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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hypotheses_concerning_Basque's_connections_to_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypotheses_concerning_Basque's_connections_to_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hypotheses concerning Basque's connections to other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypotheses_concerning_Basque's_connections_to_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Influence on other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Basque_pidgins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_pidgins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Basque pidgins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_pidgins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palatalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palatalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Palatalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palatalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress_and_pitch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress_and_pitch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Stress and pitch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress_and_pitch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphophonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphophonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Morphophonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphophonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writing system subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Number_system_used_by_millers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_system_used_by_millers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Number system used by millers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_system_used_by_millers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Article_1_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_1_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Article_1_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esklabu_erremintaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esklabu_erremintaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span><span><i>Esklabu erremintaria</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esklabu_erremintaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_video_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_video_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Language video gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_video_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_and_descriptive_grammars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_descriptive_grammars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>General and descriptive grammars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_descriptive_grammars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linguistic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linguistic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Linguistic studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linguistic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Lexicons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque_corpora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_corpora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Basque corpora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_corpora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_language_and_etymologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_language_and_etymologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>History of the language and etymologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_language_and_etymologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Relationship to other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Indo-European" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Indo-European"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7.1</span> <span>Proto-Indo-European</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Indo-European-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_reviews_of_the_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_reviews_of_the_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7.2</span> <span>General reviews of the theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_reviews_of_the_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afroasiatic_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afroasiatic_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7.3</span> <span>Afroasiatic hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afroasiatic_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dené–Caucasian_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dené–Caucasian_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7.4</span> <span>Dené–Caucasian hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dené–Caucasian_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasian_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasian_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7.5</span> <span>Caucasian hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasian_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iberian_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iberian_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7.6</span> <span>Iberian hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iberian_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uralic-Altaic_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uralic-Altaic_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7.7</span> <span>Uralic-Altaic hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uralic-Altaic_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasconic-Old_European_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasconic-Old_European_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7.8</span> <span>Vasconic-Old European hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasconic-Old_European_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7.9</span> <span>Other theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basque language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">150 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskies" title="Baskies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Baskies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskische_Sprache" title="Baskische Sprache – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Baskische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%9B" title="ባስክኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባስክኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskikiel%C3%A2" title="Baskikielâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Baskikielâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बास्क भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बास्क भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Абаск бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Абаск бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغة بشكنشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغة بشكنشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_basco" title="Idioma basco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma basco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_vascu" title="Idioma vascu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma vascu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusukadi%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Eusukadiñe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Eusukadiñe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask_dili" title="Bask dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bask dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="باسک دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باسک دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="বাস্ক ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাস্ক ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque-g%C3%AD" title="Basque-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Basque-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Баскская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баскская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Басконская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Басконская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Basko" title="Tataramon na Basko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Basko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Баски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Баски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskische_Sproch" title="Baskische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Baskische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskijski_jezik" title="Baskijski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Baskijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskareg" title="Euskareg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Euskareg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basc" title="Basc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Basc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Баск чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Баск чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Basko" title="Pinulongang Basko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Basko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baski%C4%8Dtina" title="Baskičtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baskičtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_basca" title="Lingua basca – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lingua basca" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basgeg" title="Basgeg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Basgeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskisk" title="Baskisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baskisk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskaragiella" title="Euskaragiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Euskaragiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskische_Sprache" title="Baskische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baskische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskiska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Baskiska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Baskiska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baski_keel" title="Baski keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baski keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Βασκική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασκική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskera" title="Euskera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Euskera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADska_lingvo" title="Eŭska lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭska lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_vasca" title="Lengua vasca – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua vasca" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euskara" title="Euskara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Euskara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان باسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان باسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_bhasa" title="Basque bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Basque bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskiskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Baskiskt mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Baskiskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque" title="Basque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Basque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskysk" title="Baskysk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baskysk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_basche" title="Lenghe basche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lenghe basche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhascais" title="An Bhascais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhascais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bascish" title="Bascish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bascish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basgais" title="Basgais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Basgais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_%C3%A9uscara" title="Lingua éuscara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua éuscara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque-ng%C3%AE" title="Basque-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Basque-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EC%96%B4" title="바스크어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바스크어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Բասկերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բասկերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बास्क भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बास्क भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baski%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Baskišćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Baskišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskijski_jezik" title="Baskijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baskijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskiana_linguo" title="Baskiana linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Baskiana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Basko" title="Pagsasao a Basko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Basko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Basque" title="Bahasa Basque – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Basque" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_basc" title="Lingua basc – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua basc" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basc" title="Basc – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Basc" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Баскаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Баскаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskneska" title="Baskneska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Baskneska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_basca" title="Lingua basca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua basca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בסקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בסקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Basque" title="Basa Basque – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Basque" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Basku" title="Amanung Basku – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Basku" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბასკური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბასკური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskijsczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Baskijsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Baskijsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Баск тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Баск тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskek" title="Baskek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Baskek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieuskara" title="Kieuskara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kieuskara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Эускара кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Эускара кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_bask%C3%AE" title="Zimanê baskî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê baskî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_vaska" title="Lingua vaska – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua vaska" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Vasconica" title="Lingua Vasconica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Vasconica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basku_valoda" title="Basku valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Basku valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask%C5%B3_kalba" title="Baskų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baskų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskisch" title="Baskisch – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Baskisch" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euscara_(lingua)" title="Euscara (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Euscara (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskin_kieli" title="Baskin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Baskin kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_basca" title="Lengua basca – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua basca" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baszk_nyelv" title="Baszk nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baszk nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Баскиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Баскиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_baska" title="Fiteny baska – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny baska" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Baska" title="Lingwa Baska – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Baska" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Basque" title="Reo Basque – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Basque" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बास्क भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बास्क भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბასკური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბასკური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="باسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="باسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="باسکی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باسکی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Basque" title="Bahasa Basque – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Basque" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯕꯦꯁ꯭ꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯦꯁ꯭ꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_basca" title="Lhéngua basca – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua basca" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Баск хэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баск хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskisch" title="Baskisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baskisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskisk" title="Baskisk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Baskisk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="バスク語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バスク語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskisk_spriak" title="Baskisk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Baskisk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskisk" title="Baskisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baskisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskisk" title="Baskisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baskisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basc" title="Basc – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Basc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask_tili" title="Bask tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bask tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="باسک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باسک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="باسکي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باسکي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_basca" title="Lenga basca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga basca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_baskijski" title="Język baskijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język baskijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_basca" title="Língua basca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua basca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask_tili" title="Bask tili – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bask tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_basc%C4%83" title="Limba bască – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba bască" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuskara_simi" title="Yuskara simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yuskara simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Баскский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Баскский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Баскилар тыллара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Баскилар тыллара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱟᱥᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱥᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_basca" title="Limba basca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba basca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_leid" title="Basque leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Basque leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskisk" title="Baskisk – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Baskisk" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_baske" title="Gjuha baske – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha baske" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_basca" title="Lingua basca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua basca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Basque language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baski%C4%8Dtina" title="Baskičtina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baskičtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskov%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Baskovščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baskovščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskijsko_godka" title="Baskijsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Baskijsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Баскијски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Баскијски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskijski_jezik" title="Baskijski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Baskijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskin_kieli" title="Baskin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baskin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskiska" title="Baskiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baskiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பாஸ்க் மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாஸ்க் மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_tabaskit" title="Tutlayt tabaskit – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt tabaskit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Баск теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Баск теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basku" title="Basku – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Basku" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8C" title="ภาษาบาสก์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาบาสก์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%A3" title="Забони баскӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони баскӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask%C3%A7a" title="Baskça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baskça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wusi%CC%B1ka%CC%B1ra_(a%CC%B1lyem)" title="Wusi̱ka̱ra (a̱lyem) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Wusi̱ka̱ra (a̱lyem)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Баскська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Баскська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باسک زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="باسک زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="باسكى تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="باسكى تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_basca" title="Łéngua basca – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua basca" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskan_kel%27" title="Baskan kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Baskan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Basque" title="Tiếng Basque – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Basque" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Baskänapük – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Baskänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baski_kiil" title="Baski kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Baski kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basse_(lingaedje)" title="Basse (lingaedje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Basse (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="巴斯克語 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴斯克語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baskisch" title="Baskisch – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Baskisch" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="巴斯克语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴斯克语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A9" title="באסקיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באסקיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%A9%B1" title="巴斯克話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴斯克話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baski" title="Baski – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Baski" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="巴斯克語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴斯克語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Basque" title="Bahasa Basque – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Basque" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8752#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Language of the Basque people</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Basque</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;"><span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">euskara</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="eu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[eus̺ˈkaɾa]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basque</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">806,000 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-basquetribune_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basquetribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />434,000 <a href="/wiki/Passive_speaker_(language)" title="Passive speaker (language)">passive speakers</a><sup id="cite_ref-inkesta2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inkesta2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Monolingualism" title="Monolingualism">monoglots</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasconic language">Vasconic language</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Basque_language" title="Proto-Basque language">Proto-Basque</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscayan_dialect" title="Biscayan dialect">Biscayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoan_dialect" title="Gipuzkoan dialect">Gipuzkoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Navarrese_dialect" title="Upper Navarrese dialect">Upper Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect" title="Navarro-Lapurdian dialect">Navarro-Lapurdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Navarrese_dialect" title="Eastern Navarrese dialect">Eastern Navarrese</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souletin_dialect" title="Souletin dialect">Souletin (Zuberoan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavese_dialect" title="Alavese dialect">Alavese</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salazarese_dialect" title="Salazarese dialect">Salazarese</a> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Braille">Basque Braille</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Autonomous_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Autonomous Community">Basque Autonomous Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a></li></ul> <p><br /> France </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques" title="Pyrénées-Atlantiques">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine" title="Nouvelle-Aquitaine">Nouvelle-Aquitaine</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Euskaltzaindia" title="Euskaltzaindia">Euskaltzaindia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=eu">eu</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=47">baq</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/B" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/B">B</a>)</code> <br /><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=47">eus</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2/T" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 639-2/T">T</a>)</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/eus" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:eus">eus</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/basq1248">basq1248</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=40-AAA-a">40-AAA-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Euskalkiak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Euskalkiak.svg/180px-Euskalkiak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Euskalkiak.svg/270px-Euskalkiak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Euskalkiak.svg/360px-Euskalkiak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Dialect areas of Basque. Light-coloured dialects are extinct. See <a href="#Dialects">§ Dialects</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Basque_%25_(most_recent).