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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%97%E3%83%88%E3%83%8D%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9" title="アカンプトネクテス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アカンプトネクテス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acamptonectes" title="Acamptonectes – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Acamptonectes" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acamptonectes" title="Acamptonectes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Acamptonectes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Acamptonectes</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Hauterivian" title="Hauterivian">Hauterivian</a><br />~<span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">133–129 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:174.98461538462px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Acamptonectes_densus_-_Naturhistorisches_Museum,_Braunschweig,_Germany_-_DSC05309.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Acamptonectes_densus_-_Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC05309.JPG/220px-Acamptonectes_densus_-_Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC05309.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Acamptonectes_densus_-_Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC05309.JPG/330px-Acamptonectes_densus_-_Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC05309.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Acamptonectes_densus_-_Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC05309.JPG/440px-Acamptonectes_densus_-_Naturhistorisches_Museum%2C_Braunschweig%2C_Germany_-_DSC05309.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="2573" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Specimen SNHM1284-R in <a href="/wiki/State_Natural_History_Museum,_Braunschweig" class="mw-redirect" title="State Natural History Museum, Braunschweig">State Natural History Museum, Braunschweig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Acamptonectes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauria" title="Ichthyosauria">Ichthyosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosauridae" title="Ophthalmosauridae">Ophthalmosauridae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurinae" title="Ophthalmosaurinae">Ophthalmosaurinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Acamptonectes</i></a><br /><small>Fischer <i>et al.</i>, <a href="/wiki/2012_in_paleontology" title="2012 in paleontology">2012</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>A. densus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Acamptonectes densus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Fischer <i>et al.</i>, 2012</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Acamptonectes</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmosaurid">ophthalmosaurid</a> <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaurs</a>, a type of dolphin-like <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a>, that lived during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> around 130 million years ago. The first specimen, a partial adult skeleton, was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Speeton" title="Speeton">Speeton</a>, England, in 1958, but was not formally described until 2012 by Valentin Fischer and colleagues. They also recognised a partial <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)" title="Juvenile (organism)">subadult</a> skeleton belonging to the genus from <a href="/wiki/Cremlingen" title="Cremlingen">Cremlingen</a>, Germany, and specimens from other localities in England. The genus contains the single <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> <i><b>Acamptonectes densus</b></i>; the generic name means "rigid swimmer" and the specific name means "compact" or "tightly packed". </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Generic_name_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic name (biology)">generic name</a> refers to unusual adaptations in the body of <i>Acamptonectes</i> that made its trunk rigid, including tightly fitting bones in the <a href="/wiki/Occiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Occiput">occiput</a> (back and lower part of the skull) and interlocking vertebral centra ("bodies" of the vertebrae), which were likely adaptations that enabled it to swim at high speeds with <a href="/wiki/Thunniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunniform">a tuna-like form of locomotion</a>. Other distinguishing characteristics include an extremely slender snout and unique ridges on the <a href="/wiki/Basioccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Basioccipital">basioccipital</a> bone of the braincase. As an ichthyosaur, <i>Acamptonectes</i> had large <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">eye sockets</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Tail_fluke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail fluke">tail fluke</a>. <i>Acamptonectes</i> was similar in <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> to the related but earlier <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurinae" title="Ophthalmosaurinae">ophthalmosaurines</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurus" title="Ophthalmosaurus">Ophthalmosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mollesaurus" title="Mollesaurus">Mollesaurus</a></i>. </p><p>The discovery of <i>Acamptonectes</i> had significant implications for the evolutionary history of ichthyosaurs. The <a href="/wiki/Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">generalised</a> <a href="/wiki/Platypterygiinae" title="Platypterygiinae">platypterygiine</a> ophthalmosaurids were long believed to be the only lineage of ichthyosaurs that survived into the Early Cretaceous following a <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinction</a> of ichthyosaurs across the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> boundary. As one of the first-known ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurids from the Early Cretaceous, the discovery of <i>Acamptonectes</i> provided evidence against such a mass extinction. Although the larger eyes of <i>Acamptonectes</i> would have made it better adapted than platypterygiines to depth diving, it was probably a generalist predator. Its teeth, which were slender and textured with longitudinal ridges, were adapted for impaling prey, which suggests it likely fed on soft, fleshy prey such as fish and squid. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_discovery">History of discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basicranium,_quadrate,_and_dentition_of_Acamptonectes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Basicranium%2C_quadrate%2C_and_dentition_of_Acamptonectes.png/220px-Basicranium%2C_quadrate%2C_and_dentition_of_Acamptonectes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Basicranium%2C_quadrate%2C_and_dentition_of_Acamptonectes.png/330px-Basicranium%2C_quadrate%2C_and_dentition_of_Acamptonectes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Basicranium%2C_quadrate%2C_and_dentition_of_Acamptonectes.png/440px-Basicranium%2C_quadrate%2C_and_dentition_of_Acamptonectes.png 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basicranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Basicranium">Basicranium</a> (A–E), <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a> (F–G), and teeth (J–K) of the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> partially refers to the tightly fitting bones of the <a href="/wiki/Occiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Occiput">occiput</a>; the arrow by the <a href="/wiki/Exoccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoccipital">exoccipital</a> (E) shows a notch that would closely fit a bump on the <a href="/wiki/Basioccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Basioccipital">basioccipital</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over a series of weekends in <a href="/wiki/1958_in_paleontology" title="1958 in paleontology">1958</a>, four students and a technician from <a href="/wiki/Hull_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull University">Hull University</a>'s geology department <a href="/wiki/Fossil_collecting" title="Fossil collecting">collected a fossil specimen</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Speeton_Clay_Formation" title="Speeton Clay Formation">Speeton Clay Formation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Speeton" title="Speeton">Speeton</a> in northern England. The fossil belonged to an <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaur</a> or "fish lizard", a <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> group of marine reptiles;<sup id="cite_ref-Marek2015FossilFocus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marek2015FossilFocus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it consists of a partial adult skeleton that includes a fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Skull_roof" title="Skull roof">skull roof</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebrae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">ribs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">scapular girdle</a> (the shoulder area). In 1991, it was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Hunterian_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunterian Museum">Hunterian Museum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> (GLAHM) when the geology department of Hull University was closed. It was catalogued under the specimen number GLAHM 132855,<sup id="cite_ref-FischerCorrection_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FischerCorrection-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was also known as the "Speeton Clay ichthyosaur". Palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Appleby" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Appleby">Robert M. Appleby</a> described the specimen and assigned it to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Platypterygius" title="Platypterygius">Platypterygius</a></i> as the species "<i>P. speetoni</i>" (which he considered primitive within that genus), in a <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> that remained unpublished at the time of his death in 2003. A second specimen of the species was found in <a href="/wiki/1985_in_paleontology" title="1985 in paleontology">1985</a>, also in the Speeton Clay, and is catalogued as NHMUK R11185 at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a> (NHMUK). This specimen consists of a partial <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a> (snout) and mandible, fragmentary ribs, and a complete right <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> (upper-arm bone).<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood2012_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palaeontologist Jeff Liston recognised the significance of the Speeton Clay ichthyosaur while working at the Hunterian Museum, and Appleby's widow Valerie asked him to help finish Appleby's unpublished monograph. Liston approached ichthyosaur specialist Valentin Fischer about writing a description of the animal. Fischer examined the specimen in 2011 and realised it represented the same ichthyosaur as a specimen from <a href="/wiki/Cremlingen" title="Cremlingen">Cremlingen</a> in northern Germany about which he had recently written a draft paper with several colleagues. This German specimen was discovered in <a href="/wiki/2005_in_paleontology" title="2005 in paleontology">2005</a> when private fossil collector Hans-Dieter Macht found some vertebrae in a construction area. Macht notified the director of the <a href="/wiki/State_Natural_History_Museum_of_Braunschweig" class="mw-redirect" title="State Natural History Museum of Braunschweig">State Natural History Museum of Braunschweig</a> (SNHM), whereafter excavation began; the specimen was collected within three days because construction work had to continue. It was <a href="/wiki/Fossil_preparation" title="Fossil preparation">prepared</a> and mounted in 2005 at the museum, where it is catalogued as SNHM1284-R. It consists of a partial skeleton of a subadult and includes a fragmentary skull roof, a complete mandible, a partial axial skeleton, and a partial scapular girdle.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood2012_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was assigned to the genus <i>Platypterygius</i> in a 2008 article.<sup id="cite_ref-Seibertz2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seibertz2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the genus <i>Platypterygius</i> has been treated as a catch-all <a href="/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">wastebasket taxon</a> for Cretaceous ichthyosaurs which contained multiple distantly-related species.