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class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Asosiy menyu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Asosiy menyu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" 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Ishtirok </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-bug_in_article" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Xatolar_haqida_xabarlar" title="Ushbu sahifadagi xato haqida xabar berish"><span>Xato haqida xabar berish</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:RecentChanges" title="Vikidagi eng so‘nggi o‘zgarishlar ro‘yxati [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Yangi oʻzgarishlar</span></a></li><li id="n-Jamoa-portali" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Jamoa_portali"><span>Jamoa portali</span></a></li><li id="n-Qoidalar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Qoida_va_ko%CA%BBrsatmalar"><span>Qoidalar</span></a></li><li id="n-Yordam" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Yordam"><span>Yordam</span></a></li><li id="n-Forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Forum"><span>Forum</span></a></li><li id="n-Aloqa" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Aloqa"><span>Aloqa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Bosh_Sahifa" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipediya" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-uz.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-uz.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Vikipediyadan qidirish [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Qidiruv</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Vikipediyadan qidirish" aria-label="Vikipediyadan qidirish" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Vikipediyadan qidirish [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Maxsus:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Qidirish</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Shaxsiy uskunalar"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Qiyofa"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Qiyofa" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Qiyofa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz" class=""><span>Loyihaga koʻmak</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Germaniya" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi." class=""><span>Hisob yaratish</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UserLogin&returnto=Germaniya" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud bo‘lmasa-da, kirishingiz taklif qilinadi. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Kirish</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Koʻproq opsiyalar" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Shaxsiy uskunalar" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Shaxsiy uskunalar</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Foydalanuvchi menyusi" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_uz.wikipedia.org&uselang=uz"><span>Loyihaga koʻmak</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CreateAccount&returnto=Germaniya" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud boʻlmasa-da, hisob yaratishingiz va tizimga kirishingiz tavsiya etiladi."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Hisob yaratish</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UserLogin&returnto=Germaniya" title="Bu majburiyat mavjud bo‘lmasa-da, kirishingiz taklif qilinadi. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Kirish</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Chiqishni amalga oshirgan tahrirchilar uchun sahifalar <a href="/wiki/Yordam:Mundarija" aria-label="Tahrirlash haqida batafsil maʼlumot"><span>batafsil maʼlumot</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyContributions" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar roʻyxati [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Qoʻshilgan hissa</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:MyTalk" title="Bu IP-manzildan amalga oshirilgan tahrirlar munozarasi [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Munozara</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mundarija" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mundarija</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">yonqutiga oʻtish</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">yashirish</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirish</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Davlat_tuzumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Davlat_tuzumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Davlat tuzumi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Davlat_tuzumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hududiy_boʻlinishi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hududiy_boʻlinishi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hududiy boʻlinishi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hududiy_boʻlinishi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hududiy boʻlinishi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hududiy_boʻlinishi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_Yerlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Yerlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Federal Yerlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Yerlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eng_katta_shaharlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eng_katta_shaharlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eng katta shaharlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eng_katta_shaharlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tabiati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tabiati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Tabiati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tabiati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aholisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aholisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aholisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aholisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tarixi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tarixi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tarixi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tarixi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tarixi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tarixi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germaniya_birinchi_jahon_urushi_davrida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germaniya_birinchi_jahon_urushi_davrida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Germaniya birinchi jahon urushi davrida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germaniya_birinchi_jahon_urushi_davrida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germaniya_ikkinchi_jahon_urushi_davrida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germaniya_ikkinchi_jahon_urushi_davrida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Germaniya ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germaniya_ikkinchi_jahon_urushi_davrida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germaniya_urushdan_keyingi_yillarda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germaniya_urushdan_keyingi_yillarda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Germaniya urushdan keyingi yillarda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germaniya_urushdan_keyingi_yillarda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asosiy_siyosiy_partiyalari_va_kasaba_uyushmalari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asosiy_siyosiy_partiyalari_va_kasaba_uyushmalari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Asosiy siyosiy partiyalari va kasaba uyushmalari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asosiy_siyosiy_partiyalari_va_kasaba_uyushmalari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xoʻjaligi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xoʻjaligi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Xoʻjaligi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xoʻjaligi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanoati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanoati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sanoati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanoati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qishloq_xoʻjaligi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qishloq_xoʻjaligi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Qishloq xoʻjaligi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qishloq_xoʻjaligi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transporti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transporti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transporti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transporti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksport_va_import" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksport_va_import"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Eksport va import</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksport_va_import-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ijtimoiy_soha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ijtimoiy_soha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ijtimoiy soha</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ijtimoiy_soha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ijtimoiy soha subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ijtimoiy_soha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tibbiy_xizmati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tibbiy_xizmati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Tibbiy xizmati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tibbiy_xizmati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maorifi,_ilmiy_va_madaniy-maʼrifiy_muassasalari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maorifi,_ilmiy_va_madaniy-maʼrifiy_muassasalari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Maorifi, ilmiy va madaniy-maʼrifiy muassasalari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maorifi,_ilmiy_va_madaniy-maʼrifiy_muassasalari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matbuoti,_radnoeshittirishi_va_telekoʻrsatuvi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matbuoti,_radnoeshittirishi_va_telekoʻrsatuvi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Matbuoti, radnoeshittirishi va telekoʻrsatuvi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matbuoti,_radnoeshittirishi_va_telekoʻrsatuvi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adabiyoti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adabiyoti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Adabiyoti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adabiyoti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meʼmorligi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meʼmorligi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Meʼmorligi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meʼmorligi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tasviriy_sanʼati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tasviriy_sanʼati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Tasviriy sanʼati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tasviriy_sanʼati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teatri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teatri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Teatri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teatri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musiqasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musiqasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Musiqasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musiqasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinosi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinosi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Kinosi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinosi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oʻzbekiston_—_Germaniya_munosabatlari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oʻzbekiston_—_Germaniya_munosabatlari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Oʻzbekiston — Germaniya munosabatlari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oʻzbekiston_—_Germaniya_munosabatlari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havolalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havolalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Havolalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havolalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manbalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manbalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Manbalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manbalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germaniya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 306 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-306" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">306 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Германиа – abxaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Германиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abxaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeureuman" title="Jeureuman – achin" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jeureuman" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="achin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Германие – adigey" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Германие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigey" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – nemis (Shveytsariya)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="nemis (Shveytsariya)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ጀርመን – amxar" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amxar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eeodscland" title="Þeodscland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þeodscland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameni" title="Jameni – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jameni" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألمانيا – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2" title="ܓܪܡܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܪܡܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ألمانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألمانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="المانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="জাৰ্মানী – assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাৰ্মানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – asturiy" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germana" title="Germana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Germana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – avadxi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%C3%B1a" title="Alimaña – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alimaña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – boshqird" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="boshqird" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuok%C4%ABt%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Vuokītėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vuokītėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Германія – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Нямеччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нямеччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8tslan" title="Dètslan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Dètslan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemani" title="Jemani – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jemani" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဂျာမနီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alima%C9%B2i" title="Alimaɲi – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alimaɲi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মানি – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འཇར་མན། – tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇར་མན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="জার্মানি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamagn" title="Alamagn – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alamagn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – bosniy" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ – bugi" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨍᨙᨑᨆᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1ik-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dáik-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dáik-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Девтойчоь – chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Девтойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – sebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%9B%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎠᏛᏥ – cheroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏛᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27ev%C3%A9%27ho%27%C3%A9no" title="Ma'evé'ho'éno – cheyenn" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'evé'ho'éno" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەڵمانیا – sorani-kurd" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani-kurd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – korsikan" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya" title="Almaniya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Almaniya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemieck%C3%B4" title="Niemieckô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Niemieckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%A3%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Нѣмьци – slavyan (cherkov)" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Нѣмьци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavyan (cherkov)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Германи – chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Германи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen – valliy" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="valliy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimska" title="Nimska – quyi sorb" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Nimska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="quyi sorb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް – divexi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަރުމަނުވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divexi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2" title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི – dzongka" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཇཱར་མ་ནི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzamanya" title="Dzamanya – eve" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dzamanya" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="eve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία – grek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2gna" title="Germâgna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Germâgna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksamaa" title="Saksamaa – estoncha" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksamaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoncha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaanya" title="Almaanya – fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Almaanya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27aksamaa" title="S'aksamaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="S'aksamaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamani" title="Jamani – fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jamani" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDskland" title="Týskland – farercha" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Týskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="farercha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne" title="Allemagne – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemagnes" title="Alemagnes – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Alemagnes" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%BCschl%C3%B6nj" title="Tjüschlönj – shimoliy friz" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tjüschlönj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="shimoliy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermanie" title="Gjermanie – friul" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjermanie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n" title="Dútslân – g‘arbiy friz" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="g‘arbiy friz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in" title="An Ghearmáin – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanlmangn" title="Lanlmangn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanlmangn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghearmailt" title="A' Ghearmailt – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alem%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Alemáña – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Alemáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80" title="જર્મની – gujarot" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મની" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarot" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan" title="Yn Ghermaan – men" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="men" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamus" title="Jamus – xausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jamus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="xausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet-koet" title="Tet-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tet-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelem%C4%81nia" title="Kelemānia – gavaycha" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kelemānia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="gavaycha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="גרמניה – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – hind" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hind" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – xorvat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="xorvat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmska" title="Němska – yuqori sorb" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Němska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="yuqori sorb" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almay" title="Almay – gaityan" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Almay" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="gaityan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g" title="Németország – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Németország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գերմանիա – arman" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Գերմանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jereman" title="Jereman – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jereman" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9man%E1%BB%8B" title="Jémanị – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Jémanị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuitchilan" title="Tuitchilan – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tuitchilan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Немций мохк – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Немций мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Þýskaland – island" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="island" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%AE%E1%92%AA%E1%93%82" title="ᔮᒪᓂ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔮᒪᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84" title="ドイツ – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドイツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joermani" title="Joermani – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Joermani" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/dotygu%27e" title="dotygu'e – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="dotygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – yavan" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="yavan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია – gruzincha" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya" title="Germaniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Germaniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – kabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Джэрмэн – kabardin" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэрмэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caama" title="Caama – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caama" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%CC%B1ni" title="Jami̱ni – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Jami̱ni" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanyi" title="Alemanyi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Alemanyi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C4%A9r%C4%A9mani" title="Njĩrĩmani – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njĩrĩmani" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – qozoqcha" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="qozoqcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់ – xmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល្លឺម៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="xmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC" title="독일 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Немечму – komi-permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Немечму" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – qorachoy-bolqor" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="qorachoy-bolqor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8E%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جَرمَنی – kashmircha" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جَرمَنی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmircha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCtschland" title="Dütschland – kyoln" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Dütschland" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kyoln" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – kurdcha" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almayn" title="Almayn – korn" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Almayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – qirgʻizcha" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="qirgʻizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almania" title="Almania – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Almania" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A4itschland" title="Däitschland – lyuksemburgcha" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Däitschland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lyuksemburgcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – lezgin" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutxland" title="Deutxland – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Deutxland" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girimane" title="Girimane – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Girimane" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – limburg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A9mani" title="Alémani – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Alémani" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ – laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເຢຍລະມັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="yaxshi maqola"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietija" title="Vokietija – litva" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuoceja" title="Vuoceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Vuoceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija – latishcha" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latishcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A8rman" title="Jèrman – madur" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Jèrman" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – maythili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maythili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Дойчмастор – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Дойчмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaina" title="Alemaina – malagasiy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Alemaina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%87_%D0%AD%D0%BB" title="Немыч Эл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Немыч Эл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamana" title="Tiamana – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tiamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Германија – makedon" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="ജർമ്മനി – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ – manipur" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯔꯃꯅꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – maratxi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratxi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman" title="Jerman – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0ermanja" title="Ġermanja – maltiy" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġermanja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanha" title="Almanha – miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Almanha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Германия Мастор – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Германия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آلمان – mozandaron" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mozandaron" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtschland" title="Düütschland – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Düütschland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutslaand" title="Duutslaand – quyi sakson" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="quyi sakson" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – nevar" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – norveg-nyunorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveg-nyunorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8A%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%A1%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%8E%DF%AF" title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯ – nko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߊߟߏߡߊ߲ߘߎ߯" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="nko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemangne" title="Allemangne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Allemangne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – shimoliy soto" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="shimoliy soto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_Bich%CA%BCahii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah – navaxo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh Bichʼahii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaxo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – cheva" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="cheva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germuanii" title="Germuanii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Germuanii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmanii" title="Jarmanii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Jarmanii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80" title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜର୍ମାନୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Герман – osetin" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Герман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਜਰਮਨੀ – panjobcha" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjobcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania" title="Alemania – papiyamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Alemania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiyamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanne" title="Alemanne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Alemanne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deitschland" title="Deitschland – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Deitschland" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschland" title="Deutschland – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Deutschland" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="जर्मनी – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niemcy" title="Niemcy – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niemcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagna" title="Almagna – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Almagna" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γερμανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جرمني – pushtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pushtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimanya" title="Alimanya – kechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alimanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermaniya" title="Jermaniya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Jermaniya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudagi" title="Ubudagi – rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubudagi" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghermanii" title="Ghermanii – arumin" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ghermanii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Germanie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Нїмецько – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нїмецько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubudage" title="Ubudage – kinyaruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubudage" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyaruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="शर्मण्यदेशः – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शर्मण्यदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – saxa" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="saxa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱨᱢᱟᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nia" title="Germània – sardin" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Germània" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania" title="Girmania – sitsiliya" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmania" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiliya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="جرمني – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمني" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duiska" title="Duiska – shimoliy saam" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Duiska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="shimoliy saam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Njemačka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalman" title="Lalman – tashelxit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lalman" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tashelxit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵျႃႇမၼီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ජර්මනිය – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජර්මනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemecko" title="Nemecko – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nemecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nem%C4%8Dija" title="Nemčija – slovencha" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nemčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovencha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – samoa" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa" title="Saksa – inari-saam" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Saksa" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="inari-saam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerumani" title="Jerumani – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jerumani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarmalka" title="Jarmalka – somalicha" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jarmalka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalicha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania" title="Gjermania – alban" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Њемачка – serbcha" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Њемачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doysrikondre" title="Doysrikondre – sranan-tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Doysrikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan-tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimane" title="IJalimane – svati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IJalimane" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremane" title="Jeremane – janubiy soto" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Jeremane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="janubiy soto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound" title="Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9rman" title="Jérman – sundan" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jérman" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyskland" title="Tyskland – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani" title="Ujerumani – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujerumani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjymcy" title="Mjymcy – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjymcy" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="ஜெர்மனி – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெர்மனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜರ್ಮನಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%90%E1%A5%A6%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%B1_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A4%E1%A5%B1" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥐᥦᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80" title="జర్మనీ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జర్మనీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alema%C3%B1a" title="Alemaña – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Олмон – tojik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Олмон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tojik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศเยอรมนี – tay" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ጀርመን – tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ጀርመን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%C3%BDa" title="Germaniýa – turkman" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Germaniýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanij%C9%99" title="Almanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Almanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamane" title="Siamane – tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Siamane" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamani" title="Siamani – tok-piksin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Siamani" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok-piksin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya" title="Almanya – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarimani" title="Jarimani – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Jarimani" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Germany" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heremani" title="Heremani – taiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Heremani" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="taiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – tuva" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Германия – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Германия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="گېرمانىيە – uyg‘ur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېرمانىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uyg‘ur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Німеччина – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німеччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جرمنی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%C3%A0nia" title="Zermània – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zermània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksanma" title="Saksanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Saksanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Đức – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deut%C3%A4n" title="Deutän – volapyuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Deutän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne" title="Almagne – vallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya" title="Alemanya – varay" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaa%C3%B1" title="Almaañ – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Almaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国 – vu xitoy" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%86%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн – qalmoq" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ниицәтә Немшин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="qalmoq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJamani" title="IJamani – kxosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJamani" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="kxosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="გერმანია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Tanlangan maqolalar"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="דייטשלאנד – idish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Jẹ́mánì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwzgoz" title="Dwzgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dwzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duutsland" title="Duutsland – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Duutsland" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ – tamazigxt" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazigxt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国 – xitoy" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xitoy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek-kok" title="Tek-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="德國 – kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJalimani" title="IJalimani – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IJalimani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tillararo ishoratlarni tahrirlash" class="wbc-editpage">Ishoratlarni tahrirla</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nomfazolar"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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title="Bu sahifani tahrirlash [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit" title="Sahifa manba kodini tahrirlash [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Manbasini tahrirlash</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=history"><span>Tarix</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umumiy </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:WhatLinksHere/Germaniya" title="Ushbu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalar roʻyxati [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Bu yerga ishoratlar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:RecentChangesLinked/Germaniya" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sahifaga bogʻlangan sahifalardagi yangi oʻzgarishlar [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Bogʻliq oʻzgarishlar</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:SpecialPages" title="Maxsus sahifalar ro‘yxati [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Maxsus sahifalar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&oldid=5273670" title="Sahifaning ushbu versiyasiga doimiy ishorat"><span>Doimiy havola</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=info" title="Bu sahifa haqida koʻproq maʼlumot"><span>Sahifa haqida maʼlumot</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:CiteThisPage&page=Germaniya&id=5273670&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Sahifadan matn parchasi ajratish</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGermaniya"><span>Qisqartirilgan URL-manzilni olish</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGermaniya"><span>QR-kodni yuklab olish</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nashr/eksport qilish </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxsus:DownloadAsPdf&page=Germaniya&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF sifatida yuklash</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="Ushbu sahifaning bosma uchun versiyasi [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Bosma uchun 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="uz" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2451273">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .bilgiquti-sarlavha,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .bilgiquti-belgi,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .bilgiquti-matn,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .bilgiquti-full-matn,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow 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style="text-align:center; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="fn org country-name">Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi</div><div class="ib-country-names">Bundesrepublik Deutschland </div></th></tr> <tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Germaniya bayrogʻi"><img alt="Germaniya bayrogʻi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Germaniya_bayrog%CA%BBi" title="Germaniya bayrogʻi">Bayroq</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gerb of Germaniya"><img alt="Gerb of Germaniya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Germaniya_gerbi" title="Germaniya gerbi">Gerb</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Davlatlar_shiorlari_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Davlatlar shiorlari roʻyxati">Shior</a>: </b><i>Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit</i> <br /> (Germancha: „Birlik va Huquq va Ozodlik“)</td></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="anthem" style="text-align:center;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Madhiya" title="Madhiya">Madhiya</a>:</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/National_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg/National_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=yue&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="yue" label="粵語 ‪(yue)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Germany_-_U.S._Army_1st_Armored_Division_Band.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya_Davlat_Madhiyasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germaniya Davlat Madhiyasi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Das Lied der Deutschen, 3rd stanza</a> <br /> (Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit)</td></tr><tr class=""><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:EU-Germany_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Germaniya"><img alt="Location of Germaniya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-EU-Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davlat_poytaxtlari_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Davlat poytaxtlari roʻyxati">Poytaxt</a></th> <td class="" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davlat_tili" title="Davlat tili">Rasmiy til(lar)</a></th> <td class="" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili">Nemis tili</a></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amaldagi_davlat_va_hukumat_rahbarlari" title="Amaldagi davlat va hukumat rahbarlari">Hukumat</a></th> <td class="" style=""> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parlamentlik_Respublika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parlamentlik Respublika (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Parlamentlik Respublika</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya_yetakchilari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germaniya yetakchilari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Prezident</a> </div></th> <td class="" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya_yetakchilari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germaniya yetakchilari (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Kansler</a> </div></th> <td class="" style=""> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olaf_Sholz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olaf Sholz (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Olaf Sholz</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;">Mustaqillik</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Germaniya imperiyasi birlashishi </div></th> <td class="" style=""> 18-yanvar 1871</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi: Gʻarbiy Harbiy zonasidan </div></th> <td class="" style=""> 23-may 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Germaniya_Demokratik_Respublikasi" title="Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi">GDR</a>: Sharqiy Harbiy zonasidan </div></th> <td class="" style=""> 7-oktabr 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Germaniya_Federativ_Respublikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi">Gʻarbiy</a> van <a href="/wiki/Germaniya_Demokratik_Respublikasi" title="Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi">Sharqiy</a> Germaniya birlashishi </div></th> <td class="" style=""> 3-oktabr 1990</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maydon" title="Maydon">Maydon</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Butun</div></th> <td class="" style=""> 357,021 km<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Maydoniga_ko%CA%BBra_davlatlar_ro%CA%BByxati" class="mw-redirect" title="Maydoniga koʻra davlatlar roʻyxati">62-oʻrin</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Suv (%)</div></th> <td class="" style=""> 2,24</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aholi_bo%CA%BByicha_davlatlar_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Aholi boʻyicha davlatlar roʻyxati">Aholi</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2018-yilgi roʻyxat</div></th> <td class="" style=""> 83,019,200 (<a href="/wiki/Aholi_bo%CA%BByicha_davlatlar_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Aholi boʻyicha davlatlar roʻyxati">17-oʻrin</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">• <a href="/wiki/Aholi_zichligi" title="Aholi zichligi">Zichlik</a></th> <td class="" style=""> 232/km<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yalpi_ichki_mahsulot" title="Yalpi ichki mahsulot">YIM</a> <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Xaridor_qobiliyat_tengligi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xaridor qobiliyat tengligi (sahifa yaratilmagan)">XQT</a>)</span></th> <td class="" style=""> 2019-yil roʻyxati</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Butun</div></th> <td class="" style=""> $4.117 trillion (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" class="extiw" title="en:List of countries by GDP (PPP)">4-oʻrin</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Jon boshiga</div></th> <td class="" style=""> $49,692</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davlatlar_pul_birliklari_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Davlatlar pul birliklari roʻyxati">Pul birligi</a></th> <td class="" style=""> Yevro (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_4217&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 4217 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vaqt_mintaqasi" title="Vaqt mintaqasi">Vaqt mintaqasi</a></th> <td class="" style=""> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UTC" title="UTC">UTC</a>+1</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Yoz (<a href="/wiki/DST" title="DST">DST</a>)</div></th> <td class="" style=""> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UTC" title="UTC">UTC</a>+2</span></td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Qisqartma</th> <td class="" style=""> De</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Davlatlarning_telefon_kodlari" title="Davlatlarning telefon kodlari">Telefon prefiksi</a></th> <td class="" style=""> 49</td></tr><tr class=""><th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yuqori_darajali_milliy_domenlar" title="Yuqori darajali milliy domenlar">Internet domeni</a></th> <td class="" style=""> <a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Germaniya</b> yoki Olmoniya (<a href="/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili">nemischa</a>:<i> </i>Deutschland<i> </i>), <b>Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nemis_tili" title="Nemis tili">nemischa</a>:<i> </i>Bundesrepublik Deutschland<i> </i>) — Markaziy <a href="/wiki/Yevropa" title="Yevropa">Yevropadagi</a> davlat. Shimoliy Boltiq dengizlari sohilida joylashadi. Maydoni 357 098 ming km<sup>2</sup>. Aholisi 84 832 670 kishi (2024-yilga koʻra).