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Basque_%25_%28most_recent%29.svg/180px-Basque_%25_%28most_recent%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Basque_%25_%28most_recent%29.svg/270px-Basque_%25_%28most_recent%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Basque_%25_%28most_recent%29.svg/360px-Basque_%25_%28most_recent%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="647" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Basque speakers, including second-language speakers<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a02c2c; color:white;"> </span> 80–100%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff6600; color:black;"> </span> 50–80%</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd633; color:black;"> </span> 20–50%</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a2db7d; color:black;"> </span> 0–20%</div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Basque (<i><span lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Euskaldun#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:Euskaldun">Euskaldun</a></span></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> (<span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Euskaldunak</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Basque (<span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Euskara</i></span>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Basque Country">Culture of Basque Country</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Basque_Country.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Basques">Basques</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)#Language" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Basque" title="Standard Basque">Standard Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_dialects" title="Basque dialects">Basque dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque surnames</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_language" title="History of the Basque language">History of the Basque language</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fueros#Basque_and_Pyrenean_fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertsolaritza" title="Bertsolaritza">Bertsolaritza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_(theatre_of_Soule)" title="Pastoral (theatre of Soule)">Pastoral (theatre of Soule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus_(card_game)" title="Mus (card game)">Mus (card game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_dance" title="Basque dance">Basque dance</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#CCFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Mythology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Cuisine</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pincho" title="Pincho">Pincho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txoko" title="Txoko">Txoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Txakoli" title="Txakoli">Txakoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cider" title="Basque cider">Basque cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patxaran" title="Patxaran">Patxaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagardotegi" title="Sagardotegi">Cider house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiazabal_cheese" title="Idiazabal cheese">Idiazabal cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateau_Basque" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateau Basque">Gateau Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rioja_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioja (wine)">Rioja (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroul%C3%A9guy_AOC" title="Irouléguy AOC">Irouléguy (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espelette_pepper" title="Espelette pepper">Espelette pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piquillo_pepper" title="Piquillo pepper">Piquillo pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmitako" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmitako">Marmitako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperade" title="Piperade">Piperade</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korrika" title="Korrika">Korrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_festival" title="Basque festival">Basque festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Saint John's Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskarada_(carnival_of_Soule)" title="Maskarada (carnival of Soule)">Maskarada (carnival of Soule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herri_Urrats" title="Herri Urrats">Herri Urrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberri_Eguna" title="Aberri Eguna">Aberri Eguna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#CCFFFF;"> <a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Basque Country">Music</a> and performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_music" title="Basque music">Basque music</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)#Sports" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Sport</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_rural_sports" title="Basque rural sports">Basque rural sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_pelota" title="Basque pelota">Basque pelota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_national_football_team" title="Basque Country national football team">Basque Country national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_de_Bilbao" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletic de Bilbao">Athletic de Bilbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Sociedad" title="Real Sociedad">Real Sociedad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CA_Osasuna" title="CA Osasuna">CA Osasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportivo_Alav%C3%A9s" title="Deportivo Alavés">Deportivo Alavés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rugby_union_in_the_Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Category:Rugby union in the Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Rugby union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biarritz_Olympique" title="Biarritz Olympique">Biarritz Olympique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviron_Bayonnais" title="Aviron Bayonnais">Aviron Bayonnais</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CCFFFF;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Basque Country">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Basque_Country" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Basque Country">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauburu" title="Lauburu">Lauburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurak_Bat" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurak Bat">Laurak Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazpiak_Bat" title="Zazpiak Bat">Zazpiak Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gernikako_Arbola" title="Gernikako Arbola">Gernikako Arbola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarri" title="Hilarri">Basque stella</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basque_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Basque culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basque_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Basque culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basque_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basque culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basque_as_first_language(corrected).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basque_as_first_language%28corrected%29.JPG/260px-Basque_as_first_language%28corrected%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basque_as_first_language%28corrected%29.JPG/390px-Basque_as_first_language%28corrected%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Basque_as_first_language%28corrected%29.JPG/520px-Basque_as_first_language%28corrected%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption>Family transmission of Basque language (Basque as initial language)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irakatsia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Irakatsia.png/260px-Irakatsia.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Irakatsia.png/390px-Irakatsia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Irakatsia.png/520px-Irakatsia.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of students registered in Basque language schools (2000–2005)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basque_Country_Location_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Basque_Country_Location_Map.svg/260px-Basque_Country_Location_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Basque_Country_Location_Map.svg/390px-Basque_Country_Location_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Basque_Country_Location_Map.svg/520px-Basque_Country_Location_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Basque-language provinces within Spain and France</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Basque</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">euskara</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="eu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[eus̺ˈkaɾa]</a></span>) is a language spoken by <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> and other residents of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>, a region that straddles the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> in adjacent parts of northern Spain and southwestern France. Basque is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> (unrelated to any other known languages) and the only language isolate in Europe. The Basques are indigenous to and primarily inhabit the Basque Country.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Basque language is spoken by 806,000 Basques in all territories. Of these, 93.7% (756,000) are in the Spanish area of the Basque Country and the remaining 6.3% (50,000) are in the French portion.<sup id="cite_ref-basquetribune_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basquetribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native speakers live in a contiguous area that includes parts of four Spanish provinces and the <a href="/wiki/French_Basque_Country" title="French Basque Country">three "ancient provinces"</a> in France. <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>, a few municipalities on the northern border of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a> and the northern area of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> formed the core of the remaining Basque-speaking area before measures were introduced in the 1980s to strengthen Basque fluency. By contrast, most of Álava, the westernmost part of Biscay, and central and southern Navarre are predominantly populated by native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, either because Basque <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">was replaced</a> by Spanish over the centuries (as in most of Álava and central Navarre), or because it may never have been spoken there (as in parts of <a href="/wiki/Enkarterri" title="Enkarterri">Enkarterri</a> and south-eastern Navarre). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, Basque language use was discouraged by the government's <a href="/wiki/Language_policies_of_Francoist_Spain" title="Language policies of Francoist Spain">repressive policies</a>. In the Basque Country, "Francoist repression was not only political, but also linguistic and cultural."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco's</a> regime suppressed Basque from official discourse, education, and publishing,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it illegal to register newborn babies under Basque names,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even requiring tombstone engravings in Basque to be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some provinces the public use of Basque was suppressed, with people fined for speaking it.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public use of Basque was frowned upon by supporters of the regime, often regarded as a sign of anti-Francoism or <a href="/wiki/Basque_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque separatism">separatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, in the 1960s and later, the trend reversed and education and publishing in Basque began to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a part of this process, a standardised form of the Basque language, called <a href="/wiki/Standard_Basque" title="Standard Basque">Euskara Batua</a>, was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Euskaltzaindia" title="Euskaltzaindia">Euskaltzaindia</a> in the late 1960s. </p><p>Besides its standardised version, the five historic Basque dialects are <a href="/wiki/Biscayan_dialect" title="Biscayan dialect">Biscayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoan_dialect" title="Gipuzkoan dialect">Gipuzkoan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Navarrese_dialect" title="Eastern Navarrese dialect">Upper Navarrese</a> in Spain and <a href="/wiki/Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect" title="Navarro-Lapurdian dialect">Navarrese–Lapurdian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Souletin_dialect" title="Souletin dialect">Souletin</a> in France. They take their names from the historic Basque provinces, but the dialect boundaries are not congruent with province boundaries. Euskara Batua was created so that the Basque language could be used—and easily understood by all Basque speakers—in formal situations (education, mass media, literature), and this is its main use today. In both Spain and France, the use of Basque for education varies from region to region and from school to school.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basque is the only surviving <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The current mainstream scientific view on the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Basques" title="Origin of the Basques">origin of the Basques</a> and of their language is that early forms of Basque developed before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> in the area, i.e. before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> in particular, as the latter today geographically surround the Basque-speaking region. Typologically, with its <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative morphology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Ergative–absolutive alignment">ergative–absolutive alignment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque grammar</a> remains markedly different from that of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Average_European" title="Standard Average European">Standard Average European</a> languages. Nevertheless, Basque has borrowed up to 40 percent of its vocabulary from Romance languages,<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_1988_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker_1988-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> is used for the <a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque alphabet</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_of_the_language">Names of the language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names of the language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Basques#Etymology_of_the_word_Basque" title="Basques">Basques § Etymology of the word Basque</a></div> <p>In Basque, the name of the language is officially <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">euskara</i></span> (alongside various <a href="/wiki/Basque_dialects#Dialectal_divergence" title="Basque dialects">dialect</a> forms). </p><p>In French, the language is normally called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">basque</i></span>, though <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">euskara</i></span> has become common in recent times. Spanish has a greater variety of names for the language. Today, it is most commonly referred to as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">vasco</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">lengua vasca</i></span>, or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">euskera</i></span>. Both terms, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">vasco</i></span> and <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">basque</i></span>, are inherited from the Latin <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vascones" title="Vascones">Vascones</a></i></span>, which in turn goes back to the Greek term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Οὐάσκωνες</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">ouáskōnes</i></span>), an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> in his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i></span> (23 CE, Book III).<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Spanish term <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Vascuence</i></span>, derived from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vasconĭce</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has acquired negative connotations over the centuries and is not well-liked amongst Basque speakers generally. Its use is documented at least as far back as the 14th century when a law passed in <a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a> in 1349 stated that <span title="Old Spanish-language text"><i lang="osp">Item nuyl corridor nonsia usado que faga mercadería ninguna que compre nin venda entre ningunas personas, faulando en algaravia nin en abraych nin en <b>basquenç</b>: et qui lo fara pague por coto XXX sol</i></span>—essentially penalising the use of Arabic, Hebrew, or Basque in marketplaces with a fine of 30 <a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">sols</a> (the equivalent of 30 sheep).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_classification">History and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_language" title="History of the Basque language">History of the Basque language</a></div> <p>Although the Basque language is geographically surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, it is a language isolate that is unrelated to them or to any other language. Most scholars believe Basque to be the last remaining descendant of one of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">prehistoric Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, it may be impossible to reconstruct the prehistory of the Basque language by the traditional <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparative method (linguistics)">comparative method</a> except by applying it to differences between Basque dialects. Little is known of its origins, but it is likely that an early form of the Basque language was present in and around the area of modern Basque Country before the arrival of the Indo-European languages in western Europe during the 3rd millennium BC. </p><p>Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Miguel de Unamuno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Louis Lucien Bonaparte">Louis Lucien Bonaparte</a> have noted that the words for "knife" (<span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">aizto</i></span>), "axe" (<span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">aizkora</i></span>), and "hoe" (<span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">aitzur</i></span>) appear to derive from the word for "stone" (<span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">haitz</i></span>), and have therefore concluded that the language dates to <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">prehistoric Europe</a> when those tools were made of stone.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others find this unlikely: see <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Basques#The_aizkora_controversy" title="Origin of the Basques">the <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">aizkora</i></span> controversy</a>. </p><p>Latin inscriptions in <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania" title="Gallia Aquitania">Gallia Aquitania</a></i></span> preserve a number of words with <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Basque_language" title="Proto-Basque language">proto-Basque language</a>, for instance, the personal names <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Nescato</i></span> and <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Cison</i></span> (<span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">neskato</i></span> and <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">gizon</i></span> mean 'young girl' and 'man', respectively in modern Basque). This language is generally referred to as <a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian</a> and is assumed to have been spoken in the area before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>'s conquests in the western <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>. Some authors even argue for <a href="/wiki/Late_Basquisation" title="Late Basquisation">late Basquisation</a>, that the language moved westward during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> into the northern part of <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> into what is now the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman neglect of this area allowed Aquitanian to survive while the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian languages</a> became extinct. Through the long contact with Romance languages, Basque adopted a sizeable number of Romance words. Initially the source was Latin, later <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> (a branch of <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>) in the north-east, <a href="/wiki/Navarro-Aragonese" title="Navarro-Aragonese">Navarro-Aragonese</a> in the south-east and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> in the south-west. </p><p>Since 1968, Basque has been immersed in a revitalisation process, facing formidable obstacles. However, significant progress has been made in numerous areas. Six main factors have been identified to explain its relative success: </p> <ol><li>implementation and acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Unified_Basque" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Basque">Unified Basque</a> (Batua),</li> <li>integration of Basque in the education system</li> <li>creation of media in Basque (radio, newspapers, and television)</li> <li>the established new legal framework</li> <li>collaboration between public institutions and people's organisations, and</li> <li>campaigns for Basque language literacy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>While those six factors influenced the revitalisation process, the extensive development and use of <a href="/wiki/Language_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Language technologies">language technologies</a> is also considered a significant additional factor.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypotheses_concerning_Basque's_connections_to_other_languages"><span id="Hypotheses_concerning_Basque.27s_connections_to_other_languages"></span>Hypotheses concerning Basque's connections to other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hypotheses concerning Basque's connections to other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many linguists have tried to link Basque with other languages, but no hypothesis has gained mainstream acceptance. Apart from <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_language_comparison" title="Pseudoscientific language comparison">pseudoscientific comparisons</a>, the appearance of long-range linguistics gave rise to several attempts to connect Basque with geographically very distant language families such as <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>. Historical work on Basque is challenging since written material and documentation only is available for some few hundred years. Almost all hypotheses concerning the origin of Basque are controversial, and the suggested evidence is not generally accepted by mainstream linguists. Some of these hypothetical connections are: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UMMESAHARF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/UMMESAHARF.jpg/220px-UMMESAHARF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/UMMESAHARF.jpg/330px-UMMESAHARF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/UMMESAHARF.jpg/440px-UMMESAHARF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Inscription with Basque-like lexical forms identified as "UME ZAHAR", <a href="/wiki/Lerga" title="Lerga">Lerga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language_(ancient)" title="Ligurian language (ancient)">Ligurian</a> substrate: this hypothesis, proposed in the 19th century by d'Arbois de Jubainville, J. Pokorny, P. Kretschmer and several other linguists, encompasses the Basco-Iberian hypothesis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a>: another ancient language once spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, shows several similarities with <a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian</a> and Basque. However, not enough evidence exists to distinguish geographical connections from linguistic ones. Iberian itself remains <a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">unclassified</a>. Eduardo Orduña Aznar claims to have established correspondences between Basque and Iberian numerals<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and noun case markers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substratum_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasconic substratum theory">Vasconic substratum theory</a>: this proposal, made by the German linguist <a href="/wiki/Theo_Vennemann" title="Theo Vennemann">Theo Vennemann</a>, claims that enough <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymical</a> evidence exists to conclude that Basque is the only survivor of a larger family that once extended throughout most of western Europe, and has also left its mark in modern Indo-European languages spoken in Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: linking Basque to the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a> is now widely discredited. The hypothesis was inspired by the existence of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Iberia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and some similarities in societal practices and agriculture between the two populations. Historical comparisons are difficult due to the dearth of historical material for Basque and several of the Kartvelian languages. Typological similarities have been proposed for some of the phonological characteristics and most importantly for some of the details of the ergative constructions, but these alone cannot prove historical relatedness between languages since such characteristics are found in other languages across the world, even if not in Indo-European.