ADW: Heterodon: INFORMATION

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <head> <title>ADW: Heterodon: INFORMATION</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Heterodon/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//code.jquery.com/jquery-migrate-3.3.2.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/compat.js"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://animaldiversity.org/favicon.ico" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Gentium+Book+Basic:400,400italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=PT+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.styles.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/pica.print.css" media="print" />  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/colorbox/colorbox.css" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Heterodon/" /> <meta content="Heterodon" property="og:title" /> <meta content="website" property="og:type" /> <meta content="Animal Diversity Web" property="og:site_name" /> <meta content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/james_harding/pcd3912_050/medium.jpg" property="og:image" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnimalDiversity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Heterodon" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Read about Heterodon on the Animal Diversity Web." /> <meta name="twitter:image:src" content="https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/james_harding/pcd3912_050/medium.jpg" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="400" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="545" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Heterodon/" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/Hyphenator.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/social-likes/social-likes_birman.css" /> <style> .social-likes { margin: 0; } .social-likes__widget { margin: 0; } </style>   </head> <body> <div id="outerwrap"> <div id="header" aria-role="header"> <h1> <a id="homelink" href="/">Animal Diversity Web</a> </h1> <div class="umlinks"> <div class="relative"> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/" id="ummzlink">University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</a> <a href="https://www.umich.edu/" id="umlink">University of Michigan</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrap" class="gradient"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div class="row-fluid"> <div class="span2 sidebar left"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs nav-stacked" id="sitemap"> <li> <a href="/">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/">About Us</a> </li> <li> <a href="/animal_names/">About Animal Names</a> </li> <li> <a href="/teach/">Educational Resources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/collections/">Special Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="/glossary/">Glossary</a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Animalia/">Browse Animalia</a> </li> </ul> <h2 class="offscreen">More Information</h2> <div class="well"> <h3>Additional Information</h3> <ul class="unstyled"> <li> <a href="http://eol.org/search/?q=Heterodon&search=Go">Encyclopedia of Life</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="span7_5 blahblahblah main" aria-role="main"> <h2 class="rank-genus">Heterodon</h2> <div class="social-likes" data-counters="no"> <div class="facebook" title="Share link on Facebook">Facebook</div> <div class="twitter" title="Share link on Twitter">Twitter</div> </div> <div class="snapshots" aria-hidden="true"> <ul> <li> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon/pictures/collections/contributors/james_harding/pcd3912_050/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/james_harding/pcd3912_050/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon/pictures/collections/contributors/phil_myers/ADW_herps_3_4_03/Squamata/Colubridae/hognose0179/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/phil_myers/ADW_herps_3_4_03/Squamata/Colubridae/hognose0179/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon/pictures/collections/contributors/james_harding/pcd3912_048/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/james_harding/pcd3912_048/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon/pictures/collections/contributors/usfws/hognose2/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/usfws/hognose2/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon/pictures/collections/contributors/phil_myers/ADW_herps_3_4_03/Squamata/Colubridae/Heterodon2813/"> <img alt=" " src="/collections/contributors/phil_myers/ADW_herps_3_4_03/Squamata/Colubridae/Heterodon2813/button.jpg" border="0" /> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="byline">By Sarah Shassetz</div> <nav class="contents"> <ul> <li> <a href="#diversity">Diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="#geographic_range">Geographic Range</a> </li> <li> <a href="#habitat">Habitat</a> </li> <li> <a href="#taxonomic_history">Systematic and Taxonomic History</a> </li> <li> <a href="#physical_description">Physical Description</a> </li> <li> <a href="#reproduction">Reproduction</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</a> </li> <li> <a href="#behavior">Behavior</a> </li> <li> <a href="#communication">Communication and Perception</a> </li> <li> <a href="#food_habits">Food Habits</a> </li> <li> <a href="#predation">Predation</a> </li> <li> <a href="#ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</a> </li> <li> <a href="#economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</a> </li> <li> <a href="#conservation_status">Conservation Status</a> </li> <li> <a href="#contributors">Contributors</a> </li> <li> <a href="#references">References</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="inner-wrap"> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="diversity">Diversity</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">There are multiple species within the genus <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span>. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> commonly known as eastern hognose snake, named for its geographic location. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a> commonly known as the western or plains hognose snake. <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Heterodon kennerlyi</span> commonly known as the Mexican hognose snake with the specific epithet a patronym to Carl Kennerly who was a surgeon and expeditionist in North America and Mexico. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/">Heterodon simus</a> otherwise known as the southern hognose after its distribution throughout the southern United States. Hognose snakes are different from other snake taxa because of morphology and how they deter predators by playing dead. All species of <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> have upturned snouts and stout bodies that allow for to burrow in dirt and leaf litter. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#93956538-45EE-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Kroll, 1976</a>; <a href="#7FC1B922-5669-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Kroll, 1997</a>; <a href="#2E478224-511A-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Rouse, et al., 2011</a>; <a href="#2592248A-4B7B-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Uetz, et al., 2019a</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="geographic_range">Geographic Range</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">All species in the genus <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> are found throughout North America from Canada through Mexico. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> is located in southeast Canada and the southeastern United States (Florida, New York, Minissota, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Tennessee, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, Virgina, New Jersey, Maryland). <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a> is also found throughout Canada (Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan) and the midwest United States (Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas, Illinois). <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/">Heterodon simus</a> is found in the southern United States (Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia,Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virgina) (Uetz et al. 2019). <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/">Heterodon simus</a> is most abundant in the lower coastal plain. This species has not been found in Alabama in over 15 years with the last recorded observation being in 1970.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Heterodon kennerlyi</span> is found in the southern United States (Arizona, Texas, New Mexico) and Northern Mexico (Coahuila, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Durango, Jalisco). <span class="citations"> (<a href="#33F0CA64-4B7F-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Uetz, et al., 2019b</a>; <a href="#548094A6-4B7C-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Uetz, et al., 2019c</a>; <a href="#16C7B722-4B7A-11EA-A60A-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Uetz, et al., 2019d</a>; <a href="#2592248A-4B7B-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Uetz, et al., 2019a</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Biogeographic Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914235803">nearctic</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145365">native</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="habitat">Habitat</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> individuals are commonly found in areas with warmer soil, usually near wetlands with low canopy cover, but high shrub density, rock cover, and ground debris. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> individuals are usually found near wetlands because it contains their main food source, amphibians. Developed lands are also a main habitat for the eastern hognose because of the increased solar radiation and therefore increased ground temperature <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/">Heterodon simus</a> individuals are usually found in sandy upland habitats and are also commonly observed crossing roads near shrub forests and old fields. They are usually associated with sandy soils and sand bridges, and are commonly found in pine-oak forests in North Carolina. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/">Heterodon simus</a> has been found burrowing up to 30 cm below the ground surface which is common making field observation a challenge. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#4B17348A-4B93-11EA-A60A-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Goulet, et al., 2015</a>; <a href="#2592248A-4B7B-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Uetz, et al., 2019a</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Habitat Regions</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145595">temperate</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145794">terrestrial</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Terrestrial Biomes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145599::20020904145583::20020904145682">savanna or grassland</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145828">forest</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145677">scrub forest</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Wetlands</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145363">marsh</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Other Habitat Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145386">suburban</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145700">agricultural</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="taxonomic_history">Systematic and Taxonomic History</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The name <em>nasicus</em> is derived from the Latin "nasus" meaning nose, in reference to the upturned snout. The subspecific name <em>kennerlyi</em> is a patronym in honor of Army Surgeon C.B.R. Kennerly. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#548094A6-4B7C-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Uetz, et al., 2019c</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="physical_description">Physical Description</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Snakes in the genus <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> are known for their upturned snouts. Compared to other snake taxa, <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> species are relatively slow moving and stout bodied (Rouse et al. 2011). <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/">Heterodon simus</a> has the smallest body size compared to the other species, and it is usually a tan color with dark brown blotches along its back and sides. Adults range in length from 33 to 56 cm with a max recorded length of 61 cm. Females tend to be larger than males. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#2E478224-511A-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Rouse, et al., 2011</a>; <a href="#8400C74A-5118-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Tuberville, et al., 2000</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Physical Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916131519">ectothermic</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145642">bilateral symmetry</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Sexual Dimorphism</li> <li> <span>female larger</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="reproduction">Reproduction</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Female <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> have been observed mating with multiple males during a season. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#249195D8-45F0-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Cunnington and Cebek, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Mating System</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145483">polygynandrous (promiscuous)</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/">Heterodon simus</a> lays eggs in clutches of six to 14. Eggs laid in captivity have an incubation period of 60-75 days to hatch. Not much research has been done on incubation of wild hognose eggs.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> have a mean nesting temperature between 23.4 and 26.1 degrees Celsius and have an observed incubation time between 49 to 63 days. They usually lay their eggs in old mammal burrows, under rocks, in sawdust piles, or in small soil depressions. Copulation of <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">H. platirhinos</span> has been observed in both spring and fall in the southern range of habitat. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#249195D8-45F0-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Cunnington and Cebek, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Reproductive Features</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145554">iteroparous</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145698">year-round breeding</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145786">sexual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145546">fertilization</a> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145427">internal</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145572">oviparous</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145787">sperm-storing</a> </li> </ul> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Female <span class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> are extremely specific to where they lay their eggs because the eggs are very sensitive to temperature change. Offspring laid in warmer nests are more likely to be larger and more developed at birth allowing for better survival rate. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#249195D8-45F0-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Cunnington and Cebek, 2005</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Parental Investment</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145398">precocial</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145746">female parental care</a> </li> <li> <span>pre-fertilization</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> </li> <li> <span>protecting</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <span>pre-hatching/birth</span> <ul> <li> <span>provisioning</span> <ul> <li> <span>female</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="lifespan_longevity">Lifespan/Longevity</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">The lifespan of <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a> are naturally limited by predators such as hawks, badgers and coyotes. Humans are also a cause of death for the hognose snake because of things like roads, agricultural machinery, insecticides, and loss of habitat. Lots of snakes are killed on roads because of increased traffic and loss of habitat causing hognose snakes to come into contact with humans more often. Farming equipment also causes the death of hognose snakes while they are burrowed under the ground or hiding above ground. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#4DF26AAE-56AF-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Didiuk and Wright, 1998</a>)</span></p> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="behavior">Behavior</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">When threatened by a perceived predator all species of <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> will hiss, puff and strike followed by an intense writhing behavior that ends with a belly up position with mouth open and tongue out with no easily observed breathing. This behavior is known as death feigning and it is considered a way to startle and deter predators.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">All species of <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> have evolved multiple fangs in order to subdue prey; the front fangs are used to grab while the back row of fangs inject prey with venom.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> enters hibernation in November and emerges in March and are observed to be the most active in spring and fall. The eastern hognose are diurnal and crepuscular and present triphasic activity during part of the year. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a> enters hibernation in October and emerges in May and has been observed to be the most active in late spring and fall. The western hognose are only diurnal and show diphasic activity. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#15AA7020-5690-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Kroll, 1973</a>; <a href="#93956538-45EE-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Kroll, 1976</a>; <a href="#7FC1B922-5669-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Kroll, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Key Behaviors</li> <li> <span>terricolous</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145661">fossorial</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145414">diurnal</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145472">motile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145403">hibernation</a> </li> <li> <span>daily torpor</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="communication">Communication and Perception</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a> uses visual and olfactory cues in order to locate and catch frogs and lizards. While <span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">H. platirhinos</span> relies mostly on olfactory cues. All hognose snakes have touch corpuscles on their head shields and sensory pores on their dorsal body scales. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#15AA7020-5690-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Kroll, 1973</a>; <a href="#93956538-45EE-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Kroll, 1976</a>; <a href="#7FC1B922-5669-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Kroll, 1997</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Communication Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate "> <li class="keywords-header">Other Communication Modes</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145489">scent marks</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145852">vibrations</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Perception Channels</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145694">visual</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145500">tactile</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145852">vibrations</a> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145606">chemical</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="food_habits">Food Habits</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> individuals eat invertebrate insects, such as crickets, beetles, grasshoppers, ants, wasps, and bees. They also eat vertebrates such as salamanders, green frogs, cricket frogs, toads, tadpoles, eastern fence lizards, ribbon snakes, lined snakes, mice, rodents, and chipmunks. Toads make up 40% to 75% of their diet. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a> individuals are more likely to eat animals other than amphibians compared to the other species in the genus. In captivity <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> may get liver disease when placed on a complete mice diet. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#F1B3ED6A-5C19-11EA-86E9-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Edgren, 1955</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Primary Diet</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145419">carnivore</a> <ul> <li> <span>eats terrestrial vertebrates</span> </li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145711">insectivore</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="predation">Predation</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Not much is known about natural predators of hognose snakes but humans play a large role in deaths of these snakes. Humans kill hognose snakes in the wild fearing they are venomous or confusing them with rattlesnakes because of their similar scale patterns. Reports of predation in the wild are rare, but it is assumed that predators of <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> species include larger snakes of other species, birds, large spiders, and predatory mammals.