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poytaxti — <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> shahri. Maʼmuriy jihatdan 16 yer (shtat) ga, yerlar okruglarga, okruglar tumanlarga, tumanlar jamoalarga boʻlinadi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Davlat_tuzumi">Davlat tuzumi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Davlat tuzumi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Davlat tuzumi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:EU_location_GER.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/EU_location_GER.png/300px-EU_location_GER.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/EU_location_GER.png/450px-EU_location_GER.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/EU_location_GER.png/600px-EU_location_GER.png 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Germaniya</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Deutschland_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/220px-Deutschland_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/330px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Deutschland_topo.jpg/440px-Deutschland_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2011" data-file-height="2654" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/220px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/330px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg/440px-Reichstag_building_Berlin_view_from_west_before_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8347" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption>Reichstag (Reyhstag)</figcaption></figure> <p>GFR — federativ respublika. Amaldagi konstitutsiyasi <a href="/wiki/1949-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1949-yil">1949-yil</a> 23-mayda qabul qilingan, unga 1954, 1956, 1990, 1993 va 1994-yillarda qoʻshimchalar kiritilgan. Davlat boshligʻi — federal prezident. U maxsus chaqiriladigan federal majlis tomonidan 5 yil muddatga saylanadi va yana faqat bir marta saylanishi mumkin. Federal majlis bundestag raisi tomonidan chaqiriladi va u bundestag deputatlari hamda landtaglar (yer parlamentlari) tomonidan saylangan aʼzolardan iborat. Prezident ish qobiliyatini yoʻqotsa yoki vafot etsa, bundesrat raisi prezident vakolatlarini bajaradi. Qonun chiqaruvchi hokimiyatni parlament amalga oshiradi. U ikki palata: bundestag va bundesratdan iborat. Bundestag aholi tomonidan 4 yil muddatga saylanadi. Bundesrat esa yer hukumatlari oʻz orasidan 4 yil muddatga tayinlaydigan vakillardan iborat. Ijroiya hokimiyat federal kansler boshchiligidagi federal hukumat qoʻlida. Federal kansler bundestagda prezidentning taklifiga binoan koʻpchilik ovoz bilan saylanadi. Vazirlar federal kanslerning taklifi bilan prezident tomonidan tayinlanadi. Har bir yerning oʻz konstitutsiyasi, parlament va hukumati bor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hududiy_boʻlinishi"><span id="Hududiy_bo.CA.BBlinishi"></span>Hududiy boʻlinishi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Hududiy boʻlinishi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Hududiy boʻlinishi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Yerlar">Federal Yerlar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Federal Yerlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Federal Yerlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/wiki/Germaniya_yerlari" title="Germaniya yerlari">Germaniya yerlari</a></div> <table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4; margin-top:1px; margin-bottom:15px; font-size:84%" cellpadding="1" width="70%"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#ffffff" rowspan="18"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_(nummeriert).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Germaniya Yerlari"><img alt="Germaniya Yerlari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg/250px-Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg/375px-Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg/500px-Karte_Deutsche_Bundesl%C3%A4nder_%28nummeriert%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption>Germaniya Yerlari</figcaption></figure> </th> <th bgcolor="#efefef" width="3%"> </th> <th align="left" bgcolor="#f2f2f4" width="24%">Federal Yerlar </th> <th align="left" bgcolor="#f2f2f4" width="11%">Poytaxti </th> <th align="right" bgcolor="#f2f2f4" width="11%">Yuzasi (km²) </th> <th align="right" bgcolor="#f2f2f4" width="13%">Aholisi<sup>(2)</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baden-Vyurtemberg" title="Baden-Vyurtemberg">Baden-Vyurtemberg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td align="right">35.751,65</td> <td align="right">10.717.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bavariya" title="Bavariya">Bavariya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myunhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Myunhen">Myunhen</a></td> <td align="right">70.549,19</td> <td align="right">12.444.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td><sup>(1)</sup></td> <td align="right">891,75</td> <td align="right">3.388.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></td> <td align="right">29.477,16</td> <td align="right">2.568.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(Land)" title="Bremen (Land)">Bremen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a><sup>(1)</sup></td> <td align="right">404,23</td> <td align="right">663.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td><sup>(1)</sup></td> <td align="right">755,16</td> <td align="right">1.735.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen">Hessen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visbaden" class="mw-redirect" title="Visbaden">Visbaden</a></td> <td align="right">21.114,72</td> <td align="right">6.098.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meklenburg-Old_Pomeraniya" title="Meklenburg-Old Pomeraniya">Meklenburg-Old Pomeraniya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td> <td align="right">23.174,17</td> <td align="right">1.720.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quyi_Saksoniya" title="Quyi Saksoniya">Quyi Saksoniya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover">Hannover</a></td> <td align="right">47.618,24</td> <td align="right">8.001.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shimoliy_Reyn-Vestfaliya" title="Shimoliy Reyn-Vestfaliya">Shimoliy Reyn-Vestfaliya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dyusseldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyusseldorf">Dyusseldorf</a></td> <td align="right">34.042,52</td> <td align="right">18.075.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reynlandpfals" title="Reynlandpfals">Reynland-Pfalz</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mains" class="mw-redirect" title="Mains">Mains</a></td> <td align="right">19.847,39</td> <td align="right">4.061.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></td> <td align="right">2.568,65</td> <td align="right">1.056.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saksoniya" title="Saksoniya">Saksoniya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drezden" title="Drezden">Drezden</a></td> <td align="right">18.414,82</td> <td align="right">4.296.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saksoniya-Anhalt" title="Saksoniya-Anhalt">Saksoniya-Anhalt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></td> <td align="right">20.445,26</td> <td align="right">2.494.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Shlesvig-Holshtein</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td> <td align="right">15.763,18</td> <td align="right">2.829.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turingiya" title="Turingiya">Turingiya</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td> <td align="right">16.172,14</td> <td align="right">2.355.000 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:smaller"> <p><sup>(1)</sup> Berlin va Hamburg shaharlari ham yer, ham shahar hisoblanishadi; Bremen ham xutdi shunday va unga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bremenhaven&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bremenhaven (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bremenhaven</a> ham kiradi. <br /> <sup>(2)</sup> Stichtag: 31. Dezember 2004 <br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eng_katta_shaharlar">Eng katta shaharlar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Eng katta shaharlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Eng katta shaharlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef"> <th>No</th> <th>Shahar</th> <th>Maydoni <br /> (km²)</th> <th>Aholisi</th> <th>Zichligi <br /> (kishi / km²) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Myunhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Myunhen">Myunhen</a></td> <td align="right">310,43</td> <td align="right">1 288 065 </td> <td align="right">4 149 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td align="right">891,75</td> <td align="right">3 389 579 </td> <td align="right">3 801 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herne (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Herne</a></td> <td align="right">51,41</td> <td align="right">171 325 </td> <td align="right">3 333 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shtuttgart" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtuttgart">Shtuttgart</a></td> <td align="right">207,36</td> <td align="right">591 114 </td> <td align="right">2 848 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oberhauzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oberhauzen (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Oberhauzen</a></td> <td align="right">77,04</td> <td align="right">219 147 </td> <td align="right">2 845 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></td> <td align="right">210,37</td> <td align="right">588 084 </td> <td align="right">2 802 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nyurnberg" title="Nyurnberg">Nyurnberg</a></td> <td align="right">186,38</td> <td align="right">495 546 </td> <td align="right">2 657 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dyusseldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyusseldorf">Dyusseldorf</a></td> <td align="right">217,00</td> <td align="right">574 066 </td> <td align="right">2 647 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boxum" title="Boxum">Boxum</a></td> <td align="right">154,40</td> <td align="right">382 087 </td> <td align="right">2 628 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelsenkirhen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelsenkirhen (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Gelsenkirhen</a></td> <td align="right">104,85</td> <td align="right">272 445 </td> <td align="right">2 598 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Mayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Mayn">Frankfurt Mayn</a></td> <td align="right">248,31</td> <td align="right">655 079 </td> <td align="right">2 595 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover">Hannover</a></td> <td align="right">204,01</td> <td align="right">520 100 </td> <td align="right">2 530 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyoln" title="Kyoln">Kyoln</a></td> <td align="right">405,15</td> <td align="right">965 954 </td> <td align="right">2 384 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td align="right">755,16</td> <td align="right">1 737 000 </td> <td align="right">2 300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a></td> <td align="right">144,96</td> <td align="right">324 940 </td> <td align="right">2 241 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a></td> <td align="right">141,22</td> <td align="right">313 605 </td> <td align="right">2 220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duisburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duisburg (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Duisburg</a></td> <td align="right">232,82</td> <td align="right">503 664 </td> <td align="right">2 164 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a></td> <td align="right">168,41</td> <td align="right">363 502 </td> <td align="right">2 150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a></td> <td align="right">280,30</td> <td align="right">587 272 </td> <td align="right">2 095 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td> <td align="right">118,40</td> <td align="right">229 850 </td> <td align="right">1 941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></td> <td align="right">97,75</td> <td align="right">186 061 </td> <td align="right">1 903 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></td> <td align="right">146,78</td> <td align="right">261 208 </td> <td align="right">1 880 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BClheim_an_der_Ruhr" title="Mülheim an der Ruhr">Mülheim an der Ruhr</a></td> <td align="right">91,26</td> <td align="right">170 327 </td> <td align="right">1 866 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></td> <td align="right">106,77</td> <td align="right">198 503 </td> <td align="right">1 820 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></td> <td align="right">146,93</td> <td align="right">260 407 </td> <td align="right">1 772 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle (Saale)</a></td> <td align="right">135,01</td> <td align="right">238 497 </td> <td align="right">1 767 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krefeld" title="Krefeld">Krefeld</a></td> <td align="right">137,68</td> <td align="right">238 270 </td> <td align="right">1 731 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></td> <td align="right">297,62</td> <td align="right">498 491 </td> <td align="right">1 675 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></td> <td align="right">326,72</td> <td align="right">544 746 </td> <td align="right">1 667 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a></td> <td align="right">173,46</td> <td align="right">283 227 </td> <td align="right">1 633 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a></td> <td align="right">160,83</td> <td align="right">256 486 </td> <td align="right">1 596 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B6nchengladbach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mönchengladbach (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Mönchengladbach</a></td> <td align="right">170,43</td> <td align="right">266 684 </td> <td align="right">1 565 </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castrop-Rauxel" title="Castrop-Rauxel">Castrop-Rauxel</a></td> <td align="right">51,66</td> <td align="right">78 619 </td> <td align="right">1 514 </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dresden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dresden (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Dresden</a></td> <td align="right">328,30</td> <td align="right">487 421 </td> <td align="right">1 480 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C3%BCrzburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Würzburg (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Würzburg</a></td> <td align="right">87,65</td> <td align="right">129 050 </td> <td align="right">1 470 </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" class="mw-redirect" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a></td> <td align="right">153,06</td> <td align="right">213 998 </td> <td align="right">1 398 </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></td> <td align="right">119,80</td> <td align="right">164 773 </td> <td align="right">1 375 </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></td> <td align="right">203,90</td> <td align="right">271 351 </td> <td align="right">1 331 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a></td> <td align="right">192,09</td> <td align="right">245 872 </td> <td align="right">1 280 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a></td> <td align="right">257,80</td> <td align="right">329 692 </td> <td align="right">1 278 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagen">Hagen</a></td> <td align="right">160,36</td> <td align="right">198 780 </td> <td align="right">1 239 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></td> <td align="right">200,94</td> <td align="right">226 675 </td> <td align="right">1 128 </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></td> <td align="right">220,85</td> <td align="right">248 365 </td> <td align="right">1 125 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></td> <td align="right">181,39</td> <td align="right">198 993 </td> <td align="right">1 097 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></td> <td align="right">167,07</td> <td align="right">180 269 </td> <td align="right">1 079 </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></td> <td align="right">105,02</td> <td align="right">107 064 </td> <td align="right">1 020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></td> <td align="right">214,14</td> <td align="right">211 874 </td> <td align="right">989 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnster_(Westfalen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Münster (Westfalen) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Münster (Westfalen)</a></td> <td align="right">302,83</td> <td align="right">269 579 </td> <td align="right">890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamm" title="Hamm">Hamm</a></td> <td align="right">226,26</td> <td align="right">184 926 </td> <td align="right">817 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></td> <td align="right">269,17</td> <td align="right">211 874 </td> <td align="right">752 </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td align="right">278,12</td> <td align="right"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabiati">Tabiati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tabiati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Tabiati"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg/220px-Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg/330px-Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg/440px-Europa_Germanen_50_n_Chr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Qadimgi