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a>, the hypothesis was also inspired by a Basque place-name ending in <i>-dze</i> which is common in Kartvelian.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory suggested that Basque and Georgian were remnants of a pre-Indo-European group.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>, are seen by some linguists as more likely candidates for a very distant connection.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a>: based on the possible Caucasian link, some linguists, for example <a href="/wiki/John_Bengtson" title="John Bengtson">John Bengtson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merritt_Ruhlen" title="Merritt Ruhlen">Merritt Ruhlen</a>, have proposed including Basque in the Dené–Caucasian superfamily of languages, but this proposed superfamily includes languages from North America and Eurasia, and its existence is highly controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>: a genetic link between Basque and the Indo-European languages has been proposed by Forni (2013),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Juliette_Blevins" title="Juliette Blevins">Juliette Blevins</a>, who has identified potential phonological correspondences between <a href="/wiki/Proto-Basque_language" title="Proto-Basque language">Proto-Basque</a> and Proto-Indo-European. Such hypotheses are rejected by most reviewers,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both including scholars adhering to the mainstream view of Basque as a language isolate (Gorrochategui, Lakarra), as well as proponents of wide-range genetic relations (Bengtson).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basque_Geographical_Traces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Basque_Geographical_Traces.svg/260px-Basque_Geographical_Traces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Basque_Geographical_Traces.svg/390px-Basque_Geographical_Traces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Basque_Geographical_Traces.svg/520px-Basque_Geographical_Traces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Geographical traces of the Basque language. Blue dots: place names; red dots: epigraphic traces (gravestones...) in Roman times; blue patch: maximum extension.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euskara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Euskara.png/220px-Euskara.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Euskara.png/330px-Euskara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Euskara.png/440px-Euskara.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of fluent speakers of Basque (areas where Basque is not spoken are included within the 0–4% interval)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navarra_-_Mapa_densidad_euskera_2001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Navarra_-_Mapa_densidad_euskera_2001.svg/220px-Navarra_-_Mapa_densidad_euskera_2001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Navarra_-_Mapa_densidad_euskera_2001.svg/330px-Navarra_-_Mapa_densidad_euskera_2001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Navarra_-_Mapa_densidad_euskera_2001.svg/440px-Navarra_-_Mapa_densidad_euskera_2001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Percentage of people fluent in Basque language in Navarre (2001), including second-language speakers</figcaption></figure> <p>The region where Basque is spoken has become smaller over centuries, especially at the northern, southern, and eastern borders. Nothing is known about the limits of this region in ancient times, but on the basis of toponyms and epigraphs, it seems that in the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> it stretched to the river <a href="/wiki/Garonne" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> in the north (including the south-western part of present-day France); at least to the <a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Aran" title="Val d'Aran">Val d'Aran</a> in the east (now a <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a>-speaking part of <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>), including lands on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the southern and western boundaries are not clear at all. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> temporarily counteracted this contracting tendency when the Christian lords called on northern Iberian peoples — Basques, <a href="/wiki/Asturians" title="Asturians">Asturians</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>" — to colonise the new conquests. The Basque language became the main everyday language<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2013)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>, while other languages like <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> were preferred for the administration and high education. </p><p>By the 16th century, the Basque-speaking area was reduced basically to the present-day seven provinces of the Basque Country, excluding the southern part of Navarre, the south-western part of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a>, and the western part of Biscay, and including some parts of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuazo201017_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuazo201017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1807, Basque was still spoken in the northern half of Álava—including its capital city <a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—and a vast area in central Navarre, but in these two provinces, Basque experienced a rapid decline that pushed its border northwards. In the <a href="/wiki/French_Basque_Country" title="French Basque Country">French Basque Country</a>, Basque was still spoken in all the territory except in <a href="/wiki/Bayonne" title="Bayonne">Bayonne</a> and some villages around, and including some bordering towns in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9arn" title="Béarn">Béarn</a>. </p><p>In the 20th century, however, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque nationalism</a> spurred increased interest in the language as a sign of ethnic identity, and with the establishment of autonomous governments in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Basque_Country" title="Southern Basque Country">Southern Basque Country</a>, it has recently made a modest comeback. In the Spanish part, Basque-language schools for children and Basque-teaching centres for adults have brought the language to areas such as western <a href="/wiki/Enkarterri" title="Enkarterri">Enkarterri</a> and the Ribera del Ebro in southern Navarre, where it is not known to ever have been widely spoken; and in the French Basque Country, these schools and centres have almost stopped the decline of the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navarra_-_Zonificacion_linguistica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Navarra_-_Zonificacion_linguistica.png/220px-Navarra_-_Zonificacion_linguistica.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Navarra_-_Zonificacion_linguistica.png/330px-Navarra_-_Zonificacion_linguistica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Navarra_-_Zonificacion_linguistica.png/440px-Navarra_-_Zonificacion_linguistica.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Official status of the Basque language in Navarre</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Latin or Romance languages have been the official languages in this region. However, Basque was explicitly recognised in some areas. For instance, the <i><a href="/wiki/Fuero" title="Fuero">fuero</a></i> or charter of the Basque-colonised <a href="/wiki/Ojacastro" title="Ojacastro">Ojacastro</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/La_Rioja_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Rioja (Spain)">La Rioja</a>) allowed the inhabitants to use Basque in legal processes in the 13th and 14th centuries. Basque was allowed in telegraph messages in Spain thanks to the royal decree of 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution of 1978">Spanish Constitution of 1978</a> states in Article 3 that the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish language</a> is the official language of the nation, but allows autonomous communities to provide a co-official language status for the other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">languages of Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the Statute of Autonomy of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Autonomous Community</a> establishes Basque as the co-official language of the autonomous community. The Statute of Navarre establishes Spanish as the official language of Navarre, but grants co-official status to the Basque language in the Basque-speaking areas of northern Navarre. Basque has no official status in the French Basque Country and French citizens are barred from officially using Basque in a French court of law. However, the use of Basque by Spanish nationals in French courts is permitted (with translation), as Basque is officially recognised on the other side of the border. </p><p>The positions of the various existing governments differ with regard to the promotion of Basque in areas where Basque is commonly spoken. The language has official status in those territories that are within the Basque Autonomous Community, where it is spoken and promoted heavily, but only partially in Navarre. The <i>Ley del Vascuence</i> ("Law of Basque"), seen as contentious by many Basques, but considered fitting Navarra's linguistic and cultural diversity by some of the main political parties of Navarre,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divides Navarre into three language areas: Basque-speaking, non-Basque-speaking, and mixed. Support for the language and the linguistic rights of citizens vary, depending on the area. Others consider it unfair, since the rights of Basque speakers differ greatly depending on the place they live. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/220px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/330px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif/440px-Linguistic_map_Southwestern_Europe-en.gif 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the historical retreat and expansion of Basque within the context of its linguistic neighbours between the years 1000 and 2000</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv/220px--Euskara_iparraldean.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="192" data-mwtitle="Euskara_iparraldean.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Euskara_iparraldean.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1024" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv/Euskara_iparraldean.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEuskara_iparraldean.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Testimonies of Basque sociolinguistic dynamics (French Basque Country)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euskarazko_hitz_egiteagatik_zigortutako_Bedaioko_ikasle_baten_koadernoa_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Euskarazko_hitz_egiteagatik_zigortutako_Bedaioko_ikasle_baten_koadernoa_2.jpg/220px-Euskarazko_hitz_egiteagatik_zigortutako_Bedaioko_ikasle_baten_koadernoa_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Euskarazko_hitz_egiteagatik_zigortutako_Bedaioko_ikasle_baten_koadernoa_2.jpg/330px-Euskarazko_hitz_egiteagatik_zigortutako_Bedaioko_ikasle_baten_koadernoa_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Euskarazko_hitz_egiteagatik_zigortutako_Bedaioko_ikasle_baten_koadernoa_2.jpg/440px-Euskarazko_hitz_egiteagatik_zigortutako_Bedaioko_ikasle_baten_koadernoa_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Writing_lines" title="Writing lines">Lines</a> in an exercise book given as punishment during <a href="/wiki/Franco%27s_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco's regime">Franco's regime</a>. The line is "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">En la escuela no tengo que hablar vasco</i></span>" (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "I must not speak in Basque at school"</span>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2021 sociolinguistic survey of all Basque-speaking territories showed that, of all people aged 16 and above:<sup id="cite_ref-basquetribune_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basquetribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Autonomous_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Autonomous Community">Basque Autonomous Community</a>, 36.2% were fluent Basque speakers, 18.5% <a href="/wiki/Passive_speaker_(language)" title="Passive speaker (language)">passive speakers</a> and 45.3% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> (51.8% speakers) and <a href="/wiki/Bizkaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bizkaia">Bizkaia</a> (30.6%) and lowest in Álava (22.4%). These results represent an increase from previous years (33.9% in 2016, 30.1% in 2006, 29.5% in 2001, 27.7% in 1996 and 24.1% in 1991). The highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (74.5%) vs. 22.0% in the 65+ age range.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/French_Basque_Country" title="French Basque Country">French Basque Country</a>, in 2021, 20.0% were fluent Basque speakers. Because the French Basque Country is not under the influence of the Basque Autonomous Country government, people in the region have fewer incentives from government authorities to learn the language. As such, these results represent another decrease from previous years (22.5% in 2006, 24.8% in 2001 and 26.4 in 1996 or 56,146 in 1996 to 51,197 in 2016). However, for those in the 16-24 age range, the proportion of Basque speakers increased to 21.5%, from 12.2% 20 years earlier.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, 14.1% were fluent Basque speakers, 10.5% passive speakers, and 75.4% did not speak Basque. The percentage was highest in the Basque-speaking zone in the north (62.3% speakers, including 85.9% of youth) and lowest in the non-Basque-speaking zone in the south (1.6%). The overall proportion of 14.1% represented a slight increase from previous years (12.9% in 2016, 11.1% in 2006,10.3% in 2001, 9.6% in 1996 and 9.5% in 1991). Among age groups, the highest percentage of speakers can now be found in the 16–24 age range (28%) vs. 8.3% in the 65+ age range.</li></ul> <p>In 2021, out of a population of 2,634,800 over 16 years of age (1,838,800 in the Autonomous community, 546,000 in Navarre and 250,000 in the Northern Basque Country), 806,000 spoke Basque, which amounted to 30.6% of the population. Compared to the 1991 figures, this represents an overall increase of 266,000, from 539,110 speakers 30 years previously (430,000 in the BAC <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, 40,110 in FCN <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and 69,000 in the Northern provinces). This number has tended to increase, as in all regions the age group most likely to speak Basque was those between 16 and 24 years old. In the BAC, the proportion in this age group who spoke the language (74.5%) was nearly triple the comparable figure from 1991, when barely a quarter of the population spoke Basque.<sup id="cite_ref-basquetribune_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basquetribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there is a general increase in the number of Basque speakers during this period, this is mainly because of <a href="/wiki/Bilingualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilingualism">bilingualism</a>. Basque transmission as a sole mother tongue has decreased from 19% in 1991 to 15.1% in 2016, while Basque and another language being used as mother language increased from 3% to 5.4% in the same time period. General public attitude towards efforts to promote the Basque language have also been more positive, with the share of people against these efforts falling from 20.9% in 1991 to 16% in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-InkestaVI_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InkestaVI-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the study found that in the BAC, when both parents were Basque speakers, 98% of children were only communicated to in Basque, while 2% were communicated to in both Basque and Spanish. When only one parent was a Basque speaker and their first language was Basque, 84% used Basque and Spanish and 16% only Spanish. In Navarre, the family language of 94.3% of the youngest respondents with both Basque parents was Basque. In the Northern Basque Country, however, when both parents were Basque speaking, just two-thirds transmitted only Basque to their offspring, and as age decreased, the transmission rate also decreased.<sup id="cite_ref-basquetribune_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basquetribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" width="50%" style="text-align:left;clear:all; margin-left:20px; margin-right;"> <caption>Basque speakers (as a % of each region's population), gains/losses compared to previous survey </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#efefef" class="sortable"> <th scope="col">  </th> <th scope="col">Across all </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="Basque Autonomous Community">BAC</abbr> </th> <th scope="col">Navarre </th> <th scope="col"><abbr title="French Basque Community">FBC</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1991<sup id="cite_ref-InkestaIV_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InkestaIV-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>22.3% </td> <td>24.1% </td> <td>9.5% </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996<sup id="cite_ref-InkestaIV_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InkestaIV-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>24.4% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.1%) </td> <td>27.7% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.6%) </td> <td>9.6% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.1%) </td> <td>26.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001<sup id="cite_ref-InkestaIV_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InkestaIV-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>25.4% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1%) </td> <td>29.4% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.7%) </td> <td>10.3% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.7%) </td> <td>24.8% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.6%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006<sup id="cite_ref-InkestaIV_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InkestaIV-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>25.7% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.3%) </td> <td>30.1% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.7%) </td> <td>11.1% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.8%) </td> <td>22.5% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.3%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>27.0% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.3%) </td> <td>32.0% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.9%) </td> <td>11.7% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.6%) </td> <td>21.4% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016<sup id="cite_ref-InkestaVI_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InkestaVI-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>28.4% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.4%) </td> <td>33.9% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.9%) </td> <td>12.9% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.2%) </td> <td>20.5% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.9%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021<sup id="cite_ref-basquetribune_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basquetribune-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>30.6% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.2%) </td> <td>36.2% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.3%) </td> <td>14.1% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1.2%) </td> <td>20.0% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.5%) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Basque is used as a language of commerce both in the Basque Country and in locations around the world where Basques immigrated throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basque_dialects" title="Basque dialects">Basque dialects</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euskalkiak_koldo_zuazo_2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Euskalkiak_koldo_zuazo_2008.png/260px-Euskalkiak_koldo_zuazo_2008.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Euskalkiak_koldo_zuazo_2008.png/390px-Euskalkiak_koldo_zuazo_2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Euskalkiak_koldo_zuazo_2008.png/520px-Euskalkiak_koldo_zuazo_2008.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>The modern dialects of Basque according to 21st-century dialectology. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#849D4D; color:black;"> </span> Western (Biscayan)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CA5655; color:black;"> </span> Central (Gipuzkoan)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5287C8; color:black;"> </span> Upper Navarrese</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D0AA5A; color:black;"> </span> Lower Navarrese–Lapurdian</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C9CA52; color:black;"> </span> Souletin (Zuberoan)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9B9D9A; color:black;"> </span> other Basque areas <i>ca</i> 1850 (Bonaparte)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The modern Basque dialects show a high degree of dialectal divergence, sometimes making cross-dialect communication difficult. This is especially true in the case of Biscayan and Souletin, which are regarded as the most divergent Basque dialects. </p><p>Modern Basque dialectology distinguishes five dialects:<sup id="cite_ref-Zuazo2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuazo2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscayan_dialect" title="Biscayan dialect">Biscayan or "Western"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoan_dialect" title="Gipuzkoan dialect">Gipuzkoan or "Central"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Navarrese_dialect" title="Upper Navarrese dialect">Upper Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect" title="Navarro-Lapurdian dialect">Navarro-Lapurdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souletin_dialect" title="Souletin dialect">Souletin (Zuberoan)</a></li></ul> <p>These dialects are divided in 11 subdialects, and 24 minor varieties among them. According to <a href="/wiki/Koldo_Zuazo" title="Koldo Zuazo">Koldo Zuazo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zuazo2003_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zuazo2003-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Biscayan dialect or "Western" is the most widespread dialect, with around 300,000 speakers out of a total of around 660,000 speakers. This dialect is divided in two minor subdialects: the Western Biscayan and Eastern Biscayan, plus transitional dialects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_other_languages">Influence on other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Influence on other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Basque_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Basque origin">List of Spanish words of Basque origin</a></div> <p>Although the influence of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> on the Basque language (especially the lexicon, but also to some degree Basque phonology and grammar) has been much more extensive, it is usually assumed that there has been some feedback from Basque into these languages as well. In particular <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>, and to a lesser degree <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> are thought to have received this influence in the past. In the case of Aragonese and Gascon, this would have been through <a href="/wiki/Substratum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substratum (linguistics)">substrate</a> interference following <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian</a> or Basque to a Romance language, affecting all levels of the language, including place names around the Pyrenees.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although a number of words of alleged Basque origin in the Spanish language are circulated (e.g. <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anchoa#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:anchoa">anchoa</a></i> 'anchovies', <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bizarro#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:bizarro">bizarro</a></i> 'dashing, gallant, spirited', <i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cachorro#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:cachorro">cachorro</a></i> 'puppy', etc.), most of these have more easily explicable Romance etymologies or not particularly convincing derivations from Basque.<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ignoring cultural terms, there is one strong <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> candidate, <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ezker#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:ezker">ezker</a></i>, long considered the source of the Pyrenean and <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian Romance">Iberian Romance</a> words for "left (side)" (<i lang="es"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/izquierdo#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:izquierdo">izquierdo</a></i>, <i lang="pt"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/esquerdo#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:esquerdo">esquerdo</a></i>, <i lang="ca"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/esquerre#Catalan" class="extiw" title="wikt:esquerre">esquerre</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DCECH_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DCECH-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in Gascon could arguably be due to a Basque influence but this issue is under-researched.<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other most commonly claimed substrate influences: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish" title="Old Spanish">Old Spanish</a> merger of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>.</li> <li>the simple five vowel system.</li> <li>change of initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> (e.g. <i>fablar</i> → <i>hablar</i>, with Old Basque lacking <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> but having <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_retracted_sibilant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant">voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar fricative">s̺</a>]</span>, a sound transitional between <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminodental</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span>; this sound also influenced other <a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance languages">Ibero-Romance languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>.