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vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目錄</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">文頭</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-中文字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中文字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>中文字</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-中文字-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去中文字細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-中文字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-陶文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#陶文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>陶文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-陶文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-冊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#冊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>冊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-冊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-甲骨文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#甲骨文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>甲骨文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-甲骨文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-金文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#金文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>金文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-金文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-漢語共分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢語共分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>漢語共分類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-漢語共分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去漢語共分類細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-漢語共分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-歷時分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷時分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>歷時分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷時分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-共時分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#共時分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>共時分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-共時分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-規範化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#規範化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>規範化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-規範化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音韻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音韻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>音韻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-音韻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去音韻細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-音韻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-入聲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#入聲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>入聲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-入聲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鼻音韻尾" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鼻音韻尾"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>鼻音韻尾</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鼻音韻尾-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-兒化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#兒化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>兒化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-兒化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-顎化、尖團" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#顎化、尖團"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>顎化、尖團</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-顎化、尖團-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-清濁對立" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#清濁對立"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>清濁對立</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-清濁對立-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-單元音化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#單元音化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>單元音化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-單元音化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語流音變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語流音變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>語流音變</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語流音變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-捲脷音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#捲脷音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>捲脷音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-捲脷音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-上古痕跡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#上古痕跡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>上古痕跡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-上古痕跡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聲調" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聲調"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>聲調</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聲調-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文法同語法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文法同語法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>文法同語法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文法同語法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外來詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外來詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外來詞</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外來詞-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>切換去外來詞細章節</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外來詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-音譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>音譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-意譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>意譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-意譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-混種詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#混種詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>混種詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-混種詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-借形詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#借形詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>借形詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-借形詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古代漢語嘅外來詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古代漢語嘅外來詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>古代漢語嘅外來詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古代漢語嘅外來詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>註</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-攷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#攷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>攷</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-攷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睇埋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睇埋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>睇埋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睇埋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出面網頁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出面網頁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>出面網頁</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出面網頁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目錄" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="開/收內容一覽" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">開/收內容一覽</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">中文</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="去睇另一種語文嘅文章。有224種語言版本。" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-224" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">224種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Акитаи бызшәа – 阿布哈茲文" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Акитаи бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈茲文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Cina" title="Bahsa Cina – 亞齊文" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Cina" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亞齊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ቻይንኛ – 阿姆哈拉文" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻይንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwaping_a_sowal" title="Kuwaping a sowal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kuwaping a sowal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chin%C3%A9s" title="Idioma chinés – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma chinés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="मानक मंदारिन – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मानक मंदारिन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الصينية – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الصينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%A8%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ – 阿拉米文" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܨܝܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الشينوية – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الشينوية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه صينى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه صينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chinu" title="Idioma chinu – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma chinu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siniafa_ava" title="Siniafa ava – 科塔瓦文" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Siniafa ava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="科塔瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_dili" title="Çin dili – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چین دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چین دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ҡытай теле – 巴什客爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡытай теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什客爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C3%A4sisch" title="Kinäsisch – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kinäsisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%97nu_kalba" title="Kėnu kalba – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kėnu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Sina" title="Hata Sina – 巴塔克托巴文" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Sina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="巴塔克托巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Intsik" title="Tataramon na Intsik – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Intsik" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кітайская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кітайская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tionghoa" title="Basa Tionghoa – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Китайски език – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Китайски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="চীনা ভাষা – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীনা ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91" title="རྒྱ་སྐད – 藏文" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་སྐད" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_sinaek" title="Yezhoù sinaek – 布列塔尼文" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù sinaek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Tionghoa" title="Saro Tionghoa – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Хитад хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хитад хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_sin%C3%ADtiques" title="Llengües sinítiques – 加泰羅尼亞文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües sinítiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰羅尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Háng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Цийн мотт – 車臣文" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Цийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="車臣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inintsik" title="Inintsik – 宿霧文" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Inintsik" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿霧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B6%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A8_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%8F%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ – 柴羅基文" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎦᏬᏂᏏᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="柴羅基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%B3%27x%C4%97ho%27en%C3%B3tse" title="Hesó'xėho'enótse – 沙伊安文" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hesó'xėho'enótse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="沙伊安文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی چینی – 索拉尼庫爾德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی چینی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="索拉尼庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_tili" title="Çin tili – 克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çin tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亞半島的土耳其文；克里米亞半島的塔塔爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D1%A3%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – 宗教斯拉夫文" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Срѣдиньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="宗教斯拉夫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Китай чĕлхи – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Китай чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsieineeg" title="Tsieineeg – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsieineeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk_(sproggruppe)" title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe) – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinesisk (sproggruppe)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="好文"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesische_Sprachen" title="Chinesische Sprachen – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87inki" title="Çinki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çinki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina – 下索布文" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ސީނީ – 迪維西文" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސީނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪維西文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Κινεζική γλώσσα – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινεζική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chinese language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ina_lingvaro" title="Ĉina lingvaro – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉina lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chino" title="Idioma chino – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma chino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_keel" title="Hiina keel – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txinera" title="Txinera – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txinera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luenga_china" title="Luenga china – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Luenga china" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان چینی – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_kieli" title="Kiinan kieli – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina_kiil" title="Hiina kiil – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hiina kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Kinesiskt mál – 法羅文" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kinesiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_chinoises" title="Langues