german qabilalarining hududiy tarqalishi</figcaption></figure> <p>Germaniya manzarasi benihoya xilma-xil va jozibador. Past va baland togʻ tizmalari oralarida yassitogʻliklar, oʻrqirlar, koʻllar, keng va ochiq tekisliklar uchrab turadi. Shimoldan janubga tomon Germaniya 5 landshaft zonasiga boʻlinadi: Shimoliy Germaniya pasttekisligi, oʻrtacha balandlikdagi togʻ ostonasi, Janubi-gʻarbiy Germaniya burma poydevorli oʻrta togʻligi, Janubiy Germaniya Alpoldi yassitogʻligi va Bavariya Alp togʻlari. Shimoldagi pasttekisliklarda koʻllar, qirli, qum va tuproqli platolar, yaydoq yerlar va torfli botqoqlar koʻp. Oʻrta togʻ ostonasidan shimoliy tomondagi yerlar (Quyi Reyn, Vestfaliya va Saksoniya-Tyuringiya havzasi) serhosil. Janubda Sharqiy Alp togʻlari qad koʻtargan (eng baland nuqtasi SugShpitse togʻi, 2962 m). Shimoliy dengiz bilan Boltiq dengizi oraligʻidagi past-baland qirgʻoqlarda „Golshteyn Shvey-sariyasi“ joylashgan. Germaniya yer ostida tosh-koʻmir, qoʻngʻir koʻmir, tuzlar juda koʻp. Oz miqdorda temir rudasi, neft, tabiiy gaz bor. Iqlimi moʻtadil, dengiz iqlimi, gʻarb va shimoli-gʻarbdan janubi-sharqqa tomon dengiz iqlimidagi moʻtadil-kontinental iqlimga oʻta boradi. Yanvarning oʻrtacha harorati pasttekislikda 1,5 °C dan togʻlarda — 6 °C gacha; qishda sertuman, qor tez erib ketadi. Iyulning oʻrtacha harorati pasttekislikda 18 °C dan janubiy vodiylarda 20 °C gacha. Yillik yogʻin miqdori 600-800 mm. Baland togʻlarda yoz salqin, yogʻin 1000-2000 mm. Daryolari: Elba, Reyn, Dunay, Mayn, Vezer, Shire, Mozel. Yirik koʻllari: Voden, Myurits. Tuprogʻi asosan podzol, chimli podzol va qoʻngʻir oʻrmon tuproqlaridan iborat. Gars togʻlarining sharqiy va shimoliy togʻ oldi joylarida unumdor qoramtir tuproq uchraydi. Togʻlarda qoraqayin, dub, oq va qora qaragʻay oʻsadi. Bugʻu, elik, serna (togʻ echkisi), ohu va boshqalar yashaydi. Milliy bogʻlari — Bavariya oʻrmoni, Berxtesgaden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aholisi">Aholisi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Aholisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Aholisi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aholisining 90 % dan koʻprogʻi <a href="/wiki/Nemislar" title="Nemislar">nemislar</a>; qisman dan (daniyalik)lar va gollandlar yashaydi. Shahar aholisi 85 % dan ortiq<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Rasmiy tili — nemis tili<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dindorlar — protestantlar (lyuteranlar, 50 % dan ziyod) va katoliklar<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aholi zichligi bir km<sup>2</sup>ga 229 kishi toʻgʻri keladi<sup id="cite_ref-dsw-online.de_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dsw-online.de-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Mamlakatda 7,2 million chet elliklar ham yashaydi. Ular umumiy aholining 8,9 % ini tashkil etadi. Yirik shaharlari: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myunxen" class="mw-redirect" title="Myunxen">Myunxen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoln" title="Kyoln">Kyoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankfurtmayn" title="Frankfurtmayn">Frankfurtmayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shtutgart" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtutgart">Shtutgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyusseldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyusseldorf">Dyusseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannover" title="Hannover">Hannover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyurnberg" title="Nyurnberg">Nyurnberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leypsig" class="mw-redirect" title="Leypsig">Leypsig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drezden" title="Drezden">Drezden</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tarixi">Tarixi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tarixi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Tarixi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Sachsenspiegel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sachsenspiegel.jpg/220px-Sachsenspiegel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sachsenspiegel.jpg/330px-Sachsenspiegel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sachsenspiegel.jpg/440px-Sachsenspiegel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption>1369-yilgi Sachsenspiegel (sakson oynasi)ning Berlin qoʻlyozmasida (Quyi nemis tilida): "ievelk „'dudesch lant“' hevet sinen palenzgreven" ' („har bir nemis yerining Palatin soni bor“) deb yozilgan.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arxeologiya maʼlumotlariga koʻra, Germaniya hududida inson 500-300 ming yillar muqaddam paydo boʻlgan. Mil. av. 1-ming yillik oxirlarida Germaniyada joylashib olgan nemis qabilalari Rim davlati bilan toʻqnashdi. Xalqlarning buyuk koʻchishi deb ataladigan davrdan soʻng Germaniyada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alemanlar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alemanlar (sahifa yaratilmagan)">alemanlar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bavarlar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bavarlar (sahifa yaratilmagan)">bavarlar</a>, sharqiy franklar, <a href="/wiki/Sakslar" title="Sakslar">sakslar</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyuringlar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyuringlar (sahifa yaratilmagan)">tyuringlar</a> va <a href="/wiki/Frizlar" title="Frizlar">frizlar</a> qolgai. </p><p>6—8-asrlarda Germaniyaning barcha hududini franklar egallab oldi. 9-asrda Germaniya yerlari Sharqiy franklar qirolligi tarkibiga kirgandan soʻng mustaqil nemis davlatiga yoʻl ochildi. Shtaufenlar sulolasi (1138—1268) davrida Germaniya hududi ancha kengaydi. Ayrim nemis knyazliklari, ayniqsa Saksoniya knyazligi „salib yurishi“ niqobi ostida Elba va Boltiqboʻyi xalqlarining yerlarini bosib oldi. 15-asr oxiri — 16-asr boshlarida dehqonlar va shaharliklarning jabr-zulmga qarshi qoʻzgʻolonlari boʻlib turdi. Ayniqsa, aholidan har xil bahonalar bilan turli soliqlar undirib oladigan katolik cherkoviga qarshi qattiq norozilik tugʻildi. Martin Lyuter rahbarligida katolik cherkoviga qarshi harakat —reformatsiya boshlandi (1517). Reformatsiya davridagi ommaviy harakatning eng yuqori choʻqqisi 1524—26 yillardagi dehqonlar urushi boʻldi. Bu davrda Sharqiy Germaniyada oʻz mahsulotini tashqi bozorga moʻljallagan yirik xoʻjaliklar paydo boʻldi. <a href="/wiki/1618-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1618-yil">1618-yilga</a> kelib katolik va protestantlarning oʻzaro kurashlari Yevropadagi oʻttiz yillik urush (1618—48) kelib chiqishiga sabab boʻldi. Urush oqibatida Germaniya katta talofat koʻrdi. <a href="/wiki/1648-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1648-yil">1648-yilgi</a> Vestfaliya sulx. shartnomasiga koʻra, Germaniya bir necha knyazliklarga boʻlindi. Oʻzining muhim geografik oʻrni tufayli Brandenburg-Prussiya kurfyurstligi (<a href="/wiki/1701-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1701-yil">1701-yildan</a> Prussiya qirolligi) eng yirik nemis davlatlaridan biriga aylandi. 1740—1786-yillarga kelib, Fridrix II qirolligi davrida prus militarizmi avj oldi. Prussiya <a href="/wiki/Yevropa" title="Yevropa">Yevropada</a> buyuk davlatga aylanib, Germaniyada hukmronlik oʻrnatish uchun <a href="/wiki/Avstriya" title="Avstriya">Avstriya</a> bilan kurashni kuchaytirdi. <a href="/wiki/1740-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1740-yil">1740-yil</a> Prussiya qoʻshinlari Avstriya Sileziyasiga bostirib kirdi. Savdo-sotiq va sanoatning rivojlanishi Germaniyada feodal krepostnoy tuzumini bekor qilishni taqozo qilar edi. Fransuz burjua inqilobi taʼsirida Germaniyada dehqonlar harakati avj oldi. nemis knyaz va feodallari Fransiyadagi inqilobni boʻgʻib tashlashni maqsad qilib olishdi. <a href="/wiki/1792-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1792-yil">1792-yil</a> Avstriya bilan <a href="/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya">Fransiya</a> oʻrtasida urush chiqdi. Prussiya Avstriya tomonida turib urushdi. Urushda Germaniya armiyasi yengildi. <a href="/wiki/1793-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1793-yil">1793-yil</a> 18-martda <a href="/wiki/Fransuzlar" title="Fransuzlar">fransuzlar</a> tomonidan ozod qilingan Mayns shahrida nemis tuprogʻida birinchi demokratik respublika eʼlon qilindi. 1803—1804-yillarda Napoleon Germaniyadagi mayda davlatlarni tugatib, oʻz hukmronligida Reyn ittifoqi tashkil qildi. <a href="/wiki/1812-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1812-yil">1812-yilgi</a> urushda <a href="/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya">Rossiyaning</a> gʻalabasi Germaniyani Napoleon hukmronligidan xalos qildi. <a href="/wiki/1813-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1813-yil">1813-yilgi</a> Leypsig urushu (xalqlar urushi)dan soʻng Germaniyaning barcha hududi ozod qilindi. 1814—1815 yillar <a href="/wiki/Vena" class="mw-disambig" title="Vena">Vena</a> kongressi qaroriga koʻra, 39 davlatni birlashtirgan Germaniya ittifoqi tuzildi. <a href="/wiki/1834-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1834-yil">1834-yil</a> 18 davlat ishtirokida Germaniya bojxona ittifoqi tashkil togshi. Unda Prussiya rahbarlik rolini oʻynar edi. Bu ittifoq sanoat va savdoni rivojlantirishda katta ahamiyatga ega boʻldi. Ayniqsa temir yoʻl qurilishida Germaniya katta yutuqlarni qoʻlga kiritdi va <a href="/wiki/1850-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1850-yil">1850-yilga</a> kelib, Yevropada ikkinchi oʻringa chiqib oldi. 1848—49 yillarda Germaniyada burjua-demokratik inqilobi boʻlib oʻtdi. Uning maqsadi — mamlakatni birlashtirish, <a href="/wiki/Monarxiya" title="Monarxiya">monarxiya</a> tuzumini tugatish. agrar masalani demokratik asosda hal etish edi. Biroq, burjuaziyaning qoʻrqoqligi va xoinligi, proletariatning zaifligi tufayli inqilob magʻlubiyatga uchradi. Bu Prussiya hukmdorlarini mamlakatni inqilob yoʻli bilan emas, qurol kuchi va urushlar yoʻli bilan birlashtirish kerak degan xulosaga olib keldi. Prussiya Daniya (1864), Avstriya (1866) va Fransiya (1870) ga qarshi olib borilgan urushlardan soʻng Mayn daryosidan Shimolgacha boʻlgan yerlarda Shimoliy Germaniya ittifoqini tuzishga erishdi. <a href="/wiki/1871-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1871-yil">1871-yilgi</a> Fransiya-Prussiya urushidan soʻng Germaniya pruss militarizmi asosida birlashtiriddi. <a href="/wiki/1871-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1871-yil">1871-yil</a> 18-yanvarda nemis knyazlari Versalda Prussiya qiroli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vilgelm_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vilgelm 1 (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Vilgelm 1</a> ni Germaniya imperatori deb eʼlon qildi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germaniya_birinchi_jahon_urushi_davrida">Germaniya birinchi jahon urushi davrida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Germaniya birinchi jahon urushi davrida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Germaniya birinchi jahon urushi davrida"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg/220px-Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg/330px-Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg/440px-Ausrufung_Republik_Scheidemann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>Filipp Sheyderman 1918-yil noyabrda respublikani eʼlon qilmoqda</figcaption></figure> <p>20-asr boshlariga kelganda sanoat rivoji boʻyicha Germaniya <a href="/wiki/Yevropa" title="Yevropa">Yevropada</a> birinchi oʻrinni egalladi. <a href="/wiki/Birinchi_jahon_urushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Birinchi jahon urushi">Birinchi jahon urushiga</a> tayyorgarlik koʻrayotgan Germaniya hukumati Fransiya-Rossiya ittifoqini buzib, Fransiyani yakkalab qoʻymoqchi boʻldi. Bu narsa amalga oshmadi, aksincha, <a href="/wiki/1907-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1907-yil">1907-yil</a> <a href="/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya">Fransiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya">Rossiya</a> va <a href="/wiki/Angliya" title="Angliya">Angliya</a> birlashib, <a href="/wiki/Antanta" title="Antanta">Antanta</a> deb ataladigan ittifoq tuzishdi. Oʻz harbiy qudratiga ishongan hamda Angliya Rossiyani qoʻllamaydi deb oʻylagan Germaniya birinchi jahon urushini boshlab yubordi. <a href="/wiki/1914-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1914-yil">1914-yil</a> 1-avgustda Germaniya Rossiyaga, 3-avgustda Fransiyaga urush eʼlon qildi. 4-avgustda esa Angliya Germaniyaga qarshi urush eʼlon qildi. <a href="/wiki/1917-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1917-yil">1917-yil</a> <a href="/wiki/AQSh" class="mw-redirect" title="AQSh">AQSh</a> Antanta tomonida turib Germaniyaga qarshi urushdi. <a href="/wiki/1918-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1918-yil">1918-yilning</a> bahorida Germaniya armiyasi gʻarbga yurish qildi, biroq magʻlubiyatga uchradi. Sentabrda esa ingliz-fransuz qoʻshinlari tomonidan tor-mor etildi. Nihoyat, 1918-yil 5-oktabrda sulh soʻrab, Antantaga murojaat qiddi. 1918-yil 11-noyabrda Kompyenda yarash ahdi tuzildi. 9-noyabrda <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlinda</a> qoʻzgʻolon koʻtarilib, monarxiya tuzumi agʻdarib tashlandi va Germaniya respublika boʻldi. <a href="/wiki/1919-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1919-yil">1919-yil</a> fevralda Veymar shahrida chaqirilgan taʼsis majlisida ishlab chiqilgan Germaniya Respublikasi (Veymar respublikasi) konstitutsiyasi 31-iyulda qabul qilindi. Germaniya burjuaziyasining mavqei mustahkamlana bordi. Chet el, ayniqsa AQSh sarmoyasi Germaniyaning harbiy va sanoat iqtisodiyotini qayta tiklash imkonini berdi. Veymar respublikasi reaksion tusga kira bordi. <a href="/wiki/1929-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1929-yil">1929-yilda</a> boshlangan jahon iqtisodiy boʻhroni Germaniya iqtisodiyotiga katta taʼsir qildi. Bu sharoitda natsional-sotsialistik partiya (1919-yil tuzilgan) faollasha bordi. <a href="/wiki/1932-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1932-yil">1932-yil</a> mart—apreldagi prezident saylovida <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> 13 mln.dan ortiq ovoz oldi. Oʻsha yil noyabr oyida hokimiyat natsional-sotsialistlar qoʻliga oʻtdi. <a href="/wiki/1933-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1933-yil">1933-yilda</a> fashistlar diktaturasi oʻrnatildi. A. Hitler reyxskansler, keyinchalik esa davlat boshligʻi boʻlib oldi. Shu davrdan boshlab mamlakatda terror rejimi oʻrnatiddi. Antifashistlar qattiq taʼqib ostiga olindi. <a href="/wiki/1935-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1935-yil">1935-yil</a> umumiy harbiy xizmat joriy qilindi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germaniya_ikkinchi_jahon_urushi_davrida">Germaniya ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Germaniya ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Germaniya ikkinchi jahon urushi davrida"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germaniya 1936—1939-yillarda <a href="/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya">Italiya</a> bilan birgalikda <a href="/wiki/Ispaniya" title="Ispaniya">Ispaniyaga</a> qarshi intervensiya uyushtirdi. <a href="/wiki/1938-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1938-yil">1938-yil</a> <a href="/wiki/Mart" title="Mart">martda</a> <a href="/wiki/Avstriya" title="Avstriya">Avstriyani</a> qoʻshib oldi. <a href="/wiki/1939-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1939-yil">1939-yil</a> <a href="/wiki/1-sentabr" class="mw-redirect" title="1-sentabr">1-sentabrda</a> Germaniya <a href="/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha">Polshaga</a> hujum qilib, <a href="/wiki/Ikkinchi_jahon_urushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikkinchi jahon urushi">ikkinchi jahon urushi</a> (1939—1945)ni boshlab berdi. 3-sentabrda Angliya va Fransiya Germaniyaga qarshi urush eʼlon qildi. <a href="/wiki/1940-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1940-yil">1940-yil</a> aprelda Germaniya <a href="/wiki/Daniya" title="Daniya">Daniya</a> va <a href="/wiki/Norvegiya" title="Norvegiya">Norvegiyani</a>, may—iyunda esa <a href="/wiki/Belgiya" title="Belgiya">Belgiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gollandiya" class="mw-disambig" title="Gollandiya">Gollandiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyuksemburg" title="Lyuksemburg">Lyuksemburg</a> va Fransiyani bosib oldi. <a href="/wiki/1940-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1940-yil">1940-yil</a> sentabrda Berlinda Germaniya, Italiya va <a href="/wiki/Yaponiya" title="Yaponiya">Yaponiya</a> oʻrtasida harbiy ittifoq tuzildi. <a href="/wiki/1941-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1941-yil">1941-yil</a> aprelda Germaniya Yugoslaviya va <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunoninstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunoninstan (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Yunoninstanni</a> bosib oldi. Shu yili 22-iyunda esa Germaniya urush eʼlon qilmasdan <a href="/wiki/SSSR" class="mw-redirect" title="SSSR">SSSRga</a> hujum qildi. Dastlabki muvaffaqiyatlariga qaramay, nemis fashistlari shiddatli zarbaga duch keldi. <a href="/wiki/1945-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1945-yil">1945-yil</a> 2-mayda ittifoqchilar qoʻshinlari Berlinni egalladi. 