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Field Programmable Gate Array - Wikipedia

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<span>Storia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caratteristiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caratteristiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Caratteristiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Caratteristiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Caratteristiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Caratteristiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tipologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tipologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_principali_tecnologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_principali_tecnologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Le principali tecnologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_principali_tecnologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struttura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struttura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Struttura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struttura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Struttura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Struttura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blocchi_logici_configurabili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blocchi_logici_configurabili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Blocchi logici configurabili</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blocchi_logici_configurabili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blocchi_di_ingresso/uscita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blocchi_di_ingresso/uscita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Blocchi di ingresso/uscita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blocchi_di_ingresso/uscita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linee_di_interconnessione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linee_di_interconnessione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Linee di interconnessione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linee_di_interconnessione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizzo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizzo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Utilizzo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilizzo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dati_sulla_diffusione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dati_sulla_diffusione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dati sulla diffusione</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dati_sulla_diffusione-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Dati sulla diffusione</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dati_sulla_diffusione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cronologia_dell&#039;incremento_sull&#039;utilizzo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cronologia_dell&#039;incremento_sull&#039;utilizzo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cronologia dell'incremento sull'utilizzo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cronologia_dell&#039;incremento_sull&#039;utilizzo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I_principali_produttori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I_principali_produttori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>I principali produttori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I_principali_produttori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l&#039;indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Field Programmable Gate Array</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un&#039;altra lingua. Disponibile in 44 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="مصفوفة البوابات المنطقية القابلة للبرمجة - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصفوفة البوابات المنطقية القابلة للبرمجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Programmable_Gate_Array" title="Field Programmable Gate Array - bavarese" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Field Programmable Gate Array" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87" title="ফিল্ড-প্রোগ্রামেবল গেইট অ্যারে - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিল্ড-প্রোগ্রামেবল গেইট অ্যারে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriu_de_portes_programable_in_situ" title="Matriu de portes programable in situ - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matriu de portes programable in situ" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programovateln%C3%A9_hradlov%C3%A9_pole" title="Programovatelné hradlové pole - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Programovatelné hradlové pole" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-Programmable_Gate_Array" title="Field-Programmable Gate Array - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Field-Programmable Gate Array" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Programmable_Gate_Array" title="Field Programmable Gate Array - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Field Programmable Gate Array" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Field-programmable gate array" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agordebla_Matrico_de_Logikaj_Elementoj" title="Agordebla Matrico de Logikaj Elementoj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Agordebla Matrico de Logikaj Elementoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriz_de_puerta_programable_en_campo" title="Matriz de puerta programable en campo - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matriz de puerta programable en campo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ate-matrize_programagarri" title="Ate-matrize