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012b_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012b-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2016b_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2016b-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liston and Fischer recognised the specimens were distinct from other species referred to <i>Platypterygius</i> and belonged to a new species and genus. After determining the Speeton Clay specimen is much larger than the Cremlingen specimen and thus likely more mature, Liston and Fischer decided to make it the <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">holotype</a> of the new species because juvenile specimens often have characteristics absent in adults. The Cremlingen specimen and the other Speeton Clay specimen became <a href="/wiki/Paratype" title="Paratype">paratypes</a> (additional specimens in the series of type specimens). In 2012, a team of palaeontologists led by Fischer formally named the new genus and species <i>Acamptonectes densus</i>. The generic name is derived from the Greek words <i>akamptos</i> and <i>nektes</i>, which together mean "rigid swimmer"; the specific name means "compact" or "tightly packed". In full, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> refers to the robust, tightly fitting bones of the <a href="/wiki/Occiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Occiput">occiput</a> (back and lower part of the skull) and the tightly interlocking centra ("bodies") of the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical</a> (neck) and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">dorsal</a> (back) vertebrae.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood2012_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2012-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naish2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naish2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The holotype, GLAHM 132855, was listed under the incorrect specimen number GLAHM 132588 in the original version of the description.<sup id="cite_ref-FischerCorrection_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FischerCorrection-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple <a href="/wiki/Basioccipitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Basioccipitals">basioccipitals</a> (a bone at the lower part of the occiput), <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a> (one of the ear bones), and a <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone#Other_animals" title="Sphenoid bone">basisphenoid</a> (a bone within the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Braincase" class="mw-redirect" title="Braincase">braincase</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Greensand_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Greensand Formation">Cambridge Greensand Formation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England, were also assigned to <i>Acamptonectes</i> sp. (i.e., an uncertain species within the genus <i>Acamptonectes</i>) by Fischer and colleagues in 2012. This assumed that <i>Acamptonectes</i> was the only Cretaceous ichthyosaur of the <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurinae" title="Ophthalmosaurinae">Ophthalmosaurinae</a> from <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Some of the specimens are housed at the <a href="/wiki/Sedgwick_Museum_of_Earth_Sciences" title="Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences">Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> (CAMSM), and several others are housed at the Hunterian Museum and the Natural History Museum. Several of the bones are essentially identical to those of <i>A. densus</i>, while others differ in some details. The bones are generally small so their differences from <i>A. densus</i> were considered to be related to either the ages of the animals or evolutionary changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Fischer and colleagues identified a basioccipital and humerus belonging to <i><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurus" title="Ophthalmosaurus">Ophthalmosaurus</a></i> (or a closely related ichthyosaur) from <a href="/wiki/Berriasian" title="Berriasian">Berriasian</a>-aged rocks (dating to between 145 and 139.8 million years old) near <a href="/wiki/Nettleton,_Lincolnshire" title="Nettleton, Lincolnshire">Nettleton, Lincolnshire</a>. Therefore, since their prior assumption no longer held, Fischer and colleagues re-listed the Cambridge Greensand specimens as belonging to indeterminate ophthalmosaurines that are not identifiable below the subfamily level.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2014a_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2014a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional <i>Acamptonectes</i> remains known may also include an ichthyosaur specimen from <a href="/wiki/Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, Germany. In 1909, German palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Broili" title="Ferdinand Broili">Ferdinand Broili</a> named it as a new species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaurus" title="Ichthyosaurus">Ichthyosaurus</a></i>, <i>Ichthyosaurus brunsvicensis</i>, but considered its assignment to the genus tentative. Broili's specimen consisted of an incomplete <a href="/wiki/Base_of_skull" title="Base of skull">basicranium</a> (skull base) and an incomplete <a href="/wiki/Interclavicle" title="Interclavicle">interclavicle</a> (a bone between the <a href="/wiki/Clavicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavicles">clavicles</a>, or collar bones); however, the specimen was destroyed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Palaeontologist Christopher McGowan regarded it as a member of <i>Platypterygius</i> in 1972 and 2003 but Fischer and colleagues assigned it to <a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <i>Acamptonectes</i> (i.e., possibly <i>Acamptonectes</i> or a related animal). They found it similar in several features to <i>Acamptonectes</i> but also different in others; they suggested the specimen was a juvenile because of the size and shape of its basicranium. Due to its fragmentary and inaccessible nature, they considered <i>I. brunsvicensis</i> a <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">nomen dubium</a></i> (dubious name).<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Broili1909_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broili1909-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGowan1972_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan1972-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acamptonectes_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Acamptonectes_NT.jpg/220px-Acamptonectes_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Acamptonectes_NT.jpg/330px-Acamptonectes_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Acamptonectes_NT.jpg/440px-Acamptonectes_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paleoart" title="Paleoart">Life restoration</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Acamptonectes</i>, like other ichthyosaurs, had a long, thin snout, large eye sockets, and a <a href="/wiki/Tail_fluke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail fluke">tail fluke</a> that was supported by vertebrae in the lower half. Ichthyosaurs were superficially similar to <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and had flippers rather than legs, and most (except for early species) had <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marek2015FossilFocus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marek2015FossilFocus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the colour of <i>Acamptonectes</i> is unknown, at least some ichthyosaurs may have been uniformly dark-coloured in life, which is evidenced by the discovery of high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Eumelanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelanin">eumelanin</a> pigments in the preserved skin of an early ichthyosaur fossil.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindgren2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindgren2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Acamptonectes</i> was similar in <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> to the related but earlier ophthalmosaurines <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mollesaurus" title="Mollesaurus">Mollesaurus</a></i>. Features of the humerus in specimen SNHM1284-R are indicative of its immaturity; however, the humerus lacks the sandpaper-like texture of the humeral shafts (shafts of the upper arm bones) of juvenile ichthyosaurs and is thus thought to represent a subadult. The holotype and specimen NHMUK R11185 are large compared to other members of the wider <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosauridae" title="Ophthalmosauridae">Ophthalmosauridae</a>; the holotype is thought to have been an adult because of the extensive fusion of its bones, including within the occiput, and the smooth texture of the humerus.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acamptonectes_densus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Acamptonectes_densus.png/220px-Acamptonectes_densus.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Acamptonectes_densus.png/330px-Acamptonectes_densus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Acamptonectes_densus.png/440px-Acamptonectes_densus.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nasal_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal bones">Nasal bones</a> (A–B), <a href="/wiki/Supratemporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Supratemporal">supratemporal</a> (C), and <a href="/wiki/Supraoccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraoccipital">supraoccipital</a> (D–F) of the holotype</figcaption></figure> <p>The snout of <i>Acamptonectes</i> was elongated and extremely slender; in the holotype, it is only 45 mm (1.8 in) wide in front of the bony nostrils. The snout was also only 0.044 times as deep as it was long, one of the lowest ratios among ophthalmosaurids. Much of the snout was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Premaxilla" title="Premaxilla">premaxillae</a>, which formed the front portion of the upper jaw. The fossa praemaxillaris, a groove that ran parallel to the tooth row of the upper jaw, was deep and continuous, and ended in a series of aligned <a href="/wiki/Foramen" title="Foramen">foramina</a> (depressions). Behind and above the premaxillae were the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">nasals</a>, which the holotype preserves in three dimensions, documenting the shape of the upper side of the snout. The back part of the nasal had a downward-extending bulge that was similar to that of related genera such as <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i>. This bulge gave rise to a short, robust, wing-like extension that formed an overhang over the rear of the bony nostril; this feature was also present in <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i> and <i>Platypterygius australis</i>. The edge of this overhang was roughened, indicating this was probably the attachment site for a <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissue</a> structure. The back part of the skull roof is incompletely known from the hind part of the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_bone" title="Lacrimal bone">lacrimal bone</a> (in front of the eye opening), the <a href="/wiki/Postfrontal" class="mw-redirect" title="Postfrontal">postfrontal</a> (above and behind the eye opening), the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal</a> (at the rear of the skull roof), and parts of a <a href="/wiki/Supratemporal" class="mw-redirect" title="Supratemporal">supratemporal</a> that formed the rear corners of the skull roof. A forward-directed extension of the supratemporal formed the internal rear edge of the <a href="/wiki/Supratemporal_fenestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Supratemporal fenestra">supratemporal fenestra</a>, an opening in the skull roof situated behind the eyes. The parietal, which would have formed the inner margin of the supratemporal fenestra, had a convex front margin that would have interdigitated (interlocked) with either the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal</a> or postfrontal bones, which are not preserved in the known specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGowan2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–22">: 20–22 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acamptonectes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Acamptonectes.png/220px-Acamptonectes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Acamptonectes.png/330px-Acamptonectes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Acamptonectes.png/440px-Acamptonectes.png 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="2169" /></a><figcaption>Skull