8-mayda Germaniya soʻzsiz taslim boʻlganligi haqidagi hujjatga imzo chekdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germaniya_urushdan_keyingi_yillarda">Germaniya urushdan keyingi yillarda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Germaniya urushdan keyingi yillarda" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Germaniya urushdan keyingi yillarda"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Berlinermauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/220px-Berlinermauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/330px-Berlinermauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Berlinermauer.jpg/440px-Berlinermauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="913" /></a><figcaption>Berlin devori</figcaption></figure> <p>Germaniya toʻrt okkupatsiya zonasiga boʻlindi. <a href="/wiki/1949-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1949-yil">1949-yil</a> avgustda Gʻarbiy Germaniyada parlament saylovi oʻtkazildi. Oʻsha yili 20-sentabrda GFR tuzildi. <a href="/wiki/1949-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1949-yil">1949-yil</a> 7-oktabrda Xalq kengashi Germaniya Demokratik Respublikasi (GDR) tuzilganligini eʼlon qildi. Ikki suveren nemis davlati <a href="/wiki/1990-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1990-yil">1990-yil</a> oktabrgacha alohida-alohida yashab keldi. Lekin sotsialistax jamiyat qurish yoʻlini tutgan GDRning ijtimoiy turmush darajasi Gʻarbiy Germaniya darajasiga nisbatan ancha orqada qoldi — Gʻarbiy Germaniya jahonning taraqqiy etgan mamlakatlari qatoridan oʻrin oldi. nemis xalqining birlashish orzusi <a href="/wiki/1989-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1989-yil">1989-yilning</a> soʻngida taqiq ramzi boʻlmish Berlin devorining buzilishi bilan ushaldi (<a href="/wiki/Berlin_devorining_qulatilishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin devorining qulatilishi">Berlin devorining qulatilishi</a>). <a href="/wiki/1990-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1990-yil">1990-yil</a> 12-sentabrda <a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskvada</a> Germaniya masalasini uzil-kesil hal etish toʻgʻrisidagi shartnoma imzolandi. GDR Xalq palatasining qaroriga binoan GDR OFRga qoʻshildi. Natijada yagona Germaniya davlati tashkil topdi. <a href="/wiki/1999-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1999-yil">1999-yildan</a> Germaniya federal prezidenta — Yoxannes Pay. <a href="/wiki/1998-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1998-yil">1998-yildan</a> federal kansler—Gerhard Shreder. Germaniya —<a href="/wiki/1973-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1973-yil">1973-yildan</a> <a href="/wiki/BMT" class="mw-redirect" title="BMT">BMT</a> aʼzosi. <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston" title="Oʻzbekiston">Oʻzbekiston Rerspublikasi</a> bilan diplomatiya munosabatlarini <a href="/wiki/1992-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1992-yil">1992-yil</a> 6-martda oʻrnatgan. Milliy bayrami — 3-oktabr, Germaniya birligi kuni (1990). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asosiy_siyosiy_partiyalari_va_kasaba_uyushmalari">Asosiy siyosiy partiyalari va kasaba uyushmalari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Asosiy siyosiy partiyalari va kasaba uyushmalari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Asosiy siyosiy partiyalari va kasaba uyushmalari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Dmitry_Medvedev_with_Angela_Merkel-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dmitry_Medvedev_with_Angela_Merkel-1.jpg/300px-Dmitry_Medvedev_with_Angela_Merkel-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Dmitry_Medvedev_with_Angela_Merkel-1.jpg/450px-Dmitry_Medvedev_with_Angela_Merkel-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Dmitry_Medvedev_with_Angela_Merkel-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> va <a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Medvedev" title="Dmitriy Medvedev">Dmitriy Medvedev</a>. <a href="/wiki/2008-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="2008-yil">2008-yil</a> oktabrda</figcaption></figure> <p>Germaniya kommunistik partiyasi, <a href="/wiki/1968-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1968-yil">1968-yilda</a> tuzilgan; Demokratik sotsializm partiyasi, sobiq GDRda <a href="/wiki/1946-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1946-yil">1946-yilda</a> tuzilgan Germaniya birlashgan sotsialistik partiyasi (GBSP) negizida <a href="/wiki/1989-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1989-yil">1989-yilda</a> tashkil etilgan; Germaniya sotsial-demokratik partiyasi<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, 1946-yilda tuzilgan; Xristian-demokratik ittifoqi, 1945-yildan faoliyat kursatadi, <a href="/wiki/1950-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1950-yil">1950-yilda</a> tashkiliy jihatdan yagona partiya sifatida rasmiylashgan; Xristian-sotsial ittifoqi, 1945-yilda Bavariyada asos solingan; Erkin demokratik partiya, <a href="/wiki/1990-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1990-yil">1990-yilda</a> tuzilgan: „Ittifoq-90“ „koʻkatparvarlar“ partiyasi. <a href="/wiki/1993-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1993-yil">1993-yilda</a> „Koʻkatparvarlar“ bilan „Ittifoq-90“ partiyasining birlashuvi natijasida barpo etilgan; Germaniya milliy demokratik partiyasi, <a href="/wiki/1964-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1964-yil">1964-yilda</a> yangi natsistlar tomonidan tuzilgan; Respublikachilar partiyasi, <a href="/wiki/1983-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1983-yil">1983-yil</a> asos solingan. nemis kasaba uyushmalari ittifoqi<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/1949-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1949-yil">1949-yilda</a> tuzilgan, Germaniya birlashganidan soʻng sobiq GDRdagi kasaba uyushmalari unga qoʻshildi. Xalqaro erkin kasaba uyushmalari konfederatsiyasi va Yevropa kasaba uyushmalari konfederatsiyasiga kiradi<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xoʻjaligi"><span id="Xo.CA.BBjaligi"></span>Xoʻjaligi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Xoʻjaligi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Xoʻjaligi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OFR — yuksak darajada rivojlangan industrial mamlakat. Umumiy iqtisodiy qudratiga koʻra dunyoda uchinchi oʻrinda, jahon savdosida ikkinchi oʻrinda turadi. Yalpi ichki mahsulot tarkibida sanoat va qurilishning ulushi 33,6 % ni, qishloq xoʻjaligining ulushi 1,2 % ni tashkil etadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanoati">Sanoati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Sanoati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Sanoati"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:BRD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BRD.png/220px-BRD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BRD.png/330px-BRD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/BRD.png/440px-BRD.png 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="2537" /></a><figcaption>Germaniya xaritasi shaharlari bilan</figcaption></figure> <p>Mashinasozlik nemis iqtisodiyotining asosiy tayanchidir. Qoʻngʻir koʻmir (dunyoda birinchi oʻrin), <a href="/wiki/Toshko%CA%BBmir" title="Toshkoʻmir">toshkoʻmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neft" title="Neft">neft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabiiy_gaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabiiy gaz">tabiiy gaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polimetall_rudalar" title="Polimetall rudalar">polimetall rudalar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaliy" title="Kaliy">kaliy</a> va <a href="/wiki/Oshtuzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshtuzi">oshtuzi</a> qazib olinadi. <a href="/wiki/Energetika" title="Energetika">Energetika</a>, qora va rangli metallurgiya, mashinasozlik, kemasozlik, kimyo va neft kimyosi, yogʻochsozlik, oziq-ovqat sanoati, chinnisozlik gʻoyat rivojlangan. Germaniya sanoati asosan oʻrta korxonalardan iborat. Sanoatda band boʻlgan barcha xodimlarning 32 % dan koʻprogʻi (2,2 million kishi) yirik firmalarda ishlaydi. „Simens“ konserni, „Folksvagen“, <a href="/wiki/BMV" class="mw-redirect" title="BMV">BMV</a> va „Daymler Bens“ kabi avtomobilsozlik firmalari, „Xyoxst“, „Bayer“ va BASF kabi kimyo konsernlari, „Rurkole AG“ koʻmir qazish firmasi, „FEBA“ va „RVE“ elektr texnika konserni yoki „Bosh“ guruhi butun dunyoga mashhur boʻlib, dunyoning hamma joylarida filiallari, korxonalari yoki tadqiqot muassasalari bor. Yirik firmalar koʻpdan-koʻp mayda va oʻrta korxonalarning buyurtmachisi hisoblanadi. Bu muvaffaqiyatlarda boshqariladigan iqtisodiyotdan <a href="/wiki/1948-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1948-yil">1948-yilda</a> bozor xoʻjaligiga oʻtilganligi hal qiluvchi omil boʻldi. Transport vositalari ishlab chiqarish, mashinasozlik, kimyo sanoati, elektr texnika, oziq-ovqat, metallurgiya, konchilik, aniq mexanika va optika, aviatsiya va kosmik sanoati asosiy tarmoqlardir. Texnika taraqqiyoti sohasida Germaniya sanoati dunyoda oldingi oʻrinlardan birini egallaydi. Germaniya iqtisodiyoti yuksak texnologiyalardan foydalanish tufayli farmatsevtika mahsulotlari, eng yangi organik kimyoviy moddalar va sunʼiy materiallar, tibbiyot elektronikasi, optika va oʻlchov asboblari ishlab chiqarishda, yangi avtomobillar yaratish va mashinasozlikda, telekommunikatsiya, atrof muhitni muhofaza qilish texnologiyalari sohasida dunyoda yetakchi oʻrinda. Germaniyada qadimdan va goʻzal anʼ-analarga ega boʻlgan hunarmandchilik rivoj topgan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qishloq_xoʻjaligi"><span id="Qishloq_xo.CA.BBjaligi"></span>Qishloq xoʻjaligi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Qishloq xoʻjaligi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Qishloq xoʻjaligi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germaniyada qishloq xoʻjaligiga yaroqli 36 million ga yer bor. U moʻl-koʻl yuqori sifatli oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari yetkazib beradi. Qishloq xoʻjaligining asosiy mahsulotlari: <a href="/wiki/Bug%CA%BBdoy" title="Bugʻdoy">bugʻdoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arpa" title="Arpa">arpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qand_lavlagi" title="Qand lavlagi">qand lavlagi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartoshka" title="Kartoshka">kartoshka</a>, shuningdek <a href="/wiki/Uzum" title="Uzum">uzum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meva" title="Meva">meva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabzavot" title="Sabzavot">sabzavot</a> va boshqalar. Chorvachilikda mol goʻshti, choʻchqa goʻshti, tovuq goʻshti va sut yetishtiriladi. </p><p>Germaniya hududining qariyb uchdan bir qismi (10,7 millionga) oʻrmon bilan qoplangan. Mamlakatda har yili salkam 30—40 million kub metr yogʻoch tayyorlanadi, bu hajm ichki ehgiyojning uchdan ikki qismini krplaydi. Germaniya yogʻoch eksport qiladigan eng yirik davlatlardan biridir. Shimoliy va Boltiq dengizlarida, Grenlandiya oroli atroflarida baliq ovlanadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transporti">Transporti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Transporti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Transporti"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg/300px-ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg/450px-ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg/600px-ICE3_in_Cologne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="929" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intercity-Express" title="Intercity-Express">ICE</a> tez yurar poezdi</figcaption></figure> <p>Temir yoʻl uzunligi — 91,4 ming km, avtomobil yoʻllari uzunligi — 496,6 ming km. Eng katta aeroporti — Frankfurtmayn shahrida. Boshqa yirik aeroportlari: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tegel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tegel (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Tegel</a>, Berlin — <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenefeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenefeld (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Shenefeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannover">Gannover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drezden" title="Drezden">Drezden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyusseldorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyusseldorf">Dyusseldorf</a>, Kyoln /Bonn, Leypsig, Myunxen, Nyurnberg, Saarbryukken va Shtutgart. Suv yoʻllari uzunligi — 7467 km. Asosiy dengiz portlari: Hamburg, Bre-menBremerxafen, Vilgelmsxafen, Rostok<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksport_va_import">Eksport va import</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Eksport va import" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Eksport va import"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germaniya dunyodagi tashki savdo aylanmasi hajmi boʻyicha <a href="/wiki/AQSh" class="mw-redirect" title="AQSh">AQShdan</a> keyin ikkinchi oʻrinda turadi. Germaniya chetga asosan <a href="/wiki/Avtomobil" title="Avtomobil">avtomobillar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanok" title="Stanok">stanoklar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashina" title="Mashina">mashinalar</a>, kimyo mahsulotlari va elektr texnika buyumlari chiqaradi. Chetdan xom ashyo, elektr texnika va toʻqimachilik mahsulotlari oladi. Tashki savdodagi asosiy mijozlari: <a href="/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya">Fransiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya">Italiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buyuk_Britaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyuk Britaniya">Buyuk Britaniya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niderlandlar" class="mw-redirect" title="Niderlandlar">Niderlandlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgiya" title="Belgiya">Belgiya</a>, AQSh, <a href="/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya">Rossiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyuksemburg" title="Lyuksemburg">Lyuksemburg</a>. Pul birligi — nemis markasi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ijtimoiy_soha">Ijtimoiy soha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Ijtimoiy soha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Ijtimoiy soha"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibbiy_xizmati">Tibbiy xizmati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tibbiy xizmati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Tibbiy xizmati"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:GKV-Ausgaben.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GKV-Ausgaben.png/300px-GKV-Ausgaben.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GKV-Ausgaben.png/450px-GKV-Ausgaben.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GKV-Ausgaben.png/600px-GKV-Ausgaben.png 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>nemis kasalxonalari uchun xarajatlar 1993—2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Germaniya 620 mingga yaqin oʻrinli 2300 kasalxona, 267 ming vrach ishlaydi. Bundan tashqari 1300 sogʻlomlashtirish muassasalari mavjud<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maorifi,_ilmiy_va_madaniy-maʼrifiy_muassasalari"><span id="Maorifi.2C_ilmiy_va_madaniy-ma.CA.BCrifiy_muassasalari"></span>Maorifi, ilmiy va madaniy-maʼrifiy muassasalari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Maorifi, ilmiy va madaniy-maʼrifiy muassasalari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Maorifi, ilmiy va madaniy-maʼrifiy muassasalari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konstitutsiyaga binoan davlat maorif tizimini umumiy nazorat qilish huquqini oʻzida saqlab qoladi. Har bir yerda maorif masalalari bilan shugʻullanuvchi vazirlik bor. 6 yoshdan 18 yoshgacha boʻlgan bolalar uchun taʼlim majburiy. Oʻqish muddati — 12 yil Jumladan, bolalar toʻla oʻquv haftasi dasturi boʻyicha maktabda 9 yil, soʻnfa toʻliqsiz oʻquv haftasi dasturi boʻyicha hunartexnika bilim yurtida 3 yil oʻqiydi. Maktablar bir necha bosqichga boʻlinadi: boshlangʻich bosqich — 1—4 sinflar (baʼzi yerlarda 1—6 sinflar). Soʻng oʻquvchilar umumiy taʼlim maktabining uch toifasiga ajratiladi; keyinchalik hunar taʼlimi olish huquqini beradigan asosiy maktab (5—6 yil), kasbkor yoʻnalishidagi toʻliqsiz oʻrta taʼlim huquqini va oʻrta hunar-texnika oʻquv yurtiga kirish va uni bitirgach, texnika oliy oʻquv yurtiga kirish huquqini beradigan real maktab; toʻliq oʻrta maʼlumot beradigan va universitet hamda oliy oʻquv yurtlariga kirish huquqini beradigan gimnaziya. Umumiy taʼlim beradigan maktabning yangi toifasi — umumiy maktab ham mavjud. Unda bolalar 5sinfdan 10-sinfgacha oʻqiydi. Baʼzi umumiy maktablarda gimnaziyalarning yuqori sinflari tarzida tashkil etilgan yuqori sinflar bor. Aqli zaif va nogiron bolalar uchun maxsus maktablar bor. Ularga ham majburiy taʼlim joriy etilgan. </p><p>Hunar-texnika taʼlimi tizimida hunar maktablari, texnika va muhandislik bilim yurtlari, turli ixtisoslikdagi oʻrta maxsus taʼlim maktablari hamda maxsus oliy maktablar bor. Oliy taʼlim tizimiga universitetlar, oliy oʻquv yurtlari, oliy badiiy maktablar, texnika maktablari va boshqalar kiradi. Ularda oʻqish pulli. Eng yirik va qadimgi oliy oʻquv yurtlari: Geydelberg, Leypsig, Rostok, Berlin universitetlari. <a href="/wiki/1960-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1960-yil">1960-yildan</a> keyin yana 20 ta universitet tashkil etildi. Ularning yonida texnika oliy bilim yurtlari va pedagogika institutlari mavjud. Maxsus oliy oʻquv yurtlari oliy taʼlimning eng yosh va hammaga manzur toifasi hisoblanadi. Ulardagi taʼlim ayniqsa muhandislik, iqtisodiyot, ijtimoiy taʼminot, dizayn va qishloq xoʻjaligi sohalarida koʻproq amaliy tarzda olib boriladi. Germaniyada har yili 10 million fuqaro bilim saviyasini oshirish imkoniyatiga ega. Malaka oshirishning eng yaxshi va samarali shakli xalq universitetlaridir. Germaniyada 11 ta mintaqalararo iqtisodiyot oʻquv markazi va 30 ta malaka oshirish instituti mavjud. Yirik firmalar oʻz xodimlari uchun alohida kurslar tashkil etadi. </p><p>Mamlakatdagi