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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Indice" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radionuclide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 62 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklied" title="Radionuklied - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Radionuklied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="نويدة مشعة - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نويدة مشعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topu_radioactivu" title="Isótopu radioactivu - asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Isótopu radioactivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Радыеактыўныя ізатопы - bielorusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радыеактыўныя ізатопы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Радиоактивни изотопи - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радиоактивни изотопи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="রেডিওনিউক্লাইড - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেডিওনিউক্লাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiois%C3%B2top" title="Radioisòtop - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radioisòtop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Радиожигара изотопаш - ceceno" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Радиожигара изотопаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="ceceno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%86" title="ناوکیدی تیشکن - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناوکیدی تیشکن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radionuklid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Радионуклидсем - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Радионуклидсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radionuklid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radionuklid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8A%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF" title="Ραδιοϊσότοπο - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραδιοϊσότοπο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radionuclide" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklido" title="Radionuklido - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radionuklido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiois%C3%B3topo" title="Radioisótopo - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radioisótopo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiivne_isotoop" title="Radioaktiivne isotoop - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Radioaktiivne isotoop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo_erradioaktibo" title="Isotopo erradioaktibo - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isotopo erradioaktibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="ایزوتوپ پرتوزا - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزوتوپ پرتوزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotooppi" title="Radioisotooppi - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radioisotooppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope" title="Radioisotope - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radioisotope" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadionukliid" title="Raadionukliid - frisone settentrionale" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raadionukliid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisone settentrionale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radan%C3%BAicl%C3%ADd" title="Radanúiclíd - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Radanúiclíd" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiois%C3%B3topo" title="Radioisótopo - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radioisótopo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="विकिरण समस्थानिक - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकिरण समस्थानिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radionuklid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo-izot%C3%B2p" title="Radyo-izotòp - creolo haitiano" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radyo-izotòp" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="creolo haitiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռադիոնուկլիդներ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիոնուկլիդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklida" title="Radionuklida - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radionuklida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E4%BD%93" title="放射性同位体 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="放射性同位体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="რადიონუკლიდი - georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიონუკლიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Радиоизотоптар - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Радиоизотоптар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1_%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="방사성 동위 원소 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방사성 동위 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo%C3%AEzotopa_s%C3%AEnt%C3%AAt%C3%AE" title="Radyoîzotopa sîntêtî - curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Radyoîzotopa sîntêtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Радионуклид - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Радионуклид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioizotopas" title="Radioizotopas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radioizotopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="റേഡിയോ ഐസോട്ടോപ്പ് - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റേഡിയോ ഐസോട്ടോപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Цацраг идэвхт бодис - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цацраг идэвхт бодис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radionuclide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklide" title="Radionuklide - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radionuklide" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopy_promieniotw%C3%B3rcze" title="Izotopy promieniotwórcze - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izotopy promieniotwórcze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiois%C3%B3topo" title="Radioisótopo - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radioisótopo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioizotop" title="Radioizotop - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radioizotop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Радиоактивные изотопы - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиоактивные изотопы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radionuklid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radionuclide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dionuklid" title="Rádionuklid - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádionuklid" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivni_izotop" title="Radioaktivni izotop - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radioaktivni izotop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopet_radioaktive" title="Izotopet radioaktive - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Izotopet radioaktive" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Радиоизотоп - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радиоизотоп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuklid" title="Radionuklid - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radionuklid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="கதிரியக்க அணுக்கரு - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதிரியக்க அணுக்கரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="นิวไคลด์กัมมันตรังสี - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิวไคลด์กัมมันตรังสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyon%C3%BCklit" title="Radyonüklit - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyonüklit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Радіонукліди - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіонукліди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B9%DB%81_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%81" title="مشعہ نویدہ - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشعہ نویدہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiv_izotoplar" title="Radioaktiv izotoplar - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radioaktiv izotoplar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1t_nh%C3%A2n_ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Hạt nhân phóng xạ - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạt nhân phóng xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性同位素 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="放射性同位素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性核素 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="放射性核素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性同位素 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="放射性同位素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radionuclides" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192900" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Un <b>radionuclide</b> è un <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a> instabile che <a href="/wiki/Decadimento_radioattivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Decadimento radioattivo">decade</a> in un altro nuclide più stabile emettendo <a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">energia</a> sotto forma di <a href="/wiki/Particella_subatomica" title="Particella subatomica">particelle subatomiche</a> dotate di notevole <a href="/wiki/Energia_cinetica" title="Energia cinetica">energia cinetica</a> e/o <a href="/wiki/Radiazione_elettromagnetica" title="Radiazione elettromagnetica">radiazioni elettromagnetiche</a> ad alta energia; in tutti i casi si tratta di <a href="/wiki/Radiazioni_ionizzanti" title="Radiazioni ionizzanti">radiazioni ionizzanti</a>, da qui il suo nome. I radioisotopi sono <a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">isotopi</a> radioattivi, cioè radionuclidi di uno stesso elemento chimico. Il termine più corretto per indicare una specie atomica con un nucleo formato da un determinato numero di protoni <i>Z</i> (<a href="/wiki/Numero_atomico" title="Numero atomico">numero atomico</a>) e un determinato numero di neutroni <i>N</i> è infatti <i>nuclide</i> o, se radioattivo, <i>radionuclide</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descrizione">Descrizione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Descrizione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Descrizione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La somma del numero di protoni <i>Z</i> e del numero di neutroni <i>N</i> di un nuclide è denominato <a href="/wiki/Numero_di_massa" title="Numero di massa">numero di massa</a> <i>A</i> = <i>Z</i> + <i>N</i>. I nuclidi aventi uno stesso numero atomico <i>Z</i> appartengono ad uno stesso <a href="/wiki/Elemento_chimico" title="Elemento chimico">elemento chimico</a> e sono denominati quindi <a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">isotopi</a> di tale elemento; quelli aventi lo stesso <i>A</i> sono denominati <i><a href="/wiki/Isobaro" title="Isobaro">isobari</a></i>, quelli aventi lo stesso <i>N</i> sono denominati <i><a href="/wiki/Isotono" title="Isotono">isotoni</a></i>. Per completare la terminologia sono denominati nuclidi <i><a href="/wiki/Isodiafero" title="Isodiafero">isodiaferi</a></i> quelli aventi lo stesso valore <i>N</i>-<i>Z</i>, cosa che accade per coppie di nuclei correlati da decadimento alfa; si dicono <i><a href="/wiki/Isomero" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomero">isomeri</a></i> quelli che a parità di <i>Z</i> e <i>A</i> decadono per diseccitazione <a href="/wiki/Raggi_gamma" title="Raggi gamma">gamma</a> da un livello eccitato detto <i>stato isomerico</i>. </p><p>I nuclidi e/o i radionuclidi di un