chinoises – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues chinoises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sineesk" title="Sineesk – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sineesk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tS%C3%ADnis" title="An tSínis – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSínis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 – 贛語" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanng_chinwaz" title="Lanng chinwaz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lanng chinwaz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AConais" title="Sìonais – 蘇格蘭蓋爾文" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sìonais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭蓋爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_chinesa" title="Lingua chinesa – 加里西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A4%D9%86" title="چيني زوؤن – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="چيني زوؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Chinañe'ẽ – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Chinañe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa – 科隆達羅文" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="科隆達羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃 – 哥德文" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍉𐍃 𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌳𐍉𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9D_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા – 古吉拉特文" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાઇનીઝ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Sheenagh" title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh – 曼島文" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Sheenagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="曼島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinanci" title="Sinanci – 豪撒文" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sinanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪撒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon-ng%C3%AE" title="Hon-ngî – 客家話" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hon-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家話" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_P%C4%81k%C4%93" title="ʻŌlelo Pākē – 夏威夷文" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Pākē" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות סיניות – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות סיניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – 北印度文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="北印度文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_bhasa" title="Chinese bhasa – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chinese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Chinšćina – 上索布文" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Chinšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_chinwa" title="Lang chinwa – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang chinwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_nyelv" title="Kínai nyelv – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Չինարեն – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չինարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Չինարէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չինարէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_China" title="Jaku China – 伊班文" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku China" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tionghoa" title="Bahasa Tionghoa – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_nga_Insik" title="Pagsasao nga Insik – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao nga Insik" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiniana_linguo" title="Chiniana linguo – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chiniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnverska" title="Kínverska – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kínverska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinese" title="Lingua cinese – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua cinese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%B4%E1%90%83%E1%93%82%E1%93%AF%E1%91%8E%E1%91%90%E1%91%A6" title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ – 因紐特文" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓴᐃᓂᓯᑎᑐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因紐特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" title="中国語 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中国語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaini_languij" title="Chaini languij – 牙買加克裏奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chaini languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克裏奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jugbau" title="jugbau – 邏輯文" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jugbau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="邏輯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina – 爪哇文" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ენა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩინური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%B1tay_tili" title="Qıtay tili – 卡拉卡爾帕克文" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qıtay tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡爾帕克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хъутейбзэ – 卡巴爾達文" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хъутейбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴爾達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisinw%C3%A1" title="Kisinwá – 剛果文" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kisinwá" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="剛果文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_China" title="Bahasa China – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa China" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Қытай тілі – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қытай тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាចិន – 高棉文" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាចិន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ – 坎那達文" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚೀನಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="坎那達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4" title="중국어 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چیٖنی زبان – 喀什米爾文" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چیٖنی زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="喀什米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_%C3%A7%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Zimanê çînî – 庫爾德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê çînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫爾德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Китай кыв – 科米文" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Китай кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinek" title="Chinek – 康瓦耳文" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chinek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康瓦耳文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кытай тили – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кытай тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Sinicae" title="Linguae Sinicae – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Sinicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Китай маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Китай маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Китай чӀал – 列茲干文" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Китай чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列茲干文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_xines" title="Linguas xines – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas xines" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinees" title="Chinees – 林堡文" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chinees" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cineise" title="Lengua cineise – 利古里亞文" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua cineise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_cinesc" title="Lingaz cinesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz cinesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_cinesa" title="Lengua cinesa – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua cinesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisinwa" title="Lisinwa – 林加拉文" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lisinwa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາຈີນ – 寮文" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຈີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="寮文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Kinų kalba – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABn%C4%AB%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Ķīnīšu volūda – 拉特加萊文" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ķīnīšu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="拉特加萊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABnie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Ķīniešu valoda – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīniešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C3%A2sa_Tiongkok" title="Bhâsa Tiongkok – 馬都拉文" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bhâsa Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="馬都拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनी भाषा – 邁蒂利文" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चीनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="邁蒂利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Cina" title="Basa Cina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Cina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_sinoa" title="Fiteny sinoa – 馬拉加什文" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny sinoa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="馬拉加什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Hainamana" title="Reo Hainamana – 毛利文" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hainamana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Cino" title="Bahaso Cino – 米南卡堡文" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Cino" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南卡堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="正文"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески јазик – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кинески јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചൈനീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хятад хэл – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хятад хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ – 曼尼普裡文" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普裡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनी भाषा – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिनी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Cina" title="Bahasa Cina – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Cina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwi_%C4%8Aini%C5%BCi" title="Lingwi Ċiniżi – 馬爾他文" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwi Ċiniżi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="馬爾他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_chinesa" title="Lhéngua chinesa – 米蘭德斯文" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米蘭德斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရုတ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Китаень кель – 厄爾茲亞文" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Китаень кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄爾茲亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="چینی زوونون – 馬贊德蘭文" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چینی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="馬贊德蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineesche_Spraken" title="Chineesche Spraken – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chineesche Spraken" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनियाँ भाषा – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिनियाँ भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चिनिया भाषा – 尼瓦爾文" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिनिया भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_talen" title="Chinese talen – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesisk" title="Kinesisk – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kinesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinum" title="Chinum – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chinum" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C5%A1haena" title="Setšhaena – 北索托文" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Setšhaena" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin%C3%A9s" title="Chinés – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chinés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitain_kieli" title="Kitain kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kitain kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaayiniffa" title="Chaayiniffa – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaayiniffa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Китайаг æвзаг – 奧塞提文" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Китайаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奧塞提文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੀਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chino%C3%A9s" title="Chinoés – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Chinoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiinese" title="Shiinese – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Shiinese" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_chi%C5%84ski" title="Język chiński – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język chiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="چینی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چینی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="چينايي ژبه – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چينايي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_chinesa" title="Língua chinesa – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua chinesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunwa_simi" title="Chunwa simi – 蓋楚瓦文" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chunwa simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="蓋楚瓦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_chinez%C4%83" title="Limba chineză – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba chineză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Китайский язык – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Китайский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кітайскый язык – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кітайскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gishinwa" title="Gishinwa – 盧安達文" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Gishinwa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="盧安達文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="चीनीभाषा – 梵文" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चीनीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кытай тыла – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кытай тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – 散塔利文" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="散塔利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cinisa" title="Lingua cinisa – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua cinisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheenese_leid" title="Cheenese leid – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cheenese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="چيني ٻولي – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چيني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinn%C3%A1giella" title="Kiinnágiella – 北方薩米文" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kiinnágiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方薩米文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinu%C3%A4a" title="Shinuäa – 桑戈文" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Shinuäa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="桑戈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kineski_jezik" title="Kineski jezik – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kineski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%82%84%E1%82%87" title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ – 撣文" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽႃႇသႃႇၶႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="撣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="චීන භාෂාව – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චීන භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chinese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čínština" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaj%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Kitajščina – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kitajščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Saina" title="Faʻa Saina – 薩摩亞文" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Saina" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="薩摩亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichayina" title="Chichayina – 塞內加爾文" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chichayina" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="塞內加爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_kineze" title="Gjuha kineze – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha kineze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кинески језик – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинески језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-china" title="Se-china – 塞索托文" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Se-china" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="塞索托文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Chinesiske_Sproaken" title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Han-Chinesiske Sproaken" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tionghoa" title="Basa Tionghoa – 巽他文" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Tionghoa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichina" title="Kichina – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kichina" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C5%84sk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Chińskŏ gŏdka – 西利西亞文" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chińskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சீன மொழி – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீன மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="చైనీస్ భాష – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చైనీస్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони чинӣ – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони чинӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มภาษาจีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyta%C3%BD_dili" title="Hytaý dili – 土庫曼文" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Hytaý dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土庫曼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tsino" title="Wikang Tsino – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tsino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cini_zyvon" title="Cini zyvon – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cini zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tok_Saina" title="Tok Saina – 托比辛文" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tok Saina" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托比辛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ince" title="Çince – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tlu" title="Kari Tlu – 太魯閣文" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tlu" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="太魯閣文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Кытай теле – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кытай теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Tinit%C5%8D" title="Reo Tinitō – 大溪地文" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Tinitō" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="大溪地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Кыдат дыл – 土凡文" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Кыдат дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="土凡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Китай кыл – 沃蒂艾克文" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Китай кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="沃蒂艾克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%87%DA%86%DB%95" title="خەنزۇچە – 維吾爾文" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەنزۇچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="維吾爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Китайська мова – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Китайська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چینی زبان – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چینی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_tili" title="Xitoy tili – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_cineze" title="Łéngua cineze – 威尼斯文" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua cineze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitajan_kel%27" title="Kitajan kel' – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kitajan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Tiếng Trung Quốc – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Trung Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyin" title="Tsyin – 沃拉普克文" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tsyin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinw%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Chinwès (lingaedje) – 瓦隆文" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Chinwès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsino_(yinaknan)" title="Tsino (yinaknan) – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tsino (yinaknan)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჩინური ნინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩინური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A9" title="כינעזיש – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כינעזיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_%E1%B9%A2%C3%A1%C3%ADn%C3%A0" title="Èdè Ṣáínà – 約魯巴文" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Ṣáínà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="約魯巴文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahgun" title="Vahgun – 壯文" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahgun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9B%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ – 標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵛⵉⵏⵡⵉⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="標準摩洛哥塔馬塞特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="漢語 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="漢語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n-g%C3%AD" title="Hàn-gí – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hàn-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiShayina" title="IsiShayina – 祖魯文" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiShayina" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖魯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7850#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="改跨語言拎" class="wbc-editpage">改拎</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="空間名"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="睇吓內容頁[c]" accesskey="c"><span>文章</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" rel="discussion" title="關於內容頁嘅討論[t]" accesskey="t"><span>討論</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="改語言變體" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">粵語</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="外觀"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=history" title="呢一頁之前嘅修訂[h]" accesskey="h"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="架撐" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">架撐</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">架撐</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">收埋</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="多啲選項" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 動作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87"><span>閱</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit" title="改呢版嘅代碼[e]" accesskey="e"><span>改</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=history"><span>睇返紀錄</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 基本 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%82%8A%E5%BA%A6%E9%8F%88%E5%8E%BB%E5%91%A2%E7%89%88/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="列出所有連接過嚟呢度嘅頁面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>有乜連過嚟</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%A4%96%E9%8F%88%E4%BF%AE%E6%94%B9/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" rel="nofollow" title="由呢版連出去嘅版嘅最近修改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>連結頁嘅更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E8%BC%89" title="上載檔案[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上載檔案</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E7%89%88" title="所有專門版一覽[q]" accesskey="q"><span>專門版</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&oldid=2196553" title="呢版呢個修訂嘅永久網址"><span>固定連結</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=info" title="多啲同呢版有拏褦嘅資料"><span>此版明細</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&page=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&id=2196553&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="點樣引用呢頁嘅資訊"><span>引用呢篇文</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2596%2587"><span>攞短網址</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E6%2596%2587"><span>下載QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/匯出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=show-download-screen"><span>下載PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="呢一版印得嘅版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>印得嘅版本</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 第啲維基項目 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_languages" hreflang="en"><span>維基同享</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7850" title="連到接住資料儲存庫嘅項目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>維基數據項</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="頁面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="閱讀設定"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">閱讀設定</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移去側欄</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">收埋</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">出自維基百科，自由嘅百科全書</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="yue" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%90%9E%E6%B8%85%E6%A5%9A" title="Wikipedia:搞清楚"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>  「<b>汉文</b>」跳轉到呢度。想搵廣義上嘅中文範圍內除汉文外嘅其他語言，請睇「<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="中國語言">中國語言</a></b>」。</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;color: black; background-color: tomato;">中文<br /><small></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: tomato;">中文、華語/文、漢語/文、唐話/文、中國語/話</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chineselanguage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chineselanguage.svg/200px-Chineselanguage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chineselanguage.svg/300px-Chineselanguage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Chineselanguage.svg/400px-Chineselanguage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;">用嘅國家、地區</th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="中華人民共和國"><img alt="中華人民共和國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/25px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/38px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/50px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門"><img alt="澳門" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/44px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳門</a></li></ul> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="中華民國"><img alt="中華民國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="馬來西亞"><img alt="馬來西亞" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/25px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/38px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="馬來西亞">馬來西亞</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="星加坡"><img alt="星加坡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/33px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/44px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="星加坡">星加坡</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;">區域</th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E" title="東亞">東亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" title="東南亞">東南亞</a>同埋世界各地嘅唐人街</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;">講嘅人口</th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;">約14億（5000萬人攞佢做第二語言）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E8%A9%B1%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD" title="各話人口一覽">排名</a></th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;">第一</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="語系">系屬</a></th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="漢藏語系">漢藏語系</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;">文字</th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小兒經 (無呢版)">小兒經</a>（回族）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="斯拉夫字母">斯拉夫字母</a>（東干人）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color: black; background-color: tomato;;">官方地位</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;">官方語言</th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="中華人民共和國"><img alt="中華人民共和國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/25px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/38px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/50px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門"><img alt="澳門" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_Macau.svg/44px-Flag_of_Macau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳門</a></li></ul> <p><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span title="中華民國"><img alt="中華民國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="星加坡"><img alt="星加坡" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/33px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/44px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="星加坡">星加坡</a><br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="緬甸"><img alt="緬甸" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/25px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/38px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/50px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" title="緬甸">緬甸</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E9%82%A6" title="佤邦">佤邦</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" title="聯合國"><img