programagarri - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ate-matrize programagarri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="مدار مجتمع دیجیتال برنامه‌پذیر - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدار مجتمع دیجیتال برنامه‌پذیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Field-programmable gate array" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F" title="एफपीजीए - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एफपीजीए" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Field-programmable gate array" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87" title="ഫീൽഡ്-പ്രോഗ്രാമ്മേബിൾ ഗേറ്റ് അറേ - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫീൽഡ്-പ്രോഗ്രാമ്മേബിൾ ഗേറ്റ് അറേ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Field-programmable gate array" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FPGA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Altera_Flex_EPF10K20_20000_cell_FPGA.jpg/330px-Altera_Flex_EPF10K20_20000_cell_FPGA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Altera_Flex_EPF10K20_20000_cell_FPGA.jpg/440px-Altera_Flex_EPF10K20_20000_cell_FPGA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>FPGA contenente 20.000 <a href="/wiki/Porta_logica" title="Porta logica">porte logiche</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>Field Programmable Gate Array</b> (solitamente abbreviato in <b>FPGA</b>), in <a href="/wiki/Elettronica_digitale" title="Elettronica digitale">elettronica digitale</a>, è un <a href="/wiki/Dispositivo_logico_programmabile" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispositivo logico programmabile">dispositivo logico programmabile</a> ovvero genericamente un <a href="/wiki/Dispositivo_(informatica)" title="Dispositivo (informatica)">dispositivo</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardware" title="Hardware">hardware</a> elettronico formato da un <a href="/wiki/Circuito_integrato" title="Circuito integrato">circuito integrato</a> le cui funzionalità logiche di elaborazione sono appositamente <a href="/wiki/Programmazione_(informatica)" title="Programmazione (informatica)">programmabili</a> e modificabili tramite opportuni <a href="/wiki/Linguaggio_di_descrizione_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguaggio di descrizione hardware">linguaggi di descrizione hardware</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storia">Storia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Storia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Storia"><span>modifica 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vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Device" title="Programmable Logic Device">Programmable Logic Device</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>I componenti FPGA sono stati introdotti nella seconda metà degli <a href="/wiki/Anni_%2780" class="mw-redirect" title="Anni &#39;80">anni '80</a> come terza generazione di PLD (<a href="/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Device" title="Programmable Logic Device">Programmable Logic Device</a>), sviluppati presso i laboratori della <a href="/wiki/Harris_Semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Harris Semiconductor">Harris Semiconductor</a>. Ulteriori sviluppi vennero realizzati con le <a href="/wiki/Read_Only_Memory" title="Read Only Memory">Read Only Memory</a>, delle memorie <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> e delle tecnologie <a href="/wiki/Antifuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifuse">antifuse</a> che vennero tutte implementate in tali dispositivi. </p><p>A partire dalla seconda metà degli <a href="/wiki/Anni_%2780" class="mw-redirect" title="Anni &#39;80">anni '80</a>, dopo i primi modelli prodotti da <a href="/wiki/Altera" class="mw-redirect" title="Altera">Altera</a> e la realizzazione dell'XC2064 di <a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> e l'implementazione della <a href="/wiki/SRAM" title="SRAM">SRAM</a> su larga scala negli <a href="/wiki/Anni_%2790" class="mw-redirect" title="Anni &#39;90">anni '90</a>, l’industria del settore ha avuto una forte espansione, grazie anche ai continui progressi tecnologici nel settore dei <a href="/wiki/Semiconduttori" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconduttori">semiconduttori</a>, raggiungendo nel 2005 una quota di mercato vicina ai 2 miliardi di dollari. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche">Caratteristiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Caratteristiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tipologia">Tipologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Tipologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Tipologia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esistono diversi tipi di FPGA, che comprendono sia dispositivi programmabili una sola volta, sia dispositivi riprogrammabili un grande numero di volte. I primi, detti <a href="/wiki/Programmable_Read_Only_Memory" title="Programmable Read Only Memory">OTP</a> (<i>One Time Programmable</i>), sono costituiti da componenti il cui stato di funzionamento cambia in modo permanente, permettendo di mantenere la configurazione allo spegnimento del dispositivo. Alla seconda categoria appartengono i dispositivi basati su tecnologia <a href="/wiki/SRAM" title="SRAM">SRAM</a> (<i>Static Random Access Memory</i>), i quali devono essere riprogrammati ad ogni accensione, avendo una memoria di configurazione volatile. </p><p>I circuiti FPGA sono elementi che presentano caratteristiche intermedie rispetto ai dispositivi <a href="/wiki/Application_specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a> (<i>Application Specific Integrated Circuit</i>) da un lato e a quelli con architettura <a href="/wiki/Programmable_Array_Logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmable Array Logic">PAL</a> (<i>Programmable Array Logic</i>) dall'altro. L'uso