elemento chimico E si indicano con <span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:right"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible"><i>A</i></span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible"><i>Z</i></span></span>E, oppure con il nome dell'elemento con iniziale minuscola in esteso seguita da una lineetta e dal numero di massa <i>A</i>, ovvero in maniera abbreviata, con il simbolo chimico invece del nome: es: iodio-131 o uranio-235 o, in forma abbreviata, I-131 o U-235. Nel caso di nuclidi metastabili <span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:right"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible"><i>Am</i></span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible"><i>Z</i></span></span>E, es: tecnezio-99m o Tc-99m o <span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:right"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">99<i>m</i></span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">43</span></span>Tc. </p><p>Radionuclidi particolari possono emettere a seconda dei casi: <i>particelle α</i> (<sup><span style="display:-moz-inline-box;-moz-box-orient:vertical;display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;min-height:1em;font-size:80%;line-height:1;margin-bottom:-0.1em;overflow:visible;text-align:right"><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;margin-top:-1.1em;line-height:1;background:transparent;overflow:visible">4</span><span style="display:block;min-height:1em;background:transparent;line-height:1;overflow:visible">2</span></span></sup>He), corrispondenti cioè a nuclei formati da due neutroni e due protoni (un atomo di <a href="/wiki/Elio-4" title="Elio-4">elio-4</a> due volte <a href="/wiki/Ionizzazione" title="Ionizzazione">ionizzato</a>), o particelle <i>β</i>, corrispondenti a <a href="/wiki/Elettrone" title="Elettrone">elettroni</a> o <a href="/wiki/Positrone" title="Positrone">positroni</a>. Possono inoltre emettere energia sotto forma di radiazioni elettromagnetiche di alta energia dette <a href="/wiki/Fotone" title="Fotone">fotoni <i>γ</i></a>, oppure decadere per <a href="/wiki/Fissione_spontanea" title="Fissione spontanea">fissione spontanea</a>. Altri modi di decadimento sono il <a href="/wiki/Doppio_decadimento_beta" title="Doppio decadimento beta">doppio decadimento beta</a>, che avviene con emissione di 2 elettroni o di due positroni, la <a href="/wiki/Cattura_elettronica" title="Cattura elettronica">cattura elettronica</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Doppia_cattura_elettronica" title="Doppia cattura elettronica">doppia cattura elettronica</a>. Più raramente si osservano decadimenti con emissione di protoni o di neutroni, oppure anche di cluster di nucleoni (C, O, Mg, Si) e questi sono denominati, a volte, decadimenti esotici. Attraverso l'emissione di <a href="/wiki/Particella_(fisica)" title="Particella (fisica)">particelle</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Radiazione" title="Radiazione">radiazioni</a> essi decadono, ovvero si trasformano in nuclei di <a href="/wiki/Atomo" title="Atomo">atomi</a> più stabili. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radionuclidi_naturali">Radionuclidi naturali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Radionuclidi naturali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Radionuclidi naturali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I radionuclidi responsabili del <a href="/wiki/Fondo_di_radioattivit%C3%A0_naturale" title="Fondo di radioattività naturale">fondo di radioattività naturale</a> sono dati da <i>sorgenti extraterrestri</i>, quali le stelle dalle quali ci arrivano i <a href="/wiki/Raggi_cosmici" title="Raggi cosmici">raggi cosmici</a>, e da <i>sorgenti terrestri</i> che a loro volta si suddividono in radionuclidi naturali <i>primordiali</i> e radionuclidi naturali <i>cosmogenici</i>. Quelli <i>primordiali</i> vengono prodotti dal processo di <a href="/wiki/Nucleosintesi_stellare" title="Nucleosintesi stellare">nucleosintesi delle stelle</a> e sono presenti sulla Terra sin dalla sua formazione; i radionuclidi <i>cosmogenici</i> sono prodotti in modo continuo dall'interazione tra la <a href="/wiki/Raggi_cosmici" title="Raggi cosmici">radiazione cosmica</a> e gli atomi dell'<a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_terrestre" title="Atmosfera terrestre">atmosfera terrestre</a>, ma anche dall'interazione della radiazione cosmica con le rocce e l'acqua del mare. I radionuclidi naturali primordiali sono elencati nella seguente tabella, con i rispettivi <a href="/wiki/Emivita_(fisica)" title="Emivita (fisica)">tempi di dimezzamento</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Elemento</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Emivita_(fisica)" title="Emivita (fisica)">Emivita</a> (in anni) </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>40</sup><sub>19</sub><a href="/wiki/Potassio" title="Potassio">K</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7009128000000000000♠"></span>1,28<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>9</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>50</sup><sub>23</sub><a href="/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio">V</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7017139999999999999♠"></span>1,4<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>17</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>87</sup><sub>37</sub><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio">Rb</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010475000000000000♠"></span>4,75<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>113</sup><sub>48</sub><a href="/wiki/Cadmio" title="Cadmio">Cd</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7015930000000000000♠"></span>9,3<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>15</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>115</sup><sub>49</sub><a