ilmiy tadqiqot ishlari oliy oʻquv yurtlarida, davlat va xususiy ilmiy tadqiqot muassasalarida va iqtisodiyot ilmiy tadqiqot boʻlimlarida olib boriladi. Tadqiqotlarda Dyusseldorf, Gyottingen, Geydelberg, Leypsig, Mayns va Myunxenda joylashadi Fanlar akademiyasilari va <a href="/wiki/1992-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1992-yil">1992-yil</a> qayta tashkil etilgan Berlin-Brandenburg badiiy akademiyasi oliy oʻquv yurtlari bilan uzviy hamkorlik qiladi. Mamlakatda 60 dan ortiq ilmiy muassasa va ularning filiallari mavjud. „21-asr texnologiyalari“ deb atalgan ishlardan tashqari, jumladan, transport, ekologiya, sogʻliqni saqlash, informatika, shuningdek mayda va oʻrta korxonalarni qoʻllab-quvvatlash sohalarida tadqiqotlar olib boriladi. </p><p>Germaniyada 3 mingdan koʻproq muzey bor. Yerlar, shaharlar, uyushmalarning muzeylari, oʻlkashunoslik va xususiy muzeylar, ibodatxonalar, qasrlar, saroylardagi muzeylar, ochiq havo ostidagi muzeylar shular jumlasiga kiradi. Eng yirik muzeylari: Axendagi sobor xazinasi, Yangi galereya, Berlindagi „Prussiya madaniy bisoti“ davlat muzeyi, Bonndagi shahar sanʼat asarlari majmuasi, Drezdendagi Eski va Yangi ustalarning rasmlar galereyasi, „Kuk gumbaz“, Essendagi „Folkvang“ muzeyi kabi sanʼat muzeylari, Bonndagi Reyn viloyat muzeyi, Kyolndagi Rim-Germaniya muzeyi, Myunxendagi Bavariya milliy muzeyi kabi madaniytarixiy muzeylar, Berlin, Frankfurtmayn, Gyottingen, Hamburg, Kil, Kyoln, Lyubeke, Myunxen va Shtutgartdagi etnografiya muzeylari va boshqalar. Yirik kutubxonalari: Myunxendagi Bavariya davlat kutubxonasi (6 milliondan ortiq asar saqlanadi). „Prussiya madaniy bisoti“ning Berlindagi davlat kutubxonasi (4 million asar), Kyolndagi Markaziy kutubxona, Volfenbyuttedsagi gersog Avgust nomidagi kutubxona (660 mingdan ortiq asar) va boshqalar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matbuoti,_radnoeshittirishi_va_telekoʻrsatuvi"><span id="Matbuoti.2C_radnoeshittirishi_va_teleko.CA.BBrsatuvi"></span>Matbuoti, radnoeshittirishi va telekoʻrsatuvi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Matbuoti, radnoeshittirishi va telekoʻrsatuvi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Matbuoti, radnoeshittirishi va telekoʻrsatuvi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germaniyada nashr etiladigan asosiy gazeta va jurnallar: "Algemayne saytung („Umumiy gazeta“, kundalik gazeta, <a href="/wiki/1850-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1850-yil">1850-yildan</a>), „Berliner morgenpost“ („Berlin tonggi xabarlari“, kundalik gazeta, <a href="/wiki/1898-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1898-yil">1898-yildan</a>), „Bonner rundshau“ („Bonn sharhi“, kundalik gazeta, <a href="/wiki/1945-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1945-yil">1945-yildan</a>), "Generalansayger („Hammabop xabarnoma“, kundalik gazeta, <a href="/wiki/1725-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1725-yil">1725-yildan</a>), „Noyes Doychland“ („Yangi Germaniya“, kundalik gazeta, <a href="/wiki/1946-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1946-yil">1946-yildan</a>), „Shpigel“ („Koʻzgu“, haftalik suratli jurnal, <a href="/wiki/1947-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1947-yil">1947-yildan</a>), „Shtern“ („Yulduz“, haftalik suratli jurnal, <a href="/wiki/1948-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1948-yil">1948-yildan</a>). Doycher Depeshendinst Algemayner Doycher Naxrixtendinst — DDP/ ADN axborot agentligi; 1946-yilda sobiq GDRda tuzilgan ADN agentligining <a href="/wiki/1993-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1993-yil">1993-yilda</a> Gʻarbiy Germaniyaning DDP agentligi bilan qoʻshilishi natijasida vujudga kelgan. Doyche Presse-Agentur-DPA jahon axborot agentligi, aksiyadorlik jamiyati boʻlib, <a href="/wiki/1949-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1949-yil">1949-yilda</a> tuzilgan. „Arbaytsgemaynshaft der effentlix-rextlixen rundfunkanshtalgen der Bundesrespublik Doychland“ — ARD OFR radio va televizion kompaniyalari birlashmasi, mamlakat radioeshittirish va telekoʻrsatuvlarini nazorat qiladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adabiyoti">Adabiyoti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Adabiyoti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Adabiyoti"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adabiyotnning eng qadimgi namunalari 8—9-asrlarga mansub („Gildebrand qoʻshigʻi“, „Mazreburg sehri“). Ekkehardning lotin tilidagi „Valtarius“ asari 11-asrda yaratilgan. Uygʻonish davri adabiyotiga Volfram fon Eshenbax, M. Lyuter, T. Myunser, G. Saks (16-asr) kabi shoir va adiblar salmoqli hissa qoʻshdi. „Til Eylenshpigel“, „Reyneke Lis“, „Faust“ kabi xalq kitoblari nashr qilindi. Klassitsizm namoyondasi shoir M. Opits mistik va dabdabali barokko sheʼriyatiga qarshi nemis tilining sofligi uchun kurashdi. „Minna fon Barnxelm“, „Emiliya Galotti“, „Donishmand Natan“ pyesalari muallifi G. E. Lessing nemis milliy adabiyotiga asos soldi. I. V. Gyote („Egmont“, „nemis va Doroteya“, „Faust“) va F. Shiller („Qaroqchilar“, „Makr va muhabbat“, „Orlean qizi“, „Vilgelm Tell“) ijodi 18-asr va 19-asr boshlari nemis adabiyotidagi taraqqiyparvar gʻoyalarning rivojida yuksak bosqich boʻldi. 18-asr 2-yarmi va 19-asr boshlarida romantizm paydo boʻldi. Romantiklar (aka-uka A. va F. Shlegellar, L. Tik, L. Uland va boshqalar) oʻrta asrni, din va xurofotni ideallashtirib, poeziyada subyektivizmni targʻib etishdi. 19-asrning 30-yillaridagi siyosiy koʻtarilish adabiy hayotni ham jonlantirdi. Dramaturg G. Byuxner, L. Berne demokratiya uchun kurashdilar. Buyuk shoir G. Geyne „Qoʻshiqlar kitobi“ siyosiy lirikasi va boshqalar toʻplamlarida feodal reaksiyani tanqid qildi. 1848-49 yillardagi nemis burjuademokratik inqilobi magʻlubiyatidan soʻng adabiy hayotda reaksion kayfiyat kuchaydi. 20-asr boshlarida dramaturgiyada naturalistik oqim paydo boʻldi (G. Gauptman, A. Gols va boshqalar), tanqidiy realizm yuksak bosqichga koʻtarildi. <a href="/wiki/Birinchi_jahon_urushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Birinchi jahon urushi">Birinchi jahon urushi</a> davrida va undan soʻng A. Sveyg, B. Kellerman, K. Tuxolski, E. M. Remark kabi tanqidiy realistlar ijtimoiy tuzumning reaksion mohiyatini fosh etdilar. Fashistlar hokimiyat tepasiga kelgach, koʻpchilik taraqqiyparvar yozuvchilar vatanni tark etishdi va chet ellarda fashizmni fosh etuvchi asarlar yozishdi. 1945-yilda mamlakat ikkiga boʻlingach, nemis adabiyoti turli yoʻllardan rivojlandi. Sharqiy G. (sobiq GDR)da yashagan taniqli yozuvchilar T. Mann, G. Mann, L. Feyxtvanger kabilar adabiy oqimdagi ilgʻor anʼanalarni ijodiy davom ettirdilar. Eski ziyolilardan B. Kellerman, A. Sveyg, G. Fallada yangicha adabiy hayotga faol qoʻshildilar. I. R. Bexer, B. Brext, A. Zegers, F. Volf, F. Fyuman fashizmning jirkanch qiyofasini fosh etuvchi, insonning jamiyat oldidagi masʼuliyatini ifodalovchi asarlar yozishdi. Ammo bu yerda axborot imkoniyati va fikrlar erkinligi boʻlmagan sharoitda ularning ijodiy imkoniyatlari cheklangan edi. </p><p>Germaniyaning gʻarbi (OFR)da yashagan va fashizm qabohatlarining shohidi boʻlgan V. Borxert, X. V. Rixter, G. Byoll kabi adiblar oʻzlarining koʻrgan-kechirganlari haqida taʼsirchan asarlar yaratishdi. Xans Verner Rixterning tashabbusi bilan tuzilgan „47lar guruhi“ katta rol oʻynadi. Shu guruh har yili oʻtkazib turgan yozuvchilarning uchrashuvlari adabiy doiradan chiqib, siyosiy voqeaga ham aylana bordi. Bir qator adiblar (Yu. Bekker, R. Brinkman, A. Kluge, D. Vellersxof) ijtimoiy voqelikni talqin etmay, shunchaki tasvirlash yoʻlidan bordilar. 70 va 80-yillarda esa koʻpgina yozuvchilar ijtimoiy va iqtisodiy faollikka intildilar. Mamlakat birlashishi bilan nemis adabiyoti yangi rivojlanish bosqichiga kirdi. Yangi voqelikni badiiy idrok qilish va aks ettirish uchun vaqt kerak boʻladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meʼmorligi"><span id="Me.CA.BCmorligi"></span>Meʼmorligi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Meʼmorligi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Meʼmorligi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Berlin_Skyline_voll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Berlin_Skyline_voll.jpg/300px-Berlin_Skyline_voll.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Berlin_Skyline_voll.jpg/450px-Berlin_Skyline_voll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Berlin_Skyline_voll.jpg/600px-Berlin_Skyline_voll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Berlin</figcaption></figure> <p>nemis qabilalarining qadimgi meʼmoriy yodgorliklari (yogʻochdan ishlangan) saqlanmagan. Toshdan ishlangan meʼmoriy yodgorliklari (Axendagi saroy kapellasi, 790—805: Fulddagi muqaddas Mixail cherkovi, 822) keyingi antik va Vizantiya meʼmorligi taʼsirida paydo boʻlgan. 9—10-asrlarda bazilika xilidagi bezaksiz cherkovlar qurildi. 11-12-asrlarda roman uslubidagi cherkov va soborlar (Mariya Lax cherkovi, 1093—1230; Maynsdagi sobor, 1100-1230 va boshqalar) qad koʻtardi. 13-14-asrlarda Germaniyada gotika uslubiga xos binolarni yangi konstruksiyalar asosida qurish avj oldi. Uygʻonish davrida ham gotika uslubi oʻz mavqeini yoʻqotmadi. 17-asrda meʼmorlik va tasviriy sanʼatda dabdabali barokko uslubi keng tarqaldi. 18-asrning 1-yarmida saroy va cherkovlar qurilishi yanada rivojlandi va baʼzan barokko bilan rokoko qisman birlashtirildi, 2-yarmida esa klassitsizm uslubida teatr, muzey va oʻquv muassasalari qurildi. 19-asrda yangi qurilish materiallari — temir va beton konstruksiyalari paydo boʻlishi tufayli modern uslubi urf boʻldi. 20-asrda texnika taraqqiyoti bilan konstruktivizm va funksionalizm qonunlari asosida (P. Berens, B. Taut, V. Gropius, L. Mis van der Roe va boshqalar) sanoat va turar joy binolari barpo etilib, shaharlar loyihasi tuzildi. Fashistlar diktaturasi davrida Germaniyada dagʻal va besoʻnaqay koʻrinishli, klassitsizmga yot binolar qurildi. Bu davrda koʻpgina atoqdi meʼmorlar chet ellarga ketib qoldilar. Urushdan keyin ayniqsa GDRda bir qolipdagi koʻrimsiz binolar qad koʻtardi. Keyingi yillarda koʻrkam jamoat binolari, qulay turar joylar qurila boshladi, shaharlarni obod qilishga kirishildi. Germaniyada insonning ehtiyojlarini har tomonlama nazarda tutgan zamonaviy yangi meʼmorlik namunalari tobora koʻpayib bormoqda. Meʼmorlikdagi yangi yoʻnalishlar goʻzal va qulay inshootlar yaratilishiga olib kelmoqda. Turli ranglarga boʻyalgan <a href="/wiki/Lift" title="Lift">liftlar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eskalator" title="Eskalator">eskalatorlar</a>, bino tashqarisiga oʻrnatilgan kommunikatsiyalar meʼmoriy bezak vazifasini ham oʻtaydi. Ustunning qoshi, karniz va <a href="/wiki/Naqsh" title="Naqsh">naqshlar</a> esa <a href="/wiki/Bino" title="Bino">bino</a> husniga husn qoʻshib, kishi koʻzini quvontiradi. Shtutgartdagi yangi davlat galereyasi binosi (meʼmorlar J. Sterling, M. Uilford). Frankfurtmayndagi 256 metrlik yarmarka minorasi (meʼmor X. Yan) shu jumlaga kiradi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tasviriy_sanʼati"><span id="Tasviriy_san.CA.BCati"></span>Tasviriy sanʼati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Tasviriy sanʼati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Tasviriy sanʼati"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Muenchen-Oktoberfest-bjs2005-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Muenchen-Oktoberfest-bjs2005-02.jpg/300px-Muenchen-Oktoberfest-bjs2005-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Muenchen-Oktoberfest-bjs2005-02.jpg/450px-Muenchen-Oktoberfest-bjs2005-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Muenchen-Oktoberfest-bjs2005-02.jpg/600px-Muenchen-Oktoberfest-bjs2005-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Germaniya hududida paleolit va neolit, jez va temir davrlari sanʼati yodgorliklari topilgan. Mil. boshlarida nemis qabilalarining ibtidoiy sanʼati paydo boʻlgan. 8—9-asrlarda karolinglar sanʼati (suyak oʻymakorligi, miniatyura)ga Vizantiya, qadimgi dunyo madaniyati taʼsir etdi. 11-13-asrlar sanʼati (Xildesxeym soborining bronza eshiklari, 1015, Reyxenau orolidagi Obersel cherkovining devoriy rasmlari, miniatyuralar) diniy harakterdagi roman uslubiga oʻtish davri boʻldi. 13—14-asrlarda nemis gotikasi taraqqiy etib, saroyritsarlik madaniyati elementlari oʻsayotgan shaharlar madaniyati bilan qoʻshilib ketdi. Uygʻonish davrida insonparvarlik gʻoyalari bilan sugʻorilgan realistik sanʼat vujudga keldi. 15-asrda paydo boʻlgan bu sanʼat (S. Loxner, L. Mozer, G. Mulcher, M. Shongauer) 16-asrning 30-yillarida A. Dyurer, X. Xolbeyn asarlarida yuksak choʻqqiga koʻtarildi. Sanʼatda 16-asrning 2-yarmidan manyerizm, 17-asrdan barokko hukmron boʻlib, 18-asr oʻrtalarida klassitsizm paydo boʻldi (R. Mengs, A. Kaufman, A. Ya. Karstens va boshqalar). 1848—49 yillardagi inqilob davrida jangovar demokratik ruhdagi kartinalar yaratildi (I. P. Gazenklever, K. Gyubner, K. F. Lesing). 19-asrning yirik realist rassomi A. Mensel ijodida nemis hayoti oʻzining toʻla aksini topdi. 20-asr boshlarida Germaniya mayda burjuaziya oqimi—ekspressionizm vatani boʻlib qoldi (haykaltarosh V. Lembruk va boshqalar). Fashistlar hokimiyat tepasiga kelgach, quvgʻin va taʼqiblarga qaramay, baʼzi rassomlar (Barlax, Kolvits, O. Nagel) insonparvarlik ideallariga sodiq qoldilar. Urushdan keyin utmish anʼanalariii tiklashga kirishildi va Yevropa hamda Amerika sanʼatidagi yangi oqimlardan foydalanildi. Hozirgi vaqtda yoʻnalishlar naqadar xilma-xil boʻlmasin, mutanosiblik yoʻliga intilish seziladi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teatri">Teatri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Teatri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Teatri"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Teatr sanʼati tarixi xalq urf-odatlari va oʻyinlaridan iborat. 11—15-asrlarda xalq sayyor aktyorlari—shpilmanlar sanʼati avj oldi (yengil, shoʻx, kichik pyesalar quyilgan). 16-asr oxirlarida maktab dramalari keng tarkaldi. nemis aktyorlarining birinchi truppalari yuzaga keldi. 18-asrda aktrisa K. F. Neyber nemis teatri sahnasiga fransuz klassitsizmi badiiy tamoyillarini olib chiqdi, teatrning tarbiyaviy roli uchun kurashdi. 19-asrda Berlin, Braunshveyg, Drezden, Dyusseldorf, Hamburg va boshqa shaharlar teatr markaziga aylandi. 19-asr oxiri va 20-asr boshlarida E. Possart, L. Barnay, Y. Kayns kabi yirik aktyorlar yetishib chikdi. l-jahon urushi yillarida Germaniya teatri realistik anʼanalardan chekindi. <a href="/wiki/1927-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1927-yil">1927-yilda</a> ochilgan „Piskator teatri“ publitsistik yoʻnalishdan bordi. Dramaturglardan B. Brext, F. Volf, E. Toller, aktyorlardan A. Moisei, G. Otto, E. Bush, rejissorlardan M. Reyngardt, E. Piskator, G. Vangenxeym, K. X. Martinlar teatr sanʼatining rivojlanishiga katta hissa qoʻshdilar. Fashizm davrida teatr sanʼati natsistlarning targʻibot quroliga aylandi. Fashizm tor-mor etilgach, natsizmga qarshi ruxdagi pyesalar paydo boʻldi. Berlinda 150 ta teatr va sahna bor. Boshka shaharlardagi teatrlarning ham repertuarlari xilma-xil. Klassiklarning pyesalari ham katta muvaffaqiyat qozonmoqda. Shiller, Lessing va Kleystdan keyin B. Brext asarlari paydo boʻldi. Zamonaviy dramaturglardan baʼzilari muvaffaqiyatga erishdi. Rolf Xokxut, Harald Myuller, Tankred Dorst, Klau Pol shu jumlaga kirdi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musiqasi">Musiqasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Musiqasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Musiqasi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oʻrta asrlarda ritsarlar sanʼati paydo boʻldi, minnezingerlar maktabi shakllandi (Volfram fon Eshenbax va boshqalar); 14-asrda meysterzingerlar sanʼati, 16-asrdan cholgʻu (ayniqsa organ) musiqasi (K. Pauman singari kompozitorlar ijodida) rivojlandi. Islohot davrida xalq qoʻshiqlari zaminida protesta ntxorali paydo boʻldi. Germaniya Shyuts nemis musiqasida oratoriya va kantata janrlarini ishlab chiqdi, birinchi nemis operasi „Dafna“ (1627)ni yezdi. <a href="/wiki/1723-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1723-yil">1723-yildan</a> I. S. Bax faoliyati boshlangap Leypsig yirik musiqa markaziga aylandi. 18-asr 2-yarmida musiqali sahna janri—zingshpil paydo boʻldi (I. Xiller va boshqalar). Asosan chet ellarda ishlagan Germaniya Gendel, X. Glyuk kabi kompozitorlar <a href="/wiki/Angliya" title="Angliya">Angliya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya">Fransiya</a> va boshqa mamlakatlar musiqa taraqqiyotiga katta hissa qoʻshdi. Y. Gaydn, V. A. Motsart, L. Betxoven singari Vena klassik maktabi ustalari nemis musiqasi rivojiga kuchli taʼsir oʻtkazdi. L. Betxoven ijodi nemis musiqasining choʻqqisidir. 19-asr boshida musiqiyromantizm namoyandalari F. Shubert, K. Veber, F. MendelsonBartoldi, R. Shuman, 19-asr 2-yarmida R. Vagner. I. Brams, M. Regerlar ijod qildi. 20-asr boshidan Germaniyada ekspressionizm (R. Shtraus, A. Shyonberg), neoklassitsizm (P. Xindemit), atonalizm kabi musiqiy avangardizm oqimlari tarqaldi. Fashistlar rejimi mamlakat musiqiy madaniyatiga halokatli taʼsir qildi. Ilgʻor kayfiyatdagi musiqa arboblari xorijdan boshpana topdi. Urushdan keyin keksa avlodga mansub kompzitorlarning ijodi va faoliyati (K. Orf va boshqalar) yetakchilik qildi. 60-yillardan keyingina yosh kompozitorlar (X. Xense, K. Shtokxauzen) koʻzga koʻrina boshladi. Berlin, Hamburg, Myunxen, Frankfurtmayn, Shtutgart, Leypsig, Drezden va boshqa shaharlarda opera va balet teatrlari, simfonik orkestrlar, Oliy musiqa maktablari bor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinosi">Kinosi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Kinosi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Kinosi"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germaniyada kinematografiya <a href="/wiki/1895-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1895-yil">1895-yil</a> yuzaga kelgan. <a href="/wiki/Birinchi_jahon_urushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Birinchi jahon urushi">Birinchi jahon urushi</a> arafasida badiiy filmlar ishlab chiqarila boshlandi. 