</li></ul> <p>The first two features are common, widespread developments in many Romance (and non-Romance) languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (June 2016)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> The change of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> occurred historically only in a limited area (<a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Castile" title="Old Castile">Old Castile</a>) that corresponds almost exactly to areas where heavy Basque bilingualism is assumed, and as a result has been widely postulated (and equally strongly disputed). Substrate theories are often difficult to prove (especially in the case of phonetically plausible changes like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>). As a result, although many arguments have been made on both sides, the debate largely comes down to the a priori tendency on the part of particular linguists to accept or reject substrate arguments. </p><p>Examples of arguments against the substrate theory,<sup id="cite_ref-Trask_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possible responses: </p> <ol><li>Spanish did not fully shift <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, instead, it has preserved <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> before consonants such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span> (cf <i>fuerte</i>, <i>frente</i>). (On the other hand, the occurrence of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[f]</span> in these words might be a secondary development from an earlier sound such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɸ]</span> and learned words (or words influenced by written Latin form). Gascon does have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> in these words, which might reflect the original situation.)</li> <li>Evidence of Arabic loanwords in Spanish points to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> continuing to exist long after a Basque substrate might have had any effect on Spanish. (On the other hand, the occurrence of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> in these words might be a late development. Many languages have come to accept new phonemes from other languages after a period of significant influence. For example, French lost <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> but later regained it as a result of Germanic influence, and has recently gained <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> as a result of English influence.)</li> <li>Basque regularly developed Latin <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span>.</li> <li>The same change also occurs in parts of Sardinia, Italy and the Romance languages of the Balkans where no Basque substrate can be reasonably argued for. (On the other hand, the fact that the same change might have occurred elsewhere independently does not disprove substrate influence. Furthermore, parts of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> also have prothetic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> before initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, just as in Basque and Gascon, which may actually argue for some type of influence between both areas.)</li></ol> <p>Beyond these arguments, a number of <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> groups of Castile are also said to use or have used Basque words in their jargon, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gacer%C3%ADa" title="Gacería">gacería</a> in <a href="/wiki/Segovia_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Segovia (province)">Segovia</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minga%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mingaña (page does not exist)">mingaña</a>, the Galician <a href="/wiki/Fala_dos_arxinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fala dos arxinas">fala dos arxinas</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturian</a> <a href="/wiki/X%C3%ADriga" title="Xíriga">Xíriga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olaetxe_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olaetxe-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> community in the Basque Country speaks <a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a>, which is a rare <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Kalderash" title="Kalderash">Kalderash</a> <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> vocabulary and Basque grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgirrezabal2003_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgirrezabal2003-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basque_pidgins">Basque pidgins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Basque pidgins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of Basque-based or Basque-influenced <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgins</a> have existed. In the 16th century, Basque sailors used a <a href="/wiki/Basque%E2%80%93Icelandic_pidgin" title="Basque–Icelandic pidgin">Basque–Icelandic pidgin</a> in their contacts with Iceland.<sup id="cite_ref-Glossaria_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glossaria-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a> arose from contact between Basque <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whalers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian peoples</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Belle_Isle" title="Strait of Belle Isle">Strait of Belle Isle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker1987_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker1987-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><b>i</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span></td> <td></td> <td><b>u</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><b>e</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/</span></td> <td></td> <td><b>o</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td><b>a</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>/</span></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Basque language features five vowels: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> (the same that are found in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_phonology#Vowels" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asturian_language#Vowels" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language#Vowels" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Zuberoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zuberoan">Zuberoan</a> dialect, extra phonemes are featured: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>/</span>, graphically represented as <span class="nowrap">⟨ü⟩</span>;</li> <li>a set of contrasting <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowels</a>.</li></ul> <p>There is no distinctive vowel length in Basque, although vowels can be lengthened for emphasis. The mid vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> are raised before nasal consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20084_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20084-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basque has an a-Elision Rule, according to which the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is elided before any following vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200817_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200817-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not prevent the existence of diphthongs with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> present. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float: right;"> <caption><b>Basque diphthongs</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA</a> </th> <th>Example </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai̯/</span></td> <td><span title="Basque-language text"><span lang="eu" style="font-style: normal;">bai</span></span></td> <td>yes </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/au̯/</span> </td> <td><span title="Basque-language text"><span lang="eu" style="font-style: normal;">gau</span></span> </td> <td>night </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ei̯/</span></td> <td><span title="Basque-language text"><span lang="eu" style="font-style: normal;">sei</span></span></td> <td>six </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eu̯/</span> </td> <td><span title="Basque-language text"><span lang="eu" style="font-style: normal;">euri</span></span> </td> <td>rain </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oi̯/</span></td> <td><span title="Basque-language text"><span lang="eu" style="font-style: normal;">oin</span></span></td> <td>foot </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ui̯/</span></td> <td><span title="Basque-language text"><span lang="eu" style="font-style: normal;">fruitu</span></span></td> <td>fruit </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are six <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> in Basque, all falling and with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i̯/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u̯/</span> as the second element.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:autmargin:auto;"> <caption>Table of consonant phonemes of Standard Basque </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Lamino</a>-<br /><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apico</a>-<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> or<br /><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><b>m</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>n</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>ñ, -in-</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><b>p</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>t</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>tt, -it-</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>k</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><b>b</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>d</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>dd, -id-</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>g</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><b>tz</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t̻s̻</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>ts</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate#Non-retracted_alveolar" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t̺s̺</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>tx</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><b>f</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>z</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s̻</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>s</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apico-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apico-alveolar fricative">s̺</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>x</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>h</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/∅/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><small>(mostly)<sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>j</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/</span>~<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>l</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/</span> </td> <td><b>ll, -il-</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a><sup id="cite_ref-finalweakr_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finalweakr-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>r-, -rr-, -r</b> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Tap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>-r-, -r</b><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>/</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-finalweakr-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-finalweakr_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basque's two rhotics only contrast when between vowels, where the trill is written as <i>-rr-</i> and the tap as <i>-r-</i>. When a suffix is added to a word ending in <i>-r</i>, a trill is generally used, as in <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">ederrago</i></span> 'more beautiful', from <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">eder</i></span> 'beautiful' and <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">-ago</i></span>. There is a small number of words which are exceptions to this rule, with de Rijk listing the following ten common ones: <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zer#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:zer">zer</a></i>, <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ezer#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:ezer">ezer</a></i>, <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nor#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:nor">nor</a></i>, <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inor#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:inor">inor</a></i>, <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hor#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:hor">hor</a></i>, <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paper#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:paper">paper</a></i>, <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plater#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:plater">plater</a></i>, <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plazer#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:plazer">plazer</a></i>, <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ur#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:ur">ur</a></i>, and <i lang="eu"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zur#Basque" class="extiw" title="wikt:zur">zur</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20087–8_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20087–8-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p>In syllable-final position, all plosives are <a href="/wiki/Final-obstruent_devoicing" title="Final-obstruent devoicing">devoiced</a> and are spelled accordingly in Standard Basque. When between vowels, and often when after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, the voiced plosives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>, are pronounced as the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Fricatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricatives">fricatives</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basque has a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> articulation for the alveolar fricatives and affricates. With the laminal alveolar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="eu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[s̻]</a></span>, the friction occurs across the blade of the tongue, the tongue tip pointing toward the lower teeth. This is the usual <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> in most European languages. It is written with an orthographic <span class="nowrap">⟨z⟩</span>. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_apicoalveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless apicoalveolar fricative">voiceless apicoalveolar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="eu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[s̺]</a></span> is written <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>; the tip of the tongue points toward the upper teeth and friction occurs at the tip (apex). For example, <i>zu</i> "you" (singular, respectful) is distinguished from <i>su</i> "fire". The affricate counterparts are written <span class="nowrap">⟨tz⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span>. So, <i>etzi</i> "the day after tomorrow" is distinguished from <i>etsi</i> "to give up"; <i>atzo</i> "yesterday" is distinguished from <i>atso</i> "old woman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20088–9_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20088–9-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the westernmost parts of the Basque country, only the apical <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span> and the alveolar affricate <span class="nowrap">⟨tz⟩</span> are used. </p><p>Basque also features postalveolar sibilants (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span>, written <span class="nowrap">⟨x⟩</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>, written <span class="nowrap">⟨tx⟩</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20089–10_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20089–10-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diaphonej.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diaphonej.svg/220px-Diaphonej.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diaphonej.svg/330px-Diaphonej.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Diaphonej.svg/440px-Diaphonej.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Regional realisations of <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨j⟩</span> has a variety of realisations according to the regional dialect: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j,<span class="wrap"> </span>dʒ,<span class="wrap"> </span>x,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɟ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʝ]</span>, as pronounced from west to east in south Bizkaia and coastal Lapurdi, central Bizkaia, east Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa, south Navarre, inland Lapurdi and Low Navarre, and Zuberoa, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euskara_-_aspirazio.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Euskara_-_aspirazio.svg/220px-Euskara_-_aspirazio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Euskara_-_aspirazio.svg/330px-Euskara_-_aspirazio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Euskara_-_aspirazio.svg/440px-Euskara_-_aspirazio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>The <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is only pronounced in the north-east, as the isoglosses here show.</figcaption></figure> <p>The letter <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is pronounced in the northern dialects, but not pronounced in the southern ones. Unified Basque spells it except when it is predictable, in a position following a consonant.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unless they are recent loanwords (e.g. <i>Ruanda</i> "Rwanda", <i>radar</i>, <i>robot</i> ... ), words may not have initial <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span>. In older loans, initial <i>r-</i> took a <a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">prosthetic</a> vowel, resulting in <i>err-</i> (<i>Erroma</i> "Rome", <i>Errusia</i> "Russia"), more rarely <i>irr-</i> (for example <i>irratia</i> "radio", <i>irrisa</i> "rice") and <i>arr-</i> (for example <i>arrazional</i> "rational").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20088_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20088-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basque does not have <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> in syllable final position, and syllable-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> assimilates to the place of articulation of following plosives. As a result, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nb/</span> is pronounced like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mb]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nɡ/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋɡ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20086_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20086-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palatalization">Palatalization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Palatalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basque has two types of <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a>, automatic palatalization and expressive palatalization. Automatic palatalization occurs in western <a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a>, much of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, all of <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a>, and nearly all of <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>. As a result of automatic palatalization, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> become the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal">palatal nasal</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> and the <a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal lateral">palatal lateral</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span> respectively after the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and before another vowel. An exception is the loanword <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">lili</i></span> 'lily'. The same palatalization occurs after the <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowel</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> of the diphthongs <i>ai, ei, oi, ui</i>. This palatalization occurs in a wider area, including <a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a>, all of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, and almost all of Navarre. In a few regions, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> can be palatalized even in the absence of a following vowel. After palatalization, the semivowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> is usually absorbed by the palatal consonant. This can be seen in older spellings, such as <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">malla</i></span> instead of modern <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">maila</i></span> 'degree'. That said, the modern orthography for Standard Basque ignores automatic palatalization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200813_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200813-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In certain regions of Gipuzkoa and Biscay, intervocalic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> is often palatalized after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and especially <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span>. It may become indistinguishable from the affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spelled <span class="nowrap">⟨tx⟩</span>, so <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">aita</i></span> 'father' may sound like it were spelled <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">atxa</i></span> or <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">atta</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010119_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010119-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of palatalization is far from general, and is often viewed as substandard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Goizueta,_Navarre" title="Goizueta, Navarre">Goizueta</a> Basque, there are a few examples of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nt/</span> being palatalized after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, and optional palatalization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ld/</span>. For example, <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">mintegi</i></span> 'seedbed' becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mincei]</span>, and <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">bildots</i></span> 'lamb' can be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/biʎots̺/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010119_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010119-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Basque nouns, adjectives, and adverbs can be expressively palatalized. These express 'smallness', rarely literal and often showing affection, in nouns, and mitigation in adjectives and adverbs. This is often used in the formation of pet names and nicknames. In words containing one or more sibilant, these sibilants are palatalized in order to form the palatalized form. That is, <i>s</i> and <i>z</i> become <i>x</i>, and <i>ts</i> and <i>tz</i> become <i>tx</i>. As a result, <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">gizon</i></span> 'man' becomes <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">gixon</i></span> 'little fellow', <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">zoro</i></span> 'crazy, insane' becomes <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">xoro</i></span> 'silly, foolish', and <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">bildots</i></span> 'lamb' becomes <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">bildotx</i></span> 'lambkin, young lamb'. In words without sibilants, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> can become palatalized. This palatalization is indicated in writing with a double consonant, except in the case of palatalized <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> which is written <span class="nowrap">⟨ñ⟩</span>. Thus, <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">tanta</i></span> 'drop' becomes <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">ttantta</i></span> 'droplet', and <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">nabar</i></span> 'grey' becomes <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">ñabar</i></span> 'grey and pretty, greyish'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pronunciation of <i>tt</i> and <i>dd</i>, and the existence of <i>dd</i>, differ by dialect. In the Gipuzkoan and Biscayan dialects <i>tt</i> is often pronounced the same as <i>tx</i>, that is, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>]</span>, and <i>dd</i> does not exist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, in Goizueta Basque, <i>tt</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal stop">voiceless palatal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c]</span> and the corresponding voiced palatal stop, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟ]</span>, is absent except as an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>. In Goizueta Basque, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span> is sometimes the result of an affectionate palatalization of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010113,_119,_121_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010113,_119,_121-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palatalization of the rhotics is rare and only occurs in the eastern dialects. When palatalized, the rhotics become the palatal lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span>. Likewise, palatalization of velars, resulting in <i>tt</i> or <i>tx</i>, is quite rare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200815_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200815-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few common words, such as <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">txakur</i></span> 'dog', pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃakur/</span>, use palatal sounds even though in current usage they have lost the diminutive sense, the corresponding non-palatal forms now acquiring an augmentative or pejorative sense: <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">zakur</i></span> 'big dog'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200815_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200815-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sandhi">Sandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some rules which govern the behavior of consonants in contact with each other. These apply both within and between words. When two plosives meet, the first one is dropped, and the second must become voiceless. If a sibilant follows a plosive, the plosive is dropped, and the sibilant becomes the corresponding affricate. When a plosive follows an affricate, the affricate becomes a sibilant, and a voiced plosive is devoiced. When a voiced plosive follows a sibilant, it is devoiced except in very slow and careful speech. In the central dialects of Basque, a sibilant turns into an affricate when it follows a liquid or a nasal. When a plosive follows a nasal, there is a strong tendency for it to become voiced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200816_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200816-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_and_pitch">Stress and pitch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Stress and pitch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language#Basque" title="Pitch-accent language">Pitch-accent language § Basque</a></div> <p>Basque features great dialectal variation in accentuation, from a weak <a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">pitch accent</a> in the western dialects to a marked stress in central and eastern dialects, with varying patterns of stress placement.