</p> <p audience="advanced intermediate">To avoid predation <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> species use a complex series of defense mechanisms. They wiggle their tail, hiss, and flatten their necks. If harassed further, they turn onto their backs in a motionless position usually with the mouth open, feigning death. They may also defecate and vomit to further avoid predation. This death-feigning behavior in hognose snakes has also been observed with the snake repeatedly biting itself. Western hognoses (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a>) are the most docile in the genus and are least likely to show this behavior. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#CE0B6F7A-45F1-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Durso and Mullin, 2013</a>; <a href="#F1B3ED6A-5C19-11EA-86E9-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Edgren, 1955</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Anti-predator Adaptations</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020916123459">aposematic</a> </li> </ul> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>Known Predators</dt> <dd> <ul> <li>humans (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Homo_sapiens/">Homo sapiens</a>)</li> <li>predatory birds</li> <li>predatory mammals</li> <li>large spiders</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="ecosystem_roles">Ecosystem Roles</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> species prey primarily on toads. There is a correlation between locations of large toad populations and habitats of hognose snakes. Hognose snakes also hibernate in small mammal burrows or burrows dug themselves which loosens the soil and also can provide other organisms shelter in the future. In captivity, it is possible for hognose snakes to be infected with snake mites (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Ophionyssus natricis</span>). <span class="citations"> (<a href="#F8AD036E-5C18-11EA-8609-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Thomasson and Boulin-Demers, 2015</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Ecosystem Impact</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145493">soil aeration</a> </li> </ul> <div class="note"> <strong>Commensal/Parasitic Species</strong> <br /> <ul> <li>snake mites (<span rank="Species" class="taxon-name rank-species">Ophionyssus natricis</span>)</li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_positive">Economic Importance for Humans: Positive</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate">Northern hognose snakes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a>) has recently entered the pet trade while western hognose snakes (<a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a>) are the most abundant species of hognose within the pet trade. This is because western hognose snakes are the smallest of the other species and they are more flexible in their diet allowing for them to eat mammals other than amphibians, which are not available year round. Every state has different restrictions on selling and trading hognose snakes. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3EA136E4-60E0-11EA-86E9-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Averill-Murray, 2006</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Positive Impacts</li> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020914111019">pet trade</a> </li> <li> <span>controls pest population</span> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="economic_importance_negative">Economic Importance for Humans: Negative</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a> individuals possess large venom glands behind the rear fangs which have been observed to have the effect of immobilizing and killing its prey. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/">Heterodon platirhinos</a> also has these venom glands but they are not enlarged and have been concluded to produce no symptoms in humans. Several accounts of <span rank="Genus" class="taxon-link rank-genus">Heterodon</span> bites have been reported in literature varying with severity. Bites to humans have been observed to cause edema, swelling, tenderness, and discoloration. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#3EA136E4-60E0-11EA-86E9-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Averill-Murray, 2006</a>)</span></p> <ul class="keywords donthyphenate last"> <li class="keywords-header">Negative Impacts</li> <li> <span>injures humans</span> <ul> <li> <a class="gloss" href="#20020904145397">venomous</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="conservation_status">Conservation Status</h3> <p audience="advanced intermediate"><a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a> is a species of least concern, with a widespread and stable population. <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/">Heterodon simus</a> populations have seen a sharp decline in range and population and are classified as vulnerable by the IUCN, and a species of concern by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Lack of documentation on <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/">Heterodon simus</a> has caused it not to be listed as endangered, but multiple states have classified it as S3 or “rare or uncommon in state.” <a class="taxon-link rank-species" href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/">Heterodon nasicus</a> is currently on the “blue list” in Alberta, Canada which means it is at risk of population decline. <span class="citations"> (<a href="#4DF26AAE-56AF-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Didiuk and Wright, 1998</a>; <a href="#38448788-60D6-11EA-88A5-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Stallins and Kelley, 2013</a>; <a href="#8400C74A-5118-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3" class="citation">Tuberville, et al., 2000</a>)</span></p> <ul class="aside block-grid donthyphenate one-up"> <li> <dl> <dt>IUCN Red List <a href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/">[Link]</a></dt> <dd>Not Evaluated</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="contributors">Contributors</h3> <p>Sarah Shassetz (author), Colorado State University, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor. </p> </section> <section class="offscreen"> <h3 id="glossary">Glossary</h3> <div id="20020914235803"> <dl> <dt>Nearctic</dt> <dd> <p>living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.