and partial neck of SNHM1284-R seen from below, with interpretative diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>When viewed from the side, the <a href="/wiki/Quadrate_bone" title="Quadrate bone">quadrate bone</a>, which connected to the lower jaw to form the jaw joint, was C-shaped. Two probable <a href="/wiki/Hyoid_bone" title="Hyoid bone">hyoid bones</a> (tongue bones) are preserved in specimen SNHM1284-R; these bones were rod-like with one spatula-shaped end. The stapes had a shaft that was more slender than in any other ichthyosaur, and its head was large and square; these features are regarded as an <a href="/wiki/Autapomorphy" title="Autapomorphy">autapomorphy</a>—a characteristic that distinguishes the genus from related genera. The basisphenoid had a well-developed crest on its upper surface; this is considered another autapomorphy because this surface was a wide, flat plateau in other ichthyosaur species. At its front end, the basisphenoid was fused to the <a href="/wiki/Parasphenoid" title="Parasphenoid">parasphenoid</a> (another bone within the lower part of the braincase) and no <a href="/wiki/Suture_(anatomy)" title="Suture (anatomy)">suture</a> (border between the two bones) can be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGowan2003_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Supraoccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Supraoccipital">supraoccipital</a> at the upper rear of the braincase (part of the skull which encloses the brain) was only weakly arched; it thus differed from those of <i>Platypterygius</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Baptanodon" title="Baptanodon">Baptanodon</a></i>, which were U-shaped. Below the supraoccipital were the two <a href="/wiki/Exoccipital" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoccipital">exoccipitals</a>, which formed the sides of the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_magnum" title="Foramen magnum">foramen magnum</a> (the canal for the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>). Located further below was the basioccipital, which formed the floor of the foramen magnum. The midline canal that formed this floor was bordered by ridges, giving a bilobed appearance when seen from above; this is also regarded as an autapomorphy of the genus. Below the foramen magnum, the basioccipital formed the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_condyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Occipital condyle">occipital condyle</a>, which connected with the first vertebra of the neck to form the head joint. The occipital condyle was well-demarcated from the remainder of the bone by a constricted band, unlike most other ophthalmosaurids. The condyle was rounded and had visible growth rings, as in related genera. The <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#opisthotic" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">opisthotics</a>, which are on either side of the basioccipital, possessed extensions called the paroccipital processes which pointed backwards and upwards. These processes were elongated and slender in <i>Acamptonectes</i> and <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i>, but short and stout in other ophthalmosaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McGowan2003_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dentary (the tooth-bearing bone at the front of the lower jaw) was elongated, straight, and had a blunt front tip; this contrasts with the down-turned and beak-like tips of some ichthyosaurs in the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Platypterygiinae" title="Platypterygiinae">Platypterygiinae</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Splenial" title="Splenial">splenial bones</a> expanded in depth at their rear, forming the lower margin of the mandible and much of its midline surface. A groove similar in morphology to the fossa premaxilliaris of the upper jaw, termed the fossa dentalis, ran parallel to the dentary. Two <i>Acamptonectes</i> specimens lack the "3"-shaped upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Angular_bone" title="Angular bone">angular bones</a> that are otherwise typical of ophthalmosaurids; instead, the surface in these specimens consists of a simple, flat groove bordered by two walls. Because the "3" shape is present in the holotype specimen, however, this feature may have varied between individuals or growth stages. The <a href="/wiki/Articular_bone" title="Articular bone">articular bone</a> in one specimen was stouter than those in other ophthalmosaurids, which were nearly as thick as it was long. The teeth of <i>Acamptonectes</i> had striated bases and quadrangular roots, as in numerous ophthalmosaurids, but they were not square like those of <i>Platypterygius</i>. Some of the roots of SNHM1284-R had resorption pits, indicating its teeth were still growing. The only-known complete <a href="/wiki/Tooth_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth crown">tooth crown</a> was small compared to those of other ophthalmosaurids; it was also slender and sharply pointed, and similar to the teeth from the rear of the jaw in <i>Baptanodon</i>. The bottom two-thirds of the crown had subtle, longitudinal ridges and was covered in a coarse texture that was nevertheless finer than those in <i><a href="/wiki/Aegirosaurus" title="Aegirosaurus">Aegirosaurus</a></i> and some <i>Platypterygius</i> specimens. The base of the crown was slightly bulbous and almost smooth, unlike those in other ophthalmosaurids.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postcranial_skeleton">Postcranial skeleton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postcranial skeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagnostic_features_of_the_axial_skeleton_of_Acamptonectes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diagnostic_features_of_the_axial_skeleton_of_Acamptonectes.png/220px-Diagnostic_features_of_the_axial_skeleton_of_Acamptonectes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diagnostic_features_of_the_axial_skeleton_of_Acamptonectes.png/330px-Diagnostic_features_of_the_axial_skeleton_of_Acamptonectes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Diagnostic_features_of_the_axial_skeleton_of_Acamptonectes.png/440px-Diagnostic_features_of_the_axial_skeleton_of_Acamptonectes.png 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Distinguishing vertebral features; proportionally large <a href="/wiki/Neural_spine" class="mw-redirect" title="Neural spine">neural spine</a> in a dorsal of SNHM1284-R (A), square shape of caudals in same specimen (B), curved lamellae in dorsals of the holotype (C), and cross-section of a rib of NHMUK R11185 (D), showing robusticity and a small groove</figcaption></figure> <p>As was typical for ichthyosaurs, the vertebral centra of <i>Acamptonectes</i> were disc-shaped and deeply concave on both ends. The <a href="/wiki/Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">processes</a> (bony projections that serve as muscle and rib attachments) projecting from the centra were greatly reduced as an adaptation for its fully aquatic lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Sander2000_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sander2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Acamptonectes</i>, the front-most cervical (neck) centra were high and short, and the following cervical and dorsal (trunk) centra become progressively longer. In the rear dorsal vertebral column, the centra became shorter and higher; this trend peaked at the first caudal (tail) vertebra, which was 3.12 times as high as it was long. The remaining caudals became longer and lower again; the caudals, which comprised the fin, were as long as they were high, a feature that was previously identified only in <i>P. platydactylus</i>. The first two cervicals—the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">atlas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">axis</a>—were fused into a single complex that was wide when viewed from the rear. The front dorsal vertebrae have <a href="/wiki/Diapophyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Diapophyses">diapophyses</a> (sideways-protruding processes to which ribs attach) fused to the centra; this feature was shared with several other ophthalmosaurids. The centra of the dorsal vertebrae were autapomorphic, being tightly interlocking and having extensive posterolateral lamellae (ridges lining the rear surfaces of the centra). This interlocking stiffened the front section of the vertebral column in conjunction with the strong occiput of the skull. Such stiffening can be observed in other ichthyosaurs belonging to the wider group <a href="/wiki/Thunnosauria" title="Thunnosauria">Thunnosauria</a>, though not to the degree as seen in <i>Acamptonectes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The neural arches of the vertebrae had narrow pre- and postzygapophyses (<a href="/wiki/Articular_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular processes">articular processes</a> projecting forward and backward from the centra) that were unpaired (fused into a single element) in all vertebrae. In contrast, in <i>P. hercynicus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sveltonectes" title="Sveltonectes">Sveltonectes</a></i>, these processes were paired in the front of the vertebral column. The neural spines (large upward-projecting processes) were of variable height within each specimen; they were markedly longer in some dorsals than others, reaching 1.25 times the height of the largest centrum. These long spines may be bony extensions that are analogous to the extraneural processes, a row of bones located above the tops of the neural spines that are preserved in two juvenile <i><a href="/wiki/Stenopterygius" title="Stenopterygius">Stenopterygius</a></i> specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-McGowan1992_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan1992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top surfaces of the neural spines were often pitted, indicating they had a <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> covering. The ribs were distinct in being robust with a round cross-section; this contrasted with the "8"-shaped cross-section that is seen in other thunnosaurian ichthyosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scapular_girdle_of_Acamptonectes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Scapular_girdle_of_Acamptonectes.png/220px-Scapular_girdle_of_Acamptonectes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Scapular_girdle_of_Acamptonectes.png/330px-Scapular_girdle_of_Acamptonectes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Scapular_girdle_of_Acamptonectes.png/440px-Scapular_girdle_of_Acamptonectes.png 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1931" /></a><figcaption>Bones of the scapular girdles of SNHM1284-R and the holotype</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coracoid" title="Coracoid">coracoid</a> (a paired bone in the scapular girdle) was roughly hexagonal, contrasting with the rounded shape in <i>Platypterygius</i>, and had outer and midline edges that were straight and parallel. The upper and lower surfaces were slightly paddle-shaped, and the mid-line surface was eye-shaped as in <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i>, although it was not as thick as those in <i>Sveltonectes</i> and <i>P. australis</i>. The mid-line surface was unfinished and had deep pits, indicating the presence of a thick layer of cartilage. At the front, the mid-line margin was strongly deflected outward, forming the rugose (roughened and wrinkled) edge of a wide, sheet-like process similar to that in <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i>. The process was separated from the scapular facet (articulation with the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a>) by a deep, wide notch, as in many <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i> specimens. The scapular facet of the coracoid was small, deeply pitted, and triangular while the <a href="/wiki/Glenoid_fossa_of_scapula" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenoid fossa of scapula">glenoid facet</a> (articulation with the humerus) was large and eye-shaped. These facets were not markedly separated, unlike those in <i>Sveltonectes</i>, where they were set at an angle of 100°. The hind margin of the coracoid was sheet-like and lacked a notch.