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stress is in general not distinctive (and for historical comparisons not very useful); there are, however, a few instances where stress is phonemic, serving to distinguish between a few pairs of stress-marked words and between some grammatical forms (mainly plurals from other forms), e.g. <i>basóà</i> ("the forest", absolutive case) vs. <i>básoà</i> ("the glass", absolutive case; an adoption from Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">vaso</i></span>); <i>basóàk</i> ("the forest", ergative case) vs. <i>básoàk</i> ("the glass", ergative case) vs. <i>básoak</i> ("the forests" or "the glasses", absolutive case). </p><p>Given its great deal of variation among dialects, stress is not marked in the standard <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euskaltzaindia" title="Euskaltzaindia">Euskaltzaindia</a> (the Academy of the Basque Language) provides only general recommendations for a standard placement of stress, basically to place a high-pitched weak stress (weaker than that of Spanish, let alone that of English) on the second syllable of a <a href="/wiki/Syntagmatic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntagmatic structure">syntagma</a>, and a low-pitched even-weaker stress on its last syllable, except in plural forms where stress is moved to the first syllable. </p><p>This scheme provides Basque with a distinct musicality that differentiates its sound from the <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosodical</a> patterns of Spanish (which tends to stress the second-to-last syllable). Some <i>Euskaldun berriak</i> ("new Basque-speakers", i.e. second-language Basque-speakers) with Spanish as their first language tend to carry the prosodical patterns of Spanish into their pronunciation of Basque, e.g. pronouncing <i>nire ama</i> ("my mum") as <i>nire áma</i> (– – ´ –), instead of as <i>niré amà</i> (– ´ – `). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphophonology">Morphophonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Morphophonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The combining forms of nominals in final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-u/</span> vary across the regions of the Basque Country. The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> can stay unchanged, be lowered to an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span>, or it can be lost. Loss is most common in the east, while lowering is most common in the west. For instance, <i>buru</i>, "head", has the combining forms <i>buru-</i> and <i>bur-</i>, as in <i>buruko</i>, "cap", and <i>burko</i>, "pillow", whereas <i>katu</i>, "cat", has the combining form <i>kata-</i>, as in <i>katakume</i>, "kitten". Michelena suggests that the lowering to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is generalised from cases of Romance borrowings in Basque that retained Romance stem alternations, such as <i>kantu</i>, "song" with combining form <i>kanta-</i>, borrowed from Romance <i>canto</i>, <i>canta-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque grammar</a></div> <p>Basque is an <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergative–absolutive language</a>. The subject of an <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb">intransitive verb</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Absolutive_case" title="Absolutive case">absolutive case</a> (which is unmarked), and the same case is used for the <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a>. The subject of the transitive verb is marked differently, with the <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative case</a> (shown by the suffix <i>-k</i>). This also triggers main and auxiliary verbal agreement. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verb</a>, which accompanies most main verbs, agrees not only with the subject, but with any direct object and the indirect object present. Among European languages, this <a href="/wiki/Polypersonal_agreement" title="Polypersonal agreement">polypersonal agreement</a> is found only in Basque, some <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> (all non-Indo-European). The ergative–absolutive alignment is also rare among European languages—occurring only in some languages of the Caucasus—but not infrequent worldwide. </p><p>Consider the phrase: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fd\/Eu-Martinek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkit.oga\/Eu-Martinek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkit.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Martinek egunkariak erosten dizkit."},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eu-Martinek egunkariak erosten dizkit.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Eu-Martinek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkit.oga/Eu-Martinek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkit.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Martinek egunkariak erosten dizkit.</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Eu-Martinek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkit.oga" title="File:Eu-Martinek egunkariak erosten dizkit.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="eu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Martin-ek</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Martin-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="eu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">egunkari-ak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">newspaper-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="absolutive case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ABS</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="eu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">erosten</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buy-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="gerund" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GER</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="eu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">di-zki-t</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object(ive)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object(ive)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr>-me.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indirect object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IO</abbr>[<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr>_<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SBJ</abbr>]</p></div><p style="display: none;">Martin-ek egunkari-ak erosten di-zki-t</p><p style="display: none;">Martin-ERG newspaper-PL.ABS buy-GER AUX.3.OBJ-PL.OBJ-me.IO[3SG_SBJ]</p><p style="clear: left;">"Martin buys the newspapers for me."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><i>Martin-ek</i> is the agent (transitive subject), so it is marked with the ergative case ending <i>-k</i> (with an <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthetic</a> <i>-e-</i>). <i>Egunkariak</i> has an <i>-ak</i> ending, which marks plural object (plural absolutive, direct object case). The verb is <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">erosten dizkit</i></span>, in which <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">erosten</i></span> is a kind of gerund ("buying") and the auxiliary <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">dizkit</i></span> means "he/she (does) them for me". This <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">dizkit</i></span> can be split like this: </p> <ul><li><i>di-</i> is used in the present tense when the verb has a subject (ergative), a direct object (absolutive), and an indirect object, and the object is him/her/it/them.</li> <li><i>-zki-</i> means the absolutive (in this case the newspapers) is plural; if it were singular there would be no infix; and</li> <li><i>-t</i> or <i>-da-</i> means "to me/for me" (indirect object).</li> <li>in this instance there is no suffix after <i>-t</i>. A zero suffix in this position indicates that the ergative (the subject) is third person singular (he/she/it).</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:2em"><div><i><span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/Eu-Zuek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkidazue.oga\/Eu-Zuek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkidazue.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Zuek egunkariak erosten dizkidazue."},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Eu-Zuek egunkariak erosten dizkidazue.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/Eu-Zuek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkidazue.oga/Eu-Zuek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkidazue.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Zuek egunkariak erosten dizkidazue.</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Eu-Zuek_egunkariak_erosten_dizkidazue.oga" title="File:Eu-Zuek egunkariak erosten dizkidazue.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></i></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="eu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Zu-ek</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr>(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="eu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">egunkari-ak</p><p style="margin: 0px;">newspaper-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="eu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">erosten</p><p style="margin: 0px;">buy-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="gerund" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">GER</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="eu" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">di-zki-da-zue</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="auxiliary verb" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">AUX</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object(ive)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="object(ive)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OBJ</abbr>-me.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="indirect object" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">IO</abbr>-you(<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>).<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="subject" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SBJ</abbr></p></div><p style="display: none;">Zu-ek egunkari-ak erosten di-zki-da-zue</p><p style="display: none;">you-ERG(PL) newspaper-PL buy-GER AUX.3.OBJ-PL.OBJ-me.IO-you(PL).SBJ</p><p style="clear: left;">"You (plural) buy the newspapers for me."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>The auxiliary verb is composed as di-zki-da-zue and means 'you pl. (do) them for me' </p> <ul><li><i>di-</i> indicates that the main verb is transitive and in the present tense</li> <li><i>-zki-</i> indicates that the direct object is plural</li> <li><i>-da-</i> indicates that the indirect object is me (to me/for me; -t becomes -da- when not final)</li> <li><i>-zue</i> indicates that the subject is you (plural)</li></ul> <p>The pronoun <i>zuek</i> 'you (plural)' has the same form both in the nominative or absolutive case (the subject of an intransitive sentence or direct object of a transitive sentence) and in the ergative case (the subject of a transitive sentence). In spoken Basque, the auxiliary verb is never dropped even if it is redundant, e.g. <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">dizkidazue</i></span> in <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">zuek niri egunkariak erosten dizkidazue</i></span> 'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. However, the pronouns are almost always dropped, e.g. <i>zuek</i> in <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">egunkariak erosten dizkidazue</i></span> 'you (pl.) are buying the newspapers for me'. The pronouns are used only to show emphasis: <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">egunkariak zuek erosten dizkidazue</i></span> 'it is you (pl.) who buys the newspapers for me', or <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">egunkariak niri erosten dizkidazue</i></span> 'it is me for whom you buy the newspapers'. </p><p>Modern Basque dialects allow for the conjugation of about fifteen verbs, called synthetic verbs, some only in literary contexts. These can be put in the present and past tenses in the indicative and subjunctive moods, in three tenses in the conditional and potential moods, and in one tense in the imperative. Each verb that can be taken intransitively has a <i>nor</i> (absolutive) paradigm and possibly a <i>nor-nori</i> (absolutive–dative) paradigm, as in the sentence <i>Aititeri txapela erori zaio</i> ("The hat fell from grandfather['s head]").<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each verb that can be taken transitively uses those two paradigms for antipassive-voice contexts in which no agent is mentioned (Basque lacks a passive voice, and displays instead an <a href="/wiki/Antipassive_voice" title="Antipassive voice">antipassive voice</a> paradigm), and also has a <i>nor-nork</i> (absolutive–ergative) paradigm and possibly a <i>nor-nori-nork</i> (absolutive–dative–ergative) paradigm. This last is exemplified by <i>dizkidazue</i> above. In each paradigm, each constituent noun can take on any of eight persons, five singular and three plural, with the exception of <i>nor-nori-nork</i> in which the absolutive can only be third person singular or plural. The most ubiquitous auxiliary, <i>izan,</i> can be used in any of these paradigms, depending on the nature of the main verb. </p><p>There are more persons in the singular (5) than in the <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> (3) for synthetic (or filamentous) verbs because of the two familiar persons—<a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">informal</a> masculine and feminine second person singular. The pronoun <i>hi</i> is used for both of them, but where the masculine form of the verb uses a <i>-k</i>, the feminine uses an <i>-n.</i> This is a property rarely found in Indo-European languages. The entire paradigm of the verb is further augmented by inflecting for "listener" (the <a href="/wiki/Allocutive" class="mw-redirect" title="Allocutive">allocutive</a>) even if the verb contains no second person constituent. If the situation calls for the familiar masculine, the form is augmented and modified accordingly. Likewise for the familiar feminine. (<i>Gizon bat etorri da</i>, "a man has come"; <i>gizon bat etorri duk</i>, "a man has come [you are a male close friend]", <i>gizon bat etorri dun</i>, "a man has come [you are a female close friend]", <i>gizon bat etorri duzu</i>, "a man has come [I talk to you (Sir / Madam)]")<sup id="cite_ref-hitano_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hitano-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This multiplies the number of possible forms by nearly three. Still, the restriction on contexts in which these forms may be used is strong, since all participants in the conversation must be friends of the same sex, and not too far apart in age. Some dialects dispense with the familiar forms entirely. Note, however, that the formal second person singular conjugates in parallel to the other plural forms, perhaps indicating that it was originally the second person plural, later came to be used as a formal singular, and then later still the modern second person plural was formulated as an innovation. </p><p>All the other verbs in Basque are called periphrastic, behaving much like a participle would in English. These have only three forms in total, called <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspects</a>: perfect (various suffixes), habitual<sup id="cite_ref-ARKing_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARKing-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (suffix <i>-t[z]en</i>), and future/potential (suffix. <i>-ko/-go</i>). Verbs of Latinate origin in Basque, as well as many other verbs, have a suffix <i>-tu</i> in the perfect, adapted from the Latin perfect passive <i>-tus</i> suffix. The synthetic verbs also have periphrastic forms, for use in perfects and in simple tenses in which they are deponent. </p><p>Within a verb phrase, the periphrastic verb comes first, followed by the auxiliary. </p><p>A Basque noun-phrase is inflected in 17 different ways for case, multiplied by four ways for its definiteness and number (indefinite, definite singular, definite plural, and definite close plural: <i>euskaldun</i> [Basque speaker], <i>euskalduna</i> [the Basque speaker, a Basque speaker], <i>euskaldunak</i> [Basque speakers, the Basque speakers], and <i>euskaldunok</i> [we Basque speakers, those Basque speakers]). These first 68 forms are further modified based on other parts of the sentence, which in turn are inflected for the noun again. It has been estimated that, with two levels of <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursion</a>, a Basque noun may have 458,683 inflected forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgirreAlegriaArregiArtola1992_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgirreAlegriaArregiArtola1992-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Case </th> <th>Result </th> <th>meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>Ø </td> <td>etxe </td> <td>house </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>a </td> <td>etxea </td> <td>the house </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>ak </td> <td>etxeak </td> <td>the houses </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>a + ra </td> <td>etxera </td> <td>to the house </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>ak + ra </td> <td>etxeetara </td> <td>to the houses </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>a + tik </td> <td>etxetik </td> <td>from the house </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>ak + tik </td> <td>etxeetatik </td> <td>from the houses </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>a + (r)aino </td> <td>etxeraino </td> <td>until the house </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>ak + (r)aino </td> <td>etxeetaraino </td> <td>until the houses </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>a + n </td> <td>etxean </td> <td>in the house </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>ak + n </td> <td>etxeetan </td> <td>in the houses </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>a + ko </td> <td>etxeko </td> <td>of the house (belonging to) </td></tr> <tr> <td>etxe </td> <td>ak + ko </td> <td>etxeetako </td> <td>of the houses (belonging to) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The common noun "liburu" (book) is declined as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Case/Number </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Undetermined </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolutive" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolutive">Absolutive</a> </td> <td>liburu-a-Ø </td> <td>liburu-ak </td> <td>liburu-Ø </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative</a> </td> <td>liburu-a-k </td> <td>liburu-e-k </td> <td>liburu-k </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">Dative</a> </td> <td>liburu-a-ri </td> <td>liburu-e-i </td> <td>liburu-ri </td></tr> <tr> <td>Local <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </td> <td>liburu-ko </td> <td>liburu-e-ta-ko </td> <td>liburu-tako </td></tr> <tr> <td>Possessive <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </td> <td>liburu-a-ren </td> <td>liburu-e-n </td> <td>liburu-ren </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">Comitative</a> (with) </td> <td>liburu-a-rekin </td> <td>liburu-e-kin </td> <td>liburu-rekin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benefactive_case" title="Benefactive case">Benefactive</a> (for) </td> <td>liburu-a-rentzat </td> <td>liburu-e-ntzat </td> <td>liburu-rentzat </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Causal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal case">Causal</a> (because of) </td> <td>liburu-a-rengatik </td> <td>liburu-e-ngatik </td> <td>liburu-rengatik </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental</a> </td> <td>liburu-a-z </td> <td>liburu-etaz </td> <td>liburu-taz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inessive">Inessive</a> (in, on) </td> <td>liburu-a-n </td> <td>liburu-e-ta-n </td> <td>liburu-tan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">Ablative</a> (from) </td> <td>liburu-tik </td> <td>liburu-e-ta-tik </td> <td>liburu-tatik </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allative_case" title="Allative case">Allative</a> (where to: 'to') </td> <td>liburu-ra </td> <td>liburu-e-ta-ra </td> <td>liburu-tara </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Directive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Directive case (page does not exist)">Directive</a> ('towards') </td> <td>liburu-rantz </td> <td>liburu-e-ta-rantz </td> <td>liburu-tarantz </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">Terminative</a> (up to) </td> <td>liburu-raino </td> <td>liburu-e-ta-raino </td> <td>liburu-taraino </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prolative" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolative">Prolative</a> </td> <td>liburu-tzat </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Partitive" title="Partitive">Partitive</a> </td> <td>liburu-rik </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The proper name "Mikel" (Michael) is declined as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Case </th> <th>Result </th> <th>meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mikel </td> <td>(r)en </td> <td>Mikelen </td> <td>of Mikel </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mikel </td> <td>(r)engana </td> <td>Mikelengana </td> <td>to Mikel </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mikel </td> <td>(r)ekin </td> <td>Mikelekin </td> <td>with Mikel </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Within a noun phrase, modifying adjectives follow the noun. As an example of a Basque noun phrase, <i>etxe zaharrean</i> "in the old house" is morphologically analysed as follows by Agirre et al.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Word </th> <th>Form </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>etxe</i> </td> <td>noun </td> <td>house </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>zahar-</i> </td> <td>adjective </td> <td>old </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>-r-e-</i> </td> <td>epenthetical elements </td> <td>n/a </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>-a-</i> </td> <td>determinate, singular </td> <td>the </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>-n</i> </td> <td>inessive case </td> <td>in </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Basic syntactic construction is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (unlike Spanish, French or English where a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> construction is more common). The order of the phrases within a sentence can be changed for thematic purposes, whereas the order of the words within a phrase is usually rigid. As a matter of fact, Basque phrase order is topic–focus, meaning that in neutral sentences (such as sentences to inform someone of a fact or event) the <a href="/wiki/Topic_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Topic (linguistics)">topic</a> is stated first, then the <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">focus</a>. In such sentences, the verb phrase comes at the end. In brief, the focus directly precedes the verb phrase. This rule is also applied in questions, for instance, <i>What is this?</i> can be translated as <i>Zer da hau?</i> or <i>Hau zer da?</i>, but in both cases the question tag <i>zer</i> immediately precedes the verb <i>da</i>. This rule is so important in Basque that, even in grammatical descriptions of Basque in other languages, the Basque word <i>galdegai</i> (focus) is used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In negative sentences, the order changes. Since the negative particle <i>ez</i> must always directly precede the auxiliary, the topic most often comes beforehand, and the rest of the sentence follows. This includes the periphrastic, if there is one: <i>Aitak frantsesa irakasten du,</i> "Father teaches French", in the negative becomes <i>Aitak ez du frantsesa irakasten,</i> in which <i>irakasten</i> ("teaching") is separated from its auxiliary and placed at the end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through contact with neighbouring peoples, Basque has adopted many words from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gascon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gascon language">Gascon</a>, among other languages. There are a considerable number of Latin loans (sometimes obscured by being subject to Basque phonology and grammar for centuries), for example: <i>lore</i> ("flower", from <i>florem</i>), <i>errota</i> ("mill", from <i>rotam</i>, "[mill] wheel"), <i>gela</i> ("room", from <i>cellam</i>), <i>gauza</i> ("thing", from <i>causa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Basque_alphabet" title="Basque alphabet">Basque alphabet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascain_St%C3%A8le_disco%C3%AFdale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ascain_St%C3%A8le_disco%C3%AFdale.jpg/220px-Ascain_St%C3%A8le_disco%C3%AFdale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ascain_St%C3%A8le_disco%C3%AFdale.jpg/330px-Ascain_St%C3%A8le_disco%C3%AFdale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ascain_St%C3%A8le_disco%C3%AFdale.jpg/440px-Ascain_St%C3%A8le_disco%C3%AFdale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>An example of Basque lettering in a funerary stela</figcaption></figure> <p>Basque is written using the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> including <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>⟩</span> and sometimes <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%87" title="Ç">ç</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span>. Basque does not use <span class="nowrap">⟨c, q, v, w, y⟩</span> for native words, but the Basque alphabet (established by <a href="/wiki/Euskaltzaindia" title="Euskaltzaindia">Euskaltzaindia</a>) does include them for loanwords:<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>⟨Aa, Bb, Cc, (and, as a variant, Çç), Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Hh, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Ññ, Oo, Pp, Qq, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Vv, Ww, Xx, Yy, Zz⟩</dd></dl> <p>The phonetically meaningful <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨dd, ll, <a href="/wiki/Rr_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rr (digraph)">rr</a>, ts, tt, tx, tz⟩</span> are treated as pairs of letters. </p><p>All letters and digraphs represent unique <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a>. The main exception is when <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> precedes <span class="nowrap">⟨l⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, which in most dialects palatalises their sounds into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%CA%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ʎ">ʎ</a>/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/%C6%9D" title="Ɲ">ɲ</a>/</span>, even if these are not written. Hence, <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu"><a href="/wiki/Ikurri%C3%B1a" title="Ikurriña">Ikurriña</a></i></span> can also be written <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Ikurrina</i></span> without changing the sound, whereas the proper name <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Ainhoa</i></span> requires the mute <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> to break the palatalisation of the <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basquefontsample.