alt="聯合國" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" title="聯合國">聯合國</a> <br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="東南亞國家聯盟">東南亞國家聯盟</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;">管理機構</th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-language.gov.cn/">國家語言文字工作委員會</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-education.com/chi/index.asp">語文教育及研究常務委員會</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳門</a>：教育曁青年局語言推廣中心<br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edu.tw/Default.aspx?WID=c5ad5187-55ef-4811-8219-e946fe04f725">教育部終身教育司第四科</a><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="星加坡">星加坡</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandarin.org.sg/">推廣華語理事會</a><br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="大馬">大馬</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yufan.net.my/">華語規範理事會</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color: black; background-color: tomato;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;"><tt>zh</tt></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;"><tt>chi (B)</tt><br /><tt>zho (T)</tt></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="width: 5.5em; padding-left: 0.5em;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td style="padding-left: 0.5em;;">各項代碼:<br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=cdo">cdo</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" title="閩東話">閩東話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=cjy">cjy</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E8%AA%9E" title="晉語">晉語</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=cmn">cmn</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=cpx">cpx</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%86%E4%BB%99%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="莆仙話">莆仙話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=czh">czh</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%BD%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="徽州話">徽州話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=czo">czo</a> </tt> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%A9%E4%B8%AD%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="閩中話 (無呢版)">閩中話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=dng">dng</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B9%B2%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="東干話">東干話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=gan">gan</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="贛語">贛語</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=hak">hak</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1" title="客家話">客家話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=hsn">hsn</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="湘語">湘語</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=ltc">ltc</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="中古漢語">中古漢語</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=lzh">lzh</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="文言">文言</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=mnp">mnp</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8C%97%E8%A9%B1" title="閩北話">閩北話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=nan">nan</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%B1" title="閩南話">閩南話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=och">och</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="上古漢語">上古漢語</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=wuu">wuu</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="吳語">吳語</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=wxa">wxa</a> </tt> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E9%84%89%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦鄉話 (無呢版)">瓦鄉話</a><br /><tt><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=yue">yue</a> </tt> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-left: 0.5em;;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New-Map-Sinophone_World.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="漢語地區"><img alt="漢語地區" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/New-Map-Sinophone_World.PNG/280px-New-Map-Sinophone_World.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/New-Map-Sinophone_World.PNG/420px-New-Map-Sinophone_World.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/New-Map-Sinophone_World.PNG/560px-New-Map-Sinophone_World.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>漢語地區</figcaption></figure> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border:1px solid black;display:inline-block; height:1.5em; margin:1px; text-align:center; background: #0E0069;color:black;font-size:small; width:1.5em"> </span> 官方語言兼第一語言</div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border:1px solid black;display:inline-block; height:1.5em; margin:1px; text-align:center; background: #7FABAB;color:black;font-size:small; width:1.5em"> </span> 有500萬人以上</div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border:1px solid black;display:inline-block; height:1.5em; margin:1px; text-align:center; background: #9fceff;color:black;font-size:small; width:1.5em"> </span> 有100萬以上</div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border:1px solid black;display:inline-block; height:1.5em; margin:1px; text-align:center; background: #D5E8FF;color:black;font-size:small; width:1.5em"> </span> 有50萬以上</div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border:1px solid black;display:inline-block; height:1.5em; margin:1px; text-align:center; background: #F7D5FF;color:black;font-size:small; width:1.5em"> </span> 有10萬以上</div> <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="border:1px solid black;display:inline-block; height:1.5em; margin:1px; text-align:center; background: #0080ff;color:black;font-size:small; width:1.5em"> </span> 講漢語嘅點</div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:right"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Infobox Language"><abbr title="去睇呢個模">睇</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox Language (無呢版)"><abbr title="傾呢個模">傾</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Infobox_Language&action=edit"><abbr title="編輯呢個模">改</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Sheung_Wan_Hillier_Street_13_Shop_Biz_%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%94%B2%E9%99%B3%E7%9A%AE.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HK_Sheung_Wan_Hillier_Street_13_Shop_Biz_%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%94%B2%E9%99%B3%E7%9A%AE.JPG/300px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Hillier_Street_13_Shop_Biz_%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%94%B2%E9%99%B3%E7%9A%AE.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HK_Sheung_Wan_Hillier_Street_13_Shop_Biz_%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%94%B2%E9%99%B3%E7%9A%AE.JPG/450px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Hillier_Street_13_Shop_Biz_%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%94%B2%E9%99%B3%E7%9A%AE.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HK_Sheung_Wan_Hillier_Street_13_Shop_Biz_%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%94%B2%E9%99%B3%E7%9A%AE.JPG/600px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Hillier_Street_13_Shop_Biz_%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%94%B2%E9%99%B3%E7%9A%AE.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="香港字">香港字</a>係集中國各地字嘅大成，中間發展混合<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="簡化字">簡化字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="繁體">繁體</a>，（如圖）重有古老中國人用嘅數字（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%A2%BC" title="花碼">花碼</a>）寫法</figcaption></figure> <p><b>中文</b>（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="Wikipedia:粵文拼音">粵拼</a>：<span class="plainlinks" style="display:inline-block"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yue.forvo.com/word/yue/中文/#yue"><span>zung<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> man<span class="Jpingtone">4</span></span></a></span>）即係<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA" title="唐人">唐人</a>所寫嘅<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87" title="文">文</a>，口講就叫<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="白話">白話</a>。華洋文流，好多<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="西洋人">西洋人</a>來到唐山之後，洋文漸多，就有必要分開。唐人用就冠個<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90" class="mw-redirect" title="唐">唐</a>字，叫<b>唐文</b>，口講亦然，叫做<b>唐話</b>。所以唐係西學東漸，別義而加。中文用<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>寫，現今所至早所出土，為<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨文</a>，為<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98%E9%BC%8E%E6%96%87" title="鐘鼎文">金文</a>，係存世至早嘅中文。 </p><p>甲骨文有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冊 (無呢版)">冊</a>字，上古日常書寫都寫喺<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9%E7%B0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="竹簡">竹簡</a>。之不過<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B9" title="竹">竹</a>會腐爛，難以存世。中文之所以噉叫，譬如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1" title="廣東">廣東</a>地方，自己叫唐，外來叫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="番 (無呢版)">番</a>。皆因<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90" title="大唐">大唐</a>時開<a href="/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="嶺南道">嶺南道</a>令<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="交通">交通</a>方便咗，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97" title="嶺南">嶺南</a>人丁暴增，加上之<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="大宋">大宋</a>南遷，廣東歸屬於大唐多啲。出於唔同地方，唔同政局，亦有唔同叫法。如<b>漢文</b>（<span>hon<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> man<span class="Jpingtone">4*2</span></span>）<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，以<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="漢人">漢人</a>名，以別於<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="滿人">滿人</a>，又外地如<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>稱<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F" title="華夏">華夏</a>傳來叫<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2" title="漢">漢</a>，以別於自國文字。<b>中文</b>（<span>zung<span class="Jpingtone">1</span> man<span class="Jpingtone">4*2</span></span>），係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">中華民國</a>建立後所起名，以國為文。<b>國文</b>（<span>gwok<span class="Jpingtone">3</span> man<span class="Jpingtone">4*2</span></span>）個名抄自<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>，係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="中華民國 (1912–1949)">民國時期</a>嘅叫法。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E7%A7%BB%E4%BA%A4" title="香港主權移交">香港主權移交</a>後<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98" title="香港本土意識">本土意識</a>興起，主張「港中區隔」嘅部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E6%B4%BE_(%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF)" class="mw-redirect" title="本土派 (香港)">本土派</a>人士亦都會用<b>支那文</b>作為<b>中文</b>嘅蔑稱。<b>華文</b>（<span>waa<span class="Jpingtone">4</span> man<span class="Jpingtone">4*2</span></span>），以<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="華人">華人</a>做叫法，唔想用中文、國文依啲帶有國名叫法，尤見於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B" title="南洋">南洋</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%96%87" title="外文">西洋文字</a>相較於中文時間甚淺。西洋文字，實情借自<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>文所演化之記音字母，經<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%93%E5%88%A9%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腓利基 (無呢版)">腓利基</a>借用，而再借到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>。顯然西洋文字，並非自身所出。故此，一開初，西文經已記話音，話文相近，理所當然。然而西洋理論並非世界通用，甚至西話本身都好多例外。而之於中文，更唔啱用。由甲骨文可知，文話有別，初初經已係咁。甲骨文寫文，格式份外一致，極之簡畧，字無必要，可省則省。要知甲骨文用<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80" title="刀">刀</a>刻，非常費力，口講字字，無必要刻晒落來，<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%98%E9%BC%8E%E6%96%87" title="鐘鼎文">金文</a>刻字亦然。上古傳世文獻，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E7%B6%93" title="書經">書經</a>咁、都修到好鬼精簡，容易<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E8%AA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="背誦">背誦</a>。當時就算<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%86" title="毛筆">毛筆</a>寫竹簡，造竹簡都大有功夫，唔會咁嘥嘢，口講乜就寫乜。由始至終，中文都唔係口講噉。故此，稱之為<b>文言</b>。民國早年學自西洋之語言學，假設文言係上古口講面貌，咁係唔啱嘅。雖然民國以後，按西洋理論，消滅文言，推<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="白話文運動">白話文運動</a>，口講要同書寫一致，實情無噉嘅事。直至今日，仍有所謂<b>書面語</b>，以分口講同寫。實際只有<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E6%88%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="演戲">演戲</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%99%BD" title="對白">對白</a>本，先至叫得做<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-disambig" title="白話">白話</a>文。 </p><p><br /> 現今漢語，或者叫唐話、華語，屬於漢語族，至少有十五種<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>，互不相通，按古時地理一方，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>，咁又同西洋語言學定義之方言唔同，不能混淆，西洋係要互通先叫方言，不過實情西洋，就算通，都唔一定叫方言，所以方言係政治問題。如果將漢語當係漢語族所有分支嘅統稱，約莫十四萬萬人講漢語，為世界最多人講，佔全球五分一。語法形態上屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="孤立語">孤立語</a>，絕少形態變化，睇重排字次序，中文亦然，字義按排位確定屬性。語序同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>一樣，都係<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>行頭，謂語中間，賓語擺尾，為主謂賓結構。 </p><p><br /> 漢語之間差異好大嘅，無論喺用字、發音、甚至乎係連<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>上都有唔同，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東話">廣東話</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官話</a>之間，差異大到好似<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="德文">德文</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>咁，冇<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互通性 (無呢版)">互通性</a>，所以有啲語言學家將漢語睇做語族<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；但漢語又唔係完全溝通唔到，喺書面語上一致性好高，對於呢種情況，語言學有專門術語稱呼，叫宏語言（macrolanguage）。 </p><p>中文出於其文話分開，自古為林林種種嘅話所共用。漢字表意符，並唔定於一時一地一音。唔同話可以各有各讀法。借到<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" title="日文">日文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%96%87" title="韓文">韓文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87" title="越南文">越南文</a>，用返自家地方讀一樣得。若要比擬，就好似<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97" title="阿拉伯數字">阿拉伯數字</a>咁各有各讀，而大家意思相通。故此相隔千年，或者相隔千里，言語不通，大家仍然可知寫者意思。當然時代世間相異，所見所聞相異，都要學返先易明解。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="中文字"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E6.96.87.E5.AD.97"></span>中文字</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=1" title="編輯小節: 中文字"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote">内文：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a></div> <p>學中文必學寫中文字。 </p><p>漢字初見於商代，當時嘅寫法同現今大有分別，但係重可以得出脈絡。開頭有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨文</a>，後來有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%AF%86" title="大篆">大篆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AF%86" title="小篆">小篆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B8%E6%9B%B8" title="隸書">隸書</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E6%9B%B8" title="草書">草書</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B8" title="行書">行書</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B7%E6%9B%B8" title="楷書">楷書</a>等書體之變。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="秦始皇">秦始皇</a>統一中國（嗰時得中原呢個概念），李斯整理小篆，從此書同文。由於漢語之音，因為方言而異，故互不相通。但係，唔計字音，只論漢字圈裏嘅話，交流並唔成障礙，故此亦係維持中國統一嘅因素。 </p><p>東漢<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%B1%E6%85%8E" title="許慎">許慎</a>，寫《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%87%E8%A7%A3%E5%AD%97" title="說文解字">說文解字</a>》，分造字法為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%9B%B8" title="六書">六書</a>，即係<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%A2" title="象形">象形</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E4%BA%8B" title="指事">指事</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%83%E6%84%8F" title="會意">會意</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%81%B2" title="形聲">形聲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E6%B3%A8" title="轉注">轉注</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%80%9F" title="假借">假借</a>。