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with its coracoid, the scapula (shoulder blade) of <i>Acamptonectes</i> was similar to that of <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i>. It was strongly compressed from side to side, unlike that in <i>P. hercynicus</i>, in which the shaft was thick and rod-like. The lower part of the scapula was expanded from front to back, forming a wide, rugose, articular, tear-drop-shaped surface that articulated with the coracoid and glenoid facets. It had a large, flat, fan-like <a href="/wiki/Acromion" title="Acromion">acromial</a> process at the front (which connected with the clavicle), like those in <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i> and <i>P. americanus</i>. The coracoid facet of the scapula was triangular and continuous with the larger glenoid facet, as in <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i> but unlike <i>P. australis</i>. The side and mid-line surfaces of the acromial process were slightly concave.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acamptonectes_forefin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Acamptonectes_forefin.png/220px-Acamptonectes_forefin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Acamptonectes_forefin.png/330px-Acamptonectes_forefin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Acamptonectes_forefin.png/440px-Acamptonectes_forefin.png 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption>Forefin elements of NBM1284-R (A–D) and the holotype (E–G)</figcaption></figure> <p>The deltopectoral crest (to where the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid muscle</a> attached) on the upper-front part of the humerus was more prominent in <i>Acamptonectes</i> than in <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Arthropterygius" title="Arthropterygius">Arthropterygius</a></i>, but less so than in <i>Sveltonectes</i> and <i>Platypterygius</i>. On the opposite side of the upper humerus, the <a href="/wiki/Trochanter" title="Trochanter">trochanter</a> dorsalis (a <a href="/wiki/Tubercle_(bone)" title="Tubercle (bone)">tubercle</a> or protrusion where muscles attached) was tall and narrow, as in <i>Sveltonectes</i> and many species of <i>Platypterygius</i>. The humerus had three facets on its lower side, including a facet for a bone at the front and a backward-deflected facet for the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>, which was also similar to that of <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i>, and had five articular processes. The expanded upper surface that articulated with the humerus was slightly concave and pitted, unlike that of <i>Arthropterygius</i>, in which the ulna's humerus facet formed a pyramidal-shaped process. The facet for the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> was straight and trapezoidal, and merged with facets for two wrist bones, the intermedium and the ulnare. The facet for the pisiform, another wrist bone, was small and triangular, and was located at the back of the ulna's lower side. The ulna had a concave and edge-like hind margin. The <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanx bones">phalanx bones</a> (finger bones within the flipper) were oval as in <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i>, <i>Arthropterygius</i>, and some species of <i>Brachypterygius</i>; they tapered away from the body, and the edges of the peripheral phalanx bones were irregular and slightly concave.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basioccipital_of_Acamptonectes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Basioccipital_of_Acamptonectes.png/220px-Basioccipital_of_Acamptonectes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Basioccipital_of_Acamptonectes.png/330px-Basioccipital_of_Acamptonectes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Basioccipital_of_Acamptonectes.png/440px-Basioccipital_of_Acamptonectes.png 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Basioccipitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Basioccipitals">Basioccipitals</a> from the occiputs of SNHM1284-R (A–F) and the holotype (G–H); extracondylar area is labelled as <i>eca</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic analysis">phylogenetic analysis</a> conducted by Fischer and colleagues found <i>Acamptonectes</i> to be a member of the family Ophthalmosauridae based on several characteristics. These include: the reduced extracondylar area (a band of bone surrounding the occipital condyle), the plate-like dorsal trochanter of the humerus, the presence of a facet at the front of the humerus' bottom end for a paddle bone, and the lack of notching in the paddle bones that was considered to be <a href="/wiki/Homoplasy" title="Homoplasy">homoplastic</a> (independently acquired). It was also found to be more closely related to other ophthalmosaurids than <i>Arthropterygius</i> based on the large processes of the basipterygoids (bones at the base of the braincase), the lack of a peg on the basioccipital, and the large trochanters of the femur.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relationships within Ophthalmosauridae have historically been unstable in analyses due to the fragmentary nature of many ophthalmosaurid specimens; furthermore, many ophthalmosaurid genera are known from a single specimen. Removal of these fragmentary genera, however, has degraded the resolution of analyses even further.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell2015_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell2015-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campos2020_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campos2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phylogenetic analysis conducted by Fischer and colleagues in 2012 recovered two novel <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> (groups) within Ophthalmosauridae; the Ophthalmosaurinae and Platypterygiinae, the existence of which had long been suspected by ichthyosaur researchers—Maxim Arkhangelsky had named the clades as subfamilies as early as 2001<sup id="cite_ref-Arkhangelsky2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arkhangelsky2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—but had not yet been supported robustly by the results of phylogenetic analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-Naish2012_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naish2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fischer and colleagues placed <i>Acamptonectes</i> was placed in the former clade, although its placement there represented a secondary reversal of the group's only uniting characteristic; a notch on the bottom of the basioccipital.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_prootic_of_Acamptonectes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Left_prootic_of_Acamptonectes.png/220px-Left_prootic_of_Acamptonectes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Left_prootic_of_Acamptonectes.png/330px-Left_prootic_of_Acamptonectes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Left_prootic_of_Acamptonectes.png/440px-Left_prootic_of_Acamptonectes.png 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Left <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prootic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prootic (page does not exist)">prootic</a> bone of two <i>Acamptonectes</i> specimens (A–E) compared with those of other <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmosaurids">ophthalmosaurids</a> (F–I)</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the Ophthalmosaurinae, various positions have been recovered for <i>Acamptonectes</i> due to the same issues. In 2012, Fischer and colleagues found that it grouped closest with <i>"Ophthalmosaurus" natans</i>, with <i>Ophthalmosaurus icenicus</i> and <i>Mollesaurus</i> being successively less-closely related. The relationship with <i>"O." natans</i> was formed on account of the reduced presence of striations on the teeth, although Fischer and colleagues indicated this characteristic was homoplastic so they did not consider it sufficient to resurrect the previously used genus name <i>Baptanodon</i> for <i>"O." natans</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, they recovered the same arrangement in a derivative analysis for the description of <i><a href="/wiki/Malawania" title="Malawania">Malawania</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did Nikolay Zverkov and colleagues in a 2015 analysis focusing on <i><a href="/wiki/Grendelius" title="Grendelius">Grendelius</a></i>—albeit with a clade consisting of <i><a href="/wiki/Cryopterygius" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryopterygius">Cryopterygius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Undorosaurus" title="Undorosaurus">Undorosaurus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Paraophthalmosaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraophthalmosaurus">Paraophthalmosaurus</a></i> being closer to <i>Acamptonectes</i> than <i>Mollesaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zverkov2015_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zverkov2015-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arkhangelsky and Zverkov previously recovered all of these species with the exception of <i>Mollesaurus</i> in a <a href="/wiki/Polytomy" title="Polytomy">polytomy</a> (unresolved clade) in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-Arkhangelsky2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arkhangelsky2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2019 analysis by Zverkov and Vladimir Efimov found an otherwise identical arrangement, in which the positions of <i>Mollesaurus</i> and <i>Acamptonectes</i> were exchanged,<sup id="cite_ref-Zverkov2019a_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zverkov2019a-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was also found in another 2019 analysis by Zverkov and Natalya Prilepskaya,<sup id="cite_ref-Zverkov2019b_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zverkov2019b-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the 2020 description of a new specimen of <i><a href="/wiki/Muiscasaurus" title="Muiscasaurus">Muiscasaurus</a></i> by María Páramo-Fonseca and colleagues, in which <i>Muiscasaurus</i> was the next-closest relative of these species.<sup id="cite_ref-ParamoFonseca2020_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParamoFonseca2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their description of <i><a href="/wiki/Acuetzpalin" title="Acuetzpalin">Acuetzpalin</a></i>, a 2020 analysis by Jair Barrientos-Laraa and Jesús Alvarado-Ortega found <i>"O." natans</i> and <i>O. icenicus</i> to form a clade with the exclusion of <i>Mollesaurus</i> and then <i>Acamptonectes</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Barrientos2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrientos2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was also recovered by Megan Jacobs and <a href="/wiki/David_Martill" title="David Martill">David Martill</a> in their 2020 description of <i><a href="/wiki/Thalassodraco" title="Thalassodraco">Thalassodraco</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jacobs2020_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs2020-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 analysis of the description of <i><a href="/wiki/Janusaurus" title="Janusaurus">Janusaurus</a></i> conducted by Aubrey Roberts and colleagues found <i>Acamptonectes</i> to be the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to a clade consisting of <i>O. icenicus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Leninia" title="Leninia">Leninia</a></i>, which collectively constituted one branch of the Ophthalmosaurinae.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts2014_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same arrangement was recovered by a 2017 analysis of the description of <i><a href="/wiki/Keilhauia" title="Keilhauia">Keilhauia</a></i> conducted by Lene Delsett and colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-Delsett2017_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delsett2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, another analysis by the same authors found <i>Acamptonectes</i> closer to <i>Janusaurus</i>, <i>Keilhauia</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Palvennia" title="Palvennia">Palvennia</a></i> than to <i>Paraophthalmosaurus</i>, <i>"O." natans</i> (as <i>Baptanodon</i>), <i>O. icenicus</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Gengasaurus" title="Gengasaurus">Gengasaurus</a></i> in successive order of closeness to the base of the Ophthalmosaurinae.<sup id="cite_ref-Delsett2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delsett2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each case, however, the <a href="/wiki/Maximum_parsimony_(phylogenetics)" title="Maximum parsimony (phylogenetics)">Bremer support</a>—a measure of the likelihood of a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a>'s arrangement over alternatives—of the groupings was low.