</p> <p align="center"> <img alt="World Map" src="/images/worldmap.2001.jpg" /> </p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145700"> <dl> <dt>agricultural</dt> <dd> <p>living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916123459"> <dl> <dt>aposematic</dt> <dd> <p>having coloration that serves a protective function for the animal, usually used to refer to animals with colors that warn predators of their toxicity. For example: animals with bright red or yellow coloration are often toxic or distasteful.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145642"> <dl> <dt>bilateral symmetry</dt> <dd> <p>having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145419"> <dl> <dt>carnivore</dt> <dd> <p>an animal that mainly eats meat</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145606"> <dl> <dt>chemical</dt> <dd> <p>uses smells or other chemicals to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145414"> <dl> <dt>diurnal</dt> <dd> <ol class="arabic simple"> <li>active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.</li> </ol> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020916131519"> <dl> <dt>ectothermic</dt> <dd> <p>animals which must use heat acquired from the environment and behavioral adaptations to regulate body temperature</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145746"> <dl> <dt>female parental care</dt> <dd> <p>parental care is carried out by females</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145546"> <dl> <dt>fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>union of egg and spermatozoan</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145828"> <dl> <dt>forest</dt> <dd> <p>forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145661"> <dl> <dt>fossorial</dt> <dd> <p>Referring to a burrowing life-style or behavior, specialized for digging or burrowing.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145403"> <dl> <dt>hibernation</dt> <dd> <p>the state that some animals enter during winter in which normal physiological processes are significantly reduced, thus lowering the animal's energy requirements. The act or condition of passing winter in a torpid or resting state, typically involving the abandonment of homoiothermy in mammals.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145711"> <dl> <dt>insectivore</dt> <dd> <p>An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145427"> <dl> <dt>internal fertilization</dt> <dd> <p>fertilization takes place within the female's body</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145554"> <dl> <dt>iteroparous</dt> <dd> <p>offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145363"> <dl> <dt>marsh</dt> <dd> <p>marshes are wetland areas often dominated by grasses and reeds.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145472"> <dl> <dt>motile</dt> <dd> <p>having the capacity to move from one place to another.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145365"> <dl> <dt>native range</dt> <dd> <p>the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145572"> <dl> <dt>oviparous</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020914111019"> <dl> <dt>pet trade</dt> <dd> <p>the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145483"> <dl> <dt>polygynandrous</dt> <dd> <p>the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145489"> <dl> <dt>scent marks</dt> <dd> <p>communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145677"> <dl> <dt>scrub forest</dt> <dd> <p>scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145786"> <dl> <dt>sexual</dt> <dd> <p>reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145493"> <dl> <dt>soil aeration</dt> <dd> <p>digs and breaks up soil so air and water can get in</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145787"> <dl> <dt>sperm-storing</dt> <dd> <p>mature spermatozoa are stored by females following copulation. Male sperm storage also occurs, as sperm are retained in the male epididymes (in mammals) for a period that can, in some cases, extend over several weeks or more, but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145386"> <dl> <dt>suburban</dt> <dd> <p>living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145500"> <dl> <dt>tactile</dt> <dd> <p>uses touch to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145595"> <dl> <dt>temperate</dt> <dd> <p>that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145794"> <dl> <dt>terrestrial</dt> <dd> <p>Living on the ground.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145599::20020904145583::20020904145682"> <dl> <dt>tropical savanna and grassland</dt> <dd> <p>A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.</p> </dd> <dt>savanna</dt> <dd> <p>A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.</p> </dd> <dt>temperate grassland</dt> <dd> <p>A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145397"> <dl> <dt>venomous</dt> <dd> <p>an animal which has an organ capable of injecting a poisonous substance into a wound (for example, scorpions, jellyfish, and rattlesnakes).