而象形、指事、會意、形聲四項，係造字法；而轉注、假借，係用字法。幾千年來，漢字寫法，變化唔大，後人讀古文，從無障礙。 </p><p>直到近代，西文東漸，歸咎漢字，以拉丁字母書寫，成一時之興。過渡為拉丁字母期間，亦有簡化字之舉<sup id="cite_ref-分崩離析_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-分崩離析-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="中華人民共和國">中華人民共和國</a>，則以民間俗字同草書楷化，作為簡化字稿。1956年1月28號審訂通過《簡化字總表》，流於中國、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>、馬來西亞之地。 </p><p>港澳臺就沿用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E9%AB%94%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="繁體字">繁體字</a>，並非簡化字。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文"><span id=".E6.96.87"></span>文</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=2" title="編輯小節: 文"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>至初嘅文，即今日嘅紋，勾畫出形狀嘅綫。無論係<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8B%E8%BA%AB" title="紋身">紋身</a>，畫喺石上，或畫喺<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8" title="陶器">陶器</a>之上。文以記事，後尾專指文章嘅文，其他另加糸符以別義。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="陶文"><span id=".E9.99.B6.E6.96.87"></span>陶文</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=3" title="編輯小節: 陶文"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B6%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陶文 (無呢版)">陶文</a>係咪可以叫文，都係史上疑團。一來符數太少，不足以判定。然而當今都認為文嘅先聲。陶文有意思，然而太短，無法定斷成系。有啲近似<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨文</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="金文">金文</a>嘅符。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="冊"><span id=".E5.86.8A"></span>冊</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=4" title="編輯小節: 冊"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>甲骨文有冊字，有典字，冊係編竹成冊，支支竹片，有兩條綫串起，典就雙手捧冊。實倩當時日常寫文用，亦寫經典之用。逐支竹片拎上手寫，一邊有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E7%AD%86" title="毛筆">毛筆</a>，一邊有<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%80" title="刀">刀</a>。毛筆寫字，刀批走錯字。文章批改就咁來。可惜冊為易腐之物，亦易毁於<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="火災">火災</a>，殷商並無文物留低，難以一睹殷商冊嘅文面貌。現存至古老嘅冊，都係<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B" title="戰國">戰國</a>出土文物，因為氣絕密封於土，不致於完全化去。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="甲骨文"><span id=".E7.94.B2.E9.AA.A8.E6.96.87"></span>甲骨文</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=5" title="編輯小節: 甲骨文"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg/220px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg/330px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg/440px-Shang_dynasty_inscribed_scapula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2669" /></a><figcaption>甲骨文</figcaption></figure> <p>甲骨文係現存中文至古老一種。殷商人事事<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%8D%9C" title="占卜">占卜</a>，以燒<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%9C%E7%94%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龜甲 (無呢版)">龜甲</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%9B%E8%83%9B%E9%AA%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牛胛骨 (無呢版)">牛胛骨</a>，以斷吉凶。會記低所問，有時亦會寫埋占驗。甲骨多多存世，夠晒推敲甲骨文法，以及漢字起源。 </p><p>卜辭有一定格式，不過有好多都省略。短如 </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"><p> 貞、侑于咸戊。 </p></blockquote> <p>貞就占卜問嘢，侑就係祭名，即係拜祭方式，咸戊係神名，係<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" title="史記">史記</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%98%E6%9B%B8" title="天官書">天官書</a>中講殷人<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%AB%E5%92%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巫咸 (無呢版)">巫咸</a>，神主唔少係祖先。成句係咁，卜問，用侑祭拜咸戊。吉利唔吉？後面意思，甲骨文省略唔寫。亦有見單句，「侑于咸戊」，連貞字都慳返。可見甲骨文，幾咁慳字， </p><p>有時又會寫邊日。 </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"><p> 壬辰卜、御于社。 </p></blockquote> <p>又係咁問卜。壬辰即壬辰日。御係祭名。社係土地，係地祗。意思係，壬辰日卜，用御祭拜土地，吉利唔吉？ </p><p>完整嘅就會有占驗，講埋占卜嘅睇法，同之後嘅事。如， </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"><p> 壬申王卜、貞、田羌、往來亡災。王占曰、吉。茲御。獲鹿十。 </p></blockquote> <p>意思係，壬申日，占卜人係殷王，問，喺羌人屬國田獵，往來無災？王睇咗卜兆，就話吉。因而用依次占卜。驗證為獲得鹿十隻。 </p><p>由例可知，甲骨文為簡約文字，字字有意思，唔會刻多餘嘅字。印證中文起初，並非要記口語，而係紀事，同口講唔同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="金文"><span id=".E9.87.91.E6.96.87"></span>金文</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=6" title="編輯小節: 金文"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>甲骨文偏重卜辭。而金文題材就多啲，多數係賞賜。甲骨文日紀錄卜辭，用刀刻，務求筆直，而金文出自青銅器，係藝術品，先𨑳模範，製作時間多，筆亦可以彎曲。 </p><p>殷商金文唔多，都係中晚期。如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%A2%E5%8D%A3%E9%8A%98%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小子逢卣銘文 (無呢版)">小子逢卣銘文</a>，蓋有母辛二字，內有一文。 </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"><p> 乙子、子令小子逢先㠯人于堇、子光商逢貝二朋。子曰、貝、隹丁蔑女曆。逢用乍母辛彝。才十月二，隹子曰、令望人方。</p></blockquote> <p>換咗啲通假字古字。 </p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float: none; padding: 0.3em 1em;"><p> 乙巳、子令小子逢先以人于堇、子光賞逢貝二朋。子曰、貝、唯丁蔑汝曆。逢用作母辛彝。在十月二，唯子曰、令望人方。</p></blockquote> <p>逢，亦有說為蒚。乙巳日，某貴族子，令小子逢，帶人去堇地，子光賞逢貝兩串。子講，貝，賞貝因為你功積。逢用咗來造彝去祭母辛，喺十二月。子講，令佢望實人方。 </p><p>金文亦無多餘嘅字，然而無甲骨文咁省畧。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="漢語共分類"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E.E5.85.B1.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>漢語共分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=7" title="編輯小節: 漢語共分類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>講漢語嘅人，據佔世上人口五分之一，世界上每五人，都有一人講漢語。喺<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳門</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="新加坡">新加坡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%A4%E9%82%A6" title="佤邦">佤邦</a>，漢語係官方語言之一。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B" title="聯合國">聯合國</a>文件，亦備中文。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歷時分類"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E6.99.82.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>歷時分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=8" title="編輯小節: 歷時分類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>漢語係隻好古老嘅語文，話佢古老唔係話成門語文千年無變、古今一致，而係話佢嘅書面承傳悠久，靠文字、文獻維繫古今，如果離開文字，單純從語言講，不但古今不通，而且唔同嘅時期個面貌都唔同，因此就有歷時分類。主要分爲上古、中古、近代：上古係從商代到漢代；中古從六朝到唐宋；近代從宋末到清末。具體分期有各家學說，大致期限如下述。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="上古漢語">上古漢語</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="周朝">周朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a></li> <li>早期<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="中古漢語">中古漢語</a>：南北朝到<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="唐朝">唐朝</a></li> <li>晚期中古漢語：五代十國到<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="宋朝">宋朝</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="近代漢語" data-lang-code="zh" data-lang-name="中文" data-foreign-title="近代漢語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近代漢語 (無呢版)">近代漢語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">中文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="zh:近代漢語"><span lang="zh" dir="auto">近代漢語</span></a></span>）</span></span>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="元朝">元朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="明朝">明朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="清朝">清朝</a>（所謂近代漢語好大程度上指北中國嘅漢語，因為呢時南方漢語嘅格局定型）</li> <li>現代漢語：清末至今（包括南北各體系嘅漢語）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="共時分類"><span id=".E5.85.B1.E6.99.82.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>共時分類</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=9" title="編輯小節: 共時分類"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>所謂共時分類係相對歷時而言，係語言學研究嘅另一條經緯，即係同一時代入面呢門語言嘅社會、地域分支（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="語言變體">語言變體</a>），主要表現喺<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>。民國時試分漢語有七種，但未完備，時至今日，有ISO碼嘅現代漢語有15種，日後係咪會繼續細分都未可知。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-zh-Hant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Map_of_sinitic_languages-zh-Hant.svg/400px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-zh-Hant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="853" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Map_of_sinitic_languages-zh-Hant.svg/600px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-zh-Hant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Map_of_sinitic_languages-zh-Hant.svg/800px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-zh-Hant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>漢語方言</figcaption></figure> <p>漢語方言駁雜，口講時<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="互通程度">幾乎溝通唔到</a>。正因如此各大漢語究竟定性做方言定獨立語言就有排詏，甚至究竟「漢語」係一門語言定係一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="語族">語族</a>都成問題。不過<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="文言">文言</a>係共通書面，結果溝通咗各地漢語，唐人之所以會有共同嘅語言意識同族群認同，漢字就係基石。雖然唐人有共同嘅民族意識，但古人以鄉音為榮，今人亦以鄉音爲群分嘅基礎。 </p> <ol><li>cmn - <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官話</a>，有時嗌北方話，主要分佈喺中國北部、西部，約八億人講。 <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="北方官話">北方官話</a>，主要通用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" title="北京">北京</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5" title="天津">天津</a>郊區、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97" title="河北">冀</a>北。 <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80)" title="國語 (大中華地區)">國語</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">港</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="星加坡">星加坡</a>嘅官方語言，家下「中文」呢個詞一般都係指國語。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東北官話 (無呢版)">東北官話</a>，主要通用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="東三省">東三省</a>共<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E5%9B%9B%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東四盟 (無呢版)">東四盟</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%81%BC%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="膠遼官話">膠遼官話</a>，主要通用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="山東半島">山東半島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="遼東半島">遼東半島</a>、吉林南部、江蘇嘅贛榆，喺黑龍江有方言島。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%80%E9%AD%AF%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冀魯官話 (無呢版)">冀魯官話</a>，主要通用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97" title="河北">河北</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1" title="山東">山東</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="中原官話">中原官話</a>，主要通用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" title="河南">河南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87" title="江蘇">蘇</a>北、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD" title="安徽">皖</a>北、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1" title="山東">魯</a>西、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF" title="陝西">陝</a>中、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85" title="甘肅">甘肅</a>中部、東部及西部、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="新疆">新疆</a>。 <ol><li>dng - <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B9%B2%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="東干話">東干話</a>，通用於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="中亞">中亞</a>、俄羅斯嘅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E5%B9%B2%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東干人 (無呢版)">東干人</a>當中，約11萬人用<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ol></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%AD%E9%8A%80%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘭銀官話 (無呢版)">蘭銀官話</a>，主要通用於<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%85" title="甘肅">甘肅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A7%E5%A4%8F" title="寧夏">寧夏</a>、新疆、內蒙古西部。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E6%B7%AE%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="江淮官話 (無呢版)">江淮官話</a>，主要通用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87" title="江蘇">蘇</a>中、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD" title="安徽">皖</a>中、湖北、江西北部一隅，又嗌淮語。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="西南官話">西南官話</a>，主要通用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D" title="四川">川</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6" title="重慶">渝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97" title="雲南">雲</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E5%B7%9E" title="貴州">貴</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF" title="廣西">桂</a>西、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97" title="湖北">湖北</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF" title="陝西">陝</a>南。</li></ol></li> <li>cjy - <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E8%AA%9E" title="晉語">晉語</a>，有時計入官話，又叫山西話，通用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF" title="山西">山西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99" class="mw-redirect" title="內蒙">內蒙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF" title="陝西">陝</a>北、河北西部、河南西北一隅，約四千五百萬人用。</li> <li>czh - <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%BD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="徽語">徽語</a>，有時計入吳語，又叫徽州話、安徽話，通用於安徽、浙江、江西，約三百二十萬人用。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="閩語">閩語</a>，有時嗌福建話，通用於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA" title="福建">福建</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1" title="廣東">粵</a>東及沿海、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97" title="海南">海南</a>、海外僑裔，約六千萬人用。 <ol><li>cdo - <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E6%9D%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩東語">閩東語</a>，通用於閩東同<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F" title="浙江">浙</a>南 <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%AF%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="侯官話 (無呢版)">侯官話</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E5%AF%A7%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福寧話 (無呢版)">福寧話</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A0%BB%E8%AC%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蠻講 (無呢版)">蠻講</a></li></ol></li> <li>cpx - <a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%86%E4%BB%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="莆仙語">莆仙語</a>，通用於閩中嘅<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%86%E7%94%B0" title="莆田">莆田</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E9%81%8A" title="仙遊">仙遊</a></li> <li>czo - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%A9%E4%B8%AD%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="閩中語 (無呢版)">閩中語</a>，通用於閩中</li> <li>mnp - <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8C%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩北語">閩北語</a>，通用於閩北</li> <li>nan - <a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩南語">閩南語</a>，通用於閩南、粵東、臺灣、廣東中山、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F" title="浙江">浙</a>南 <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="潮州話">潮汕話</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%94%B0%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大田話 (無呢版)">大田話</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%89%E6%BC%B3%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泉漳話 (無呢版)">泉漳話</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B3%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="漳州話">漳州話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A9%B1" title="臺灣話">臺灣話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%88%E9%96%80%E8%A9%B1" title="廈門話">廈門話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="泉州話">泉州話</a></li></ol></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%8A%E9%9B%B7%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓊雷語 (無呢版)">瓊雷語</a>，通用於海南、雷州，現時歸入閩南話一種 <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%B1" title="海南話">海南話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="雷州話">雷州話</a></li></ol></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%B5%E5%B0%87%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邵將語 (無呢版)">邵將語</a>，通用於福建西北，有部份學者認爲佢係客贛閩嘅過渡性語言</li></ol></li> <li>gan - <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="贛語">贛語</a>，有時嗌江西話，通用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF" title="江西">江西</a>北部、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97" title="湖南">湖南</a>東部、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97" title="湖北">湖北</a>、安徽、福建，約三千一百萬人用。