai pada 2008-09-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A7+2+Aufgaben+des+Vollzuges&rft.pub=Kementerian+Kehakiman+Persekutuan+%28BMJ%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fstvollzg%2F__2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> Perkara 72, Hukum Asas</li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Presse/pm/2006/11/PD06__464__12421,templateId%3DrenderPrint.psml">"Im Jahr 2050 doppelt so viele 60-Jährige wie Neugeborene (Pada tahun 2050 jumlah golongan berumur 60-an berganda berbanding yang baru dilahirkan)"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). Pejabat Perangkaan Persekutuan. 7 November 2006. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14. <q>(69 juta orang dengan menganggap kadar bersih penghijrahan +100,000 orang setiap tahun, manakala 74 juta dengan menganggap +200,000 orang setahun.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Im+Jahr+2050+doppelt+so+viele+60-J%C3%A4hrige+wie+Neugeborene+%28Pada+tahun+2050+jumlah+golongan+berumur+60-an+berganda+berbanding+yang+baru+dilahirkan%29&rft.pub=Pejabat+Perangkaan+Persekutuan&rft.date=2006-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FDE%2FPresse%2Fpm%2F2006%2F11%2FPD06__464__12421%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616150333/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/press/pr/2008/03/PE08__105__12521,templateId%3DrenderPrint.psml">"Kenaikan kecil penduduk dengan latar belakang asing"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Pejabat Perangkaan Persekutuan. 11 Mac 2008. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/press/pr/2008/03/PE08__105__12521,templateId%3DrenderPrint.psml">yang asal</a> pada 2009-06-16. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kenaikan+kecil+penduduk+dengan+latar+belakang+asing&rft.pub=Pejabat+Perangkaan+Persekutuan&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FEN%2Fpress%2Fpr%2F2008%2F03%2FPE08__105__12521%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.good-practice.de/zielgruppen_beitrag3533.php">"Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund - neue Definition, alte Probleme (Golongan dengan latar belakang asing - takrifan baru, masalah lama)"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). Institut Persekutuan bagi Pembangunan Kerjaya (BiBB). 2007. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menschen+mit+Migrationshintergrund+-+neue+Definition%2C+alte+Probleme+%28Golongan+dengan+latar+belakang+asing+-+takrifan+baru%2C+masalah+lama%29&rft.pub=Institut+Persekutuan+bagi+Pembangunan+Kerjaya+%28BiBB%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.good-practice.de%2Fzielgruppen_beitrag3533.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Bernstein2006" class="citation news cs1">Richard Bernstein (29 Mac 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/29/international/europe/29letter1.html?ex%3D1301288400%26en%3Df374094bb24aa621%26ei%3D5090%26partner%3Drssuserland%26emc%3Drss">"Kuiz untuk Bakal Warganegara Menguji Sikap Jerman"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). New York Times. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kuiz+untuk+Bakal+Warganegara+Menguji+Sikap+Jerman&rft.date=2006-03-29&rft.au=Richard+Bernstein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F29%2Finternational%2Feurope%2F29letter1.html%3Fex%3D1301288400%26en%3Df374094bb24aa621%26ei%3D5090%26partner%3Drssuserland%26emc%3Drss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bib-demographie.de/nn_750728/DE/Demographie/Altersaufbau/auslaendische__bevoelkerung.html">"Ausländische Bevölkerung (Penduduk Asing)"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). Institut Persekutuan bagi Kajian Penduduk (BiB). Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ausl%C3%A4ndische+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+%28Penduduk+Asing%29&rft.pub=Institut+Persekutuan+bagi+Kajian+Penduduk+%28BiB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib-demographie.de%2Fnn_750728%2FDE%2FDemographie%2FAltersaufbau%2Fauslaendische__bevoelkerung.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput">pautan mati kekal</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJabatan_Hal-ehwal_Ekonomi_dan_Masyarakat,_PBB2006" class="citation book cs1">Jabatan Hal-ehwal Ekonomi dan Masyarakat, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PBB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="PBB">PBB</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.google.com/books?hl%3Den%26id%3DYgSsp6S1qnkC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3DkXSuhAamCt%26sig%3Dnf3BbgP2FUT4tFxHgFC1ZrZO_8A%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26resnum%3D7%26ct%3Dresult%23PPP1,M1">Dasar Kependudukan Dunia 2005</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Penerbitan PBB. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/9789211514209?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/9789211514209"><bdi>9789211514209</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dasar+Kependudukan+Dunia+2005&rft.pub=Penerbitan+PBB&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789211514209&rft.au=Jabatan+Hal-ehwal+Ekonomi+dan+Masyarakat%2C+PBB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26id%3DYgSsp6S1qnkC%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dweb%26ots%3DkXSuhAamCt%26sig%3Dnf3BbgP2FUT4tFxHgFC1ZrZO_8A%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26resnum%3D7%26ct%3Dresult%23PPP1%2CM1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFBahagian_Kependudukan,_Jabatan_Hal-ehwal_Ekonomi_dan_Masyarakat,_PBB2006" class="citation web cs1">Bahagian Kependudukan, Jabatan Hal-ehwal Ekonomi dan Masyarakat, <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PBB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="PBB">PBB</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2006Migration_Chart/2006IttMig_chart.htm">"Penghijrahan Antarabangsa 2006"</a> (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Penerbitan PBB. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Penghijrahan+Antarabangsa+2006&rft.pub=Penerbitan+PBB&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Bahagian+Kependudukan%2C+Jabatan+Hal-ehwal+Ekonomi+dan+Masyarakat%2C+PBB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2F2006Migration_Chart%2F2006IttMig_chart.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610095234/http://www.destatis.de/presse/deutsch/pm2006/p2690025.htm">"Erstmals seit 1990 weniger als 600 000 Ausländer zugezogen (Buat pertama kalinya sejak 1990 kurang daripada 600 000 pendatang asing baru)"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). Pejabat Perangkaan Persekutuan. 6 Julai 2006. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/presse/deutsch/pm2006/p2690025.htm">yang asal</a> pada 2007-06-10. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Erstmals+seit+1990+weniger+als+600+000+Ausl%C3%A4nder+zugezogen+%28Buat+pertama+kalinya+sejak+1990+kurang+daripada+600+000+pendatang+asing+baru%29&rft.pub=Pejabat+Perangkaan+Persekutuan&rft.date=2006-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fpresse%2Fdeutsch%2Fpm2006%2Fp2690025.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ekd-51">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ekd_51-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ekd_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430195847/http://www.ekd.de/statistik/mitglieder.html">"Christen in Deutschland 2006 (Kristian di Jerman 2006)"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). EKD accessdate=2008-09-14. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ekd.de/statistik/mitglieder.html">yang asal</a> pada 2011-04-30. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christen+in+Deutschland+2006+%28Kristian+di+Jerman+2006%29&rft.pub=EKD+accessdate%3D2008-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekd.de%2Fstatistik%2Fmitglieder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Missing pipe in: <code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code> (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23missing_pipe" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-rmid-52">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rmid_52-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-rmid_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.remid.de/remid_info_zahlen.htm">"Religionen in Deutschland: Mitgliederzahlen (Agama di Jerman: Jumlah penganut)"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). Perkhidmatan Maklumat dan Media bagi Sains Keagamaan (RMID). 