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts2014_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts2014-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delsett2017_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delsett2017-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Delsett2019_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delsett2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other analyses also found <i>Acamptonectes</i> within unresolved polytomies. For the 2016 description of <i>Muiscasaurus</i>, Erin Maxwell and colleagues found <i>O. icenicus</i>, <i>"O." natans</i>, <i>Undorosaurus</i>, and <i>Acamptonectes</i> in a polytomy at the base of the Ophthalmosauridae. Contrary to most analyses, they did not recover a distinct Ophthalmosaurinae.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell2016_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell2016-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2016, Fischer and colleagues found Ophthalmosaurinae to consist of <i>Mollesaurus</i> as the sister group to a polytomy including <i>O. icenicus</i>, <i>"O." natans</i>, <i>Leninia</i>, <i>Acamptonectes</i>, and a group containing <i>Cryopterygius</i>, <i>Janusaurus</i>, and <i>Palvennia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Maxwell, Dirley Cortés, Pedro Patarroyo, and Parra Ruge recovered a poorly-resolved Ophthalmosauridae containing <i>Acamptonectes</i> in a large polytomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Maxwell2019_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maxwell2019-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their 2020 description of <i>Arthropterygius thalassonotus</i>, Lisandro Campos and colleagues placed <i>Acamptonectes</i> in a polytomy with <i>O. icenicus</i>, <i>Leninia</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Athabascasaurus" title="Athabascasaurus">Athabascasaurus</a></i>, which formed the sister group to a clade of <i>Keilhauia</i> and <i>Undorosaurus</i>; the base of the Ophthalmosaurinae was formed by a polytomy of those species, and <i>Baptanodon</i> and <i>Gengasaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campos2020_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campos2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Right_opisthotics_of_Acamptonectes.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Right_opisthotics_of_Acamptonectes.png/220px-Right_opisthotics_of_Acamptonectes.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Right_opisthotics_of_Acamptonectes.png/330px-Right_opisthotics_of_Acamptonectes.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Right_opisthotics_of_Acamptonectes.png/440px-Right_opisthotics_of_Acamptonectes.png 2x" data-file-width="2043" data-file-height="2181" /></a><figcaption>Right <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#opisthotic" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy">opisthotics</a> of three <i>Acamptonectes</i> specimens (A–G) compared with those of other ophthalmosaurids (H–J)</figcaption></figure> <p>The phylogenetic tree from the analysis of Páramo-Fonseca and colleagues in 2020 is reproduced below.<sup id="cite_ref-ParamoFonseca2020_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParamoFonseca2020-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosauridae" title="Ophthalmosauridae">Ophthalmosauridae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gengasaurus" title="Gengasaurus">Gengasaurus nicosiai</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Paraophthalmosaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraophthalmosaurus">Paraophthalmosaurus saveljeviensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Nannopterygius" title="Nannopterygius">Nannopterygius enthekiodon</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><i><a href="/wiki/Arthropterygius" title="Arthropterygius">Arthropterygius</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Arthropterygius" title="Arthropterygius">Arthropterygius volgensis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Janusaurus" title="Janusaurus">Arthropterygius? lundi</a></i> (<i>Janusaurus</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Palvennia" title="Palvennia">Arthropterygius? hoybolgerti</a></i> (<i>Palvennia</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Arthropterygius" title="Arthropterygius">Arthropterygius chrisorum</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurinae" title="Ophthalmosaurinae">Ophthalmosaurinae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Muiscasaurus" title="Muiscasaurus">Muiscasaurus catheti</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Acamptonectes densus</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurus" title="Ophthalmosaurus">Ophthalmosaurus icenicus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Mollesaurus" title="Mollesaurus">Mollesaurus periallus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Baptanodon" title="Baptanodon">"Ophthalmosaurus" natans</a></i> (<i>Baptanodon</i>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Platypterygiinae" title="Platypterygiinae">Platypterygiinae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palaeobiogeography">Palaeobiogeography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Palaeobiogeography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Survival,_extinction,_and_cladogenesis_rates_of_ophthalmosaurids.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Survival%2C_extinction%2C_and_cladogenesis_rates_of_ophthalmosaurids.png/220px-Survival%2C_extinction%2C_and_cladogenesis_rates_of_ophthalmosaurids.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Survival%2C_extinction%2C_and_cladogenesis_rates_of_ophthalmosaurids.png/330px-Survival%2C_extinction%2C_and_cladogenesis_rates_of_ophthalmosaurids.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Survival%2C_extinction%2C_and_cladogenesis_rates_of_ophthalmosaurids.png/440px-Survival%2C_extinction%2C_and_cladogenesis_rates_of_ophthalmosaurids.png 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="2279" /></a><figcaption>Diagrams showing survival, <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">cladogenesis</a> rates of ophthalmosaurids for each boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Oxfordian_(stage)" title="Oxfordian (stage)">Oxfordian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Barremian" title="Barremian">Barremian</a> interval, per Fischer and colleagues, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Ichthyosaurs were traditionally thought to have been affected by three extinction events; one at the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> boundary, one at the Jurassic–<a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> boundary, and a final extinction in the Cretaceous at the boundary of the <a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turonian" title="Turonian">Turonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">ages</a> that left no survivors. Some researchers suggested their <a href="/wiki/Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">species diversity</a> declined after the mid-Jurassic, with the ichthyosaurs continuing until they disappeared at the end of the Cenomanian.<sup id="cite_ref-Naish2012_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naish2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thorne2011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thorne2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This decline was thought to have been associated with a transition in the dominant ichthyosaur lineage; the large-eyed, <a href="/wiki/Thunniform" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunniform">thunniform</a> (tuna-like) ophthalmosaurines, which were successful and widespread notwithstanding their hyper-specialisation, would have been replaced by the more generalised platypterygiines, which had smaller eyes and longer bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-Naish2012_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naish2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakker1993_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker1993-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Acamptonectes</i> is a significant find because it is an ophthalmosaurine from the Early Cretaceous, demonstrating the ophthalmosaurines were not entirely wiped out at the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary. Fischer and colleagues also found evidence of other ophthalmosaurines in the Early Cretaceous by reanalyzing known material, including the Nettleton <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i> specimens. They also cited reports of the Late Jurassic-aged platypterygiines <i><a href="/wiki/Brachypterygius" title="Brachypterygius">Brachypterygius</a></i>, <i>Aegirosaurus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Caypullisaurus" title="Caypullisaurus">Caypullisaurus</a></i>, and <i>Yasykovia</i>—which has been synonymised with <i><a href="/wiki/Nannopterygius" title="Nannopterygius">Nannopterygius</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Zverkov2020_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zverkov2020-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—from the Early Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naish2012_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naish2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez2007_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez2007-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By tabulating the number of genera that disappeared in each age, Fischer and colleagues found no clear boundary between individual ages from the Late Jurassic (<a href="/wiki/Oxfordian_(stage)" title="Oxfordian (stage)">Oxfordian</a>) to Early Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Aptian" title="Aptian">Aptian</a>) that could be considered an extinction event for ophthalmosaurids. The Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary had a net extinction rate of 0 and even the highest survival rates. By counting the number of new clades that emerged, however, they computed the <a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">cladogenesis</a> (clade formation) rate to have been lower in the Cretaceous. They concluded—contrary to traditional thinking—the Jurassic-Cretaceous extinction event had a negligible impact on ichthyosaurs compared to its impact on other marine reptiles, and that ophthalmosaurids remained diverse until their final extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeobiology">Palaeobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Palaeobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With their dolphin-like bodies, ichthyosaurs were better adapted to their aquatic environment than any other group of marine reptiles.<sup id="cite_ref-Sander2000_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sander2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were <a href="/wiki/Viviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous">viviparous</a> that gave birth to live young and were likely incapable of leaving the water. As <a href="/wiki/Homeotherms" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeotherms">homeotherms</a> ("warm-blooded") with high metabolic rates, ichthyosaurs would have been active swimmers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakajima2014_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakajima2014-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs, including <i>Acamptonectes</i>, had evolved a thunniform method of swimming rather than the <a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion#anguilliform" title="Fish locomotion">anguilliform</a> (undulating or eel-like) methods of earlier species.<sup id="cite_ref-Sander2000_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sander2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thunniform ichthyosaurs were able to swim faster and more efficiently than other marine reptiles of similar sizes,<sup id="cite_ref-Massare2006_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massare2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were better adapted to a <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> (open-ocean) lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2013_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their swimming was aided by their compact bodies and crescent-shaped <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fins">tail fins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sander2000_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sander2000-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the skeleton of <i>Acamptonectes</i> appears to have been unusually rigid, which would have severely limited the extent of side-to-side motion in the front part of the skeleton. Its snout was also shallower than those in related species, and its ribs were more rounded in cross-section. According to palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Darren_Naish" title="Darren Naish">Darren Naish</a>, one of the describers of the genus, these may have been further adaptations to increase the stiffness of the animal's body by making these body parts more resistant to bending.