</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145852"> <dl> <dt>vibrations</dt> <dd> <p>movements of a hard surface that are produced by animals as signals to others</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145694"> <dl> <dt>visual</dt> <dd> <p>uses sight to communicate</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145698"> <dl> <dt>year-round breeding</dt> <dd> <p>breeding takes place throughout the year</p> </dd> </dl> </div> <div id="20020904145398"> <dl> <dt>young precocial</dt> <dd> <p>young are relatively well-developed when born</p> </dd> </dl> </div> </section> <section class="hyphenate"> <h3 id="references">References</h3> <p id="3EA136E4-60E0-11EA-86E9-005056AB59D3">Averill-Murray, R. 2006. Natural History of the Western Hog-nosed Snake (Heterodon nasicus) with Notes on Envenomation. <span style="font-style: italic">SONORAN HERPETOLOGIST</span>, 19:9: 98-101. Accessed March 07, 2020 at <tt><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roy_Averill-Murray/publication/242470243_Natural_History_of_the_Western_Hog-nosed_Snake_Heterodon_nasicus_with_Notes_on_Envenomation/links/54be9d1c0cf28ce68e69e950/Natural-History-of-the-Western-Hog-nosed-Snake-Heterodon-nasicus-with-Notes-on-Envenomation.pdf">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roy_Averill-Murray/publication/242470243_Natural_History_of_the_Western_Hog-nosed_Snake_Heterodon_nasicus_with_Notes_on_Envenomation/links/54be9d1c0cf28ce68e69e950/Natural-History-of-the-Western-Hog-nosed-Snake-Heterodon-nasicus-with-Notes-on-Envenomation.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="A49CDAD6-45EF-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3">Beane, J., S. Graham, T. Thorp, L. Pusser. 2014. 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Predator simulation and duration of death feigning in neonate hognose snakes. <span style="font-style: italic">Animal Behaviour</span>, Vol 36, Issue 6: 1842-1844. Accessed February 02, 2020 at <tt><a href="https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu/science/article/pii/S0003347288801271">https://www-sciencedirect-com.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu/science/article/pii/S0003347288801271</a></tt>. </p> <p id="249195D8-45F0-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3">Cunnington, G., J. Cebek. 2005. Mating and Nesting Behavior of the Eastern Hognose Snake (Heterodon platirhinos) in the Northern Portion of its Range. <span style="font-style: italic">The American Midland Naturalist</span>, 2: 474-478. 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Accessed February 01, 2020 at <tt><a href="https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu/stable/3669870?origin=crossref&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents">https://www-jstor-org.ezproxy2.library.colostate.edu/stable/3669870?origin=crossref&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents</a></tt>. </p> <p id="2E478224-511A-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3">Rouse, J., R. Wilson, R. Black, R. Brooks. 2011. Movement and Spatial Dispersion of Sistrurus catenatus and Heterodon platirhinos: Implications for Interactions with Roads. <span style="font-style: italic">Copeia</span>, 2011 issue 3: 443-456. Accessed February 15, 2020 at <tt><a href="https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-09-036">https://doi.org/10.1643/CE-09-036</a></tt>. </p> <p id="38448788-60D6-11EA-88A5-005056AB59D3">Stallins, A., L. Kelley. 2013. The Embeddedness of a North American Snake in the Wildlife Pet Trade and the Production of Assemblage Biogeographies. <span style="font-style: italic">Annals of the Association of American Geographers</span>, 104:1: 151-165. Accessed March 07, 2020 at <tt><a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.765770">https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2013.765770</a></tt>. </p> <p id="F8AD036E-5C18-11EA-8609-005056AB59D3">Thomasson, V., G. Boulin-Demers. 2015. Using Habitat Suitability Models Considering Biotic Interactions to Inform Critical Habitat Delineation: An Example with the Eastern Hog-nosed Snake (Heterodon platirhinos) in Ontario, Canada. <span style="font-style: italic">Canadian Wildlife and Biology Management</span>, vol 4: 2-13. Accessed March 01, 2020 at <tt><a href="https://mysite.science.uottawa.ca/gblouin/articles/098_2015_ehs_hsm.pdf">https://mysite.science.uottawa.ca/gblouin/articles/098_2015_ehs_hsm.pdf</a></tt>. </p> <p id="8400C74A-5118-11EA-AE71-005056AB59D3">Tuberville, T., R. Bodie, J. Jensen, L. Laclaire, J. Gibbons. 2000. APPARENT DECLINE OF THE SOUTHERN HOG-NOSED SNAKE, HETERODON SIMUS. <span style="font-style: italic"><blockquote> Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society</blockquote></span>, 166: 19-40. </p> <p id="16C7B722-4B7A-11EA-A60A-005056AB59D3">Uetz, P., J. Hallerman, J. Hosek. 2019. "Heterodon platirhinos" (On-line). The Reptile Database. Accessed February 09, 2020 at <tt><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Heterodon&species=platirhinos&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27heterodon%27%29%29">http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Heterodon&species=platirhinos&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27heterodon%27%29%29</a></tt>. </p> <p id="33F0CA64-4B7F-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3">Uetz, P., J. Hallerman, J. Hosek. 2019. "Heterodon kennerlyi" (On-line). The Reptile Database. Accessed February 09, 2020 at <tt><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Heterodon&species=kennerlyi&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27heterodon%27%29%29">http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Heterodon&species=kennerlyi&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27heterodon%27%29%29</a></tt>. </p> <p id="548094A6-4B7C-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3">Uetz, P., J. Hallerman, J. Hosek. 