</li> <li>hak - <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1" title="客家話">客家話</a>，又嗌客語，通用於粵東、粵北、贛南、閩西、臺灣西北、湖南、海南、四川、海外僑裔，約三千四百萬人用。</li> <li>hsn - <a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="湘語">湘語</a>，有時嗌湖南話，通用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97" title="湖南">湖南</a>、廣西、貴州、四川，約三千六百萬人用。</li> <li>wuu - <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="吳語">吳語</a>，有時嗌江浙話，通用於蘇南、浙江，約七千七百萬人用。</li> <li>yue - <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>，有時嗌廣東話，通用於廣東、廣西、香港、澳門、海南北部、海外僑裔，約七千一百萬人用。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="平話">平話</a>，有時計入粵語，通用於廣西，約兩百萬人用。</li> <li>wxa - <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E9%84%89%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦鄉話 (無呢版)">瓦鄉話</a>，通用於湘西，約四十萬人用。</li></ol> <p>另外，有啲漢語，因為相關嘅研究較少、有爭議，又或冇人講，所以未列出。研究少或有爭議嘅包括邁話、虱乸話、大鵬話、東江本地話、軍話，滅亡語種有巴蜀語、漢兒言語。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="規範化"><span id=".E8.A6.8F.E7.AF.84.E5.8C.96"></span>規範化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=10" title="編輯小節: 規範化"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大清時皇帝曾想一統語音，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官話</a>係<b>標準中文</b>，但係唔成功。中華民國受西方同日本嘅影響，改從「一國一話」，並推行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="中華民國國語">國語</a>，北京音係標準。中華人民共和國，國語係標準，改口叫<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80)" title="國語 (大中華地區)">普通話</a>。香港同澳門，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵語</a>係標準，叫開<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AF%E6%BE%B3%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="港澳粵語">廣東話</a>。 </p><p>為咗教育或考試需求，或者作為政策，有啲地方嘅政府部門或教育機構會以一種語言變體做基礎，經過人為規範，釐定嗰種語言嘅音韻系統同埋個別字讀音嘅一啲對錯指南，整理出<b>規範化漢語</b>，亦叫做<b>標準漢語</b>。目前比較有顯著成果嘅標準漢語，有： </p> <ul><li>粵語。以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%B5%E6%B5%B7%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粵海片 (無呢版)">粵海片</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%BA%9C%E8%A9%B1" title="廣府話">廣州話</a>為基礎，可以叫做規範化粵語、<b>標準粵語</b>。喺香港有相關嘅考試。</li> <li>官話。以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="北方官話">北方官話</a>為基礎，可以叫做規範化官話、<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="標準官話">標準官話</a></b>。有啲人霸咗成個「漢語」嘅名，叫佢做「標準漢語」、「現代標準漢語」，噉叫法係有排斥其他漢語族語言、有「<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E6%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="推普">推普</a>滅『方』」嘅嫌疑。喺中國大陸、台灣有相關嘅考試，兩邊嘅標準有出入。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音韻"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E9.9F.BB"></span>音韻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=11" title="編輯小節: 音韻"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>漢語嘅音韻好難概述，要一隻隻話來睇，因爲有啲音韻特點係某隻漢語獨有嘅。以下就幾個點做個大概嘅對比。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="入聲"><span id=".E5.85.A5.E8.81.B2"></span>入聲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=12" title="編輯小節: 入聲"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大部份官話嘅都無<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E8%81%B2" title="入聲">入聲</a>，根據入聲混合到其他聲調嘅情形劃分成若干官話分支，但又唔係所有官話都無入聲，比如淮語同部份嘅西南官話就有入聲。 </p><p>而南方漢語基本有入聲。但係入聲嘅保留情況又各有唔同。淮語、北部吳語、湘語、閩東話等等，有喉塞韻尾<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ʔ]</span>。但喺快速語流中，可能連個喉塞都無埋，同其他字嘅區別在於音長，即係入聲字會發短音。 </p><p>粵語、閩南語、客家話、贛語等等，有三種入聲韻尾嘅區分：<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[pˀ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[tˀ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[kˀ]</span>。其中閩南話重有喉塞尾。 </p><p>有入聲嘅漢語往往有<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%BD%E5%85%A5%E5%B0%8D%E8%BD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="陽入對轉">陽入對轉</a>，即係入聲韻尾同鼻音韻尾可以轉化。比如粵語嘅「抌」（<span>dam</span>）「揼」（<span>dap</span>），意思接近，意味微妙，區別在於-m同-p嘅轉換。 </p><p>另外重有呢啲入聲情況。好似温州話，佢嘅入聲字連韻尾都無，但獨立成一個調類，唔同其他聲調撈埋。又比如宜昌話，入聲字同舒聲字嘅區別在於元音嘅鬆緊度，入聲嘅元音係緊喉音，音色響亮啲。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鼻音韻尾"><span id=".E9.BC.BB.E9.9F.B3.E9.9F.BB.E5.B0.BE"></span>鼻音韻尾</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=13" title="編輯小節: 鼻音韻尾"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大多官話嘅鼻音韻尾得兩個，就係<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[n]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span>。有啲漢語，如粵語、閩南話、客家話，保留中古三套鼻音韻尾，即係多咗<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[m]</span>。而吳語嘅鼻音韻尾最簡化，合併爲<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span>，然後部份元音鼻音化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="兒化"><span id=".E5.85.92.E5.8C.96"></span>兒化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=14" title="編輯小節: 兒化"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%92%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兒化 (無呢版)">兒化</a>基本係官話嘅語音現象，係一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%A3%82%E5%8C%96" title="元音裂化">元音裂化</a>。即係兒化時個主元音會一邊發一邊捲脷，同時佢啲韻尾往往丟失。唔係所有兒化音都捲脷，比如後鼻音韻母會變成<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻化元音">鼻化元音</a>，但唔捲脷。 </p><p>吳語嘅兒化現象比較有爭議。因爲吳語嘅兒化唔係捲脷化，而係鼻化，比如「筷子」叫做「筷兒」，實際發音唔係官話嘅<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[kʰʊɑɻ]</span>，而係<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[kʰʊæ̃]</span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="顎化、尖團"><span id=".E9.A1.8E.E5.8C.96.E3.80.81.E5.B0.96.E5.9C.98"></span>顎化、尖團</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=15" title="編輯小節: 顎化、尖團"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有啲漢語，如粵語、客家話，無<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%8E%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="顎化 (無呢版)">顎化</a>現象。即係軟顎音<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[k]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[x]</span>（粵客等漢語實際發音部位係喉嚨，即係<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[h]</span>）無將發音部位前移到硬顎變成<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡ɕ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡ɕʰ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span>。諸如「吉」「其」「系」呢啲詞，粵客等漢語繼續保持中古牙音特點，而其他就發音前移。 </p><p>顎化後嘅漢語，繼而有尖團問題。團音係指顎化後嘅音<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡ɕ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡ɕʰ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span>，尖音係指<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡s]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡sʰ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[s]</span>，有啲漢語，團音同尖音分得好清，比如蘇州話、相當多嘅北方官話，「鷄」「其」「希」同「濟」「齊」「細」喺聲母上有分別。 </p><p>不過有啲漢語<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%96%E5%9C%98%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尖團合流 (無呢版)">尖團合流</a>，即係尖音歸併到團音，普通話就係典型。「鷄」「其」「希」同「濟」「齊」「細」喺聲母上一樣。 </p><p>唔係所有官話都會顎化，<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%81%BC%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="膠遼官話">膠遼官話</a>係唯一無顎化嘅北方官話。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="清濁對立"><span id=".E6.B8.85.E6.BF.81.E5.B0.8D.E7.AB.8B"></span>清濁對立</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=16" title="編輯小節: 清濁對立"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>絕大部份嘅漢語都係無清濁對立嘅聲母。意思唔係話無濁輔音，諸如m、n、l、ng等都係語音學上嘅濁輔音，呢度話無清濁對立，係從中文音韻學嘅角度講嘅。中文音韻學分聲母爲四樣：全清、全濁、次清、次濁。所謂無清濁對立，係指全濁聲母清化，歸併到清聲母。所以無論粵語、官話，「旁」同「徬」嘅聲母唔同，反而「徬」同「邦」聲母一樣。而喺中古音，情況調轉。 </p><p>保存全濁聲母嘅有吳語、湘語。對佢哋來講，英文同法文嘅b同p係兩個唔同嘅發音，同時英文嘅p同法文p又係唔同嘅發音，呢個清濁分別對粵語、官話爲母語嘅人來講比較難感覺到，只有英法之間嘅p能夠容易感覺到。好似吳語，佢哋嘅聲母就會多出以下呢啲：<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[b]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[v]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[d]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ɡ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ɦ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[d͡z]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[z]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[d͡ʑ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ʑ]</span>。 </p><p>值得留意係，閩南語亦有音韻學上嘅「全濁聲母」，不過佢嘅濁塞音唔係來源自中古全濁聲母，而係源自鼻音塞化，反而古代全濁聲母喺佢度係清化嘅。比如「語」嘅發音係<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ɡi]</span>，<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ɡ]</span>就係塞化自<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span>。 </p><p>對於全濁聲母清化，但有劇烈聲調陰陽分化嘅語言來講，中古嘅全濁聲母字同其他字係用聲調來區分嘅。粵語就係代表。即係陰聲調嘅1、2、3往往係中古清聲母字，陽聲調嘅4、5、6往往係中古濁聲母字，呢個就無點分係全定係次。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="單元音化"><span id=".E5.96.AE.E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3.E5.8C.96"></span>單元音化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=17" title="編輯小節: 單元音化"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>單語音化基本上係吳語先有嘅現象。即係佢無雙元音，諸如<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ai]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[au]</span>等都無，所以吳語嘅單元音非常之豐富，單元音嘅區分度好大。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="語流音變"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E6.B5.81.E9.9F.B3.E8.AE.8A"></span>語流音變</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=18" title="編輯小節: 語流音變"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>漢語嘅語流音變普遍比較豐富。其中閩東語係極致，佢哋可以因爲上下字嘅聲母、聲調、韻母而改變咗夾喺中間嘅嗰個字嘅聲母、聲調、韻母，有時一句話會有連鎖反應，即係一隻隻字篤來讀同連成一句話時，發音會有顯著唔同。 </p><p>吳語有廣式連續變調，喺吳語度，聲調比較弱化，往往一句話嘅頭幾隻字就可以決定曬成句話嘅聲調走向。因此有預測認爲吳語日後可能會發展到無咗聲調。 </p><p>另外官話有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%95%E8%81%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輕聲 (無呢版)">輕聲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E7%BA%8C%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="連續變調">連續變調</a>。而對粵語，語流音變比較少，基本上一隻字點發音，噉喺邊都係噉發音，唔會點受其他字影響。但粵語有豐富嘅語義音變，同時有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%B0%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%8A%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陰上變調 (無呢版)">陰上變調</a>，有啲聲調有變體，即係會根據語氣、習慣而揀某個聲調變體。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="捲脷音"><span id=".E6.8D.B2.E8.84.B7.E9.9F.B3"></span>捲脷音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=19" title="編輯小節: 捲脷音"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>好多嘅南方漢語係唔分捲脷音同平脷音嘅，習慣發平脷音<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡s]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡sʰ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[s]</span>。但係官話之中，有好多區分開平脷同捲脷，其中捲脷音係指<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ʈʂ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ʈʂʰ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ʂ]</span>、<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ʐ]</span>。雖則唔係完整保留中古知組、精組、莊組、章組嘅四分格局，但起碼保留咗精組同知、莊、章組聲母嘅區分。粵語原本都會區分精組同知莊章組，但後來舌葉音同舌尖音合流，得返一套塞擦、擦音聲母。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="上古痕跡"><span id=".E4.B8.8A.E5.8F.A4.E7.97.95.E8.B7.A1"></span>上古痕跡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=20" title="編輯小節: 上古痕跡"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>同其他嘅漢語大方言唔同，閩南話嘅字詞發音無辦法同中古音做到對應，除咗源自中古音嘅讀書音。換言之，閩南話嘅白讀音嘅來源係更加之早，係來源自上古音。 </p><p>典型例子，「枝」嘅發音。粵語發<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡ʃi]</span>，普通話發<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ʈʂɨ]</span>，都係塞擦音；但閩南話發<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[ki]</span>。按照目前嘅上古音重構，枝嘅發音喺上古係 ski ，後來複輔音拆分，中古音行s-嘅路綫，從中古音演變嘅漢語，基本都係塞擦音、擦音聲母；但閩南話行嘅係k-路綫，於是變成咗 ki 噉嘅發音。 </p><p>粵語亦有上古痕跡，雖然少過閩南話好多。比如「艦」嘅發音，粵音係<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[lam]</span>，但普通話發<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[t͡ɕiɜn]</span>，而未顎化嘅客家話發<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[kiɜm]</span>。噉係因爲上古音，以「監」做聲符嘅字發kl-，後來複輔音拆分，粵語行l-路綫，而其他漢語行k-路綫。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="聲調"><span id=".E8.81.B2.E8.AA.BF"></span>聲調</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=21" title="編輯小節: 聲調"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>漢語係隻<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="聲調語言">聲調語言</a>。目前所有嘅漢語都有聲調。喺一個音節入面，音階嘅高低乃至音階變化都可能起到同聲母、韻母一樣嘅語素區別，呢個就叫<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="聲調">聲調</a>。聲調有調值（音階）、調型、時長嘅區分要素。 </p><p>就音階而言，以廣州話做例，有9個聲調，其中有3個係入聲，由於入聲要配合埋特定韻母，加之呢9個聲調其實係「<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF" title="粵語聲調">九聲六調</a>」，所以就齊以呢六調來講：如果唔計聲調嘅話，「maa」呢個音節對應嘅字有23個咁多<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但若果配上六調，呢23隻字就可以分開（調值用五度標記法）： </p> <ul><li>陰平聲（第一聲） - 孖（maa<sup>1</sup>，調值55）</li> <li>陰上聲（第二聲） - 媽（maa<sup>2</sup>，調值35，意思係女僕）</li> <li>陰去聲（第三聲） - 嘛（maa<sup>3</sup>，調值33）</li> <li>陽平聲（第四聲） - 嬤（maa<sup>4</sup>，調值11）</li> <li>陽上聲（第五聲） - 馬（maa<sup>5</sup>，調值13）</li> <li>陽去聲（第六聲） - 罵（maa<sup>6</sup>，調值22）</li></ul> <p>聲調嘅區別唔單止體現喺音階高低，重體現喺調型嘅唔同，廣州話嘅六調中，兩個上聲都係昇調，其餘四個都係平調，而普通話嘅四個聲調嘅調型都唔同，以普通話爲例，唔計聲調，「ma」會有25個字對應<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，配上聲調後亦可以區分開： </p> <ul><li>陰平聲（第一聲） - 媽（mā，平調）</li> <li>陽平聲（第二聲） - 麻（má，昇調）</li> <li>上聲（第三聲） - 馬（mǎ，曲折調）</li> <li>去聲（第四聲） - 罵（mà，降調）</li></ul> <p>所謂時長嘅區分要素，係指呢個發音嘅持續時間嘅長短，亦即入聲嘅問題，入聲弱化嘅漢語，喺快速語流中好易丟失入聲韻尾，噉樣入聲字同其他字嘅區分在於聲調嘅時長。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文法同語法"><span id=".E6.96.87.E6.B3.95.E5.90.8C.E8.AA.9E.E6.B3.95"></span>文法同語法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=22" title="編輯小節: 文法同語法"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有時話，中文無<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="文法">文法</a>，其實不然。否則亂咁砌字，都唔會為人所理解，背後必有法則。只不過中文同西文，本質完全唔同。歐洲多數係印歐語系，為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E8%AA%9E" title="屈折語">屈折語</a>，而個語系着重點，字要按字性變形。變化係要死記，否則就各處鄉村各處例。加上文字記音，大家就會寫法。文法絕大部份都係講字性變形，實情係<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84" class="mw-disambig" title="規範">規範</a>變化嘅文法。中文唔走依條路，自然唔使背變形，亦無必要背文法。 </p><p>西洋歸入屈折語，中文就歸入<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="孤立語">孤立語</a>。屈折語靠變性變態，孤立語就靠<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%97%E5%BA%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="字序 (無呢版)">字序</a>。字喺句中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E4%BD%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="排位 (無呢版)">排位</a>，有咗位先至確定<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%97%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="字性 (無呢版)">字性</a>。當然有啲天生某啲性質，個位變，字性就變。之不咁唔似屈折語咁顯現出來，而係隱藏。原有嘅性，叫本性，而隨位而變，用時先知嘅用性。舉例，頭、手、魚、地、天，本性就係名。走、玩、飲、擊，本性為動。美、高、大、熱，本性係形容。佢哋會因個位唔同，而意思唔同。重有一類形容緊形容，或叫狀，都係其他本性衍生，如至、最、甚。更。擊鼓個擊，係動。一擊兩擊三擊，又可以化為名。大人個大，係形容人之大。廣東話講我大你，個大就變咗動，我要以大壓你。間屋都好英國，英國就由名化成形容，意思係好有英國風格。有啲字性本身就難歸入某種本性，例如愛咁、憎咁，係名，係動、抑或係形容呢？都係入句歸位先至有性。有時改性，亦改字分家。如魚係名，漁係動咁，又或者，梳係名，疏係形容。又或者，鋪係動，舖係名。就算分咗家，用時都係入句個位為準。 </p><p>由此可見，孤立語如何<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="活用 (無呢版)">活用</a>字性，解一句話就要睇<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a>，字擺喺乜位。呢種孤立語特徵喺其他語言度都有，甚至<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英文">英文</a>都有孤立語傾向。掌握中文法，只不過記得主要幾種排位，即可成文。中文基本語序係主語、謂語、賓語，但唔係必須要全部都有。不過，而家北方話做底嘅文話有「把字句」，「把」字後面跟賓語，可以將賓語提前，變成「主語-賓語-謂語」，接近於日文、韓文（語序趨近唔等於變成<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E7%9D%80%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="黏着語">黏着語</a>）。除咗「把」字，「將」、「以」都有一樣嘅賓格屬性。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="粵語">粵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%A9%B1" title="上海話">吳</a>呢三門中文對應嘅構句 <ul><li>粵：我去圖書館睇書。</li> <li>官：我上圖書館看書。</li> <li>吳：我到圖書館看書。</li></ul></li></ul> <p>廣東話甚至按情景，可以咁講，我圖書館睇書。 </p><p>主語、謂語、賓語係咁排，但唔使全部都有。主語、賓語咁，如廣東話戲言，「打者，愛也。」，又如「亞妹、佐敦道。亞輝、彌敦道」。主語、謂語咁，如「我悶」「我走」「你喜」。謂語、賓語咁，如「撚雀」「食餸」「行街」。甚至再簡單啲，如「食啦」，「佢囉」。排位非常重要，若然啲字轉咗位，意思都會有變。 </p><p>而家中文同日文一樣，助詞會安喺動詞後面、句尾。