di componenti FPGA comporta alcuni vantaggi rispetto agli ASIC: si tratta infatti di dispositivi standard la cui funzionalità da implementare non viene impostata dal produttore, il quale può quindi produrre su larga scala a basso prezzo. La loro genericità li rende adatti a un gran numero di applicazioni in ambito <i>consumer</i>, comunicazioni, <i>automotive</i> eccetera. Essi sono programmati direttamente dall'utente finale, consentendo la diminuzione dei tempi di progettazione, di verifica mediante simulazioni e di prova sul campo dell'applicazione. Il grande vantaggio rispetto agli ASIC è che permettono di apportare eventuali modifiche o correggere errori semplicemente riprogrammando il dispositivo in qualsiasi momento. Per questo motivo sono utilizzati ampiamente nelle fasi di <a href="/wiki/Prototipizzazione" class="mw-redirect" title="Prototipizzazione">prototipizzazione</a>, in quanto eventuali errori possono essere risolti semplicemente riconfigurando il dispositivo. L'ambiente di progettazione è anche più <i><a href="/wiki/User-friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="User-friendly">user-friendly</a></i> e di relativamente facile apprendimento. Di contro, per applicazioni su grandi numeri sono antieconomici, perché il prezzo unitario del dispositivo è superiore a quello degli ASIC (i quali hanno spesso, però, più elevati costi di progettazione). </p><p>Il costo di tali dispositivi è oggi in rapida diminuzione: ciò li rende sempre di più una valida alternativa alla tecnologia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Standard_cell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Standard cell (la pagina non esiste)">standard cell</a>. Usualmente vengono programmati con linguaggi come il <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a> o il <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a>, ma non bisogna dimenticare la modalità "<i>schematic-entry</i>", che consente un approccio veloce e semplificato a tale tecnologia pur essendo di pari potenzialità. Molte case costruttrici (ad esempio <a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> e <a href="/wiki/Altera" class="mw-redirect" title="Altera">Altera</a>) forniscono gratuitamente sistemi di sviluppo che supportano quasi tutta la loro gamma di prodotti. </p><p>Grazie alla versatilità di questi processori si stanno allargando i campi di utilizzo in diversi settori per i quali queste schede inizialmente non erano state progettate: ad esempio per l'attività di mining delle criptovalute, un campo inizialmente combattuto solo dai processori ASIC e dalle GPU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Le_principali_tecnologie">Le principali tecnologie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Le principali tecnologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Le principali tecnologie"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SRAM" title="SRAM">SRAM</a> - Tecnologia basata su tecnologia a memoria statica <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a>, in uso. Le SRAM-FPGA sono programmabili e riprogrammabili molte volte, e richiedono l'utilizzo di dispositivi esterni per essere configurate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifusibile" title="Antifusibile">Antifusibile</a> - Circuiti programmabili una sola volta (<i>One-time programmable</i>); CMOS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Read_Only_Memory" title="Programmable Read Only Memory">PROM</a> - Circuiti programmabili una sola volta; obsoleta.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a> - I dispositivi basati su tecnologia EPROM possono essere riprogrammati mediante la cancellazione dei dati precedentemente configurati con <a href="/wiki/Radiazione_ultravioletta" title="Radiazione ultravioletta">radiazione ultravioletta</a>. CMOS; obsoleta.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a> - A differenza dei precedenti circuiti, la cancellazione dei dati avviene per via elettrica.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoria_flash" title="Memoria flash">Flash</a> - Tecnologia EPROM basata su memoria flash, si tratta di dispositivi che possono essere riprogrammati. Solitamente una cella di memoria flash è più piccola di una equivalente cella EEPROM, ed è anche meno costosa da fabbricare. CMOS.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusibile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusibile">Fusibile</a> - Circuiti programmabili una sola volta; bipolare; obsoleta.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struttura">Struttura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Struttura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Struttura"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FPGA_cell_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FPGA_cell_example.png/350px-FPGA_cell_example.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FPGA_cell_example.png/525px-FPGA_cell_example.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FPGA_cell_example.png/700px-FPGA_cell_example.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Descrizione semplificata di una <i>logic cell</i>, in cui sono mostrate due <a href="/wiki/Lookup_table" title="Lookup table">LUT</a> a 3 input, un <a href="/wiki/Full-adder" title="Full-adder">full-adder</a> (FA) e un <a href="/wiki/Flip-flop" title="Flip-flop">flip-flop</a> di tipo D.