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Basquefontsample.png/220px-Basquefontsample.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Basquefontsample.png/330px-Basquefontsample.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Basquefontsample.png 2x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="109" /></a><figcaption>The letters of the alphabet in a Basque style font</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span> is mute in most regions, but it is pronounced in many places in the north-east, the main reason for its existence in the Basque alphabet. Its acceptance was a matter of contention during the standardisation process because the speakers of the most extended dialects had to learn where to place <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>, silent for them. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sabino_Arana" title="Sabino Arana">Sabino Arana</a>'s (1865–1903) alphabet,<sup id="cite_ref-Arana_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arana-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> digraphs <span class="nowrap">⟨ll⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨rr⟩</span> were replaced with <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ĺ">ĺ</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%C5%94" title="Ŕ">ŕ</a>⟩</span>, respectively. </p><p>A typically Basque style of lettering is sometimes used for inscriptions. It derives from the work of stone and wood carvers and is characterised by thick <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serifs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_system_used_by_millers">Number system used by millers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Number system used by millers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Errotarienzenbakiak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Errotarienzenbakiak.jpg/220px-Errotarienzenbakiak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Errotarienzenbakiak.jpg/330px-Errotarienzenbakiak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Errotarienzenbakiak.jpg/440px-Errotarienzenbakiak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>An example of the number system employed by millers</figcaption></figure> <p>Basque millers traditionally employed a separate number system of unknown origin.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this system the symbols are arranged either along a vertical line or horizontally. On the vertical line the single digits and <a href="/wiki/Fraction_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraction (mathematics)">fractions</a> are usually off to one side, usually at the top. When used horizontally, the smallest units are usually on the right and the largest on the left. As with the Basque system of counting in general, it is <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">vigesimal</a> (base 20). Although it is in theory capable of indicating numbers above 100, most recorded examples do not go above 100. Fractions are relatively common, especially <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>. </p><p>The exact systems used vary from area to area but generally follow the same principle with 5 usually being a diagonal line or a curve off the vertical line (a <b>V</b> shape is used when writing a 5 horizontally). Units of ten are usually a horizontal line through the vertical. The twenties are based on a circle with intersecting lines. This system is no longer in general use but is occasionally employed for decorative purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="13" data-mwtitle="GEAU_(euskaraz).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:GEAU_(euskaraz).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/GEAU_%28euskaraz%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/GEAU_%28euskaraz%29.ogg/GEAU_%28euskaraz%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Basque pronunciation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_1_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights">Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><i>Gizon-emakume guztiak aske jaiotzen dira, duintasun eta eskubide berberak dituztela; eta ezaguera eta kontzientzia dutenez gero, elkarren artean senide legez jokatu beharra dute.</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Basque pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="eu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">[ɡis̻onemakume<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡus̻tiak<span class="wrap"> </span>as̺ke<span class="wrap"> </span>jajots̻en<span class="wrap"> </span>diɾa<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>duintas̺un<span class="wrap"> </span>eta<span class="wrap"> </span>es̺kubide<span class="wrap"> </span>berbeɾak<span class="wrap"> </span>ditus̻tela<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>eta<span class="wrap"> </span>es̻aɡueɾa<span class="wrap"> </span>eta<span class="wrap"> </span>konts̻ients̻ia<span class="wrap"> </span>dutenes̻<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡeɾo<span class="wrap"> </span>|<span class="wrap"> </span>elkaren<span class="wrap"> </span>artean<span class="wrap"> </span>s̺enide<span class="wrap"> </span>leges̻<span class="wrap"> </span>jokatu<span class="wrap"> </span>be(h)ara<span class="wrap"> </span>dute]</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esklabu_erremintaria"><span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Esklabu erremintaria</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Esklabu erremintaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><i><b>Esklabu erremintaria</b></i> <br /><i>Sartaldeko oihanetan gatibaturik</i> <br /><i>Erromara ekarri zinduten, esklabua,</i> <br /><i>erremintari ofizioa eman zizuten</i> <br /><i>eta kateak egiten dituzu.</i> <br /><i>Labetik ateratzen duzun burdin goria</i> <br /><i>nahieran molda zenezake,</i> <br /><i>ezpatak egin ditzakezu</i> <br /><i>zure herritarrek kateak hauts ditzaten,</i> <br /><i>baina zuk, esklabu horrek,</i> <br /><i>kateak egiten dituzu, kate gehiago.</i> </p> </td> <td> <p><i><b>IPA pronunciation</b></i> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̺artaldeko<span class="wrap"> </span>oi(h)anetan<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡatibatuɾik</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eromaɾa<span class="wrap"> </span>ekari<span class="wrap"> </span>s̻induten<span class="wrap"> </span>es̺klabua</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eremintaɾi<span class="wrap"> </span>ofis̻ioa<span class="wrap"> </span>eman<span class="wrap"> </span>s̻is̻uten</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eta<span class="wrap"> </span>kateak<span class="wrap"> </span>eɡiten<span class="wrap"> </span>ditus̻u</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">labetik<span class="wrap"> </span>ateɾats̻en<span class="wrap"> </span>dus̻un<span class="wrap"> </span>burdin<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡoɾia</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">na(h)ieɾan<span class="wrap"> </span>molda<span class="wrap"> </span>s̻enes̻ake</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">es̻patak<span class="wrap"> </span>eɡin<span class="wrap"> </span>dits̻akes̻u</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s̻uɾe<span class="wrap"> </span>(h)eritarek<span class="wrap"> </span>kateak<span class="wrap"> </span>(h)auts̺<span class="wrap"> </span>dits̻aten</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">baina<span class="wrap"> </span>s̻uk<span class="wrap"> </span>es̺klabu<span class="wrap"> </span>(h)orek</span> <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kateak<span class="wrap"> </span>eɡiten<span class="wrap"> </span>ditus̻u<span class="wrap"> </span>kate<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡe(h)iaɡo</span> </p> </td> <td> <p><b>The blacksmith slave</b> <br />Captive in the rainforests of the West <br />they brought you to Rome, slave, <br />they gave you the blacksmith work <br />and you make chains. <br />The incandescent iron you take out of the oven <br />can be adapted as you wish, <br />you could make swords <br />so your people could break the chains, <br />but you, o, slave, <br />you make chains, more chains. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseba_Sarrionandia" class="extiw" title="eu:Joseba Sarrionandia">Joseba Sarrionandia</a> </td> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Joseba_Sarrionandia" title="Joseba Sarrionandia">Joseba Sarrionandia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_video_gallery">Language video gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Language video gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm/120px--WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="408" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/77/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Jon_speaking_Basque.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Basque speaker</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm/120px--WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="550" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Txeli_speaking_Basque.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Basque speaker, recorded in Basque Country, Spain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm/120px--WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="120" height="68" data-durationhint="229" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Iñaki_speaking_Basque.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7b/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm/WIKITONGUES-_I%C3%B1aki_speaking_Basque.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Basque speaker, recorded during Wikimania 2019</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_dialects" title="Basque dialects">Basque dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_languages" title="Vasconic languages">Vasconic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Basques" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Basques">List of Basques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(historical_territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque Country (historical territory)">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Basquisation" title="Late Basquisation">Late Basquisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ideophones_in_Basque" title="List of ideophones in Basque">List of ideophones in Basque</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Basque_Swadesh_list" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Basque Swadesh list">Wiktionary: Swadesh list of Basque words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_literature" title="Basque literature">Basque literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-basquetribune-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-basquetribune_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-basquetribune_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-basquetribune_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-basquetribune_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-basquetribune_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-basquetribune_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://basquetribune.com/the-basque-language-gains-speakers-but-no-surge-in-usage/">"The Basque Language Gains Speakers, but No Surge in Usage – Basque Tribune"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Basque+Language+Gains+Speakers%2C+but+No+Surge+in+Usage+%E2%80%93+Basque+Tribune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbasquetribune.com%2Fthe-basque-language-gains-speakers-but-no-surge-in-usage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inkesta2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inkesta2016_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf">VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114111/http://www.mintzaira.fr/fileadmin/documents/Aktualitateak/015_VI_ENQUETE_PB__Fr.pdf">Archived</a> 21 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2016).)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Basque)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.euskadi.net/euskara_lingua/PDF/Euskadi/EU_EU_SO.pdf">Egoera soziolinguistikoa</a>, Euskal Herriko Soziolinguistikazko II. Inkesta (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Basque)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berria.eus/paperekoa/2117/020/003/2016-12-02/berezko-hiztunak.htm">Berezko hiztunak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berria" title="Berria">Berria.eus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The data is the most recent available: <ul><li>from 2016 for <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lava" title="Álava">Álava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gipuzkoa" title="Gipuzkoa">Gipuzkoa</a> (VI Mapa Sociolingüístico, 2016, Basque Government)</li> <li>from 2018 for <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a> (Datos sociolingüísticos de Navarra, 2018, Government of Navarre)</li> <li>from 2016 for <a href="/wiki/Labourd" title="Labourd">Labourd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Navarre" title="Lower Navarre">Lower Navarre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soule" title="Soule">Soule</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mintzaira.fr/fr/la-langue-basque/situation-socio-linguistique.html">L'enquête sociolinguistique de 2016</a>, Mintzaira)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Basque" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Basque">"Basque"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Basque&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DBasque&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bæsk]</span> US; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bask]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bɑːsk]</span> UK</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorzucki2018" class="citation news cs1">Porzucki, Nina (16 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theworld.org/stories/2018-05-16/how-has-basque-language-survived">"How the Basque language has survived"</a>. <i>The World from PRX</i>. theworld.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+from+PRX&rft.atitle=How+the+Basque+language+has+survived&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.aulast=Porzucki&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheworld.org%2Fstories%2F2018-05-16%2Fhow-has-basque-language-survived&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santiago de Pablo, "Lengua e identidad nacional en el País Vasco: Del franquismo a la democracia". In 'Le discours sur les langues d'Espagne : Edition français-espagnol', Christian Lagarde ed, Perpignan: Presses Universitaires de Perpignan, 2009, pp. 53-64, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Jose Carlos Herreras, Actas XVI Congreso AIH. José Carlos HERRERAS. Políticas de normalización lingüística en la España democrática", 2007, p. 2. Reproduced in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/aih/pdf/16/aih_16_2_021.pdf">https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/aih/pdf/16/aih_16_2_021.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "Articulo 1, Orden Ministerial Sobre el Registro Civil, 18 de mayo de 1938". Reproduced in Jordi Busquets, "Casi Tres Siglos de Imposicion", 'El Pais' online, 29 April 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://elpais.com/diario/2001/04/29/cultura/988495201_850215.html">https://elpais.com/diario/2001/04/29/cultura/988495201_850215.html</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Communicacion No. 2486, Negociado 4, Excelentisimo Gobierno Civil de Vizcaya, 27 Octubre de 1949". A letter of acknowledgement from the archive of the Alcaldia de Guernica y Lumo, 2 November 2941, is reproduced in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/">https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420121914/https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/">Archived</a> 20 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example the letter from the Military Commander of Las Arenas, Biscay, dated 21 October 1938, acknowledging a fine for the public use of a Basque first name on the streets of Las Arenas, reproduced in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/">https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420121914/https://radiorecuperandomemoria.com/2017/05/31/la-prohibicion-del-euskera-en-el-franquismo/">Archived</a> 20 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/francisco-franco">"Francisco Franco"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. A&E Television Networks. 9 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Francisco+Franco&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fworld-war-ii%2Ffrancisco-franco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1979" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Robert (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basquesfrancoyea00clar_0"><i>The Basques: the Franco years and beyond</i></a></span>. Reno: University of Nevada Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-874-17057-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-874-17057-5"><bdi>0-874-17057-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basques%3A+the+Franco+years+and+beyond&rft.place=Reno&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-874-17057-5&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasquesfrancoyea00clar_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609175117/http://consejoescolar.educacion.navarra.es/attachments/article/368/Informe%20del%20Sistema%20Educativo%20en%20Navarra%202011-2012.pdf">"Navarrese Educational System. Report 2011/2012"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Navarrese Educative Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consejoescolar.educacion.navarra.es/attachments/article/368/Informe%20del%20Sistema%20Educativo%20en%20Navarra%202011-2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navarrese+Educational+System.+Report+2011%2F2012&rft.pub=Navarrese+Educative+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconsejoescolar.educacion.navarra.es%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F368%2FInforme%2520del%2520Sistema%2520Educativo%2520en%2520Navarra%25202011-2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker_1988-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakker_1988_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Basque Pidgin Vocabulary in European-Algonquian Trade Contacts." In Papers of the Nineteenth Algonquian Conference, edited by William Cowan, pp. 7–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/download/967/851/0">https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/download/967/851/0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trask-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trask_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Trask" title="Larry Trask">Trask, R.L.</a> (1997). <i>The History of Basque</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2"><bdi>0-415-13116-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Basque&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-13116-2&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltConsulta?TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=vascuence">"Diccionario de la lengua española"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscon.rae.es%2FdraeI%2FSrvltConsulta%3FTIPO_BUS%3D3%26LEMA%3Dvascuence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1983" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, J (1983). <i>A History of Medieval Spain</i>. Cornell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801492648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801492648"><bdi>978-0801492648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Spain&rft.pub=Cornell+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0801492648&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society</i>, volumes 52–56 (1942), page 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly Lipscomb, <i>Spain</i> (2005), page 457</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgirrezabal2010" class="citation book cs1">Agirrezabal, Lore (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ehu.eus/documents/3120344/3356416/The+Basque+Experience.pdf/85ea53f1-45ff-49c0-b92f-365c7f850cb5?t=1420475539000"><i>The basque experience : some keys to language and identity recovery</i></a>. Eskoriatza, Gipuzkoa: Garabide Elkartea. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-613-6835-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-613-6835-8"><bdi>978-84-613-6835-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+basque+experience+%3A+some+keys+to+language+and+identity+recovery&rft.place=Eskoriatza%2C+Gipuzkoa&rft.pub=Garabide+Elkartea&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-84-613-6835-8&rft.aulast=Agirrezabal&rft.aufirst=Lore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehu.eus%2Fdocuments%2F3120344%2F3356416%2FThe%2BBasque%2BExperience.pdf%2F85ea53f1-45ff-49c0-b92f-365c7f850cb5%3Ft%3D1420475539000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlegriaSarasola2017" class="citation book cs1">Alegria, Iñaki; Sarasola, Kepa (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ixa.si.ehu.eus/node/11357"><i>Language technology for language communities: An overview based on our experience. In: FEL XXI : communities in control : learning tools and strategies for multilingual endangered language communities : proceedings of the 21st FEL Conference, 19-21 October 2017</i></a>. Hungerford, England: Foundation for Endangered Languages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9560210-9-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9560210-9-0"><bdi>978-0-9560210-9-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+technology+for+language+communities%3A+An+overview+based+on+our+experience.+In%3A+FEL+XXI+%3A+communities+in+control+%3A+learning+tools+and+strategies+for+multilingual+endangered+language+communities+%3A+proceedings+of+the+21st+FEL+Conference%2C+19-21+October+2017&rft.place=Hungerford%2C+England&rft.pub=Foundation+for+Endangered+Languages&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-9560210-9-0&rft.aulast=Alegria&rft.aufirst=I%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Sarasola%2C+Kepa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fixa.si.ehu.eus%2Fnode%2F11357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orduña 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Ignacio Hualde, Joseba Lakarra, Robert Lawrence Trask (1995), <i>Towards a history of the Basque language</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3634-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-3634-8">90-272-3634-8</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Natela Sturua (1991), <i>On the Basque-Caucasian Hypothesis</i> Studia Linguistica 45:1-2. Scandinavian University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lENVpwAACAAJ"><i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology and Myth</i></a>. Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language%2C+Archaeology+and+Myth&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlENVpwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/mt26s.html">A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1</a> (John D. Bengston).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForni2013" class="citation journal cs1">Forni, Gianfranco (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3801960">"Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language"</a>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (1 & 2): 39–180<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Basque+as+an+Indo-European+Language&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=39-180&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Forni&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3801960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForni2013" class="citation journal cs1">Forni, Gianfranco (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3801960">"Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language: A Reply to the Critics"</a>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>: 268–310<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Basque+as+an+Indo-European+Language%3A+A+Reply+to+the+Critics&rft.pages=268-310&rft.date=2013-01&rft.aulast=Forni&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3801960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassian2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kassian, Alexander (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3811354">"On Forni's Basque–Indo-European Hypothesis"</a>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (1 & 2): 181–201<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=On+Forni%27s+Basque%E2%80%93Indo-European+Hypothesis&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=181-201&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kassian&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3811354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorrochateguiLakarra2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gorrochategui, Joaquín; Lakarra, Joseba A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4689618">"Why Basque cannot be, unfortunately, an Indo-European language?"</a>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (1 & 2): 203–237<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Basque+cannot+be%2C+unfortunately%2C+an+Indo-European+language%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=203-237&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Gorrochategui&rft.aufirst=Joaqu%C3%ADn&rft.au=Lakarra%2C+Joseba+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4689618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrósper2013" class="citation journal cs1">Prósper, Blanca María (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2020451">"Is Basque an Indo-European language? Possibilities and limits of the comparative method when applied to isolates"</a>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (1 & 2): 238–245<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+Basque+an+Indo-European+language%3F+Possibilities+and+limits+of+the+comparative+method+when+applied+to+isolates&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=238-245&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B3sper&rft.aufirst=Blanca+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2020451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengtson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bengtson, John D. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euskararenjatorria.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/02Bengtson-JIES.pdf">"Comments on "Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European Language" by Gianfranco Forni"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (1 & 2): 246–254. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://euskararenjatorria.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/02Bengtson-JIES.