href="/wiki/Indio" title="Indio">In</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7014441000000000000♠"></span>4,41<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>14</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>123</sup><sub>52</sub><a href="/wiki/Tallio" title="Tallio">Tl</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7013120000000000000♠"></span>1,2<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>13</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>138</sup><sub>57</sub><a href="/wiki/Lantanio" title="Lantanio">La</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011105000000000000♠"></span>1,05<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>11</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>144</sup><sub>60</sub><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio">Nd</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7015229000000000000♠"></span>2,29<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>15</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>147</sup><sub>62</sub><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario">Sm</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7011106000000000000♠"></span>1,06<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>11</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>152</sup><sub>64</sub><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio">Gd</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7014110000000000000♠"></span>1,1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>14</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>174</sup><sub>72</sub><a href="/wiki/Afnio" title="Afnio">Hf</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7015200000000000000♠"></span>2,0<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>15</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>176</sup><sub>71</sub><a href="/wiki/Lutezio" title="Lutezio">Lu</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010373000000000000♠"></span>3,73<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>187</sup><sub>75</sub><a href="/wiki/Renio" title="Renio">Re</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010435000000000000♠"></span>4,35<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>232</sup><sub>90</sub><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio">Th</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7010140000000000000♠"></span>1,40<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>10</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>235</sup><sub>92</sub><a href="/wiki/Uranio-235" title="Uranio-235">U</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7008703000000000000♠"></span>7,03<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>8</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>238</sup><sub>92</sub><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">U</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7009447000000000000♠"></span>4,47<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>9</sup></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Si ha che la maggior parte dei radionuclidi naturali primordiali appartiene alle tre serie radioattive che hanno come nuclei padri (detti <i>capostipiti</i>) l'<sup>238</sup><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">U</a>, l'<sup>235</sup><a href="/wiki/Uranio-235" title="Uranio-235">U</a> e il <sup>232</sup><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio">Th</a>. </p><p>Per quanto riguarda i nuclei cosmogenici, la radiazione cosmica interagisce con alcuni elementi chimici già presenti nell'acqua e nelle rocce terrestri dando origine ai radionuclidi di seguito elencati: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Elemento coinvolto</th> <th>Radionuclide prodotto</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Emivita_(fisica)" title="Emivita (fisica)">Emivita</a> (in anni) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Mg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio">Si</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">Fe</a></td> <td><sup>3</sup><a href="/wiki/Trizio" title="Trizio">H</a></td> <td>12,33 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">O</a></td> <td><sup>3</sup><a href="/wiki/Elio-3" title="Elio-3">He</a></td> <td>Stabile </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Mg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio">Si</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">Fe</a></td> <td><sup>10</sup><a href="/wiki/Berillio" title="Berillio">Be</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006151000000000000♠"></span>1,51<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>6</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno">O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Mg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio">Si</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">Fe</a></td> <td><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Carbonio-14" title="Carbonio-14">C</a></td> <td>5730 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Mg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alluminio" title="Alluminio">Al</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicio" title="Silicio">Si</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">Fe</a></td> <td><sup>21</sup><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a></td> <td>Stabile </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Calcio (elemento chimico)">Ca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassio" title="Potassio">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">Cl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">Fe</a></td> <td><sup>36</sup><a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">Cl</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005301000000000000♠"></span>3,01<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>5</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Calcio (elemento chimico)">Ca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassio" title="Potassio">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloro" title="Cloro">Cl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">Fe</a></td> <td><sup>36</sup><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a></td> <td>35 (giorni) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Calcio (elemento chimico)">Ca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassio" title="Potassio">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">Fe</a></td> <td><sup>39</sup><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a></td> <td>268 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Calcio (elemento chimico)">Ca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">Fe</a></td> <td><sup>41</sup><a href="/wiki/Calcio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Calcio (elemento chimico)">Ca</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005103000000000000♠"></span>1,03<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>5</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurio" title="Tellurio">Te</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Ba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantanio" title="Lantanio">La</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio">Ce</a></td> <td><sup>129</sup><a href="/wiki/Iodio" title="Iodio">I</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007157000000000000♠"></span>1,57<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>7</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurio" title="Tellurio">Te</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Ba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantanio" title="Lantanio">La</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerio" title="Cerio">Ce</a></td> <td><sup>126</sup><a href="/wiki/Xeno" title="Xeno">Xe</a></td> <td>Stabile </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radionuclidi_artificiali">Radionuclidi artificiali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Radionuclidi artificiali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Radionuclidi artificiali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sono sostanzialmente prodotti nelle esplosioni nucleari, nelle collisioni tra particelle che avvengono negli <a href="/wiki/Acceleratore_di_particelle" title="Acceleratore di particelle">acceleratori</a> e nei processi di <a href="/wiki/Fissione_nucleare" title="Fissione nucleare">fissione</a> all'interno di <a href="/wiki/Reattore_nucleare_a_fissione" title="Reattore nucleare a fissione">reattori nucleari</a>; in quest'ultimo caso vengono prodotti usualmente nuclei con <a href="/wiki/Numero_di_massa" title="Numero di massa">A</a> compreso tra 70 e 160. Si sono diffusi nell'ambiente a causa di esplosioni nucleari a scopo bellico, quali le bombe di <a href="/wiki/Bombardamenti_atomici_di_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bombardamenti atomici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki">Hiroshima</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bombardamenti_atomici_di_Hiroshima_e_Nagasaki" title="Bombardamenti atomici di Hiroshima e Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a>, ma anche per numerose esplosioni di bombe nucleari a scopo di test, come quelli eseguiti presso l'<a href="/wiki/Atollo_di_Bikini" title="Atollo di Bikini">atollo di Bikini</a>, ed anche a causa di incidenti a reattori nucleari come quelli di <a href="/wiki/Incidente_di_Three_Mile_Island" title="Incidente di Three Mile Island">Three Mile Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disastro_di_%C4%8Cernobyl%27" title="Disastro di Černobyl'">Černobyl'</a> o <a href="/wiki/Disastro_nucleare_di_Fukushima_Dai-ichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Disastro nucleare di Fukushima Dai-ichi">Fukushima</a>, ma sono prodotti anche negli <a href="/wiki/Acceleratore_di_particelle" title="Acceleratore di particelle">acceleratori di particelle</a> in seguito ad attività di ricerca. Di seguito sono elencati i radionuclidi artificiali presenti nell'ambiente: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Elemento</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Emivita_(fisica)" title="Emivita (fisica)">Emivita</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><sup>3</sup><a href="/wiki/Trizio" title="Trizio">H</a></td> <td>12,33 anni </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Carbonio-14" title="Carbonio-14">C</a></td> <td>5730 anni </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>38</sup><a href="/wiki/Stronzio" title="Stronzio">Sr</a></td> <td>28,78 anni </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>134</sup><a href="/wiki/Cesio-134" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesio-134">Cs</a></td> <td>2,1 anni </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>137</sup><a href="/wiki/Cesio-137" title="Cesio-137">Cs</a></td> <td>30 anni </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>131</sup><a href="/wiki/Iodio-131" title="Iodio-131">I</a></td> <td>8 giorni </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>103</sup><a href="/wiki/Rutenio" title="Rutenio">Ru</a></td> <td>39,26 giorni </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>140</sup><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Ba</a></td> <td>12,75 giorni </td></tr> <tr> <td><sup>244</sup><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio">Pu</a></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007808000000000000♠"></span>8,08<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>7</sup></span> anni </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizzo">Utilizzo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Utilizzo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Utilizzo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I radionuclidi hanno innumerevoli impieghi in ambito scientifico (<a href="/wiki/Radiochimica" title="Radiochimica">radiochimica</a> e <a href="/wiki/Chimica_nucleare" title="Chimica nucleare">chimica nucleare</a>). Possono essere usati per esempio per datare <a href="/wiki/Fossile" title="Fossile">fossili</a>, rocce, reperti