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Switch_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Switch_box.svg/350px-Switch_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Switch_box.svg/525px-Switch_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Switch_box.svg/700px-Switch_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Le matrici di scambio (<i>switch matrix</i>) sono costituite da pass-transistor programmabili finalizzati all'instradamento dei segnali all'interno dell'organizzazione matriciale che costituisce l'FPGA</figcaption></figure> <p>La struttura di un FPGA è in generale costituita da una matrice di blocchi logici configurabili, detti CLB (<i>Configurable Logic Blocks</i>), connessi fra loro attraverso interconnessioni programmabili. Ai margini di tale matrice vi sono i blocchi di ingresso/uscita, detti IOB (<i>Input Output Block</i>). I CLB realizzano le funzioni logiche, l'insieme di interconnessioni li mette in comunicazione, mentre gli IOB si occupano dell'interfacciamento del circuito con l'esterno. All'interno di tale matrice sono presenti anche altri tipi di risorsa, come i DCM (<i>Digital Clock Manager</i>), che generano il segnale di <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a>, la rete che trasporta il segnale di clock dai flip-flop ai CLB ed altre risorse di calcolo, come ad esempio le <a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_aritmetica_e_logica" title="Unità aritmetica e logica">ALU</a> (<i>Arithmetic Logic Unit</i>), e risorse di memoria distribuita. Ciascuno di questi elementi costitutivi ha un modello di funzionamento specifico, che riveste notevole importanza nella comprensione del corretto funzionamento del dispositivo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blocchi_logici_configurabili">Blocchi logici configurabili</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Blocchi logici configurabili" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Blocchi logici configurabili"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I blocchi CLB sono composti solitamente da due o quattro celle logiche (<i>logic cell</i>), che eseguono le <a href="/wiki/Funzione_booleana" title="Funzione booleana">operazioni booleane</a>. Ogni logic cell è solitamente composta da una o più <a href="/wiki/Lookup_table" title="Lookup table">LUT</a> (<i>Look-up Table</i>) programmabili. Le LUT sono utilizzate per implementare funzioni booleane generalizzate, e sono solitamente accompagnate da un registro. L'insieme di questi elementi è detto <i>logic cell</i>, e rappresenta uno dei parametri più importanti nella valutazione della potenzialità di un FPGA. </p><p>I CLB possono essere connessi fra loro, permettendo così di realizzare funzioni booleane complesse. Le LUT sono composte da una memoria SRAM da 16 bit e da un multiplexer a 4 ingressi: una volta configurate possono generare qualsiasi funzione logica a quattro ingressi ciascuna. Vi sono anche le interconnessioni relative alla logica di set/reset e chip enable, ai segnali di clock, e ai segnali provenienti dalle altre slice del dispositivo. La scelta di utilizzare LUT a soli quattro ingressi risiede nel fatto che la complessità di una LUT cresce esponenzialmente all'aumentare del numero di ingressi, e risulta dunque poco gestibile. </p><p>Raggruppare insieme alcune LUT in un CLB e di connetterle con una rete locale di interconnessioni consente infatti una maggiore velocità, dovuta al fatto che questi tipo di interconnessione è più veloce di quella generale tra blocchi logici distinti. Il CLB è inoltre dimensionato al fine di ottimizzare il numero di connessioni locali e globali in funzione dell'area occupata: CLB troppo grandi implicano che l'area necessaria per le interconnessioni locali superi quella risparmiata grazie al raggruppamento delle LUT contenute in esse. Lungo il perimetro dei blocchi logici vi sono infine i pin di ingresso e uscita, collegati all'interconnessione adiacente tramite transistor programmabili. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blocchi_di_ingresso/uscita"><span id="Blocchi_di_ingresso.2Fuscita"></span>Blocchi di ingresso/uscita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Blocchi di ingresso/uscita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Blocchi di ingresso/uscita"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I blocchi di ingresso/uscita si occupano della gestione dei segnali da e verso l'esterno del FPGA attraverso il controllo dei pin del chip. Nei dispositivi Xilinx, per esempio, ogni IOB controlla un pin che può essere configurato come input, output, bi-direzionale o <i>tri-state</i>. Posizionati lungo il perimetro della matrice di CLB, gli IOB della famiglia Virtex sono composti da flip-flop dedicati alla sincronizzazione dei dati, da multiplexer che gestiscono i segnali in modalità DDR (<i>Double Data Rate</i>) e da buffer per la gestione dei diversi standard logici. I buffer permettono inoltre di controllare la rapidità di commutazione del segnale, detta <a href="/wiki/Velocit%C3%A0_di_risposta" title="Velocità di risposta">velocità di risposta</a>, per comunicazioni in alta frequenza con i dispositivi esterni, mentre il buffer in ingresso è a soglia programmabile per consentire l'interfacciamento del dispositivo FPGA con diversi standard logici quali <a href="/wiki/Transistor-transistor_logic" title="Transistor-transistor logic">TTL</a>, CMOS o PCI. Sono inoltre presenti delle resistenze di <i>pull-up/pull-down</i> che permettono di caratterizzare lo stato del piedino nelle situazioni di alta impedenza. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linee_di_interconnessione">Linee di interconnessione</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Linee di interconnessione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Linee di interconnessione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le linee di interconnessione hanno invece il compito di mettere in comunicazione le diverse risorse del dispositivo. Si possono distinguere due tipi di interconnessione: le linee fisse e le matrici di scambio, dette anche <i>switch matrix</i>. Le linee fisse si dividono in linee "corte" e linee "lunghe": le linee "corte" sono interconnessioni che connettono CLB adiacenti, minimizzando il ritardo del segnale; le linee "lunghe" consentono invece di mettere in comunicazione risorse fra loro distanti 6 CLB tramite percorsi non configurabili, che non attraversano le matrici di scambio e che sono pertanto caratterizzati dal non introdurre ritardi significativi. Le matrici di scambio, infine, sono reti di pass-transistor programmabili e comunicanti. In un dispositivo SRAM-FPGA le linee di interconnessione sono fisse, e ciò che viene programmato sono le connessioni fra linee diverse: la maggior parte delle interconnessioni avvengono fra due lati diversi delle matrici di scambio, e sono abilitate da pass-transistor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizzo">Utilizzo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Utilizzo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Utilizzo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tali dispositivi consentono la realizzazione di <a href="/wiki/Funzione_booleana" title="Funzione booleana">funzioni logiche</a> anche molto complesse, e sono caratterizzati da un'elevata <a href="/wiki/Scalabilit%C3%A0" title="Scalabilità">scalabilità</a>. Questo tipo di tecnologia ha assunto un ruolo sempre più importante nell'elettronica industriale così come nella <a href="/wiki/Ricerca_scientifica" title="Ricerca scientifica">ricerca scientifica</a>. Grazie al continuo progredire delle tecniche di miniaturizzazione, le capacità di tali dispositivi sono aumentate enormemente nel corso di due soli decenni, durante i quali si è passati da poche migliaia di <a href="/wiki/Porta_logica" title="Porta logica">porte logiche</a> a qualche milione di porte logiche per singolo dispositivo FPGA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dati_sulla_diffusione">Dati sulla diffusione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Dati sulla diffusione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Dati sulla diffusione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cronologia_dell'incremento_sull'utilizzo"><span id="Cronologia_dell.27incremento_sull.27utilizzo"></span>Cronologia dell'incremento sull'utilizzo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Cronologia dell&#039;incremento sull&#039;utilizzo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Cronologia dell&#039;incremento sull&#039;utilizzo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andamento negli anni del numero di porte logiche presenti su circuiti FPGA: </p> <ul><li>1982: 8192 porte logiche; Burroughs Advances Systems Group; processore S-Type 24 bit per I/O riprogrammabili.</li> <li>1987: 9,000 porte logiche, Xilinx</li> <li>1992: 600 000 porte logiche, Naval Surface Warfare Department</li> <li>2000-2010: Milioni.</li> <li>2019: 10.2 milioni (Intel Stratix GX 10M)</li></ul> <p>Dimensione del mercato: </p> <ul><li>1985: Il primo dispositivo FPGA in commercio è stato XC2064 di Xilinx.</li> <li>1987: 14 000 000 $</li> <li>~1993: &gt;385 000 000 $</li> <li>2005: 1.9 miliardi di dollari.<sup id="cite_ref-instat_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-instat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010: 2.75 miliardi.<sup id="cite_ref-instat_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-instat-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>2020: si stima un mercato di 8.5 miliardi di dollari.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I_principali_produttori">I principali produttori</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifica la sezione I principali produttori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: I principali produttori"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> e <a href="/wiki/Altera" class="mw-redirect" title="Altera">Altera</a> al 2014 erano i due maggiori fabbricatori di FPGA.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Le due aziende sono rivali "storiche", e insieme controllano oltre l'80% del mercato.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Sia Xilinx sia Altera forniscono il relativo software di sviluppo per <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> e <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, in versioni gratuite o a pagamento, e con licenza <a href="/wiki/Software_proprietario" title="Software proprietario">proprietaria</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. Questo software consente l'implementazione della logica nel dispositivo e rende possibile la gestione delle singole risorse.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tra gli altri produttori vi sono <a href="/wiki/Lattice_Semiconductor" title="Lattice Semiconductor">Lattice Semiconductor</a> (dispositivi SRAM con memorie flash integrate) <a href="/wiki/Actel" title="Actel">Actel</a> (ora <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsemi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsemi (la pagina non esiste)">Microsemi</a>, produce dispositivi antifuse), <a href="/w/index.php?title=SiliconBlue_Technologies&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SiliconBlue Technologies (la pagina non esiste)">SiliconBlue Technologies</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Achronix&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Achronix (la pagina non esiste)">Achronix</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=QuickLogic&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="QuickLogic (la pagina non esiste)">QuickLogic</a>. Nel marzo 2010, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabula_(azienda)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabula (azienda) (la pagina non esiste)">Tabula</a> annuncia l'introduzione della propria tecnologia basata su logica time-multiplexed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-instat-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-instat_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-instat_1-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Dylan McGrath, EE Times, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/news/design/business/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=188102617">FPGA Market to Pass $2.7 Billion by '10, In-Stat Says</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615022908/http://www.eetimes.com/news/design/business/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=188102617">Archiviato</a> il 15 giugno 2011 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</i>. May 24, 2006. Retrieved February 5, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> John Edwards, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.is/20120728124831/http://www.edn.com/article/CA6339519.