2019. "Heterodon nasicus" (On-line). The Reptile Database. Accessed February 09, 2020 at <tt><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Heterodon&species=nasicus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27heterodon%27%29%29">http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Heterodon&species=nasicus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27heterodon%27%29%29</a></tt>. </p> <p id="2592248A-4B7B-11EA-89FE-005056AB59D3">Uetz, P., J. Hallerman, J. Hosek. 2019. "Heterodon simus" (On-line). The Reptile Database. Accessed February 09, 2020 at <tt><a href="http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Heterodon&species=simus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27heterodon%27%29%29">http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Heterodon&species=simus&search_param=%28%28search%3D%27heterodon%27%29%29</a></tt>. </p> </section> </div> </div> <div class="span2_5 right sidebar"> <div class="well" id="pocket-guide-link"> <a href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/adw-pocket-guide/id916179421?mt=8" target="_blank"><i class="icon-download icon-white" style="vertical-align: bottom"></i> ADW Pocket Guides on the iOS App Store! </a> <p>The Animal Diversity Web team is excited to announce ADW Pocket Guides!</p> <p> <a href="/news/5009059054038197651/">Read more...</a> </p> </div> <h2 class="offscreen">Search</h2> <div id="site-search"> <form action="/search" method="GET"> <label for="q" class="offscreen">Enter search text</label> <input value="" id="q" name="q" class="span12" size="15" type="text" 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data-original-title="Heterodon: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="4">Heterodon: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Heterodon: pictures (21)" data-delay="250">Heterodon: pictures (21)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="related navlist well"> <h3>Related Taxa</h3> <ul class="descendants classification unstyled"> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Heterodon nasicus</a> <span class="vernacular-name">nasicus</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Heterodon nasicus: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Heterodon nasicus: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon_nasicus/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Heterodon nasicus: pictures (4)" data-delay="250">Heterodon nasicus: pictures (4)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Heterodon platirhinos</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Eastern Hognose Snake</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Heterodon platirhinos: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Heterodon platirhinos: information (1)</a> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon_platirhinos/pictures/" class="feature feature-pictures" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Heterodon platirhinos: pictures (16)" data-delay="250">Heterodon platirhinos: pictures (16)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> <li> <span class="rank">Species</span> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/" class="taxon-name rank-species">Heterodon simus</a> <span class="vernacular-name">Southern Hognose Snake</span> <div class="features"> <a href="/accounts/Heterodon_simus/" class="feature feature-information" rel="tooltip" data-original-title="Heterodon simus: information (1)" data-delay="250" data-total="1">Heterodon simus: information (1)</a> <span class="feature-off feature-pictures"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-specimens"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-sounds"></span> <span class="feature-off feature-maps"></span> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" aria-role="contentinfo"> <div class="inner-footer"> <div class="page-citation"> <p class="content">To cite this page: Shassetz, S. 2021. "Heterodon" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed February 16, 2025 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Heterodon/</p> </div> <div class="disclaimer"> <p class="content"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> The Animal Diversity Web is an educational resource <strong>written largely by and for college students</strong>. ADW doesn't cover all species in the world, nor does it include all the latest scientific information about organisms we describe. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links"> <ul class="unstyled"> <li><a href="https://www.umich.edu/">U-M Gateway</a> | <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/ummz/">U-M Museum of Zoology</a></li> <li> <a href="https://lsa.umich.edu/eeb/">U-M Ecology and Evolutionary Biology</a> </li> <li> © 2020 Regents of the University of Michigan </li> <li><a href="/feedback/error_form/">Report Error</a> / <a href="/feedback/comment_form/">Comment</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="thanks-links"> <p>This material is based upon work supported by the <a href="https://nsf.gov">National Science Foundation</a> Grants DRL 0089283, DRL 0628151, DUE 0633095, DRL 0918590, and DUE 1122742. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. </p> <p> The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. </p> </div> </div> </div> <script></script> </div> <script src="/static/js/jquery.colorbox.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/pica.information.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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ADW: Heterodon: INFORMATION