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Comments+on+%22Evidence+for+Basque+as+an+Indo-European+Language%22+by+Gianfranco+Forni&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=246-254&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bengtson&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuskararenjatorria.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2F02Bengtson-JIES.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Koch, John T. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4029770">"Is Basque an Indo-European Language?"</a>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>41</b> (1 & 2): 255–267<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Is+Basque+an+Indo-European+Language%3F&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=255-267&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4029770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakarra2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lakarra, Joseba A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38017762">"Prehistoria de la lengua vasca"</a>. In Gorrochategui Iván Igartua, Joaquín; Igartua, Iván; Lakarra, Joseba A. (eds.). <i>Historia de la lengua vasca</i> [<i>History of the Basque language</i>] (in Spanish). Vitoria-Gasteiz: Gobierno Vasco<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prehistoria+de+la+lengua+vasca&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+lengua+vasca&rft.place=Vitoria-Gasteiz&rft.pub=Gobierno+Vasco&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lakarra&rft.aufirst=Joseba+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38017762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuazo2010">Zuazo 2010</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZuazo201017-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZuazo201017_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuazo2010">Zuazo 2010</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuazo2012" class="citation book cs1">Zuazo, Koldo (2012). <i>Arabako euskara</i>. Andoain (Gipuzkoa): Elkar. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-15337-72-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-15337-72-0"><bdi>978-84-15337-72-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabako+euskara&rft.place=Andoain+%28Gipuzkoa%29&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Elkar&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-84-15337-72-0&rft.aulast=Zuazo&rft.aufirst=Koldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The first telegraph message in Basque was sent by <a href="/wiki/Teodoro_de_Arana_y_Bel%C3%A1ustegui" title="Teodoro de Arana y Beláustegui">Teodoro de Arana y Beláustegui</a>, at the time a deputy to the Cortes from Gipuzkoa, to Ondarroa; it read: <span title="Basque-language text"><i lang="eu">Aitorreu hizcuntz ederrean nere lagun eta erritarrai bistz barrengo eroipenac</i></span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> heartfelt regards to my friends and compatriots in the wonderful language of Aitor</span>), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prensahistorica.mcu.es/es/catalogo%20imagenes/grupo.do?path=3043892&posicion=2&presentacion=pagina">Diario de Reus</a></i> 26.06.04</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620064544/http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/es/constitucion/Paginas/ConstitucionIngles.aspx#I2">"Spanish Constitution"</a>. Spanish Constitutional Court. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/es/constitucion/Paginas/ConstitucionIngles.aspx#I2">the original</a> on 20 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Constitution&rft.pub=Spanish+Constitutional+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribunalconstitucional.es%2Fes%2Fconstitucion%2FPaginas%2FConstitucionIngles.aspx%23I2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706214023/http://www.diariodenavarra.es/20110217/navarra/el-parlamento-rechaza-ley-hacer-oficial-euskera-toda-navarra.html?not=2011021711344312&idnot=2011021711344312&dia=20110217&seccion=navarra&seccion2=politica&chnl=10">"Navarrese Parliament rejects to grant Basque Language co-official status in Spanish-speaking areas by suppressing the linguistic delimitation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Diario_de_Navarra" title="Diario de Navarra">Diario de Navarra</a>. 16 February 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diariodenavarra.es/20110217/navarra/el-parlamento-rechaza-ley-hacer-oficial-euskera-toda-navarra.html?not=2011021711344312&idnot=2011021711344312&dia=20110217&seccion=navarra&seccion2=politica&chnl=10">the original</a> on 6 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navarrese+Parliament+rejects+to+grant+Basque+Language+co-official+status+in+Spanish-speaking+areas+by+suppressing+the+linguistic+delimitation&rft.pub=Diario+de+Navarra&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariodenavarra.es%2F20110217%2Fnavarra%2Fel-parlamento-rechaza-ley-hacer-oficial-euskera-toda-navarra.html%3Fnot%3D2011021711344312%26idnot%3D2011021711344312%26dia%3D20110217%26seccion%3Dnavarra%26seccion2%3Dpolitica%26chnl%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InkestaVI-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InkestaVI_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InkestaVI_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>VI. Inkesta Soziolinguistikoa</i> Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InkestaIV-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InkestaIV_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InkestaIV_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InkestaIV_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-InkestaIV_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sixth Sociolinguistic Survey</i> Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-457-3502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-457-3502-2">978-84-457-3502-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>V. Inkesta Soziolinguistikoa</i> Gobierno Vasco, Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-457-3303-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-457-3303-5">978-84-457-3303-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Nina M. (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/gbl/vol12/iss1/10/">"Basque Studies: Commerce, Heritage, And A Language Less Commonly Taught, But Whole-Heartedly Celebrated"</a>. <i>Global Business Languages</i>. <b>12</b>: 10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/85685222">85685222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Business+Languages&rft.atitle=Basque+Studies%3A+Commerce%2C+Heritage%2C+And+A+Language+Less+Commonly+Taught%2C+But+Whole-Heartedly+Celebrated&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Nina+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.purdue.edu%2Fgbl%2Fvol12%2Fiss1%2F10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuazo2010-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zuazo2010_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZuazo2010">Zuazo 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuazo2003-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zuazo2003_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuazo2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zuazo, Koldo (2003). <i>Euskalkiak. Herriaren lekukoak</i> [<i>Dialects. People's witnesses</i>] (in Basque). Elkar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788497830614" title="Special:BookSources/9788497830614"><bdi>9788497830614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euskalkiak.+Herriaren+lekukoak&rft.pub=Elkar&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788497830614&rft.aulast=Zuazo&rft.aufirst=Koldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorominas1960" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corominas, Joan (1960). "La toponymie hispanique prérromane et la survivance du basque jusqu'au bas moyen age" [Pre-Romanesque Hispanic toponymy and the survival of Basque until the late Middle Ages]. <i>IV Congrès International de Sciences Onomastiques</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IV+Congr%C3%A8s+International+de+Sciences+Onomastiques&rft.atitle=La+toponymie+hispanique+pr%C3%A9rromane+et+la+survivance+du+basque+jusqu%27au+bas+moyen+age&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Corominas&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorominas1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corominas, Joan (1965). <i>Estudis de toponímia catalana, I</i> [<i>Studies of Catalan toponymy, I</i>] (in Catalan). Barcino. pp. 153–217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7226-080-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7226-080-1"><bdi>978-84-7226-080-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estudis+de+topon%C3%ADmia+catalana%2C+I&rft.pages=153-217&rft.pub=Barcino&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-84-7226-080-1&rft.aulast=Corominas&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorominas1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corominas, Joan (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv12.2">"De toponimia vasca y vasco-románica en los Bajos Pirineos"</a> [Basque and Basque-Romanesque toponymy in the Low Pyrenees]. <i>Fontes Linguae Vasconum: Studia et Documenta</i> (in Spanish) (12): 299–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.35462%2Fflv12.2">10.35462/flv12.2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0046-435X">0046-435X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fontes+Linguae+Vasconum%3A+Studia+et+Documenta&rft.atitle=De+toponimia+vasca+y+vasco-rom%C3%A1nica+en+los+Bajos+Pirineos&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=299-320&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.35462%2Fflv12.2&rft.issn=0046-435X&rft.aulast=Corominas&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.35462%252Fflv12.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohlfs, Gerhard (1980), Le Gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne. <i>Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie</i> 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrigoyen1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Irigoyen, Alfonso (1986). <i>En torno a la toponimia vasca y circumpirenaica</i> [<i>About Basque and circum-Pyrenean toponymy</i>] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Deusto" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Deusto">Universidad de Deusto</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=En+torno+a+la+toponimia+vasca+y+circumpirenaica&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Deusto&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Irigoyen&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCECH-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DCECH_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorominasPascual1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980). "izquierdo". <i>Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico</i> (in Spanish) (2.ª reimpresión (marzo de 1989) ed.). Madrid: Gredos. pp. 469–472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-1365-5" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-1365-5"><bdi>84-249-1365-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=izquierdo&rft.btitle=Diccionario+cr%C3%ADtico+etimol%C3%B3gico+castellano+e+hisp%C3%A1nico&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pages=469-472&rft.edition=2.%C2%AA+reimpresi%C3%B3n+%28marzo+de+1989%29&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=84-249-1365-5&rft.aulast=Corominas&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Pascual%2C+Jos%C3%A9+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varela Pose, F.J. (2004)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/11389664/articulos/MADR0404110113A.PDF"><i>O latín dos canteiros en Cabana de Bergantiños</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100403084106/http://revistas.ucm.es/fll/11389664/articulos/MADR0404110113A.PDF">Archived</a> 3 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (pdf)<a href="/wiki/Universidad_Complutense_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Complutense de Madrid">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</a>. Retrieved 11 June 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olaetxe-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olaetxe_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olaetxe, J. Mallea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://basque.unr.edu/09/9.3/9.3.51t/9.3.51.03.mexico.htm">"The Basques in the Mexican Regions: 16th–20th Centuries."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100609204547/http://basque.unr.edu/09/9.3/9.3.51t/9.3.51.03.mexico.htm">Archived</a> 9 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Basque Studies Program Newsletter</i> No. 51 (1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgirrezabal2003-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgirrezabal2003_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgirrezabal2003">Agirrezabal 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glossaria-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glossaria_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deen 1937.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakker1987-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakker1987_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakker1987">Bakker 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20084-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20084_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200817-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200817_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20085_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20087–8-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20087–8_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20088–9-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20088–9_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20089–10-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20089–10_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trask, R. L. (1997). <i>The History of Basque</i>, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 155–157, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2">0-415-13116-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trask, <i>The History of Basque</i>, pp. 157–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20088-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20088_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20086-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk20086_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200813-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200813_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200814_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010119-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010119_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010119_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010">Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri 2010</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010113,_119,_121-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010113,_119,_121_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010">Hualde, Lujanbio & Zubiri 2010</a>, p. 113, 119, 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200815-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200815_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200815_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200816-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Rijk200816_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Rijk2008">de Rijk 2008</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualde1986" class="citation journal cs1">Hualde, J.I. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418225614/http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/ASJU/article/viewFile/7813/7007">"Tone and Stress in Basque: A Preliminary Survey"</a>. <i>Anuario del Seminario Julio de Urquijo</i>. <b>XX</b> (3): 867–896. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/ASJU/article/viewFile/7813/7007">the original</a> on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anuario+del+Seminario+Julio+de+Urquijo&rft.atitle=Tone+and+Stress+in+Basque%3A+A+Preliminary+Survey&rft.volume=XX&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=867-896&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=J.I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehu.eus%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2FASJU%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F7813%2F7007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualde1991" class="citation book cs1">Hualde, Jose Ignacio (1991). <i>Basque Phonology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05655-7"><bdi>978-0-415-05655-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basque+Phonology&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05655-7&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jose+Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/grammar/gram42.htm#1.4.2.2.%20%20Potential%20paradigms:%20absolut">"(Basque) INFLECTION §1.4.2.2. Potential paradigms: absolutive and dative"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28Basque%29+INFLECTION+%C2%A71.4.2.2.+Potential+paradigms%3A+absolutive+and+dative.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehu.es%2Fgrammar%2Fgram42.htm%231.4.2.2.%2520%2520Potential%2520paradigms%3A%2520absolut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hitano-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hitano_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiru.com/es/euskara/euskara_01550.html">Aspecto, tiempo y modo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070202040539/http://www.hiru.com/es/euskara/euskara_01550.html">Archived</a> 2 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Spanish, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011536/http://www.hiru.com/eu/euskara/euskara_01550.html">Aditzen aspektua, tempusa eta modua</a> in Basque.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARKing-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARKing_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1994">King 1994</a>, p. 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgirreAlegriaArregiArtola1992-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgirreAlegriaArregiArtola1992_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgirreAlegriaArregiArtola1992">Agirre et al. 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgirreAlegriaArregiArtola1992" class="citation book cs1">Agirre, E.; Alegria, I.; Arregi, X.; Artola, X.; De Ilarraza, A. Díaz; Maritxalar, M.; Sarasola, K.; Urkia, M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/A92-1016/">"XUXEN: A Spelling Checker/Corrector for Basque Based on Two-Level Morphology"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Third Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing</i>. pp. 119–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3115%2F974499.974520">10.3115/974499.974520</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1844637">1844637</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XUXEN%3A+A+Spelling+Checker%2FCorrector+for+Basque+Based+on+Two-Level+Morphology&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Third+Conference+on+Applied+Natural+Language+Processing&rft.pages=119-125&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3115%2F974499.974520&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1844637%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Agirre&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Alegria%2C+I.&rft.au=Arregi%2C+X.&rft.au=Artola%2C+X.&rft.au=De+Ilarraza%2C+A.+D%C3%ADaz&rft.au=Maritxalar%2C+M.&rft.au=Sarasola%2C+K.&rft.au=Urkia%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclweb.org%2Fanthology%2FA92-1016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualdeLakarraTrask1996" class="citation book cs1">Hualde, José Ignacio; Lakarra, Joseba A.; Trask, R. L. (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5TdIAAAAQBAJ"><i>Towards a History of the Basque Language</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8567-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-8567-6"><bdi>978-90-272-8567-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+History+of+the+Basque+Language&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1996-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-272-8567-6&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rft.au=Lakarra%2C+Joseba+A.&rft.au=Trask%2C+R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5TdIAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskaltzaindia.net/arauak/dok/Araua_0017.pdf">"Basque alphabet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basque+alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euskaltzaindia.net%2Farauak%2Fdok%2FAraua_0017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arana-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arana_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Lecciones de ortografía del euskera bizkaino</i>, Arana eta Goiri'tar Sabin, Bilbao, Bizkaya'ren Edestija ta Izkerea Pizkundia, 1896 (Sebastián de Amorrortu).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aguirre Sorondo <i>Tratado de Molinología – Los Molinos de Guipúzcoa</i> Eusko Ikaskuntza 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-86240-66-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-86240-66-2">84-86240-66-2</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_descriptive_grammars">General and descriptive grammars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General and descriptive grammars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allières, Jacques (1979): <i>Manuel pratique de basque</i>, "Connaissance des langues" v. 13, A. & J. Picard (Paris), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7084-0038-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-7084-0038-X">2-7084-0038-X</a>.</li> <li>de Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María (1969): <i>Morfología vasca.</i> La Gran enciclopedia vasca, Bilbao 1969.</li> <li>Campion, Arturo (1884): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gramticadeloscu02campgoog">Gramática de los cuatro dialectos literarios de la lengua euskara</a></i>, Tolosa.</li> <li>Euskara Institutua (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)</a>), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sareko Euskal Gramatika, SEG <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/seg/">Aurkezpena [Sareko Euskal Gramatika]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Hualde" title="José Ignacio Hualde">Hualde, José Ignacio</a> & Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (eds.): <i>A Grammar of Basque</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017683-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017683-1">3-11-017683-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_R._King" title="Alan R. King">King, Alan R.</a> (1994). <i>The Basque Language: A Practical Introduction</i>. Reno: University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87417-155-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87417-155-5"><bdi>0-87417-155-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basque+Language%3A+A+Practical+Introduction&rft.place=Reno&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-87417-155-5&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Alan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lafitte_Ithurralde" title="Pierre Lafitte Ithurralde">Lafitte, Pierre</a> (1962): <i>Grammaire basque – navarro-labourdin littéraire.</i> Elkarlanean, Donostia/Bayonne, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-913156-10-X" title="Special:BookSources/2-913156-10-X">2-913156-10-X</a>. (Dialectal.)</li> <li>Lafon, R. (1972): "Basque" In Thomas A. Sebeok (ed.) <i>Current Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 9. Linguistics in Western Europe</i>, Mouton, The Hague, Mouton, pp. 1744–1792. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/books/9783111684970/9783111684970-018/9783111684970-018.pdf">Part 2 The study of languages</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Rijk2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_de_Rijk" title="Rudolf de Rijk">de Rijk, Rudolf P. G.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/636283146"><i>Standard Basque: a progressive grammar</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04242-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04242-0"><bdi>978-0-262-04242-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/636283146">636283146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Basque%3A+a+progressive+grammar&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F636283146&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04242-0&rft.aulast=de+Rijk&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F636283146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tovar, Antonio, (1957): <i>The Basque Language</i>, U. of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhlenbeck1947" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Uhlenbeck, C. (1947). "La langue basque et la linguistique générale" [The Basque language and general linguistics]. <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_(journal)" title="Lingua (journal)">Lingua</a></i> (in French). <b>I</b>: 59–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2849%2990045-5">10.1016/0024-3841(49)90045-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=La+langue+basque+et+la+linguistique+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale&rft.volume=I&rft.pages=59-76&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2849%2990045-5&rft.aulast=Uhlenbeck&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Urquizu Sarasúa, Patricio (2007): <i>Gramática de la lengua vasca</i>. UNED, Madrid, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-362-3442-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-362-3442-8">978-84-362-3442-8</a>.</li> <li>van Eys, Willem J. (1879): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammairecompar00eyswuoft">Grammaire comparée des dialectes basques</a></i>, Paris.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_studies">Linguistic studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Linguistic studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agirre, Eneko, et al. (1992): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050930084123/http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/A/A92/A92-1016.pdf">XUXEN: A spelling checker/corrector for Basque based on two-level morphology</a>.</li> <li>Gavel, Henri (1921): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171653/http://hedatuz.euskomedia.org/4896/1/12001536.pdf">Eléments de phonetique basque</a></i> (= <i>Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques</i> 12, París. (Study of the dialects.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Hualde" title="José Ignacio Hualde">Hualde, José Ignacio</a> (1991): <i>Basque phonology</i>, Taylor & Francis, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05655-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05655-7">978-0-415-05655-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualdeLujanbioZubiri2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hualde, José Ignacio; Lujanbio, Oihana; Zubiri, Juan Joxe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/81AE8DA98209029661D671627C3245DB/S0025100309990260a.pdf/goizueta_basque.pdf">"Goizueta Basque"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>40</b>: 113–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100309990260">10.1017/S0025100309990260</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180528052252/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/81AE8DA98209029661D671627C3245DB/S0025100309990260a.pdf/goizueta_basque.