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">No room for Second Place: Xilinx and Altera slug it out for supremacy in the changing PLD market</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">EDN</span>, 1º giugno 2006. <small>URL consultato l'11 maggio 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.edn.com/article/CA6339519.html">url originale</abbr> il 28 luglio 2012)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seekingalpha.com/article/85478-altera-and-xilinx-report-the-battle-continues"><span style="font-style:italic;">Altera and Xilinx Report: The Battle Continues</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">Seeking Alpha</span>, 17 luglio 2008. <small>URL consultato il 13 novembre 2013</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Xilinx Inc., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017142617/http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/end-user-license-agreement.txt"><span style="font-style:italic;">End User License Agreement</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento di puro testo">TXT</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">Xilinx.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 15 ottobre 2015</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/end-user-license-agreement.txt">url originale</abbr> il 17 ottobre 2015)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Altera Corporation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.altera.com/eula/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Altera Software License Agreements</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">dl.Altera.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 15 ottobre 2015</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624212612/http://www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Xilinx ISE WebPACK</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">xilinx.com</span> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.xilinx.com/ise/logic_design_prod/webpack.htm">url originale</abbr> il 24 giugno 2007)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203074531/https://www.altera.com/support/software/download/altera_design/quartus_we/dnl-quartus_we.jsp"><span style="font-style:italic;">Quartus II Web edition software</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">altera.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º gennaio 2014</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https&#58;//www.altera.com/support/software/download/altera_design/quartus_we/dnl-quartus_we.jsp">url originale</abbr> il 3 dicembre 2007)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.intel.com/community/intel_newsroom/blog/2010/11/01/chip-shot-achronix-to-use-intel-s-22nm-manufacturing"><span style="font-style:italic;">Achronix to use Intel's 22&#160;nm manufacturing</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">newsroom.intel.com</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110410094902/http://www.tabula.com/news/M11_Tabula_Reprint.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tabula's Time Machine - Micro Processor Report</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">tabula.com</span> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.tabula.com/news/M11_Tabula_Reprint.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 10 aprile 2011)</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Hartmut F.-W. Sadrozinski; Jinyuan Wu, Jinyuan Wu, <span style="font-style:italic;">Applications of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays in Scientific Research</span>, Taylor &amp; Francis, 2010, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-4398-4133-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-4398-4133-4">978-1-4398-4133-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Niklaus Wirth, <span style="font-style:italic;">Digital Circuit Design An Introduction Textbook</span>, Springer, 1995, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/3-540-58577-X" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/3-540-58577-X">3-540-58577-X</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifusibile" title="Antifusibile">Antifusibile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_array" title="Gate array">Gate array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguaggio_di_descrizione_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguaggio di descrizione hardware">Linguaggio di descrizione hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Array" title="Programmable Logic Array">Programmable Logic Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Logic_Device" title="Programmable Logic Device">Programmable Logic Device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_Read_Only_Memory" title="Programmable Read Only Memory">Programmable Read Only Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRAM" title="SRAM">SRAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/FPGA" class="extiw" title="wikt:FPGA">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Field-programmable gate arrays"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Field-programmable_gate_arrays?