<sup id="cite_ref-Naish2012_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naish2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tightly packed occipital bones and cervical vertebrae would have allowed limited movement in the neck, suggesting <i>Acamptonectes</i> must have "shot through the water like a dart", according to fellow describer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Joger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Joger (page does not exist)">Ulrich Joger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2012_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_feeding">Diet and feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diet and feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OphthalmosaurusIcenius-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OphthalmosaurusIcenius-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08.jpg/220px-OphthalmosaurusIcenius-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OphthalmosaurusIcenius-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08.jpg/330px-OphthalmosaurusIcenius-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/OphthalmosaurusIcenius-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08.jpg/440px-OphthalmosaurusIcenius-NaturalHistoryMuseum-August23-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed skeleton of the closely related <i><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurus" title="Ophthalmosaurus">Ophthalmosaurus</a></i>; the large <a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic rings">sclerotic rings</a> indicate the size of the eyeballs and mode of vision<sup id="cite_ref-Montani1999_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montani1999-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As an ophthalmosaurine, <i>Acamptonectes</i> would likely have been an opportunistic <a href="/wiki/Generalist_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalist species">generalist</a> predator<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2014a_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2014a-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that fed on fish and squid.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC2012_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adaptations for speed suggest that <i>Acamptonectes</i> and other ophthalmosaurines were likely also <a href="/wiki/Pursuit_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Pursuit predator">pursuit predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Massare2006_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massare2006-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Judy_A._Massare" class="mw-redirect" title="Judy A. Massare">Judy A. Massare</a> proposed "<a href="/wiki/Feeding_guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Feeding guild">feeding guilds</a>" as a way to group marine reptiles; some ichthyosaur species were thought to have "pierced" small prey using needle-like teeth, and others to have "crunched" hard-shelled prey using robust teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Marek2015FossilFocus_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marek2015FossilFocus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, palaeontologist Maria Zammit suggested that the slender tooth crowns with longitudinal ridges seen in <i>Acamptonectes</i> (which placed it in the "pierce II/generalist" guild) were likely used to impale rather than grasp prey, and its diet may thus have consisted of fleshy prey that did not have a hard exterior. Nevertheless, she noted that its shallow snout and unique tooth morphology may indicate a different diet and lifestyle from other known Cretaceous ichthyosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Zammit2012_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zammit2012-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ichthyosaurs had the largest eyes of any known vertebrate group, which can be inferred from bones in the eye sockets known as <a href="/wiki/Sclerotic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerotic ring">sclerotic rings</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Montani1999_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Montani1999-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would therefore have possessed sensitive low-light vision<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2014b_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2014b-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that would have aided prey capture at great depths.<sup id="cite_ref-Humphries2002_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humphries2002-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the related genus <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i>, the maximum diameter of the eyeball would have been 23 centimetres (9.1 in), allowing movement to be detected at depths of 300 metres (980 ft) in the <a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">mesopelagic zone</a>. <i>Ophthalmosaurus</i> could likely dive for around 20 minutes and reach depths of at least 600 metres (2,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Motani2005_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motani2005-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to good eyesight, the enlarged <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory region</a> of the brain indicates ichthyosaurs had a sensitive sense of smell.<sup id="cite_ref-Marek2015_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marek2015-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Palaeoecology">Palaeoecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Palaeoecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speeton_Clay">Speeton Clay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Speeton Clay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ichthyosaurus_brunsvicensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Ichthyosaurus_brunsvicensis.jpg/220px-Ichthyosaurus_brunsvicensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Ichthyosaurus_brunsvicensis.jpg/330px-Ichthyosaurus_brunsvicensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/04/Ichthyosaurus_brunsvicensis.jpg/440px-Ichthyosaurus_brunsvicensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption>Incomplete holotype basicranium and <a href="/wiki/Interclavicle" title="Interclavicle">interclavicle</a> of <i>Ichthyosaurus brunsvicensis</i>, a possible <i>Acamptonectes</i> specimen from Germany destroyed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Acamptonectes</i> is known from rocks dating to the <a href="/wiki/Hauterivian" title="Hauterivian">Hauterivian</a> <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a> (approximately 133 to 129 million years old<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in the Speeton Clay Formation of England, which is composed of <a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">claystone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudrock" title="Mudrock">mudrock</a>, and is generally about 100–130 metres (330–430 ft) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur2004_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Underwood1999_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwood1999-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Acamptonectes</i> holotype came from the D2D beds and the specimen NHUMK R11185 came from the slightly older D2C beds. Material preserved in these sediments is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Fossil#Derived,_or_reworked" title="Fossil">reworked</a> from the underlying older <a href="/wiki/Valanginian" title="Valanginian">Valanginian</a> rocks rather than originating from the Hauterivian. The holotype of <i>Acamptonectes</i> is partially articulated, as were some nearby <a href="/wiki/Crinoid" title="Crinoid">crinoid</a> fossils, indicating the specimen was not reworked and genuinely came from the Hauterivian.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">Carbon-13</a> concentration (<a href="/wiki/%CE%9413C" title="Δ13C">δ<sup>13</sup>C</a> levels in the Speeton Clay Formation increased during the Valanginian and the early Hauterivian. This may have occurred when land submerged by rising sea levels released carbon-13 into the oceans. Concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_18" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen 18">oxygen 18</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%9418O" title="Δ18O">δ<sup>18</sup>O</a>), however, increased during this time, indicating an episode of cooling;<sup id="cite_ref-Hart2008_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart2008-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically, δ<sup>18</sup>O levels in <a href="/wiki/Belemnite" class="mw-redirect" title="Belemnite">belemnite</a> fossils indicate the temperature of the Speeton Clay was about 11 °C (52 °F) at the beginning of the Hauterivian, rose to 15 °C (59 °F) during the middle part of this stage, and reverted to 11 °C (52 °F) by its end.<sup id="cite_ref-McArthur2004_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> organisms indicate the Speeton Clay environment was at least partially located in the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a> (the layer in the ocean that light reaches).<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2013_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous other organisms have been recovered from the Speeton Clay Formation; many of these were <a href="/wiki/Bioerosion" title="Bioerosion">borers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminiferans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorophyte">chlorophyte</a> <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and various animals such as <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Echinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Echinoid">echinoids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2013_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2013-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the crinoids,<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a> in the Speeton Clay Formation are represented by a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonites</a> and belemnites.<sup id="cite_ref-Doyle1989_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doyle1989-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McArthur2004_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McArthur2004-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While both <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartilaginous fish">cartilaginous fish</a>—the latter group represented by <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> of various types<sup id="cite_ref-Underwood1999_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underwood1999-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—are known from the Speeton Clay, they are poorly preserved and not very abundant. Marine reptiles are uncommon in this formation; other than <i>Acamptonectes</i>, they are represented by some fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaur</a> remains.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_Saxony_Basin">Lower Saxony Basin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lower Saxony Basin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>SNHM1284-R, the German specimen of <i>Acamptonectes</i>, comes from late Hauterivian rocks of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Saxony_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower Saxony Basin (page does not exist)">Lower Saxony Basin</a> near Cremlingen in eastern <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer2012_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lower Cretaceous sediments of this basin are rich in <a href="/wiki/Siliclastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Siliclastic">siliclastic</a> rocks that were deposited in the southern region of the proto-<a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Epicontinental_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicontinental sea">epicontinental sea</a> covering much of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Germany">Northwest Germany</a> during the Lower Cretaceous. Since this region linked the warmer <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tethys Sea">Tethys Sea</a> and the colder <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Sea" title="Boreal Sea">Boreal Sea</a>, its environment was very susceptible to change.<sup id="cite_ref-Möller2014_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Möller2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The late Hauterivian rocks of the region were deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Neritic_zone" title="Neritic zone">neritic zone</a> (shallow seas) during a time of alternating <a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">marine transgression</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">regression</a> (rising and falling sea levels).