呢點用官話嘅「了」同「完」做例，當佢跟喺動詞後面時，表示呢個動作或者呢件事已經結束（語法學上叫<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="體 (語法)" data-lang-code="zh" data-lang-name="中文" data-foreign-title="體 (語法)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="體 (語法) (無呢版)">體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">中文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%94_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)" class="extiw" title="zh:體 (語法)"><span lang="zh" dir="auto">體 (語法)</span></a></span>）</span></span>），而出現喺句尾時，可以表示<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="情態" data-lang-code="zh" data-lang-name="中文" data-foreign-title="情態"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%85%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="情態 (無呢版)">情態</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">中文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%85%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:情態"><span lang="zh" dir="auto">情態</span></a></span>）</span></span>。 </p><p>中文並無<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95%E7%AF%84%E7%96%87" title="文法範疇">文法範疇</a>上嘅<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="時 (語法)" data-lang-code="zh" data-lang-name="中文" data-foreign-title="時態"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%82_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="時 (語法) (無呢版)">時稱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">中文</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E6%85%8B" class="extiw" title="zh:時態"><span lang="zh" dir="auto">時態</span></a></span>）</span></span>。不過，中文有時態助詞，呢啲時態助詞跟喺動詞後面時可以表示動作或變化發生嘅時間狀態，比如「咗（粵）/了（官）」表示結束或者完成；「完」表示完成，喺停止嘅時候，個意思重詳細過「咗（粵）/了（官）」；「過」表示曾經發生；「緊（粵）/着（官）」表示進行、持續。表示時稱時，動詞無任何變化。例（粵/官）： </p> <ul><li>結束或者完成：尋日我食<b>咗</b>早餐。/昨天我吃<b>了</b>早餐。</li> <li>曾經發生：佢去<b>過</b>中國。/他去<b>過</b>中國。</li> <li>進行中或者持續中：夜晚無食，食<b>緊</b>宵夜時……/晚上沒吃，吃<b>着</b>夜宵時……</li></ul> <p>雖然叫時態助字，實情佢哋本身有實在意思，同西洋變尾並唔一樣，唔好混為一談。如了本身就了結。看了，就係看之終。食完，就係食之盡。玩過，玩之經過。行緊，行之緊。本身依啲字，係形容個動作。文言都有「在玩」，「看畢」，「往矣」，「已成」，「尚有」，「曾往」，以實字表時態。 </p><p>同樣，中文作爲孤立語係無<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格 (語法) (無呢版)">格</a>嘅變化，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>同<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%A9%9E" title="形容詞">形容詞</a>都係無。格靠<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a>表示。比如攞第一人稱單數嘅<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="人稱代詞">代詞</a>「我」來做例（粵/官）： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a>：<b>我</b>去過中國/<b>我</b>去過中國。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E6%A0%BC" title="賓格">賓格</a>：我阿媽叫<b>我</b>溫書。/我媽媽叫<b>我</b>溫習。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外來詞"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BE.86.E8.A9.9E"></span>外來詞</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=23" title="編輯小節: 外來詞"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中文係用<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a>嘅，漢字係種<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B4%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="語素文字">語素文字</a>，而現時幾乎所有外文都係用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="表音文字">表音文字</a>，比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="斯拉夫字母">斯拉夫字母</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%89%8C%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿剌伯字母">阿剌伯字母</a>等等，如果係兩種唔同嘅表音文字之間引用對方嘅詞，噉只需要轉換下就得<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；而當兩門語文之間都係用同一體系嘅表音文字時，甚至可以直接將對方嘅詞搦來用而唔使有任何改動<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但對於中文呢種純用語素文字嘅語文來講，外來詞嘅情況就複雜啲。好似人名、地名、事物名，有時個翻譯要別出心裁，至於外國企業入中文市場，幫自己起嘅名頭更加要講究<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>喺中文入面，外來詞有四種形式：音譯詞、意譯詞、混種詞、借形詞。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音譯"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E8.AD.AF"></span>音譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=24" title="編輯小節: 音譯"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>所謂音譯，就係用呢隻漢字嘅字音去模仿外文嘅發音。因爲唔同嘅漢語個音唔同，所以有時同一個譯名，喺呢隻漢語度係似嘅，到遞隻度就唔似。喺音譯詞呢方面，最明顯嘅係外國嘅人名、地名。值得一提嘅係，同樣作爲漢字文化圈嘅成員，日文、韓文都係可以兼用漢字嘅，亦曾經用漢字來翻譯外來詞（包括外國人名、地名），不過而家佢哋用漢字嘅風氣唔及舊時<sup id="cite_ref-分崩離析_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-分崩離析-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，下面有部分例子加埋日韓對外文嘅轉寫、同舊時寫法來參攷對照。 </p> <ul><li>用漢字音譯時，揀嘅語音標準可以唔同 <ul><li>粵語廣州音：英文嘅「New York」譯成<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約市">紐約</a>，而更早嘅音譯係「鳥約」；「Chicago」譯成「<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5" title="芝加哥">芝加哥</a>」；又譬喻英文嘅「Opium」用廣州話譯成「鴉片」。</li> <li>粵語台山音：美國好多唐人係台山籍，佢哋台山話音譯啲美國城市名，比如「Manhattan」譯「民鐵吾」、「Detroit」譯「積彩」、「Seattle」譯「舍路」、「Cleveland」譯「企崙」、「San Antonio」譯「山旦寸」。</li> <li>國語/普通話：喺大陸嘅普通話度，「San Francisco」（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%A9%E5%B8%82" title="三藩市">三藩市</a>）除咗嗌「舊金山」，又有遞種音譯爲「聖·弗郎西斯科」；又比如喺人名上，「Georgios Samaras」喺臺灣用國語譯成「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A3%AE%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佐治奧斯·森馬拉斯 (無呢版)">佐治奧斯·森馬拉斯</a>」。</li> <li>吳語上海話：「Canada」嘅國名譯做「加拿大」，呢個就係用上海話譯出嘅，呢個名喺上海話度嘅音標就係<span title="以IPA表示發音" class="IPA">[kanada]</span>；重有「羅宋湯」（Russian soup）嘅「羅宋」係用上海話音譯自英文「Russian」</li> <li>閩南話：南洋度多講閩南話嘅唐人，所以當地唐人多時用閩南話音譯啲當地事物，比如「沙茶」就係用閩南話音譯印尼話嘅「Satay」；又比如菲律賓嘅Leyte島喺當地音譯爲「禮智島」，而喺二戰時啲當地唐人聽中國嘅國語新聞收音時，聽到「雷伊泰島」一時無人知係菲律賓邊度。</li> <li>日文漢字音：雖然唔係漢語，但日文可以用漢字嘅日文讀音來音譯外文詞，比如「New York」譯「紐育市」、「Chicago」譯「市俄古」、「San Francisco」譯「桑方西斯哥」。</li></ul></li> <li>同一樣事物，喺漢語度嘅音譯名可以唔淨只一個，可以因爲語音標準唔同而有唔同嘅譯名 <ul><li>「Wayne Rooney」，用粵語廣州音譯就係「<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E5%B0%BC" title="朗尼">朗尼</a>」，而用國語/普通話音譯就係「魯尼」。</li></ul></li></ul> <p>而日文、韓文因爲佢哋有表音文字系統，所以就唔似得漢語噉要用漢字套音，而可以直接用表音文字來寫音，比如「Wayne Rooney」（日：<span lang="ja" title="日文文字">ウェイン・ルーニー</span>、韓：<span lang="ko" title="韓文文字">웨인 루니</span>）、「Georgios Samaras」（日：<span lang="ja" title="日文文字">ゲオルギオス・サマラス</span>、韓：<span lang="ko" title="韓文文字">요르기오스 사마라스</span>）；即時係嗰啲有漢字可寫嘅地名，都照樣用表音文字，比如「New York」（日：<span lang="ja" title="日文文字">ニューヨーク</span>、韓：<span lang="ko" title="韓文文字">뉴욕</span>）、「Chicago」（日：<span lang="ja" title="日文文字">シカゴ</span>、韓：<span lang="ko" title="韓文文字">시카고</span>）、「San Francisco」（日：<span lang="ja" title="日文文字">サンフランシスコ</span>、韓：<span lang="ko" title="韓文文字">샌프란시스코</span>）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="意譯"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E8.AD.AF"></span>意譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=25" title="編輯小節: 意譯"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>意譯就係運用漢字嘅表意特徵來翻譯外來詞。「<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" title="電腦">電腦</a>」嘅英文係「computer」，而呢個詞喺大陸嘅官方譯名係「電子計算機」，而之所以有噉嘅譯名，係因爲呢個詞嘅英文意思係「可以計數嘅機器」<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而喺日韓則基本用表音文字寫英文嘅「computer」（日：<span lang="ja" title="日文文字">コンピュータ</span>、韓：<span lang="ko" title="韓文文字">컴퓨터</span>）。地方名亦有意譯，「Montenegro」，譯做「<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%B1%B1" title="黑山">黑山</a>」，由「Monte」「山」同「negro」嘅「黑色」意譯成。「小石城」「<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" class="extiw" title="en:Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a>」亦係一例。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="混種詞"><span id=".E6.B7.B7.E7.A8.AE.E8.A9.9E"></span>混種詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=26" title="編輯小節: 混種詞"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>所謂「混種詞」係話詞嘅主要部分係音譯，不過溝咗漢語嘅語素入去。之所以有噉嘅情況，係因爲有時如果齋係音譯，聽嘅人有可能唔明係樣咩來嘅，加咗漢語自身嘅語素之後，聽嘅人就算唔知係咩，都可以估到呢樣嘢嘅大概屬性。 </p><p>比如「beer」譯成「啤酒」，「啤」係「beer」嘅音譯部分，而「酒」係溝入詞度嘅漢語語素，噉樣就可以表示「啤係種酒來嘅」。重有「三藩市」，呢個詞本身就係混種詞，「三藩」係「San Fran」嘅音譯部分，而「市」係溝入去嘅語素，來表示「一個叫三藩嘅城市」，無獨有偶，呢個詞喺日文有種講法做「桑港」，「桑」係「桑方西斯哥」嘅首字，「港」係溝入去嘅，表示佢係個港市。 </p><p>有啲混種詞佢唔係將語素附加入去，而係呢個語素（意思）本來就係外文本身有嘅，亦即「一半音譯、一半意譯」，比如英文嘅「decibel」譯爲「分貝」，「貝」係普通話音譯「bel」，「分」係意譯「deci」，「deci」源自拉丁文，意思係「第十」，有十進階嘅意味<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以喺翻譯時就專登用意譯，譯出呢部分嘅意思。 </p><p>而有啲音譯本身亦係意譯。比如「Coca Cola」譯成「可口可樂」、「mini」譯成「迷你」、「myth」譯成「迷思」。 </p><p>重有種特殊啲嘅混種詞，係化學元素名。呢啲元素名有好多係新造字，佢哋嘅部首表示元素性質，而個聲符係西文音譯。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="借形詞"><span id=".E5.80.9F.E5.BD.A2.E8.A9.9E"></span>借形詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=27" title="編輯小節: 借形詞"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>借形詞係漢字文化圈特有嘅語文現象，對中文來講有好多借形詞係源自日文。因爲舊時漢字文化圈內嘅各門語文都係用漢字，同時翻譯西方事物時亦都以漢爲貴，因爲漢字可以誇語言，雖然唔同地方讀嘅音唔同，但字係一樣，都可以睇得明，於是就可以將人哋嘅漢字譯名照搬到自己度，再改用自己啲話來讀。而近代以來，日本成功擺脫西方殖民成爲強國，東亞啲國家都想模仿佢，呢啲國家亦有好多留學生去日本，結果就將日本人嘅譯名帶返國內，重普及埋添。諸如：服務、組織、紀律、政治、革命、政府、方針、政策、申請、解決、理論、哲學、原則、經濟、科學、商業、幹部、健康、主義、法律、封建、共和、美學、文學、美術、抽象、藝術、個人、社會、資本、進化、自由等等好多。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古代漢語嘅外來詞"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E4.BB.A3.E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E.E5.98.85.E5.A4.96.E4.BE.86.E8.A9.9E"></span>古代漢語嘅外來詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=28" title="編輯小節: 古代漢語嘅外來詞"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>上面擧嘅例子都係近世以來嘅漢語嘅外來詞現象。而喺古代其實就已經有外來詞入到漢語，兼且沿用到而家。 </p><p>喺中國連通西域之後，外來嘅好多事物沿住絲綢之路傳到中國，中國人見都未見過呢啲嘢，所以就唯有用當時嘅漢語去音譯呢啲新鮮事物，而音譯嘅來源大概都係啲西域語言。比如葡萄、苜蓿等詞都係噉來。 </p><p>而喺佛敎傳到中國之後，又起一次翻譯潮流，呢次係譯佛經，噉就要將啲宗敎語彙由梵文譯到來中文，其中有相當部分係音譯，比如佛、菩薩、阿羅漢等等。因爲漢字表音差，而嗰時未有完善嘅記音方法，留唔到幾多價値高嘅音韻資料，而梵文係表音文字，兼且作爲古典語文佢嘅文獻保存到今日，噉一來就等於爲當時嘅中文發音留咗記錄，因爲有好多嗰時嘅音譯詞可以查返梵文，來推測返當時漢語嘅發音，成為嗰時珍貴嘅音韻資料。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註"><span id=".E8.A8.BB"></span>註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=29" title="編輯小節: 註"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">呢個名有時候專指文言文，主要用喺日本、韓國、越南。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">此外有呢啲名：<b>中國語</b>、<b>中國話</b>、<b>華語</b>、<b>漢語</b>、<b>漢話</b>、<b>唐話</b></cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-分崩離析-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-分崩離析_4-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-分崩離析_4-1">3.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">就近例，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="漢字文化圈">漢字文化圈</a>喺近代分崩離析。越南因為法國統治，而改用拉丁字母。韓國棄漢字，幾乎用純<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文">諺文</a>。至於朝鮮更加徹底廢漢字。日本好啲，係<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%A4%E3%81%98%E3%82%8A%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="ja:仮名交じり文">漢字同假名混用</a>，但都改以<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="假名">假名</a>為主，漢字頻率低過二戰前好多，同時日本亦簡化漢字。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">譬如國際上所謂「學中文」基本上係學國語，英文亦習慣將國語稱為Chinese，比較少講Mandarin。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">官話喺馬來西亞雖然有大量嘅使用者，兼且有地方變體（星馬華語），但因為政治因素，唔係官方語言。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">比如英文詞入俄文，噉就將英文嘅音用俄文字母記低就得。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">比如而家嘅意大利文、越南文，佢哋有啲英文外來詞就係原形照搬。</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="note">正面嘅合音例，比如Philips嘅名頭「<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%A6" title="飛利浦">飛利浦</a>」。有時爲好聽，唔啱原來發音都照起名，比如Lotte嘅名頭「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%82%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="樂天集團 (無呢版)">樂天</a>」，自然將佢嘅產業Lotte World起名做「<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%82%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="樂天世界">樂天世界</a>」。亦有反面例子，比如「<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%A7%86%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="路姆西">路姆西</a>」，呢個名成爲廣府話地區嘅笑話。但呢種現象難見於其他國家，就好似<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E7%95%B6%E5%8B%9E" title="麥當勞">麥當勞</a>行渾世界都係叫McDonald's，毋須諗點譯。</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="攷"><span id=".E6.94.B7"></span>攷</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=30" title="編輯小節: 攷"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chappell, H. (2001). Language contact and areal diffusion in Sinitic languages. Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: problems in comparative linguistics, 328-357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">據《民族語》（Ethnologue ；2015年第18版）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/">粵語審音配詞字庫</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.putonghuaweb.com/onlinedict/pinyindict.php">普通話網拼音字典</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/">牛津辭典</a>查「computer」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deci-">英文維基辭典嘅「deci」</a></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="睇埋"><span id=".E7.9D.87.E5.9F.8B"></span>睇埋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=31" title="編輯小節: 睇埋"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="中國方言">漢語方言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%97" title="傳統字">繁體中文</a>—<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="簡化字">簡體中文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="漢語拼音">漢語拼音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="漢語族">漢語語族</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="出面網頁"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E9.9D.A2.E7.B6.B2.E9.A0.81"></span>出面網頁</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87&action=edit&section=32" title="編輯小節: 出面網頁"><span>編輯</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018312">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2018311">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8" title="維基辭典">維基辭典</a>有呢個詞嘅解釋：<br /><b><a href="https://zh-yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/中文">中文</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="commons:頭版">維基同享</a>有多媒體嘅嘢：<br /><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chinese_languages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chinese languages"><span style="">中文</span></a></b></div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%AA%9E%E9%8C%84" title="維基語錄">維基語錄</a>收錄咗同呢篇文相關嘅摘錄： <b><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/q:%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="zh:q:中文">中文</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%89%88" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:頭版">維基遊埠</a>有呢篇旅遊嘅資源：<b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Chinese_phrasebook" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Chinese phrasebook">中文</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018312"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2018311"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh:">中文版</a></b>嘅<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="維基百科">維基百科</a>，自由嘅百科全書</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051014131717/http://www.hanyu.com.cn/">Online College of Chinese Language 汉语远程学院教学网</a>（中国国家汉办、华东师大合办）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/">Cantonese Help Sheets</a> Wayback Machine嘅<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210415185928/http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/">版面存檔備份</a> 粤语教程</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2190673">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration 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.pin1ming4-b .hoi1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .hoi1-adj{margin-left:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .koen1jau6,.mw-parser-output .pin1ming4-b .saan1-adj,.mw-parser-output .syu1ming4-b .saan1-adj{margin-right:-0.4em}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b{white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:0.05em solid currentColor}.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+link+.zyun1ming4-b,.mw-parser-output .zyun1ming4-b+.zyun1ming4-b{margin-left:0.083em}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .references-small>ul>li{margin-left:3em;text-indent:-3em;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREF顾明栋2015" class="citation journal cs1">顾明栋 (2015)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617065324/https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFDLAST2015&filename=FDDX201503012"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈走出语音中心主义——对汉民族文字性质的哲学思考〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>走</span><span class="zit3">出语音中心主义——对汉民族文字性质的哲学思考</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《复旦学报(社会科学版)》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>复</span><span class="zit3">旦学报(社会科学版)</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>57</b> (3): 80–89。