archeologici (vedi <a href="/wiki/Metodo_del_carbonio-14" title="Metodo del carbonio-14">metodo del carbonio-14</a> e numerosi altri metodi di geocronologia); In biochimica e tossicologia, nella forma chimica opportuna (composti marcati), per studiare gli effetti e le trasformazioni cui una determinata molecola va incontro per esposizione a basse concentrazioni di elementi e composti chimici; In campo biomedico, le radiazioni emesse da numerosi radionuclidi (sotto forma di radiotraccianti o radiofarmaci) si sono rivelate utili nel diagnosticare svariate patologie e/o distruggere le cellule tumorali <a href="/wiki/Medicina_nucleare" title="Medicina nucleare">medicina nucleare</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A titolo di esempio nel solo Nord America vengono compiute circa 10 milioni di indagini radiodiagnostiche ogni anno mediante il solo radionuclide prodotto di fissione e di attivazione <a href="/wiki/Tecnezio" title="Tecnezio">tecnezio</a>-99m (circa il 50% del totale delle indagini radiodiagnostiche di medicina nucleare, escluse le tecniche utilizzanti raggi X). </p><p>Per contro, la presenza incontrollata nell'ambiente degli isotopi radioattivi di quegli elementi che vengano incorporati dagli organismi viventi può rappresentare un rischio più o meno grave dipendentemente dal tipo di radiazioni e dalla <a href="/wiki/Dose_assorbita" title="Dose assorbita">dose</a> attribuita ai vari tessuti, in quanto le radiazioni possono alterare o danneggiare la struttura delle molecole biologiche più importanti. Tali radionuclidi sono andati aumentando lievemente a causa delle <a href="/wiki/Esplosione_atomica" class="mw-redirect" title="Esplosione atomica">esplosioni nucleari</a> e si sono distribuiti sulla superficie terrestre con la ricaduta radioattiva negli anni Sessanta del Novecento (il cosiddetto <a href="/wiki/Fallout_nucleare" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallout nucleare">fall out</a>). Tuttavia il contributo alla dose dovuto a tali eventi è assolutamente trascurabile rispetto alla dose da fonti naturali terrestri o da <a href="/wiki/Raggi_cosmici" title="Raggi cosmici">raggi cosmici</a>. In termini quantitativi, secondo gli standard e le valutazioni dell'<a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Commission_of_Radiological_Protection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Commission of Radiological Protection (la pagina non esiste)">ICRP</a> e dell'agenzia dell'ONU (<a href="/wiki/UNSCEAR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNSCEAR">UNSCEAR</a>) in collaborazione con <a href="/wiki/Organizzazione_Mondiale_della_Sanit%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità">OMS</a> e <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a>, il 55% della dose annua impartita all'uomo (in media 2,4 mSv/anno in sede mondiale) è dovuta al <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>-222, radionuclide di origine naturale proveniente dal decadimento della catena radioattiva dell'<a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">uranio</a>-238, detta catena 4n + 2, presente nell'aria, nelle falde acquifere naturali. L'11% della dose è dovuto all'irradiazione interna (prevalentemente dal radionuclide naturale <a href="/wiki/Potassio" title="Potassio">potassio</a>-40), l'8% da radiazione terrestre, l'8% da radiazioni cosmiche, e il restante 18% da applicazioni di tipo biomedico. Il contributo dovuto al fall-out e alla produzione di <a href="/wiki/Energia_nucleare" title="Energia nucleare">energia nucleare</a> è invece praticamente nullo rispetto alle altre fonti. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Virginia Liberini, Martin W. Huellner e Serena Grimaldi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/10/12/1083"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Challenge of Evaluating Response to Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: The Present and the Future</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Diagnostics</span>, vol. 10, n. 12, 12 dicembre 2020, p. 1083, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3390%2Fdiagnostics10121083">10.3390/diagnostics10121083</a>. <small>URL consultato il 15 dicembre 2020</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Giorgio Bendiscioli, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fenomeni Radioattivi</span>, Springer, 2008, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-470-0803-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-88-470-0803-8">978-88-470-0803-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Maurizio Pelliccioni, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fondamenti Fisici della Radioprotezione</span>, Pitagora Editrice Bologna, 1993, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-371-0470-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-371-0470-7">88-371-0470-7</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ugo Amaldi, <span style="font-style:italic;">Fisica delle Radiazioni</span>, Bollati Boringhieri, 1971, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-339-5063-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/88-339-5063-8">88-339-5063-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Sebastiano Venturi, <span style="font-style:italic;">Nuclear Power Plants and Wars & New Suspected Radioactive Risk Factors: 131-Iodine and 137-Cesium</span>, UNIVERSITA’ LIBERA ITINERANTE APS, 2025.