<sup id="cite_ref-Weinkauf2013_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinkauf2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface waters were generally cool, although they sometimes warmed when warmer water from the Tethys Sea entered the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinkauf2013_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinkauf2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seibertz2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seibertz2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a> rates were high and the bottom waters were somewhat <a href="/wiki/Anoxic_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Anoxic water">anoxic</a> (oxygen deprived).<sup id="cite_ref-Möller2014_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Möller2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organisms that inhabited this sea include <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a>, ammonites, and belemnites.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinkauf2013_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinkauf2013-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seibertz2008_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seibertz2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ichthyosaur_genera" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ichthyosaur genera">List of ichthyosaur genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ichthyosaur_type_specimens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ichthyosaur type specimens">List of ichthyosaur type specimens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ichthyosaur_research" title="Timeline of ichthyosaur research">Timeline of ichthyosaur research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acamptonectes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Marek2015FossilFocus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marek2015FossilFocus_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marek2015FossilFocus_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marek2015FossilFocus_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Template:Ichthyosauromorpha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Template talk:Ichthyosauromorpha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ichthyosauromorpha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ichthyosauromorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Ichthyosauromorpha">Ichthyosauromorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Sauropsida_*_Subclass:_Diapsida_*_Clade:_Neodiapsida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li>Subclass: <a href="/wiki/Diapsid" title="Diapsid">Diapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Neodiapsida" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodiapsida">Neodiapsida</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sauropsida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Sauropsida" title="Template:Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Ichthyosauromorpha">Ichthyosauromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Ichthyosauromorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Ichthyosauromorpha">Ichthyosauromorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ichthyosauromorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauromorpha" title="Ichthyosauromorpha">Ichthyosauromorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baisesaurus" title="Baisesaurus">Baisesaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hupehsuchia" title="Hupehsuchia">Hupehsuchia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eohupehsuchus" title="Eohupehsuchus">Eohupehsuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanchangosaurus" title="Nanchangosaurus">Nanchangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hupehsuchidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hupehsuchidae">Hupehsuchidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hupehsuchus" title="Hupehsuchus">Hupehsuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parahupehsuchinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Parahupehsuchinae">Parahupehsuchinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eretmorhipis" title="Eretmorhipis">Eretmorhipis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parahupehsuchus" title="Parahupehsuchus">Parahupehsuchus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauriformes" title="Ichthyosauriformes">Ichthyosauriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omphalosauridae" title="Omphalosauridae">Omphalosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cartorhynchus" title="Cartorhynchus">Cartorhynchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omphalosaurus" title="Omphalosaurus">Omphalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sclerocormus" title="Sclerocormus">Sclerocormus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyopterygia" title="Ichthyopterygia">Ichthyopterygia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isfjordosaurus" title="Isfjordosaurus">Isfjordosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chaohusaurus" title="Chaohusaurus">Chaohusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thaisaurus" title="Thaisaurus">Thaisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eoichthyosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eoichthyosauria">Eoichthyosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grippidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grippidia">Grippidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parvinatator" title="Parvinatator">Parvinatator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utatsusaurus" title="Utatsusaurus">Utatsusaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grippiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grippiidae">Grippiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulosaurus" title="Gulosaurus">Gulosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grippia" title="Grippia">Grippia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauria" title="Ichthyosauria">Ichthyosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hupehsuchus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hupehsuchus nanchangensis"><img alt="Hupehsuchus nanchangensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hupehsuchus.jpg/140px-Hupehsuchus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hupehsuchus.jpg/210px-Hupehsuchus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hupehsuchus.jpg/280px-Hupehsuchus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Utatsusaurus hataii"><img alt="Utatsusaurus hataii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Utatsusaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grippia1DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grippia longirostris"><img alt="Grippia longirostris" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grippia1DB.jpg/140px-Grippia1DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grippia1DB.jpg/210px-Grippia1DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Grippia1DB.jpg/280px-Grippia1DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Ichthyosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauria" title="Ichthyosauria">Ichthyosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ichthyosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauria" title="Ichthyosauria">Ichthyosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quasianosteosaurus" title="Quasianosteosaurus">Quasianosteosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tholodus" title="Tholodus">Tholodus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinminosaurus" title="Xinminosaurus">Xinminosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cymbospondylidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cymbospondylidae" title="Cymbospondylidae">Cymbospondylidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbospondylus" title="Cymbospondylus">Cymbospondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phantomosaurus" title="Phantomosaurus">Phantomosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalattoarchon" title="Thalattoarchon">Thalattoarchon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinminosaurus" title="Xinminosaurus">Xinminosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Hueneosauria" title="Hueneosauria">Hueneosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cymbospondylidae" title="Cymbospondylidae">Cymbospondylidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixosauridae" title="Mixosauridae">Mixosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barracudasauroides" title="Barracudasauroides">Barracudasauroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Contectopalatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Contectopalatus">Contectopalatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mixosaurus" title="Mixosaurus">Mixosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalarodon" title="Phalarodon">Phalarodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Merriamosauria" title="Merriamosauria">Merriamosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Besanosaurus" title="Besanosaurus">Besanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guizhouichthyosaurus" title="Guizhouichthyosaurus">Guizhouichthyosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pessopteryx" title="Pessopteryx">Pessopteryx</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wimanius" title="Wimanius">Wimanius</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shastasauridae" title="Shastasauridae">Shastasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Besanosaurus" title="Besanosaurus">Besanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanlingsaurus" title="Guanlingsaurus">Guanlingsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guizhouichthyosaurus" title="Guizhouichthyosaurus">Guizhouichthyosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Himalayasaurus" title="Himalayasaurus">Himalayasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyotitan" title="Ichthyotitan">Ichthyotitan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastasaurus" title="Shastasaurus">Shastasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shonisaurus" title="Shonisaurus">Shonisaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euichthyosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Euichthyosauria">Euichthyosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Auroroborealia" title="Auroroborealia">Auroroborealia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Californosaurus" title="Californosaurus">Californosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callawayia" title="Callawayia">Callawayia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guizhouichthyosaurus" title="Guizhouichthyosaurus">Guizhouichthyosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mikadocephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikadocephalus">Mikadocephalus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shonisaurus" title="Shonisaurus">Shonisaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Toretocnemidae" title="Toretocnemidae">Toretocnemidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianichthyosaurus" title="Qianichthyosaurus">Qianichthyosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toretocnemus" title="Toretocnemus">Toretocnemus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parvipelvia" title="Parvipelvia">Parvipelvia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nomina_dubia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">Nomina dubia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Barracudasaurus" title="Barracudasaurus">Barracudasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachygonosaurus" title="Pachygonosaurus">Pachygonosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pessosaurus" title="Pessosaurus">Pessosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphaerodontes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphaerodontes (page does not exist)">Sphaerodontes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svalbardosaurus" title="Svalbardosaurus">Svalbardosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibetosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibetosaurus (page does not exist)">Tibetosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cymbospondylus_petrinus_SW_Small.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cymbospondylus petrinus"><img alt="Cymbospondylus petrinus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cymbospondylus_petrinus_SW_Small.png/140px-Cymbospondylus_petrinus_SW_Small.