<a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0257-0289">0257-0289</a>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFDLAST2015&filename=FDDX201503012">原著</a>喺2022-06-17歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2022-05-14</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%8D%E6%97%A6%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5%28%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%29&rft.atitle=%E8%B5%B0%E5%87%BA%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%AF%B9%E6%B1%89%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=80-89&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0257-0289&rft.au=%E9%A1%BE%E6%98%8E%E6%A0%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkns.cnki.net%2Fkcms%2Fdetail%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fdbcode%3DCJFD%26dbname%3DCJFDLAST2015%26filename%3DFDDX201503012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh-yue.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="Z3988"></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:NSSD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:NSSD (無呢版)">Template:NSSD</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2190673"><cite id="CITEREF顾明栋郭建平2013" class="citation journal cs1">顾明栋、郭建平 (2013)。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220617065337/https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFDHIS2&filename=BDZK201306019"><span class="pin1ming4-b" aria-label="〈西方语言哲学理论是普适性的吗?——中西关于汉语汉字悬而未决的争论〉"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">〈</span>西</span><span class="zit3">方语言哲学理论是普适性的吗?——中西关于汉语汉字悬而未决的争论</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">〉</span></span></span></a>。<span class="syu1ming4-b" aria-label="《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》"><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1zo2">《</span>北</span><span class="zit3">京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)</span><span class="zit3"><span class="koen1jau6">》</span></span></span>。<b>50</b> (6): 144–154。<a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1000-5919">1000-5919</a>。<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFDHIS2&filename=BDZK201306019">原著</a>喺2022-06-17歸檔<span class="reference-accessdate">。喺<span class="nowrap">2022-05-14</span>搵到</span>。</cite><span 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style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E7%B8%A3%E8%A9%B1" title="梅縣話">梅縣話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%83%A0%E9%99%BD%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="惠陽話 (無呢版)">惠陽話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E9%84%89%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="四鄉話 (無呢版)">四鄉話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="香港客家話 (無呢版)">香港客家話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="台灣客家話 (無呢版)">台灣客家話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬來西亞客家話 (無呢版)">馬來西亞客家話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="吳語">吳語</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%B9%96%E7%89%87" title="太湖片">太湖片</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%A9%B1" title="上海話">上海話</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%82%E5%8D%80%E8%A9%B1" title="上海市區話">市區</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E8%A9%B1" title="上海本地話">本地</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="蘇州話">蘇州話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B9%E8%88%88%E8%A9%B1" title="紹興話">紹興話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A7%E6%B3%A2%E8%A9%B1" title="寧波話">寧波話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E9%8C%AB%E8%A9%B1" title="無錫話">無錫話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="常州話">常州話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AD%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="杭州話">杭州話</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A3%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宣州片 (無呢版)">宣州片</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8A%85%E6%B6%87%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="銅涇小片 (無呢版)">銅涇小片</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太高小片 (無呢版)">太高小片</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E9%99%B5%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石陵小片 (無呢版)">石陵小片</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="台州话 (無呢版)">台州片</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="台州話">台州話</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E8%A1%A2%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金衢片 (無呢版)">金衢片</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E8%8F%AF%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金華話 (無呢版)">金華話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A2%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衢州話 (無呢版)">衢州話</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%8C%E6%B1%9F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甌江片 (無呢版)">甌江片</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="溫州話">溫州話</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E9%BA%97%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上麗片 (無呢版)">上麗片</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%B1%B1%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上山小片 (無呢版)">上山小片</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%97%E6%B0%B4%E5%B0%8F%E7%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麗水小片 (無呢版)">麗水小片</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><i><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%BD%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="徽州話">徽州話</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%BD%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="徽州話">徽州話</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9B%E8%AA%9E" title="贛語">贛語</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8C%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南昌話 (無呢版)">南昌話</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="湘語">湘語</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B7%E6%B2%99%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="長沙話 (無呢版)">長沙話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%81%E5%BA%95%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婁底話 (無呢版)">婁底話</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="官話">官話</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="通用語">通用語</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="標準官話">標準官話</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E_(%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80)" title="國語 (大中華地區)">國語 (大中華地區)‎</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="普通話">普通話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="中華民國國語">國語</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="星加坡">星加坡</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="星式中文">星式中文</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" title="馬來西亞">馬來西亞</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" title="馬式中文">馬式中文</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官話方言</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="北方官話">北方官話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="東北官話 (無呢版)">東北官話</a></i><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%81%BC%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="膠遼官話">膠遼官話</a></i><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%80%E9%AD%AF%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冀魯官話 (無呢版)">冀魯官話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8E%9F%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="中原官話">中原官話</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B9%B2%E6%96%87" title="東干文">東干</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%AD%E9%8A%80%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘭銀官話 (無呢版)">蘭銀官話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E6%B7%AE%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="江淮官話 (無呢版)">江淮官話</a></i><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1" title="西南官話">西南官話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B2%B7%E6%B1%9F%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="岷江話 (無呢版)">岷江話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%82%E6%9F%B3%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桂柳官話 (無呢版)">桂柳官話</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><i><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E8%AA%9E" title="晉語">晉語</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%89%E8%AA%9E" title="晉語">晉語</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其他分支</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%90%E9%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水源音 (無呢版)">東江本地話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E9%84%89%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦鄉話 (無呢版)">瓦鄉話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%98%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%9F%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湘南土話 (無呢版)">湘南土話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%B5%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%9F%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粵北土話 (無呢版)">粵北土話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <i><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B9%B3%E8%A9%B1" title="廣西平話">平話</a></i><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%81%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邁話 (無呢版)">邁話</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E5%AE%B6%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍家話 (無呢版)">軍家話</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97%E8%BB%8D%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海南軍話 (無呢版)">海南軍話</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%8C%E9%A6%AC%E8%A9%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="富馬話 (無呢版)">富馬話</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="書寫系統" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">書寫系統</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="書寫類型" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">書寫類型</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E9%80%9F%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語速文字 (無呢版)">語速文字</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">字形</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="漢字">漢字</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E5%AD%97" title="傳統字">傳統字</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="簡化字">簡化字</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方言字 (無呢版)">方言字</a>）</small> </span></p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">文體</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">文言文</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87" title="白話文">白話文</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%B7%9E%E9%9F%BB%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中州韻白話文 (無呢版)">韻白</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="官話白話文 (無呢版)">京白</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吳語白話文 (無呢版)">蘇白</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E6%96%87" title="粵文">廣白</a>）<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> 文白相夾（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8F%8A%E7%AC%AC" title="三及第">三及第</a>） </span></p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="表音文字">表音文字</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">字母</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢字拉丁化 (無呢版)">拉丁字母</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%BD%89%E5%AF%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢語基里爾字母轉寫系統 (無呢版)">基里爾字母</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%89%8C%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿剌伯字母">阿剌伯字母</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">文體</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="白話字">白話字</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B9%B2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東干語">東干文</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%85%92%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小兒經 (無呢版)">小兒經</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">半音節文字</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%8E%A8%E6%88%90%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三推成字法 (無呢版)">三推成字法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%87%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B0%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中國切音新字 (無呢版)">中國切音新字</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臺灣語假名 (無呢版)">臺灣語假名</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B4%9B%E5%AD%97%E8%A7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河洛字角 (無呢版)">河洛字角</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%BA%E8%AA%9E%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臺語諺文 (無呢版)">臺語諺文</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">其它</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女書 (無呢版)">女書</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%8F%B0%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢羅台文 (無呢版)">漢羅台文</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="語言研究" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="語文學">語言研究</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="漢語音韻學">漢語音韻學</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%BC%A2%E8%97%8F%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始漢藏語 (無呢版)">原始漢藏語</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始漢語 (無呢版)">原始漢語</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代漢語 (無呢版)">古代漢語</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="上古漢語">上古音系</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="中古漢語">中古音系</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近代漢語 (無呢版)">近古音系</a>） </span></p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">古語構擬</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E7%A7%A6%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先秦音系 (無呢版)">先秦</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢代音系 (無呢版)">漢代</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%89%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晉代音系 (無呢版)">晉代</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隋唐音系 (無呢版)">隋唐</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五代音系 (無呢版)">五代</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宋代音系 (無呢版)">宋代</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元代音系 (無呢版)">元代</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E5%88%9D%E5%AE%98%E8%A9%B1%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明初官話音系 (無呢版)">明初</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%8E%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="明清音系 (無呢版)">明清</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="國語音系">現代</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">語言研究</div></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <p><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%B8" title="文字學">文字</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢語詞彙 (無呢版)">詞彙</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢語語法 (無呢版)">語法</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%93%E8%A9%81%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="訓詁學 (無呢版)">訓詁</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢語方言學 (無呢版)">方言</a> </span></p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="管理機構" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">管理機構</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list 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