1916—1917-yillar UFA deb atalgan yirik ishlab chiqarish firmasi tuzildi. F. F. Murnau, G. V. Pabst, E. Lyubich kabi rejissorlarning filmlarida zamonasining ijtimoiy mavzulari aks ettirildi. 20-yillarda nemis kinosida ekspressionizmning kuchli taʼsiri sezilib turadi. 20-yillar oxiri va 30-yillar boshida „Krauzen buvining baxt tomon safari“ (rejissor P. Yutsi) va boshqa realistik filmlar yaratildi. <a href="/wiki/1933-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1933-yil">1933-yil</a> yuzaga kelgan siyosiy reaksiya nemis kinematografiyasi rivojlanishini toʻxtatib qoʻydi. <a href="/wiki/Ikkinchi_jahon_urushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikkinchi jahon urushi">Ikkinchi jahon urushi</a> davrida kino natsizm targʻibotining quroliga aylantirildi. OFRda <a href="/wiki/1949-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1949-yil">1949-yildan</a> tijorat va koʻngilochar filmlar chiqarila boshladi. 60-yillardan eʼtiboran yosh rejissorlar badiiy yetuk ekran asarlari yaratishdi. Keyinchalik zamonaviy voqelik va axloq mavzulariga eʼtibor berila boshladi. Doris Durrining „Erkaklar“ komediyasi, Volfgang Petersonning urush haqidagi „Suv osti kemasi“ filmi kabi badiiy puxta kartinalar yuzaga keldi. <a href="/wiki/1984-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1984-yil">1984-yilda</a> yaratilgan „Parij, Texas“, <a href="/wiki/1988-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1988-yil">1988-yilda</a> suratga olingan „Berlin osmoni“, <a href="/wiki/1986-yil" class="mw-redirect" title="1986-yil">1986-yilda</a> dunyo yuzini koʻrgan „Roza Lyuksemburg“ filmlari tomoshabinlarga manzur boʻldi. Tarixiy va zamonaviy mavzudagi adabiy asarlarni ekranlashtirishga kirishildi.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oʻzbekiston_—_Germaniya_munosabatlari"><span id="O.CA.BBzbekiston_.E2.80.94_Germaniya_munosabatlari"></span>Oʻzbekiston — Germaniya munosabatlari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Oʻzbekiston — Germaniya munosabatlari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Oʻzbekiston — Germaniya munosabatlari"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">Asosiy maqola: <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzbekiston_%E2%80%94_Germaniya_munosabatlari" title="Oʻzbekiston — Germaniya munosabatlari">Oʻzbekiston — Germaniya munosabatlari</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Havolalar">Havolalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Havolalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Havolalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211064003/www.moskau.diplo.de/Vertretung/moskau/ru/Startseite.html">Posolstvo Germanii v Moskve</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germania-online.ru">Informatsionniy portal www.germania-online.ru</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschland.de/ru">www.deutschland.de</a><sup><span title="ruscha" style="font-size:90%; cursor:help; margin-left:0.2em; color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">(rus.)</span></sup> — federalniy sayt, razdel na russkom yazike</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germanmap.ru/">Sbornik kart Germanii</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2018-05-31 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180531204950/http://germanmap.ru/">arxivlangan</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manbalar">Manbalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Manbalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germaniya&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Manbalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5263675">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221205616/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html"><i>Germaniya Statistika Vazirligi, 22. April 2015</i></a>, 21-dekabr 2018-yilda <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html">asl nusxadan</a> arxivlandi<span class="reference-accessdate">, qaraldi: 30-iyul 2015-yil</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germaniya+Statistika+Vazirligi%2C+22.+April+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FZahlenFakten%2FGesellschaftStaat%2FBevoelkerung%2FBevoelkerungsstand%2FTabellen%2FZensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AGermaniya" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Citation" title="Andoza:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format ()</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090709004812/http://www.rv-prestige.ru/countries/403.php"><i>Germaniya turi, otdix, seni, ekskursionnie turi v Germaniyu</i></a>, 9-iyul 2009-yilda <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rv-prestige.ru/countries/403.php">asl nusxadan</a> arxivlandi<span class="reference-accessdate">, qaraldi: 18-aprel 2013-yil</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germaniya+turi%2C+otdix%2C+seni%2C+ekskursionnie+turi+v+Germaniyu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rv-prestige.ru%2Fcountries%2F403.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3AGermaniya" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Citation" title="Andoza:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format ()</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Deutsche_Dialekte.PNG">Nemeskie dialekti — karta raspredeleniya</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lenta.ru/articles/2012/10/16/refugee/">Marshem na Berlin. V Germanii bejensi razvernuli borbu za svoi prava</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dsw-online.de-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-dsw-online.de_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsw-online.de/info-service/land.php">DSW: Länderdatenbank</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>sayt ishlamaydi</i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsw-online.de/pdf/dsw_datenreport_09.pdf">Stiftung Weltbevölkerung: Home</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2009-11-22 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091122071442/http://www.dsw-online.de/pdf/dsw_datenreport_09.pdf">arxivlangan</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_jb01_jahrtab1.asp">Gemeinsames Datenangebot der Statistischen Ämter des Bundes und der Länder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 6-iyul 2017-yil sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706204449/http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_jb01_jahrtab1.asp">arxivlangan</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dmitriev V. A. „Rol sovremennoy Germanii v mirovoy politike“. Gorchakovskie chteniya</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. I. Patrushev „Germaniya v XX veke“</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yeryuxin A. A. „Yevropeyskaya politika FRG pri Adenauere“</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><i>Eisenbahnatlas Deutschlandf</i>, 2007/2008, Кёльн: Verlag Schweers + Wall GmbH, 2007.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=-%7BEisenbahnatlas+Deutschlandf%7D-&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=2007%2F2008&rft.pub=Verlag+Schweers+%2B+Wall+GmbH&rft.place=%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Istochnik: Statya „Meditsina v Germanii“ na veb sayte <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-service-muenchen.de/ru/medical-ru/48-med-ger.html">Lechenie v Myunxene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 21-mart 2012-yil sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321042229/http://www.business-service-muenchen.de/ru/medical-ru/48-med-ger.html">arxivlangan</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBzME" class="mw-redirect" title="OʻzME">OʻzME</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://n.ziyouz.com/books/uzbekiston_milliy_ensiklopediyasi/Oʻzbekiston%20Milliy%20Ensiklopediyasi%20-%20G%20harfi.pdf">G-harfi, 232</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>sayt ishlamaydi</i>]</span></sup>. Birinchi jild. Toshkent, 2000-yil</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4048111">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-koʻrish"><a href="/wiki/Andoza:Yevropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Yevropa"><abbr title="Bu andozani koʻrish" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">k</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-munozara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza_munozarasi:Yevropa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andoza munozarasi:Yevropa (sahifa yaratilmagan)"><abbr title="Bu andozani muhokama qilish" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">m</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-tahrirlash"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:EditPage/Andoza:Yevropa" title="Maxsus:EditPage/Andoza:Yevropa"><abbr title="Bu andozani tahrirlash" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yevropa_davlatlari" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yevropa" title="Yevropa">Yevropa</a> <a href="/wiki/Yevropa_davlatlari_ro%CA%BByxati" title="Yevropa davlatlari roʻyxati">davlatlari</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albaniya" title="Albaniya">Albaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armaniston" title="Armaniston">Armaniston</a><sup style="font-size: 70%">2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avstriya" title="Avstriya">Avstriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgiya" title="Belgiya">Belgiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birlashgan_Qirollik" title="Birlashgan Qirollik">Birlashgan Qirollik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolgariya" title="Bolgariya">Bolgariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniya_va_Gersegovina" title="Bosniya va Gersegovina">Bosniya va Gersegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernogoriya" title="Chernogoriya">Chernogoriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chexiya" title="Chexiya">Chexiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniya" title="Daniya">Daniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoniya" title="Estoniya">Estoniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandiya" title="Finlandiya">Finlandiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya">Fransiya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretsiya" title="Gretsiya">Gretsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruziya" title="Gruziya">Gruziya</a><sup style="font-size: 70%">1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irlandiya" title="Irlandiya">Irlandiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islandiya" title="Islandiya">Islandiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispaniya" title="Ispaniya">Ispaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya">Italiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latviya" title="Latviya">Latviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litva" title="Litva">Litva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixtenshteyn" title="Lixtenshteyn">Lixtenshteyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuksemburg" title="Lyuksemburg">Lyuksemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojariston" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojariston">Mojariston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monako" title="Monako">Monako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niderlandiya" title="Niderlandiya">Niderlandiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvegiya" title="Norvegiya">Norvegiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozarbayjon" title="Ozarbayjon">Ozarbayjon</a><sup style="font-size: 70%">1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha">Polsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugaliya" title="Portugaliya">Portugaliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibris_Respublikasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibris Respublikasi">Qibris</a><sup style="font-size: 70%">3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qozog%CA%BBiston" title="Qozogʻiston">Qozogʻiston</a><sup style="font-size: 70%">1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossiya" title="Rossiya">Rossiya</a><sup style="font-size: 70%">1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruminiya" title="Ruminiya">Ruminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbiya" title="Serbiya">Serbiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimoliy_Makedoniya" title="Shimoliy Makedoniya">Shimoliy Makedoniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetsiya" title="Shvetsiya">Shvetsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shveysariya" title="Shveysariya">Shveysariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakiya" title="Slovakiya">Slovakiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloveniya" title="Sloveniya">Sloveniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya">Turkiya</a><sup style="font-size: 70%">1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatikan" title="Vatikan">Vatikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xorvatiya" title="Xorvatiya">Xorvatiya</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yevropa" title="Yevropa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><sup style="font-size: 70%">1</sup> Bir qismi <a href="/wiki/Osiyo" title="Osiyo">Osiyoda</a>.</li><li><sup style="font-size: 70%">2</sup> Butunlay Osiyoda, biroq ittifoq va siyosiy tomonidan Yevropaga aloqador.</li><li><sup style="font-size: 70%">3</sup> Shimoliy Qibrisni faqat <a href="/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya">Turkiya</a> taniydi.</li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Turkum:Yevropa" title="Turkum:Yevropa">Turkum</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4048111"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4048241"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Katta_sakkizlik" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4048111"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4048093"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-koʻrish"><a href="/wiki/Andoza:Katta_sakkizlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Katta sakkizlik"><abbr title="Bu andozani koʻrish" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">k</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-munozara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andoza_munozarasi:Katta_sakkizlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andoza munozarasi:Katta sakkizlik (sahifa yaratilmagan)"><abbr title="Bu andozani muhokama qilish" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">m</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-tahrirlash"><a href="/wiki/Maxsus:EditPage/Andoza:Katta_sakkizlik" title="Maxsus:EditPage/Andoza:Katta sakkizlik"><abbr title="Bu andozani tahrirlash" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Katta_sakkizlik" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Katta_sakkizlik" title="Katta sakkizlik">Katta sakkizlik</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aʼzo mamlakatlar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kanada bayrogʻi"><img alt="Kanada bayrogʻi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/25px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/38px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/50px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a></span> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fransiya bayrogʻi"><img alt="Fransiya bayrogʻi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/25px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/38px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/50px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya">Fransiya</a></span> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Olmoniya bayrogʻi"><img alt="Olmoniya bayrogʻi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/25px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/38px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Olmoniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmoniya">Olmoniya</a></span> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italiya bayrogʻi"><img alt="Italiya bayrogʻi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/25px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/38px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/50px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Italiya" title="Italiya">Italiya</a></span> • <span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Flag_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yaponiya bayrogʻi"><img alt="Yaponiya bayrogʻi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/25px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/38px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/50px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yaponiya" title="Yaponiya">Yaponiya</a></span> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buyuk Britaniya bayrogʻi"><img alt="Buyuk Britaniya bayrogʻi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Birlashgan_Qirollik" title="Birlashgan Qirollik">Birlashgan Qirollik</a> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="AQSH bayrogʻi"><img alt="AQSH bayrogʻi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Qo%CA%BBshma_Shtatlari" title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari">AQSh</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kuzatuvchilar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yevropa Ittifoqi"><img alt="Yevropa Ittifoqi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/25px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/38px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/50px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Yevropa_Ittifoqi" title="Yevropa 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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