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cymbospondylus_petrinus_SW_Small.png/210px-Cymbospondylus_petrinus_SW_Small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Cymbospondylus_petrinus_SW_Small.png/280px-Cymbospondylus_petrinus_SW_Small.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="475" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PhalarodonDB15.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phalarodon"><img alt="Phalarodon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PhalarodonDB15.jpg/140px-PhalarodonDB15.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PhalarodonDB15.jpg/210px-PhalarodonDB15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/PhalarodonDB15.jpg/280px-PhalarodonDB15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="850" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shonisaurus_popularisDB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shonisaurus popularis"><img alt="Shonisaurus popularis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shonisaurus_popularisDB.jpg/140px-Shonisaurus_popularisDB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shonisaurus_popularisDB.jpg/210px-Shonisaurus_popularisDB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Shonisaurus_popularisDB.jpg/280px-Shonisaurus_popularisDB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Californosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Californosaurus perrini"><img alt="Californosaurus perrini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Californosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Californosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Californosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Californosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Californosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Californosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="288" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Parvipelvia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parvipelvia" title="Parvipelvia">Parvipelvia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Parvipelvia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Parvipelvia" title="Parvipelvia">Parvipelvia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudsonelpidia" title="Hudsonelpidia">Hudsonelpidia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macgowania" title="Macgowania">Macgowania</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neoichthyosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoichthyosauria">Neoichthyosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dearcmhara" title="Dearcmhara">Dearcmhara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hauffiopteryx" title="Hauffiopteryx">Hauffiopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suevoleviathan" title="Suevoleviathan">Suevoleviathan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Temnodontosauroidea?" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temnodontosauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temnodontosauroidea">Temnodontosauroidea</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Temnodontosaurus" title="Temnodontosaurus">Temnodontosaurus</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leptonectidae" title="Leptonectidae">Leptonectidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurhinosaurus" title="Eurhinosaurus">Eurhinosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Excalibosaurus" title="Excalibosaurus">Excalibosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leptonectes" title="Leptonectes">Leptonectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wahlisaurus" title="Wahlisaurus">Wahlisaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Thunnosauria" title="Thunnosauria">Thunnosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ichthyosauridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosauridae" title="Ichthyosauridae">Ichthyosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaurus" title="Ichthyosaurus">Ichthyosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malawania" title="Malawania">Malawania</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protoichthyosaurus" title="Protoichthyosaurus">Protoichthyosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Baracromia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baracromia">Baracromia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chacaicosaurus" title="Chacaicosaurus">Chacaicosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stenopterygiidae" title="Stenopterygiidae">Stenopterygiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnipterygius" title="Magnipterygius">Magnipterygius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenopterygius" title="Stenopterygius">Stenopterygius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ophthalmosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmosauria">Ophthalmosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Argovisaurus" title="Argovisaurus">Argovisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Delphinosaurus" title="Delphinosaurus">Delphinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macropterygius" title="Macropterygius">Macropterygius</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosauridae" title="Ophthalmosauridae">Ophthalmosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthropterygius" title="Arthropterygius">Arthropterygius</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gengasaurus" title="Gengasaurus">Gengasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jabalisaurus" title="Jabalisaurus">Jabalisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janusaurus" title="Janusaurus">Janusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myobradypterygius" title="Myobradypterygius">Myobradypterygius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nannopterygius" title="Nannopterygius">Nannopterygius</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palvennia" title="Palvennia">Palvennia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thalassodraco" title="Thalassodraco">Thalassodraco</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurinae" title="Ophthalmosaurinae">Ophthalmosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acamptonectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baptanodon" title="Baptanodon">Baptanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mollesaurus" title="Mollesaurus">Mollesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmosaurus" title="Ophthalmosaurus">Ophthalmosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platypterygiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Platypterygiidae">Platypterygiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acuetzpalin" title="Acuetzpalin">Acuetzpalin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aegirosaurus" title="Aegirosaurus">Aegirosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthropterygius" title="Arthropterygius">Arthropterygius</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athabascasaurus" title="Athabascasaurus">Athabascasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brachypterygius" title="Brachypterygius">Brachypterygius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catutosaurus" title="Catutosaurus">Catutosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryopterygius" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryopterygius">Cryopterygius</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grendelius" title="Grendelius">Grendelius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janusaurus" title="Janusaurus">Janusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstanosaurus" title="Kazakhstanosaurus">Kazakhstanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keilhauia" title="Keilhauia">Keilhauia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muiscasaurus" title="Muiscasaurus">Muiscasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palvennia" title="Palvennia">Palvennia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parrassaurus" title="Parrassaurus">Parrassaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pervushovisaurus" title="Pervushovisaurus">Pervushovisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumpalla" title="Sumpalla">Sumpalla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sveltonectes" title="Sveltonectes">Sveltonectes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undorosaurus" title="Undorosaurus">Undorosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platypterygiinae" title="Platypterygiinae">Platypterygiinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caypullisaurus" title="Caypullisaurus">Caypullisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyhytysuka" title="Kyhytysuka">Kyhytysuka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leninia" title="Leninia">Leninia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiaspondylus" title="Maiaspondylus">Maiaspondylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platypterygius" title="Platypterygius">Platypterygius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plutoniosaurus" title="Plutoniosaurus">Plutoniosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simbirskiasaurus" title="Simbirskiasaurus">Simbirskiasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisteronia" title="Sisteronia">Sisteronia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Excalibosaurus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Excalibosaurus costini"><img alt="Excalibosaurus costini" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Excalibosaurus_BW.jpg/140px-Excalibosaurus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Excalibosaurus_BW.jpg/210px-Excalibosaurus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Excalibosaurus_BW.jpg/280px-Excalibosaurus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="269" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ophthalmosaurus_icenicus_updated_reconstruction.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ophthalmosaurus icenicus"><img alt="Ophthalmosaurus icenicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ophthalmosaurus_icenicus_updated_reconstruction.png/140px-Ophthalmosaurus_icenicus_updated_reconstruction.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ophthalmosaurus_icenicus_updated_reconstruction.png/210px-Ophthalmosaurus_icenicus_updated_reconstruction.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ophthalmosaurus_icenicus_updated_reconstruction.png/280px-Ophthalmosaurus_icenicus_updated_reconstruction.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Platypterigius_longmani_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platypterigius longmani"><img alt="Platypterigius longmani" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Platypterigius_longmani_DB.jpg/140px-Platypterigius_longmani_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Platypterigius_longmani_DB.jpg/210px-Platypterigius_longmani_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Platypterigius_longmani_DB.jpg/280px-Platypterigius_longmani_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="707" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_categories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related categories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ichthyosaurs" title="Category:Ichthyosaurs">Ichthyosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marine_reptiles" title="Category:Marine reptiles">Marine reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Triassic_reptiles" title="Category:Triassic reptiles">Triassic reptiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Acamptonectes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146756" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q146756">Q146756</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Acamptonectes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Acamptonectes">Acamptonectes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8580079">8580079</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1479524">1479524</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7657513">7657513</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=212184">212184</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/87EA8F31-7752-4968-970A-A43A3C71D5E4">87EA8F31-7752-4968-970A-A43A3C71D5E4</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Acamptonectes densus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15020901" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q15020901">Q15020901</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Acamptonectes_densus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Acamptonectes densus">Acamptonectes densus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8618044">8618044</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=212187">212187</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/AAB4BA7E-F53D-4962-8A9C-3240DFE2C4D8">AAB4BA7E-F53D-4962-8A9C-3240DFE2C4D8</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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