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/FPGA" class="extiw" title="wikt:FPGA">FPGA</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sul <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Field-programmable_gate_arrays?uselang=it">Field Programmable Gate Array</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Field_Programmable_Gate_Array&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopedia_della_scienza_e_della_tecnica" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Lorenzo Seno, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/fpga_(Enciclopedia-della-Scienza-e-della-Tecnica)/"><span style="font-style:italic;">FPGA (Field programmable gate array)</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Enciclopedia della scienza e della tecnica</span>, <a href="/wiki/Istituto_dell%27Enciclopedia_Italiana" title="Istituto dell&#39;Enciclopedia Italiana">Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana</a>, 2007-2008.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411#P10037" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSapere.it" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sapere.it/enciclopedia/FPGA.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">FPGA</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sapere.it</span>, <a href="/wiki/De_Agostini" title="De Agostini">De Agostini</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411#P6706" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFOpen_Library" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/subjects/field_programmable_gate_arrays"><span style="font-style:italic;">Opere riguardanti Field programmable gate arrays</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411#P3847" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFFOLDOC" class="citation testo" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Denis Howe, <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="https://foldoc.org/Field%2BProgrammable%2BGate%2BArray" class="extiw" title="foldoc:Field+Programmable+Gate+Array">field-programmable gate array</a></span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Free_On-line_Dictionary_of_Computing" title="Free On-line Dictionary of Computing">Free On-line Dictionary of Computing</a></span>.</cite> Disponibile con licenza <a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://electro-logic.blogspot.it/p/indice-articoli.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Articoli sulle FPGA</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">electro-logic.blogspot.it</span>.</cite></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=keAftEcTZKA"><i>ASIC e FPGA - Le differenze che contano davvero</i></a><i>, YouTube</i></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130820024712/http://rcs.uncc.edu/"><span style="font-style:italic;">University of North Carolina at Charlotte's Reconfigurable Computing Laboratory</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">rcs.uncc.edu</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º gennaio 2014</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//rcs.uncc.edu/">url originale</abbr> il 20 agosto 2013)</small>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eecg.toronto.edu/~vaughn/challenge/fpga_arch.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Vaughn Betz's FPGA Architecture Page</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">eecg.toronto.edu</span>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105120901/http://fpgacenter.com/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Tutorials and Examples on FPGAs</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">fpgacenter.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º gennaio 2014</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http&#58;//www.fpgacenter.com/">url originale</abbr> il 5 gennaio 2014)</small>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output 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title="SystemVerilog">SystemVerilog</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=SystemVerilog_DPI&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SystemVerilog DPI (la pagina non esiste)">DPI</a>)<b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/SystemC" title="SystemC">SystemC</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Altera_Hardware_Description_Language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Altera Hardware Description Language (la pagina non esiste)">AHDL</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/Handel-C" title="Handel-C">Handel-C</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Property_Specification_Language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Property Specification Language (la pagina non esiste)">PSL</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unified_Power_Format&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unified Power Format (la pagina non esiste)">UPF</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=PALASM&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PALASM (la pagina non esiste)">PALASM</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Boolean_Expression_Language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced Boolean Expression Language (la pagina non esiste)">ABEL</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cornell_University_Programming_Language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cornell University Programming Language (la pagina non esiste)">CUPL</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=OpenVera&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="OpenVera (la pagina non esiste)">OpenVera</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=C_to_HDL&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="C to HDL (la pagina non esiste)">C to HDL</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flow_to_HDL&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Flow to HDL (la pagina non esiste)">Flow to HDL</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a href="/wiki/MyHDL" title="MyHDL">MyHDL</a><b>&#160;·</b> <a 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