CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91355c134b23834b',cH: 'opcXUUzG2AYIJ0OTi9.zOy46B2UpQfNeaCNrXDBOvaI-1739790927-1.2.1.1-pJWke2ZVBI7zWm_qBWS5PZK.6WVyzAG8AKiVFuFu1l1QaA6IKoRvrNg2GaZjvlnJ',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=online%20consumer%20reviews&__cf_chl_tk=glEzC1UWkyG8BWWzlXpqjjdzQbzWbXtHQWxy8FdbEew-1739790927-1.0.1.1-kyIOF6gQTtTPndxXE9hpELKVRvIY4bpyGvRlDLaoDzo",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790927',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=online%20consumer%20reviews&__cf_chl_f_tk=glEzC1UWkyG8BWWzlXpqjjdzQbzWbXtHQWxy8FdbEew-1739790927-1.0.1.1-kyIOF6gQTtTPndxXE9hpELKVRvIY4bpyGvRlDLaoDzo",md: "J6FF_CZh_fqwYeJgvHTnBn.0.xi3iCdn1S_yS6Jr1kM-1739790927-1.2.1.1-0kEgGKB4oVYOch.uEiLlxjO91Iv4da6OrjgUNMZX0LhSGAAHaB5zhPk7kg0HqB3lxgVYKsNOMS558GgJwf_PAJSPIR1Ep5pl5Ak1pc4mr0MbnP2sgs4VmKx20nyWT0Aw3Ao2cMTWTdkA4CeWcDCOlKrSPQYIoUMxk.vSAZ8zbJ6F4XgymgySqXeicSlHTE6p4nZyYGS2WccjWf9c9H8kEi5907gzOqPkcrdJlQe3U2HHspZSkLrJ5sbFNz7wMcyZHF73qd42yPA9jLYv6ytPteJlUJSKgj8rKXPuFQ.pkmDvVz3.sb2qDSaJg.r6BdeV.kxySd_yfawT_x4Mw5aA1CeryWPxA0PGoyfPaE9m74cwEXz8DbBpahDfuPQo2lB8YcEYeTwYHzDKK5Oj2aRX2T1_4adMGxZNOEj_cd9BzpekPDR.qc62uMqRSGj8bAlHZTk4ItCs8ojSbK3mf9Aq3AakIerPKufJ0kcYO8VC__0YDPJsBa_NZUSCtpMIlsir85FoySaqOsjvgiwLrQLsrq7600ydl4whubRS2vSd4eQXIgXDRj8N46VscMLMYeIxkmjCIw220yCOtu.CbAEMXfwpfyArLeiXewlVM9wOsuUY1EFRcjgdU27Wz4oEu3ckVzWScfIDjf_C9wr74xiBHjW9e1.x3RbrD0Z7XK3YreiP_p_.FpYtcbVaUbPV_F8dFMFM.9BIvqPHlcp45vPTwhzc8MmWq6wSwsLgONzA_Yf6kmdgI0jBnK_qNF3DTh3OSd3sZZoxCHWAg1GTXtRuR8qgVPGZRU01Ik.SOM9rqYQdn2ddxrBj2LW3zHBps0hcZCp9AU.QiziHgJlkfMYotlDLEB6al.mZhobLUFNjdAl1ZsDiyz5pQoHb6cMk3UNJbqzlG7_vuMl2dsozSqBEec9.tK82uxjDDUT.7LAXXkWsTjJa_CN.ugS6yLRa9k3Cc2rYBAYw83gm1jJpsAxvF0SHKSADn_HBmyCJeYVJGGYjXQIZ5FJ57J6DxiG4hO73scW2mM_mCkQ7RAt4lvpQfNMLbtDPSY7MybIva5wib8sk7_M2inr2IHyLqPjTgeKUkUh3wsaecmh.a1ToX.pOW6I9AAQeRLxQigvkM4H0VrQ2KFllNRxcdUO2QiA1LmIJ4DJgy2XWkU.Ev75o9dm67dW5JORjzgwM7qPHVzWxgUmOlHuZfxCkLthEV.9nK8WBUBuuC9gKRTHGyk2gurZTzEq2HADxcp5hcfgDrH0xywWMhTMp1jwPdC3MOAJwD5uRBjFePWs6XcZbHxdyT3cuy.XMeynTtTbL2nmAjXqVVXWAcYz1Mjb0XdYemJp3pKVWnrE5nOFIQlC9l7aYgWDqSEIxW8JRvduJGEXr3h7eZrMfWYCXYXD_ldZxRCWjFIXYWMxXgQyc7Y6gItyhj9vKtfdoB6hXAgGWLx4uPE022YLHA6dHki87MQorkwnTqXOCAlFerURp58AZLgihT1uBPnrnB31_bb6RmSGOvYPMDuJ8dgjnFOh9HSb9p_BeANe24EHlGLMb0hWAmI8q8FT.Jg8zBl58yZpqYNadaQzk7q7R6JMcI9nrncUNqL6COou.mYhR0NI.l2SSVBvTsvt7KFvtwbngBIEbYR_IW0OS7i0tuQ8KjIjq6z2r0J1nHJpoWVmtDUXO2u.6.dgajighm_11_F2fRiNCl3UCiwhiwy0b8FQH8I95zfbUgYYygK6HzoiVf7Y_jzirKv8BMC2FTjLgJayOYu.4sEnWmqbLH2z7Ei8DECgnsntF99xBnXclN26vfgsvO3ih_m2O4q792hKa_CVb3WhuszNke7bHF1t073pRSqxPnB7F3Yd73Pd2Wyz3qg0aZdAe7t0_N7xgQWrrJW9nL3wujT2dmaW9gK4v94zZYTDX.8nl4hT18PeOazLPwjWcy0FMIP8XYz04IFWiOTEqrGQLdRZobYYbyR4iEqtcPWT_0_YYv0dIF6Hi",mdrd: "X9H2BM4ilvudV4cH3ZurFFt.8oW4sGVMxjvv2GT7p6Y-1739790927-1.2.1.1-82OCkq_MqXT7dhatbssQWdlXjxSe.Wl4us8aYpj.ksHhpgL6g5z2MbuoRarjMRXI6b92YSpiz9HP5I0EBUAQnjZ8CAI97PanlssKuQ6b7Nif_fLA3HAIVk8i0bNyVS3bWQiu80aVoy0wRo158ERHDF_oC.cXq3mDikRp20jSUDMA932HbcRnB_Exh9SZbgoW.FO89EQD1ItFP77i2FYWdXkebBb5RIwnVySjTyBl6QY2PtcEe7EAPcy0ywMgDQPshkli8_TX9tL.RrLVTh9_6Z5p2DG8sgjpjbDzV6EIvrJXQVN7mYc_INyLj7Uy19_PCkfzTE81iw9TweLal5UAONCw.a1UzUehrKiNcIDIM5sryV3UtV8kCednGN0TM2f0rxTSd7pkSJzfycTYjRDV5v4YW1JuakvLi1F4y8k93CW69AOkwEo1iUWKv0MM4cKTVGYGP4nMrSSp_Lsd7GTmGDv2TvFsPZJaqFl3ur3DkQ58rdIJGGtQ.D3TvNruwPAfWr9wIOCUwFfa1rhcC9QnhKJMs6_L5t_qVljJYIeOsi2s8.WiQkikP1iSGHib6x2HLwwxsc4k08ZRLgGGsj36aplnwFjQXCnOeyX6j.SqO5KJaGZavEDvJ.CuVqr3kJlte4U5jAvofKQwiCNgMsmnrWORC_6STDgGyWadcne3WPIVMvtKs_LiDKpzOb1sjE7dJjmYcxBghh7s56MBvNuZsuWd42ywdH1cW3y1nmhozF8XYP.Naq6rLN7idzL.2mOfXOAjRC.nGjWVwTI4ZVNPhB7xcQtPZJ0tyupoihmBeuwUvbafpqcIe3TD0G6yjGwQgICzHBBJ1Haa_wBrEw0PSFH4zZAwQCG3A7JX78IkiyuxzuN_iR.mKHikAM1uDrA6CIVpVrgzEJDrYOpkI2EKsNWENxWBhfoWjm3qqSflXubxha_bw2hCXPwizCp.mQh9h4DEFqeantWZ4Kuu1zNZ3TTFLsW3ehwCjllQ_YrBL1.1zjoLL.xUpSK37RJoimVt7.51yj257KE4Fbky.LJYMvelRhi6_t0yO4xK35eYCh5It6CsFa4c6iyQTKQ192GxCLALbcXZuDaLXBnFOYWTNTBJlNSEJHo98yZYDulMqlYBnm9TORMAxeGj2eCpQl.XEwINFMAloPQTOpCk_Jtj0FZ4pwwhBEu_VMLXL7rKpC8qem7K_mT8TXeO1wE4A3WZI5JkmXQhKoTF95S5KiAruo28kJJQ.NXkQhzPIws.wsfHPRd2gAllUqtJF7qnSLVz3NzYdmnl4HNaU__XVif0Adoq2rjGH5dyivI.PSKA6sx4O2aYA29D.s5odme0dFlveNbvNtz4KoUMWBQp4sZj7lLZB2dewj09wCHL6SeC2fOrvZ07MWJGdNTvU1Ql_apYNuGRPCc25cPgmpvx1VaxfPAoSQdSPwIiEnMhkBDqt2q_HSnl4XYGr6OcJI8y9BSKsfqBXkNR8mWlUc6bdq2CkNo_hKpRAQqwT9CnIeZTwDFp7O_spWRENDa0xe1yZ_RNzeIbAn3O.KrvpJcz1ungAQv9qb6OI3gh9BJ_kkIVKtyR9rMaBv6aZ3s_O2HrlQ3gmb_6Z79lGuOi0ePWs0SbVtb4dNqRDpKB0jab4T.knpM5So2HovaCNnfzdHRjgAtULulC0cyEj97d_kGeLBm60uak1gQDiEWlUmbhmpomNqVkBoWFa7u7xqGM1qcBCHrNt62VkSjfx4Clpz_XdzBw3qZsTDWwkh442TokgeiNXYRrVE.DANdJGOj2oPSXtvkr_V8tHx2Z6UDzhaR.L72rcA5MwBTpeZYV2LtIsbTV9b_w9S3G3PBRAIKfY_WfkQZqxO2LtVT4hRQ4rgoVNyvRqy.7yzhenBH8uHHN.Gk.PdreOweQDPoKWvqVQ8gNgSGSy6DOP2zFbNBLfLL6Xh6zYQeBRyAk8Dts0SX1GvSmndntTlC8UUY70SertGMdEN4i"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91355c134b23834b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=online%20consumer%20reviews&__cf_chl_rt_tk=glEzC1UWkyG8BWWzlXpqjjdzQbzWbXtHQWxy8FdbEew-1739790927-1.0.1.1-kyIOF6gQTtTPndxXE9hpELKVRvIY4bpyGvRlDLaoDzo" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>