6 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religionen+in+Deutschland%3A+Mitgliederzahlen+%28Agama+di+Jerman%3A+Jumlah+penganut%29&rft.pub=Perkhidmatan+Maklumat+dan+Media+bagi+Sains+Keagamaan+%28RMID%29&rft.date=2006-09-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remid.de%2Fremid_info_zahlen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|Accessdate=</code> ignored (<code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> suggested) (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored_suggest" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.euro-islam.info/spip/article.php3?id_article%3D1752">"Jerman"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Euro Islam. 8 Disember 2007. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerman&rft.pub=Euro+Islam&rft.date=2007-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro-islam.info%2Fspip%2Farticle.php3%3Fid_article%3D1752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988">[<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Pautan_reput?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Pautan reput">pautan mati kekal</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFMariah_Blake2006" class="citation web cs1">Mariah Blake (10 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1110/p25s02-woeu.html">"Di tempat lahir Nazi, Jerman meraikan Zaman Pembaharuan orang-orang Yahudi"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Christian Science Monitor. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Di+tempat+lahir+Nazi%2C+Jerman+meraikan+Zaman+Pembaharuan+orang-orang+Yahudi&rft.pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.date=2006-11-10&rft.au=Mariah+Blake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2006%2F1110%2Fp25s02-woeu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.eurojewcong.org/ejc/news.php?id_article%3D81">"Jerman"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Kongres Yahudi Eropah. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerman&rft.pub=Kongres+Yahudi+Eropah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurojewcong.org%2Fejc%2Fnews.php%3Fid_article%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf">"Eurobarometer tentang Nilai-nilai Masyarakat, Sains dan Teknologi"</a> (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Suruhanjaya Eropah. 2005. m/s. ms. 11. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurobarometer+tentang+Nilai-nilai+Masyarakat%2C+Sains+dan+Teknologi&rft.pages=ms.+11&rft.pub=Suruhanjaya+Eropah&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_225_report_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-Eurobarometer_Languages-57"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Eurobarometer_Languages_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_sum_en.pdf">"Eurobarometer Khas 243: Orang-orang Eropah dan Bahasa-bahasa mereka (Ringkasan Eksekutif)"</a> (PDF). Suruhanjaya Eropah. 2006. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurobarometer+Khas+243%3A+Orang-orang+Eropah+dan+Bahasa-bahasa+mereka+%28Ringkasan+Eksekutif%29&rft.pub=Suruhanjaya+Eropah&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_sum_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf">"Eurobarometer Khas 243: Orang-orang Eropah dan Bahasa-bahasa mereka (Kajian Pendapat)"</a> (PDF). Suruhanjaya Eropah. 2006. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurobarometer+Khas+243%3A+Orang-orang+Eropah+dan+Bahasa-bahasa+mereka+%28Kajian+Pendapat%29&rft.pub=Suruhanjaya+Eropah&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublic_opinion%2Farchives%2Febs%2Febs_243_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ec.europa.eu/publications/booklets/move/45/en.pdf">Banyak bahasa, satu keluarga</a> (PDF). Eropah yang bergerak (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Suruhanjaya Eropah. 2004. m/s. ms. 4. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/92-894-7759-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/92-894-7759-8"><bdi>92-894-7759-8</bdi></a>. Dicapai pada 2008-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banyak+bahasa%2C+satu+keluarga&rft.series=Eropah+yang+bergerak&rft.pages=ms.+4&rft.pub=Suruhanjaya+Eropah&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=92-894-7759-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fpublications%2Fbooklets%2Fmove%2F45%2Fen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo2006-59"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-natgeo2006_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Geographic2006" class="citation book cs1">National Geographic (2006). National Geographic Collegiate Atlas of the World. Willard, Ohio: R.R Donnelley & Sons Co. m/s. ms. 257-270. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-7922-3662-9,_978-0-7922-3662-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-7922-3662-9, 978-0-7922-3662-7"><bdi>0-7922-3662-9, 978-0-7922-3662-7</bdi></a> Check <code class="cs1-code">|isbn=</code> value: invalid character (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23bad_isbn" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Collegiate+Atlas+of+the+World&rft.place=Willard%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=ms.+257-270&rft.pub=R.R+Donnelley+%26+Sons+Co&rft.date=2006&rft.au=National+Geographic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">"Susunan kedudukan - KDNK (kuasa beli seimbang)"</a>. Buku Fakta Dunia (dalam bahasa Inggeris). CIA. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">yang asal</a> pada 2011-06-04. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buku+Fakta+Dunia&rft.atitle=Susunan+kedudukan+-+KDNK+%28kuasa+beli+seimbang%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2001rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-dw-61"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dw_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628045050/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/press/pr/2008/01/PE08__015__811,templateId%3DrenderPrint.psml">"Pertumbuhan teguh ekonomi Jerman pada tahun 2007"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Pejabat Perangkaan Persekutuan. 15 Januari 2008. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/press/pr/2008/01/PE08__015__811,templateId%3DrenderPrint.psml">yang asal</a> pada 2008-06-28. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pertumbuhan+teguh+ekonomi+Jerman+pada+tahun+2007&rft.pub=Pejabat+Perangkaan+Persekutuan&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FEN%2Fpress%2Fpr%2F2008%2F01%2FPE08__015__811%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080612222639/http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/press/pr/2008/02/PE08__047__51,templateId%3DrenderPrint.psml">"Dagangan Luar Jerman pada tahun 2007: Eksport +8.5%, Import +5%"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Pejabat Perangkaan Persekutuan. 8 Februari 2008. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/Sites/destatis/Internet/EN/press/pr/2008/02/PE08__047__51,templateId%3DrenderPrint.psml">yang asal</a> pada 2008-06-12. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dagangan+Luar+Jerman+pada+tahun+2007%3A+Eksport+%2B8.5%25%2C+Import+%2B5%25&rft.pub=Pejabat+Perangkaan+Persekutuan&rft.date=2008-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2Fjetspeed%2Fportal%2Fcms%2FSites%2Fdestatis%2FInternet%2FEN%2Fpress%2Fpr%2F2008%2F02%2FPE08__047__51%2CtemplateId%3DrenderPrint.psml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Rynn2008" class="citation web cs1">Jonathan Rynn (16 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909200632/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/5299">"Bagaimana memasuki ekonomi hijau sejagat"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Foreign Policy in Focus. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/5299">yang asal</a> pada 2008-09-09. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bagaimana+memasuki+ekonomi+hijau+sejagat&rft.pub=Foreign+Policy+in+Focus&rft.date=2008-06-16&rft.au=Jonathan+Rynn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpif.org%2Ffpiftxt%2F5299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/countries/Germany.html">"Global 500 Jerman"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). CNN Money. 21 Julai 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+500+Jerman&rft.pub=CNN+Money&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fglobal500%2F2008%2Fcountries%2FGermany.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2008/performers/companies/biggest/">"Majikan Terbesar Global 500"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). CNN Money. 21 Julai 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Majikan+Terbesar+Global+500&rft.pub=CNN+Money&rft.date=2008-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Fglobal500%2F2008%2Fperformers%2Fcompanies%2Fbiggest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.millwardbrown.com/Sites/Optimor/Media/Pdfs/en/BrandZ/BrandZ-2008-Report.pdf">"100 Jenama utama paling berpengaruh 2008"</a> (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Millward Brown Optimor. 6 Ogos 2007. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Jenama+utama+paling+berpengaruh+2008&rft.pub=Millward+Brown+Optimor&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millwardbrown.com%2FSites%2FOptimor%2FMedia%2FPdfs%2Fen%2FBrandZ%2FBrandZ-2008-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Berg,_Steffen_Winter_&_Andreas_Wassermann2005" class="citation news cs1">Stefan Berg, Steffen Winter & Andreas Wassermann (5 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,373639,00.html">"Beban Timur Jerman: Harga bagi penyatuan semula yang gagal"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Beban+Timur+Jerman%3A+Harga+bagi+penyatuan+semula+yang+gagal&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft.au=Stefan+Berg%2C+Steffen+Winter+%26+Andreas+Wassermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fspiegel%2F0%2C1518%2C373639%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Text "publisher Spiegel Online" ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23text_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/arbeitslosenzahlen10.html">"Kadar pengangguran turun di bawah paras 3.2 juta"</a> (dalam bahasa Jerman). Tagesschau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220113203/http://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/arbeitslosenzahlen10.html">Diarkibkan</a> daripada yang asal pada 2008-12-20. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kadar+pengangguran+turun+di+bawah+paras+3.2+juta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagesschau.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Farbeitslosenzahlen10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,546582,00.html">"Perbalahan tentang belanjawan di Berlin: Menteri-menteri diarahkan memotong permintaan"</a> (Cetakan semula) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Spiegel Online. 10 April 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Perbalahan+tentang+belanjawan+di+Berlin%3A+Menteri-menteri+diarahkan+memotong+permintaan&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2F0%2C1518%2C546582%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111233528/http://utusan.com.my/utusan/arkib.asp?y%3D2008%26dt%3D0610%26pub%3Dutusan_malaysia%26sec%3Dluar%255Fnegara%26pg%3Dlu_11.htm%26arc%3Dhive">"Dunia memasuki era baru tenaga nuklear"</a>. Utusan Malaysia. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://utusan.com.my/utusan/arkib.asp?y%3D2008%26dt%3D0610%26pub%3Dutusan_malaysia%26sec%3Dluar%255Fnegara%26pg%3Dlu_11.htm%26arc%3Dhive">yang asal</a> (Terjemahan) pada 2012-01-11. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dunia+memasuki+era+baru+tenaga+nuklear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futusan.com.my%2Futusan%2Farkib.asp%3Fy%3D2008%26dt%3D0610%26pub%3Dutusan_malaysia%26sec%3Dluar%255Fnegara%26pg%3Dlu_11.htm%26arc%3Dhive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295389.stm">"Jerman berpecah tentang tenaga hijau"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). BBC. 25 Februari 2005. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jerman+berpecah+tentang+tenaga+hijau&rft.date=2005-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4295389.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908145955/http://www.bahn.de/international/view/en/mobility/trains/ice.shtml">"Intercity-Express"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Deutsche Bahn. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bahn.de/international/view/en/mobility/trains/ice.shtml">yang asal</a> pada 2008-09-08. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intercity-Express&rft.pub=Deutsche+Bahn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahn.de%2Finternational%2Fview%2Fen%2Fmobility%2Ftrains%2Fice.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/all/">"Semua penerima Hadiah Nobel"</a>. Yayasan Nobel. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semua+penerima+Hadiah+Nobel&rft.pub=Yayasan+Nobel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Flists%2Fall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFJ._M._Roberts2002" class="citation book cs1">J. M. Roberts (2002). Sejarah Dunia Baru Penguin (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Penguin History. m/s. ms. 1014. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0141007230?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0141007230"><bdi>0141007230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+Dunia+Baru+Penguin&rft.pages=ms.+1014&rft.pub=Penguin+History&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0141007230&rft.au=J.+M.+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action%3DVideoArticle%26id%3D7107">"Hadiah-hadiah Nobel pertama dianugerahkan"</a>. History.com. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hadiah-hadiah+Nobel+pertama+dianugerahkan&rft.pub=History.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history.do%3Faction%3DVideoArticle%26id%3D7107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.itu.int/aboutitu/HistoricalFigures.html">"Tokoh-tokoh bersejarah di dalam bidang telekomunikasi"</a>. Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa date=14 Januari 2004. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tokoh-tokoh+bersejarah+di+dalam+bidang+telekomunikasi&rft.pub=Kesatuan+Telekomunikasi+Antarabangsa+date%3D14+Januari+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Faboutitu%2FHistoricalFigures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Missing pipe in: <code class="cs1-code">|publisher=</code> (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23missing_pipe" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Kim2006" class="citation web cs1">Alan Kim (16 Jun 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/wilhelm-wundt/">"Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt"</a>. Ensiklopedia Falsafah Stanford. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ensiklopedia+Falsafah+Stanford&rft.atitle=Wilhelm+Maximilian+Wundt&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft.au=Alan+Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fwilhelm-wundt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFHorst_Zuse" class="citation web cs1">Horst Zuse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629003415/http://www.epemag.com/zuse/">"Kehidupan dan Sumbangan Konrad Zuse"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Everyday Practical Electronics (EPE) Online. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.epemag.com/zuse/">yang asal</a> pada 2009-06-29. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kehidupan+dan+Sumbangan+Konrad+Zuse&rft.pub=Everyday+Practical+Electronics+%28EPE%29+Online&rft.au=Horst+Zuse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epemag.com%2Fzuse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029081248/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576902_5/Automobile.html">"Automobil"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). MSN Encarta. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576902_5/Automobile.html">yang asal</a> pada 2009-10-29. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automobil&rft.pub=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761576902_5%2FAutomobile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/zeppelin/LTA8.htm">"Zeppelin"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Suruhanjaya Ulang tahun Ke-100 Penerbangan AS. Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zeppelin&rft.pub=Suruhanjaya+Ulang+tahun+Ke-100+Penerbangan+AS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FLighter_than_air%2Fzeppelin%2FLTA8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/scientific_prizes/gw_leibniz_prize.html">"Hadiah Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Ringkasan"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Masyarakat Kajian Jerman (DFG). Dicapai pada 2008-09-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hadiah+Gottfried+Wilhelm+Leibniz%3A+Ringkasan&rft.pub=Masyarakat+Kajian+Jerman+%28DFG%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfg.de%2Fen%2Fresearch_funding%2Fscientific_prizes%2Fgw_leibniz_prize.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-ed-82">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ed_82-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ed_82-1">b</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ed_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Germany.pdf">"Profil negara=Jerman"</a> (PDF) (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Bahagian Kajian Persekutuan, Perpustakaan Kongres AS. 2008. Dicapai pada 2008-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profil+negara%3DJerman&rft.pub=Bahagian+Kajian+Persekutuan%2C+Perpustakaan+Kongres+AS&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fprofiles%2FGermany.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|month=</code> ignored (<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors%23parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-basic-83">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-basic_83-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-basic_83-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916041241/http://www.bmbf.de/pub/bildung_in_deutschland.pdf">"Pendidikan di Jerman: Rangka asas sistem pendidikan di Republik Persekutuan Jerman"</a> (PDF) (dalam bahasa Jerman & Inggeris). Kementerian Persekutuan bagi Pendidikan dan Kajian. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bmbf.de/pub/bildung_in_deutschland.pdf">yang asal</a> (PDF) pada 2008-09-16. Dicapai pada 2008-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pendidikan+di+Jerman%3A+Rangka+asas+sistem+pendidikan+di+Republik+Persekutuan+Jerman&rft.pub=Kementerian+Persekutuan+bagi+Pendidikan+dan+Kajian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmbf.de%2Fpub%2Fbildung_in_deutschland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kategori:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kategori:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-PISAex-84">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PISAex_84-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PISAex_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRancangan_Penilaian_Murid-murid_Antarabangsa2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=PISA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="PISA (laman tidak wujud)">Rancangan Penilaian Murid-murid Antarabangsa</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/15/13/39725224.pdf">Ringkasan eksekutif: PISA 2006: Kemahiran sains untuk dunia akan datang Jilid 1: Analisa</a> (PDF). Perancis: OECD. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-92-64-04000-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-92-64-04000-7"><bdi>978-92-64-04000-7</bdi></a>. Dicapai pada 2008-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ringkasan+eksekutif%3A+PISA+2006%3A+Kemahiran+sains+untuk+dunia+akan+datang+Jilid+1%3A+Analisa&rft.place=Perancis&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-64-04000-7&rft.au=Rancangan+Penilaian+Murid-murid+Antarabangsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F15%2F13%2F39725224.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-PISA1-85">^ <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PISA1_85-0">a</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-PISA1_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFRancangan_Penilaian_Murid-murid_Antarabangsa2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=PISA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="PISA (laman tidak wujud)">Rancangan Penilaian Murid-murid Antarabangsa</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/30/17/39703267.pdf">PISA 2006: Kemahiran sains untuk dunia akan datang Jilid 1: Analisa</a> (PDF). Perancis: OECD. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-92-64-04000-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-92-64-04000-7"><bdi>978-92-64-04000-7</bdi></a>. Dicapai pada 2008-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PISA+2006%3A+Kemahiran+sains+untuk+dunia+akan+datang+Jilid+1%3A+Analisa&rft.place=Perancis&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-92-64-04000-7&rft.au=Rancangan+Penilaian+Murid-murid+Antarabangsa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F30%2F17%2F39703267.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910011648/http://www.daad.de/deutschland/wege-durchs-studium/kosten/06199.en.html">"Belajar dan Mengkaji di Jerman"</a> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Perkhidmatan Pertukaran Akademik Jerman (DAAD). Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.daad.de/deutschland/wege-durchs-studium/kosten/06199.en.html">yang asal</a> pada 2008-09-10. Dicapai pada 2008-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belajar+dan+Mengkaji+di+Jerman&rft.pub=Perkhidmatan+Pertukaran+Akademik+Jerman+%28DAAD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daad.de%2Fdeutschland%2Fwege-durchs-studium%2Fkosten%2F06199.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/top_400_universities/">"Kedudukan Universiti Dunia THES-QS: 400 universiti utama"</a>. Quacquarelli Symonds. Dicapai pada 2008-09-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kedudukan+Universiti+Dunia+THES-QS%3A+400+universiti+utama&rft.pub=Quacquarelli+Symonds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuniversities.com%2Fworlduniversityrankings%2Fresults%2F2007%2Foverall_rankings%2Ftop_400_universities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSchalling2019" class="citation web cs1">Schalling, Herbert (21 Ogos 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329034515/https://www.dw.com/en/dfb-presidential-candidate-fritz-keller-promises-no-more-one-man-show/a-50119403">"DFB: presidential candidate Fritz Keller promises 'no more one-man show'"</a>. DW. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dw.com/en/dfb-presidential-candidate-fritz-keller-promises-no-more-one-man-show/a-50119403">yang asal</a> pada 29 Mac 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW&rft.atitle=DFB%3A+presidential+candidate+Fritz+Keller+promises+%27no+more+one-man+show%27&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft.aulast=Schalling&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fdfb-presidential-candidate-fritz-keller-promises-no-more-one-man-show%2Fa-50119403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFGaines2015" class="citation web cs1">Gaines, Cork (22 Mei 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831191916/https://www.businessinsider.com/attendance-sports-leagues-world-2015-5">"The NFL and Major League Baseball are the most attended sports leagues in the world"</a>. Business Insider. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.businessinsider.com/attendance-sports-leagues-world-2015-5">yang asal</a> pada 31 Ogos 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+NFL+and+Major+League+Baseball+are+the+most+attended+sports+leagues+in+the+world&rft.date=2015-05-22&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Cork&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fattendance-sports-leagues-world-2015-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305190808/https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/">"FIFA World Cup Timeline"</a>. FIFA. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fifa.com/fifa-tournaments/archive/">yang asal</a> pada 5 Mac 2020. Dicapai pada 7 Mac 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA+World+Cup+Timeline&rft.pub=FIFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Ffifa-tournaments%2Farchive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418050335/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/index.html">"History"</a>. UEFA. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/index.html">yang asal</a> pada 18 April 2020. Dicapai pada 7 Mac 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=UEFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uefa.com%2Fuefaeuro%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312140436/https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/">"Confederations Cup"</a>. FIFA. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.fifa.com/confederationscup/">yang asal</a> pada 12 Mac 2020. Dicapai pada 7 Mac 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confederations+Cup&rft.pub=FIFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fconfederationscup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2020" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Damien (15 Disember 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412125853/https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motorsport-news/porsche-make-le-mans-24-hours-return-2023">"Porsche to make Le Mans 24 Hours return in 2023"</a>. Autocar. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/motorsport-news/porsche-make-le-mans-24-hours-return-2023">yang asal</a> pada 12 April 2021. Dicapai pada 12 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autocar&rft.atitle=Porsche+to+make+Le+Mans+24+Hours+return+in+2023&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.autocar.co.uk%2Fcar-news%2Fmotorsport-news%2Fporsche-make-le-mans-24-hours-return-2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFOrnstein2006" class="citation news cs1">Ornstein, David (23 Oktober 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108044532/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/oct/23/formulaone.sport">"Yang akan kami rindui tentang Michael Schumacher"</a>. The Guardian. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2006/oct/23/formulaone.sport">yang asal</a> pada 8 Januari 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Yang+akan+kami+rindui+tentang+Michael+Schumacher&rft.date=2006-10-23&rft.aulast=Ornstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsport%2F2006%2Foct%2F23%2Fformulaone.sport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203024830/http://www.independent.ie/sport/vettel-makes-formula-one-history-with-eighth-successive-victory-29761655.html">"Vettel membuat sejarah Formula One dengan kemenangan kedelapan berturut-turut"</a>. Irish Independent. 17 November 2013. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.independent.ie/sport/vettel-makes-formula-one-history-with-eighth-successive-victory-29761655.html">yang asal</a> pada 3 Disember 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Vettel+membuat+sejarah+Formula+One+dengan+kemenangan+kedelapan+berturut-turut&rft.date=2013-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fsport%2Fvettel-makes-formula-one-history-with-eighth-successive-victory-29761655.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFPanduan_tentang_Ham_dan_Sosej_Jerman" class="citation web cs1">Panduan tentang Ham dan Sosej Jerman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://69vn.tel/">"69vn"</a>. German Foods North America. Dicapai pada 26 Mac 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=69vn&rft.pub=German+Foods+North+America&rft.au=Panduan+tentang+Ham+dan+Sosej+Jerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F69vn.tel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFReiche2016" class="citation book cs1">Reiche, Danyel (2016). Kejayaan dan Kegagalan Negara di Sukan Olimpik. Routledge. m/s. 99. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-317-63277-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-317-63277-1"><bdi>978-1-317-63277-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kejayaan+dan+Kegagalan+Negara+di+Sukan+Olimpik&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-63277-1&rft.aulast=Reiche&rft.aufirst=Danyel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite id="CITEREFLarge2007" class="citation book cs1">Large, David Clay (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/nazigamesolympic00larg">Sukan Nazi: Sukan Olimpik 1936</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. m/s. 136, 337. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-393-05884-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-393-05884-0"><bdi>978-0-393-05884-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sukan+Nazi%3A+Sukan+Olimpik+1936&rft.pages=136%2C+337&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05884-0&rft.aulast=Large&rft.aufirst=David+Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazigamesolympic00larg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"> <h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> sunting </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6350819">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)1px;padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style> <ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"> <noscript> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Jerman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Jerman">Portal Jerman </a></li> </ul> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center">Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang Germany di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>:</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Gelintar Wikikamus"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/25px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/25px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/38px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/50px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Germany">Takrifan</a> dari Wikikamus </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Gelintar Commons"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Germany">Imej dan media</a> dari Commons </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Gelintar Wikiversity"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 23px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Germany">Sumber pembelajaran</a> dari Wikiversity </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Gelintar Wikiberita"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Germany">Berita</a> dari Wikiberita </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Gelintar Wikipetikan"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Germany">Petikan</a> dari Wikipetikan </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Gelintar Wikisumber"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="24" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="oldwikisource:Special:Search/Germany">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisumber </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" title="Gelintar Wikibuku"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Germany" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Germany">Buku teks</a> dari Wikibuku </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div style="float: left;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fail:Wikibooks-logo-en.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks"> <noscript> <img alt="Wikibooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 50px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png" data-alt="Wikibooks" data-width="50" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/75px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Wikibooks-logo-en.svg/100px-Wikibooks-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Wikibooks </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Resipi" class="extiw" title="b:Resipi">Buku resipi</a> <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikibuku?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikibuku">Wikibuku</a> mempunyai resipi <div style="margin-left:10px;"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikibooks.org/wiki/Resipi:Jerman" class="extiw" title="b:Resipi:Jerman">Jerman</a> </div> </div> </div> Am <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.deutschland.de/home.php?lang%3D2">Deutschland.de</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421122125/http://www.deutschland.de/home.php?lang%3D2">Diarkibkan</a> 2008-04-21 di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — Official Germany portal (non-profit)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.dw-world.de/">Deutsche Welle</a> — Germany's international broadcaster</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-g/germany.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070612234253/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-g/germany.html">Diarkibkan</a> 2007-06-12 di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6405196"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/germany">"Germany"</a>. <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> (ed. 2025). <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agensi_Perisikan_Pusat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agensi Perisikan Pusat">Agensi Perisikan Pusat</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fgermany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AJerman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/germany.htm">Germany</a> at UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/Germany">Jerman</a> di <a href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curlie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Curlie">Curlie</a></li> </ul> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Germany?uselang%3Dms">Atlas Wikimedia Germany</a> Fakta dan statistik <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tatsachen-ueber-deutschland.de/en/">Facts about Germany</a> — by the German Federal Foreign Office</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.destatis.de/e_home.htm">Destatis.de</a> — Federal Statistical Office Germany (Inggeris)</li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DJerman%26oldid%3D6381864">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerman&oldid=6381864</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ms-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerman&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Kali terakhir disunting pada 23 November 2024, 04:18 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Bahasa</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeureuman" title="Jeureuman – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5" title="Германие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B6%25D1%258D%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD" title="Джэрмэн – Kabardia" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595" title="ጀርመን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259Eeodscland" title="Þeodscland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þeodscland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B0" title="Германиа – Abkhazia" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Германиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="ألمانيا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%2593%25DC%25AA%25DC%25A1%25DC%25A2" title="ܓܪܡܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܪܡܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Գերմանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghermanii" title="Ghermanii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ghermanii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemagnes" title="Alemagnes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemagnes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%2580" title="জাৰ্মানী – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%25C3%25A1%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%25C3%25B1a" title="Alimaña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alimaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%25C9%25B2i" title="Alimaɲi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alimaɲi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="জার্মানি – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok" title="Tek-kok – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Германія – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%258F%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Нямеччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямеччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A8rman" title="Jèrman – Madura" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jèrman" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madura" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemani" title="Jemani – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jemani" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%25A0%25E0%25BD%2587%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258D" title="འཇར་མན། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamagn" title="Alamagn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A8%258D%25E1%25A8%2599%25E1%25A8%2591%25E1%25A8%2586%25E1%25A8%258A" title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ – Bugis" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Германи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8" title="Германи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bmecko" title="Německo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerumani" title="Jerumani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="ألمانيا – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiska" title="Duiska – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2596%25DE%25A6%25DE%2583%25DE%25AA%25DE%2589%25DE%25A6%25DE%2582%25DE%25AA%25DE%2588%25DE%25A8%25DE%258D%25DE%25A7%25DE%258C%25DE%25B0" title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%25C3%25A9%25C3%25A9sh_Bich%25CA%25BCahii_Bik%25C3%25A9yah" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska" title="Nimska – Sorbian Rendah" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2587%25E0%25BD%25B1%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2598%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%25B2" title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γερμανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%25C3%25A2gna" title="Germâgna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Germâgna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Германия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Германия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzamanya" title="Dzamanya – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dzamanya" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25BDskland" title="Týskland – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BAtsl%25C3%25A2n" title="Dútslân – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaanya" title="Almaanya – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almaanya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanie" title="Gjermanie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjermanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%25C3%25A1in" title="An Ghearmáin – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan" title="Yn Ghermaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – Samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2527_Ghearmailt" title="A' Ghearmailt – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25BA" title="Немций мохк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%25C4%25A9r%25C4%25A9mani" title="Njĩrĩmani – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njĩrĩmani" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%259C%25E0%25AA%25B0%25E0%25AB%258D%25E0%25AA%25AE%25E0%25AA%25A8%25E0%25AB%2580" title="જર્મની – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258C%25B8%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25B3%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258D%2583%25F0%2590%258C%25BA%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258C%25B3" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet" title="Tet-koet – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D3%2599%25D1%2582%25D3%2599_%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%2588%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259E%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD" title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258F%2585%25EC%259D%25BC" title="독일 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamus" title="Jamus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelem%25C4%2581nia" title="Kelemānia – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Գերմանիա – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C4%259Bmska" title="Němska – Sorbian Atas" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbian Atas" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A9man%25E1%25BB%258B" title="Jémanị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jémanị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%25BF" title="জার্মানি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2594%25AE%25E1%2592%25AA%25E1%2593%2582" title="ᔮᒪᓂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔮᒪᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuitchilan" title="Tuitchilan – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuitchilan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Герман – Ossete" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossete" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamani" title="IJamani – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimani" title="IJalimani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%259E%25C3%25BDskaland" title="Þýskaland – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%25A0%25D7%2599%25D7%2594" title="גרמניה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama" title="Caama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D9%258E%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%258E%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جَرمَنی – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَنی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemieck%25C3%25B4" title="Niemieckô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemieckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn" title="Almayn – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage" title="Ubudage – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubudage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudagi" title="Ubudagi – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubudagi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyi" title="Alemanyi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Alemanyi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana" title="Germana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Germana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almay" title="Almay – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Almay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlmangn" title="Lanlmangn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanlmangn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almania" title="Almania – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Almania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%25A2%25E0%25BA%258D%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B1%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoceja" title="Vuoceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuoceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%25C4%2581cija" title="Vācija – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamane" title="Siamane – Tonga" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siamane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A4itschland" title="Däitschland – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitschland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietija" title="Vokietija – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%25C3%25A9mani" title="Alémani – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutxland" title="Deutxland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutxland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanii" title="Germuanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotygu%2527e" title="dotygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girimane" title="Girimane – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Girimane" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%25C3%25A9metorsz%25C3%25A1g" title="Németország – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Германија – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaina" title="Alemaina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alemaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25BF" title="ജർമ്മനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%25A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġermanja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamana" title="Tiamana – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="გერმანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="المانيا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A2%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="آلمان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2596%25EA%25AF%2594%25EA%25AF%2583%25EA%25AF%2585%25EA%25AF%25A4" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A1ik-gu%25C3%25B3k" title="Dáik-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha" title="Almanha – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Almanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D1%2587%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Дойчмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Герман – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamani" title="Jamani – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jamani" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutslaand" title="Duutslaand – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2582%25A4%25E3%2583%2584" title="ドイツ – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DF%258A%25DF%259F%25DF%258F%25DF%25A1%25DF%258A%25DF%25B2%25DF%2598%25DF%258E%25DF%25AF" title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ – N’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D0%25BE%25D1%258C%25D0%25BC%25D1%2581%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B9%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D1%2585%25D0%25BA" title="Лоьмсойн мохк – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лоьмсойн мохк" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%25C3%25BCschl%25C3%25B6nj" title="Tjüschlönj – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüschlönj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemangne" title="Allemangne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemangne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D1%258B%25D1%2587_%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BB" title="Немыч Эл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч Эл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%259C%25E0%25AC%25B0%25E0%25AD%258D%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25A8%25E0%25AD%2580" title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmanii" title="Jarmanii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jarmanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A9%2580" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%2580" title="जर्मनी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2582%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2580%25AC%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="جرمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermani" title="Joermani – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joermani" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D0%25BC%25D1%2583" title="Немечму – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немечму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%25A2%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259B%25E1%259E%25BA%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%258B" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2581%25B5%25E1%2580%25BB%25E1%2582%2583%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2580%25AE%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemanne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagna" title="Almagna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Almagna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtschland" title="Düütschland – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütschland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2593%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Γερμανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – Turki Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Turki Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremani" title="Heremani – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BCtschland" title="Dütschland – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütschland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaniya" title="Jermaniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermaniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimanya" title="Alimanya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alimanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2597%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE" title="Нїмецько – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25A6%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25B6%25E0%25A4%2583" title="शर्मण्यदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शर्मण्यदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25A1%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A2%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B1%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%25C3%25A0nia" title="Germània – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Germània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25BC%25C3%25BCtsklound" title="Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – Sotho Selatan" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sotho Selatan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – Sotho Utara" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania" title="Gjermania – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania" title="Girmania – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%2592%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="ජර්මනිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A" title="جرمني – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimane" title="IJalimane – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJalimane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemecko" title="Nemecko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%25C4%258Dija" title="Nemčija – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%25A3%25D0%25BC%25D1%258C%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Нѣмьци – Slavik Gereja" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Slavik Gereja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymcy" title="Mjymcy – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymcy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka" title="Jarmalka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jarmalka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%2595%25DA%25B5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C%25D8%25A7" title="ئەڵمانیا – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysrikondre" title="Doysrikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysrikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%258A%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2587%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Њемачка – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њемачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%25C4%258Dka" title="Njemačka – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C3%25A9rman" title="Jérman – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%259C%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25BF" title="ஜெர்மனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெர்மனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Germanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%259C%25E0%25B0%25B0%25E0%25B1%258D%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25A8%25E0%25B1%2580" title="జర్మనీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%25C3%25B1a" title="Alemaña – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%25B5" title="ประเทศเยอรมนี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C4%2590%25E1%25BB%25A9c" title="Đức – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258C%2580%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595" title="ጀርመን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259E%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Олмон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258E%25A0%25E1%258F%259B%25E1%258F%25A5" title="ᎠᏛᏥ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏛᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%2527ev%25C3%25A9%2527ho%2527%25C3%25A9no" title="Ma'evé'ho'éno – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'evé'ho'éno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25A8%25E0%25B2%25BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%25C3%25BDa" title="Germaniýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Germaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%25CC%25B1ni" title="Jami̱ni – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Jami̱ni" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Германия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259D%25D1%2596%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2587%25D1%2587%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0" title="Німеччина – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німеччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25DB%258C" title="جرمنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25DB%2590%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D9%2589%25D9%258A%25DB%2595" title="گېرمانىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېرمانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwzgoz" title="Dwzgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%25C3%25A0nia" title="Zermània – Venetia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zermània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksanma" title="Saksanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%25C3%25A4n" title="Deutän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%2527aksamaa" title="S'aksamaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksamaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne" title="Almagne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaa%25C3%25B1" title="Almaañ – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Almaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259B%25BD" title="德国 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarimani" title="Jarimani – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Jarimani" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2598%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2593" title="דייטשלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25E1%25BA%25B9%25CC%2581m%25C3%25A1n%25C3%25AC" title="Jẹ́mánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259C%258B" title="德國 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%25C4%25ABt%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Vuokītėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E5%259B%25BD" title="德国 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameni" title="Jameni – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jameni" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25A8tslan" title="Dètslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dètslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jereman" title="Jereman – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A5%259B%25E1%25A5%25AB%25E1%25A5%2592%25E1%25A5%25B0_%25E1%25A5%2590%25E1%25A5%25A6%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%259B%25E1%25A5%25A3%25E1%25A5%25B1_%25E1%25A5%2598%25E1%25A5%25A4%25E1%25A5%25B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanij%25C9%2599" title="Almanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a 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