</cite></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trizio" title="Trizio">Trizio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalto-60" title="Cobalto-60">Cobalto-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stronzio-90" title="Stronzio-90">Stronzio-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodio-131" title="Iodio-131">Iodio-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesio-137" title="Cesio-137">Cesio-137</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attivazione_neutronica" title="Attivazione neutronica">Attivazione neutronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissione_nucleare" title="Fissione nucleare">Fissione nucleare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusione_nucleare" title="Fusione nucleare">Fusione nucleare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_radioattivo" title="Inquinamento radioattivo">Inquinamento radioattivo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifiuto_radioattivo" title="Rifiuto radioattivo">Rifiuto radioattivo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/radionuclide" class="extiw" title="wikt:radionuclide">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Radionuclides"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radionuclides?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/radionuclide" class="extiw" title="wikt:radionuclide">radionuclide</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radionuclides?uselang=it">radionuclide</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radionuclide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/R05116.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">IUPAC Gold Book, "radionuclide"</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">goldbook.iupac.org</span>.</cite></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Isotopi"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; 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Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo">Isotopi</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Isotopi per elemento</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27idrogeno" title="Isotopi dell'idrogeno">Isotopi dell'idrogeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27elio" title="Isotopi dell'elio">Isotopi dell'elio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_litio" title="Isotopi del litio">Isotopi del litio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_berillio" title="Isotopi del berillio">Isotopi del berillio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_boro" title="Isotopi del boro">Isotopi del boro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_carbonio" title="Isotopi del carbonio">Isotopi del carbonio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27azoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopi dell'azoto">Isotopi dell'azoto</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27ossigeno" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopi dell'ossigeno">Isotopi dell'ossigeno</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopi_del_fluoro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotopi del fluoro (la pagina non esiste)">Isotopi del fluoro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotopi_del_neon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotopi del neon (la pagina non esiste)">Isotopi del neon</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_del_cesio" title="Isotopi del cesio">Isotopi del cesio</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27oro" title="Isotopi dell'oro">Isotopi dell'oro</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopi_dell%27afnio" title="Isotopi dell'afnio">Isotopi dell'afnio</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Altri approfondimenti</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><a href="/wiki/Abbondanza_isotopica" title="Abbondanza isotopica">Abbondanza isotopica</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Delta-O-18" title="Delta-O-18">Delta-O-18</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isola_di_stabilit%C3%A0" title="Isola di stabilità">Isola di stabilità</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Isotopo_stabile" title="Isotopo stabile">Isotopo stabile</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lista_di_elementi_per_stabilit%C3%A0_degli_isotopi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista di elementi per stabilità degli isotopi">Lista di elementi per stabilità degli isotopi</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Notazione_isotopica" title="Notazione isotopica">Notazione isotopica</a><b> ·</b> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radionuclide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tabella_degli_isotopi" title="Tabella degli isotopi">Tabella degli isotopi</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=5777">5777</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85110713">sh85110713</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4133541-7">4133541-7</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007558356705171">987007558356705171</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_della_Dieta_nazionale_del_Giappone" title="Biblioteca della Dieta nazionale del Giappone">NDL</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="giapponese">JA</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563517">00563517</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-applications-science.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chimica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/25px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/38px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gnome-applications-science.svg/50px-Gnome-applications-science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Chimica" title="Portale:Chimica">Portale Chimica</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Energia nucleare"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.png/22px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.png/33px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.png/44px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="296" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Energia_nucleare" title="Portale:Energia nucleare">Portale Energia nucleare</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fisica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_katomic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Fisica" title="Portale:Fisica">Portale Fisica</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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