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Goizueta+Basque&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=113-127&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100309990260&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rft.au=Lujanbio%2C+Oihana&rft.au=Zubiri%2C+Juan+Joxe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F81AE8DA98209029661D671627C3245DB%2FS0025100309990260a.pdf%2Fgoizueta_basque.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba A.; Hualde, José Ignacio (eds.) (2006): <i>Studies in Basque and historical linguistics in memory of R. L. Trask – R. L. Trasken oroitzapenetan ikerketak euskalaritzaz eta hizkuntzalaritza historikoaz</i>, (= <i>Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo: International journal of Basque linguistics and philology</i> Vol. 40, No. 1–2), San Sebastián.</li> <li>Lakarra, J. & Ortiz de Urbina, J.(eds.) (1992): <i>Syntactic Theory and Basque Syntax</i>, Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia, Donostia-San Sebastian, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7907-094-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7907-094-6">978-84-7907-094-6</a>.</li> <li>Orduña Aznar, Eduardo. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifc.dpz.es/publicaciones/ver/id/2622">Sobre algunos posibles numerales en textos ibéricos.</a> <i>Palaeohispanica</i> 5:491–506. This fifth volume of the journal <i>Palaeohispanica</i> consists of Acta Palaeohispanica IX, the proceedings of the ninth conference on Paleohispanic studies.</li> <li>de Rijk, R. (1972): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/12980">Studies in Basque Syntax: Relative clauses</a></i> PhD Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US.</li> <li>Uhlenbeck, C.C. (1909–1910): "Contribution à une phonétique comparative des dialectes basques", <i>Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos = Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques</i> 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171753/http://hedatuz.euskomedia.org/4581/1/03465503.pdf">Wayback Machine</a> pp. 465–503 4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171841/http://hedatuz.euskomedia.org/5044/1/04065120.pdf">Wayback Machine</a> pp. 65–120.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koldo_Zuazo" title="Koldo Zuazo">Zuazo, Koldo</a> (2008): <i>Euskalkiak: euskararen dialektoak.</i> Elkar. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9783-626-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9783-626-5">978-84-9783-626-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lexicons">Lexicons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Lexicons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aulestia, Gorka (1989): <i>Basque–English dictionary</i> University of Nevada Press, Reno, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87417-126-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87417-126-1">0-87417-126-1</a>.</li> <li>Aulestia, Gorka & White, Linda (1990): <i>English–Basque dictionary</i>, University of Nevada Press, Reno, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87417-156-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87417-156-3">0-87417-156-3</a>.</li> <li>Azkue Aberasturi, Resurrección María de (1905): <i>Diccionario vasco–español–francés</i>, Geuthner, Bilbao/Paris (reprinted many times).</li> <li>Michelena, Luis: <i>Diccionario General Vasco/Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia.</i> 16 vols. Real academia de la lengua vasca, Bilbao 1987ff. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-271-1493-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-271-1493-1">84-271-1493-1</a>.</li> <li>Morris, Mikel (1998): "Morris Student Euskara–Ingelesa Basque–English Dictionary", Klaudio Harluxet Fundazioa, Donostia</li> <li>Sarasola, Ibon (2010–), "Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia EEH" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/eeh/">Egungo Euskararen Hiztegia (EEH) - UPV/EHU</a>, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)</a>, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU</li> <li>Sarasola, Ibon (2010): "Zehazki" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehu.es/ehg/zehazki/">Zehazki - UPV/EHU</a>, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)</a>, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU</li> <li>Sota, M. de la, et al., 1976: <i>Diccionario Retana de autoridades de la lengua vasca: con cientos de miles de nuevas voces y acepciones, Antiguas y modernas</i>, Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-248-0248-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-248-0248-9">84-248-0248-9</a>.</li> <li>Van Eys, W. J. 1873. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k414812q.r=+basque.langEN">Dictionnaire basque–français</a></i>. Paris/London: Maisonneuve/Williams & Norgate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque_corpora">Basque corpora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Basque corpora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2011): "ETC: Egungo Testuen Corpusa" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/etc/">Egungo Testuen Corpusa (ETC) - UPV/EHU</a>, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)</a>, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/">University of the Basque Country</a></li> <li>Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009): "Ereduzko Prosa Gaur, EPG" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/euskara-orria/euskara/ereduzkoa/">Ereduzko Prosa Gaur (EPG) - UPV/EHU</a>, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)</a>, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/">University of the Basque Country</a></li> <li>Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2009–): "Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa, EPD" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehu.es/ehg/epd/">Ereduzko Prosa Dinamikoa (EPD) - UPV/EHU</a>, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)</a>, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/">University of the Basque Country</a></li> <li>Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2013): "Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa, EKC" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/ehg/kc/">Euskal Klasikoen Corpusa (EKC) - UPV/EHU</a>, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)</a>, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/">University of the Basque Country</a></li> <li>Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2014): "Goenkale Corpusa" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehu.es/ehg/goenkale/">Goenkale Corpusa - UPV/EHU</a>, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)</a>, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/">University of the Basque Country</a></li> <li>Sarasola, Ibon; Pello Salaburu, Josu Landa (2010): "Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ehu.es/ehg/pkc/">Pentsamenduaren Klasikoak Corpusa - UPV/EHU</a>, Bilbo: Euskara Institutua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutuaren ataria (UPV - EHU)</a>, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.es/">University of the Basque Country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Agirre Sorondo, Antxon. 1988. <i>Tratado de Molinología: Los molinos en Guipúzcoa</i>. San Sebastián: Eusko Ikaskunza-Sociedad de Estudios Vascos. Fundación Miguel de Barandiarán.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakker1987" class="citation journal cs1">Bakker, Peter (1987). "A Basque Nautical Pidgin: A Missing Link in the History of Fu". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Pidgin_and_Creole_Languages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages (page does not exist)">Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1): 1–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjpcl.2.1.02bak">10.1075/jpcl.2.1.02bak</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pidgin+and+Creole+Languages&rft.atitle=A+Basque+Nautical+Pidgin%3A+A+Missing+Link+in+the+History+of+Fu.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-30&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjpcl.2.1.02bak&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bakker, Peter, et al. 1991. <i>Basque pidgins in Iceland and Canada. Anejos del Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo"</i>, XXIII.</li> <li>Deen, Nicolaas Gerard Hendrik. 1937. <i>Glossaria duo vasco-islandica</i>. Amsterdam. Reprinted 1991 in <i>Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca Julio de Urquijo</i>, 25(2):321–426.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHualde1984" class="citation journal cs1">Hualde, José Ignacio (1984). "Icelandic Basque pidgin". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Basque_Studies_in_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Basque Studies in America (page does not exist)">Journal of Basque Studies in America</a></i>. <b>5</b>: 41–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Basque+Studies+in+America&rft.atitle=Icelandic+Basque+pidgin&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=41-59&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Hualde&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_language_and_etymologies">History of the language and etymologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: History of the language and etymologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgirrezabal2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agirrezabal, Lore (2003). <i>Erromintxela, euskal ijitoen hizkera</i> [<i>Rommintxela, the language of the Basque gypsies</i>] (in Basque). San Sebastián: Argia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erromintxela%2C+euskal+ijitoen+hizkera&rft.place=San+Sebasti%C3%A1n&rft.pub=Argia&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Agirrezabal&rft.aufirst=Lore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi, Joxe</a>: "Die Bedeutung der Sprache in Renaissance und Reformation und die Entstehung der baskischen Literatur im religiösen und politischen Konfliktgebiet zwischen Spanien und Frankreich" In: Wolfgang W. Moelleken (Herausgeber), Peter J. Weber (Herausgeber): <i>Neue Forschungsarbeiten zur Kontaktlinguistik</i>, Bonn: Dümmler, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3537864192" title="Special:BookSources/978-3537864192">978-3537864192</a></li> <li>Hualde, José Ignacio; Lakarra, Joseba A. & R.L. Trask (eds) (1996): <i>Towards a History of the Basque Language</i>, "Current Issues in Linguistic Theory" 131, John Benjamin Publishing Company, Amsterdam, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-585-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55619-585-3">978-1-55619-585-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koldo_Mitxelena" title="Koldo Mitxelena">Michelena, Luis</a>, 1990. <i>Fonética histórica vasca</i>. Bilbao. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7907-016-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-7907-016-1">84-7907-016-1</a></li> <li>Lafon, René (1944): <i>Le système du verbe basque au XVIe siècle</i>, Delmas, Bordeaux.</li> <li>Löpelmann, Martin (1968): <i>Etymologisches Wörterbuch der baskischen Sprache.</i> Dialekte von Labourd, Nieder-Navarra und La Soule. 2 Bde. de Gruyter, Berlin (non-standard etymologies; idiosyncratic).</li> <li>Orpustan, J. B. (1999): <i>La langue basque au Moyen-Age.</i> Baïgorri, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909262-22-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-909262-22-7">2-909262-22-7</a>.</li> <li>Pagola, Rosa Miren. 1984. <i>Euskalkiz Euskalki</i>. Vitoria-Gasteiz: Eusko Jaurlaritzaren Argitalpe.</li> <li>Rohlfs, Gerhard. 1980. Le Gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne. <i>Zeitschrift für Romanische Philologie</i> 85.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Trask" title="Larry Trask">Trask, R.L.</a>: <i>History of Basque</i>. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2">0-415-13116-2</a>.</li> <li>Trask, R.L. † (edited by Max W. Wheeler) (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elibrary.bsu.edu.az/files/books_400/N_86.pdf">Etymological Dictionary of Basque</a>, University of Sussex (unfinished). Also "Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buber.net/Basque/Euskara/Larry/WebSite/basque.words.html">Buber's Basque Page: The Larry Trask Archive: Some Important Basque Words (And a Bit of Culture)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuazo2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koldo_Zuazo" title="Koldo Zuazo">Zuazo, Koldo</a> (2010). <i>El euskera y sus dialectos</i>. Zarautz (Gipuzkoa): Alberdania. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9868-202-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9868-202-1"><bdi>978-84-9868-202-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+euskera+y+sus+dialectos&rft.place=Zarautz+%28Gipuzkoa%29&rft.pub=Alberdania&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-84-9868-202-1&rft.aulast=Zuazo&rft.aufirst=Koldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_other_languages">Relationship to other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Relationship to other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Proto-Indo-European"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlevins2018" class="citation web cs1">Blevins, Juliette (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Advances-in-Proto-Basque-Reconstruction-with-Evidence-for-the-Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian-Hypothesis/Blevins/p/book/9780367417291">"Advances in Proto-Basque Reconstruction with Evidence for the Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian Hypothesis"</a>. <i>Routledge & CRC Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge+%26+CRC+Press&rft.atitle=Advances+in+Proto-Basque+Reconstruction+with+Evidence+for+the+Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian+Hypothesis&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Blevins&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FAdvances-in-Proto-Basque-Reconstruction-with-Evidence-for-the-Proto-Indo-European-Euskarian-Hypothesis%2FBlevins%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780367417291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_reviews_of_the_theories">General reviews of the theories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: General reviews of the theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jacobsen, William H. Jr. (1999): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwgateway.library.unr.edu/reserves/jacobsenbasquebasque.pdf">Basque Language Origin Theories</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>" In <i>Basque Cultural Studies</i>, edited by William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, and Joseba Zulaika, 27–43. Basque Studies Program Occasional Papers Series, No. 5. Reno: Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno.</li> <li>Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1998): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717181605/http://www.uztaro.com/uztaro_fitxategiak/511_uztaro25_3.pdf">Hizkuntzalaritza konparatua eta aitzineuskararen erroa</a>" (in Basque), <i>Uztaro</i> 25, pp. 47–110, (includes review of older theories).</li> <li>Lakarra Andrinua, Joseba (1999): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717181509/http://www.uztaro.com/uztaro_fitxategiak/595_uztaro31_2.pdf">Ná-De-Ná</a>" (in Basque), <i>Uztaro</i> 31, pp. 15–84.</li> <li>Trask, R.L. (1995): "Origin and Relatives of the Basque Language : Review of the Evidence" in Towards a History of the Basque Language, ed. J. Hualde, J. Lakarra, R.L. Trask, John Benjamins, Amsterdam / Philadelphia.</li> <li>Trask, R.L.: <i>History of Basque</i>. New York/London: Routledge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13116-2">0-415-13116-2</a>; pp. 358–414.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afroasiatic_hypothesis">Afroasiatic hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Afroasiatic hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schuchardt, Hugo (1913): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171520/http://hedatuz.euskomedia.org/4881/1/07289340.pdf">Baskisch-Hamitische wortvergleichungen</a>" <i>Revista Internacional de Estudios Vascos</i> = "Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques" 7:289–340.</li> <li>Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1964/66): "Les rapports du basque et du berbère", <i>Comptes rendus du GLECS (Groupe Linguistique d'Etudes Chamito-Sémitiques)</i> 10:177–184.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukarovsky1972" class="citation journal cs1">Mukarovsky, Hans Guenter (1972). "El vascuense y el bereber". <i>Euskera</i>. <b>17</b>: 5–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Euskera&rft.atitle=El+vascuense+y+el+bereber&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=5-48&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Mukarovsky&rft.aufirst=Hans+Guenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): <i>Le origini della lingua basca</i>, Bologna, (new edit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-271-0062-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-271-0062-2">978-88-271-0062-2</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dené–Caucasian_hypothesis"><span id="Den.C3.A9.E2.80.93Caucasian_hypothesis"></span>Dené–Caucasian hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Dené–Caucasian hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bengtson, John D. (1999): <i>The Comparison of Basque and North Caucasian.</i> in: <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Tongue_(journal)" title="Mother Tongue (journal)">Mother Tongue</a>.</i> <i>Journal of the Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory</i>. Gloucester, Mass.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengtson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bengtson, John D (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdbengt.net/articles/MotherTongueVIII.pdf">"Notes on Basque Comparative Phonology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mother Tongue</i>. <b>VIII</b>: 23–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Tongue&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Basque+Comparative+Phonology&rft.volume=VIII&rft.pages=23-39&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bengtson&rft.aufirst=John+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjdbengt.net%2Farticles%2FMotherTongueVIII.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bengtson, John D. (2004): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728041607/http://jdbengt.net/articles/CILL30a.pdf">Some features of Dene–Caucasian phonology (with special reference to Basque)</a>." <a href="/wiki/Cahiers_de_l%27Institut_de_Linguistique_de_Louvain" title="Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain">Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain</a> (CILL) 30.4, pp. 33–54.</li> <li>Bengtson, John D.. (2006): "Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Dene–Caucasian (Sino-Caucasian) Languages." (there is also a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810015721/http://www.nostratic.ru/books/%28221%29bengtson%20-%20comparative%20grammar.pdf">preliminary draft</a>)</li> <li>Bengtson, John D. (1997): Review of "The History of Basque". London: Routledge, 1997. Pp.xxii,458" by R.L. Trask.</li> <li>Bengtson, John D., (1996): "A Final (?) Response to the Basque Debate in Mother Tongue 1."</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrask1995" class="citation journal cs1">Trask, R.L. (1995). "Basque and Dene–Caucasian: A Critique from the Basque Side". <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Tongue_(journal)" title="Mother Tongue (journal)">Mother Tongue</a></i>. <b>1</b>: 3–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Tongue&rft.atitle=Basque+and+Dene%E2%80%93Caucasian%3A+A+Critique+from+the+Basque+Side&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=3-82&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Trask&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caucasian_hypothesis">Caucasian hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Caucasian hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bouda, Karl (1950): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20111218060006/http://www.euskomedia.org/PDFAnlt/congresos/07/07663672.pdf">L'Euskaro-Caucasique</a>" <i>Boletín de la Real Sociedad Vasca de Amigos del País. Homenaje a D. Julio de Urquijo e Ybarra</i> vol. III, San Sebastián, pp. 207–232.</li> <li>Klimov, Georgij A. (1994): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/jg/pdf/jg1992d1.pdf">Einführung in die kaukasische Sprachwissenschaft</a></i>, Buske, Hamburg, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87548-060-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-87548-060-0">3-87548-060-0</a>; pp. 208–215.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafon1951" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lafon, René (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1951.11659408">"Concordances morphologiques entre le basque et les langues caucasiques"</a> [Morphological concordances between Basque and languages]. <i>Word</i> (in French). <b>7</b> (3): 227–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1951.11659408">10.1080/00437956.1951.11659408</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=Concordances+morphologiques+entre+le+basque+et+les+langues+caucasiques&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=227-244&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1951.11659408&rft.aulast=Lafon&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1951.11659408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafon1952" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lafon, René (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1952.11659423">"Études basques et caucasiques"</a> [Basque and Caucasian studies]. <i>Word</i> (in French). <b>8</b>: 80–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00437956.1952.11659423">10.1080/00437956.1952.11659423</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word&rft.atitle=%C3%89tudes+basques+et+caucasiques&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=80-94&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00437956.1952.11659423&rft.aulast=Lafon&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00437956.1952.11659423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasque+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Trombetti, Alfredo (1925): <i>Le origini della lingua basca</i>, Bologna, (new edit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-271-0062-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-271-0062-2">978-88-271-0062-2</a>).</li> <li>Míchelena, Luis (1968): "L'euskaro-caucasien" in Martinet, A. (ed.) <i>Le langage</i>, Paris, pp. 1414–1437 (criticism).</li> <li>Uhlenbeck, Christian Cornelius (1924): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718171602/http://hedatuz.euskomedia.org/333/1/15565588.pdf">De la possibilité d' une parenté entre le basque et les langues caucasiques</a>", <i>Revista Internacional de los Estudios Vascos</i> = <i>Revue Internationale des Etudes Basques</i> 15, pp. 565–588.</li> <li>Zelikov, Mixail (2005): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214021724/http://www2.unil.ch/slav/ling/recherche/biblio/05MarrCB/Zelikov.pdf">L'hypothèse basco-caucasienne dans les travaux de N. Marr</a>" <i>Cahiers de l'ILSL</i>, N° 20, pp. 363–381.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Zytsar" title="Yuri Zytsar">Зыцарь Ю. В.</a> O родстве баскского языка с кавказскими // <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404095134/http://www.ruslang.ru/doc/voprosy/voprosy1955-5.pdf">Вопросы языкознания. 1955. No. 5.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iberian_hypothesis">Iberian hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Iberian hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bähr, Gerhard (1948): "Baskisch und Iberisch" <i>Eusko Jakintza</i> II, pp. 3–20, 167–194, 381–455.</li> <li>Gorrochategui, Joaquín (1993): La onomástica aquitana y su relación con la ibérica, <i>Lengua y cultura en Hispania prerromana : actas del V Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas de la Península Ibérica: (Colonia 25–28 de Noviembre de 1989)</i> (Francisco Villar and Jürgen Untermann, eds.), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7481-736-6" title="Special:BookSources/84-7481-736-6">84-7481-736-6</a>, pp. 609–634.</li> <li>Rodríguez Ramos, Jesús (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=263566&orden=65367">La hipótesis del vascoiberismo desde el punto de vista de la epigrafía íbera</a>, <i>Fontes linguae vasconum: Studia et documenta</i>, 90, pp. 197–218, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0046-435X">0046-435X</a>.</li> <li>Schuchardt, Hugo Ernst Mario (1907): <i>Die Iberische Deklination</i>, Wien.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uralic-Altaic_hypothesis">Uralic-Altaic hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Uralic-Altaic hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bonaparte, Louis Lucien (1862): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fo8CAAAAQAAJ">Langue basque et langues finnoises</a></i>, London.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vasconic-Old_European_hypothesis">Vasconic-Old European hypothesis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Vasconic-Old European hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vennemann, Theo (2003): <i>Europa Vasconica – Europa Semitica</i>, Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs 138, De Gruyter, Berlin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017054-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017054-2">978-3-11-017054-2</a>.</li> <li>Vennemann, Theo (2007): "Basken wie wir: Linguistisches und Genetisches zum europäischen Stammbaum", <i>BiologenHeute</i> 5/6, 6–11.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_theories">Other theories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Other theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Thornton, R.W. (2002): <i>Basque Parallels to Greenberg's Eurasiatic.</i> in: <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Tongue_(journal)" title="Mother Tongue (journal)">Mother Tongue</a>.</i> Gloucester, Mass., 2002.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="eu:"> Basque edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Basque_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Basque language">Basque language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Basques" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Basques">Basque language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Basque_phrasebook#Q8752" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Basque phrasebook">Basque phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euskaltzaindia.net">Official website</a></span></span> – Euskaltzaindia (The Royal Academy of the Basque Language)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ixa2.si.ehu.eus/welcome/index.php/English.html">An overview of language technology tools for Basque</a>: Automatic translators for Basque, dictionaries, resources to learn Basque... (~ 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716231709/http://www.ei.ehu.es/">Euskara Institutua</a>, The University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahotsak.eus/english/">Ahotsak.eus - Basque Oral Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Spain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Spain" title="Template talk:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Spain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Spain" title="Languages of Spain">Languages of Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official / national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_given_to_the_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Names given to the Spanish language">a.k.a. Castilian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional / minority<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Co-official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Aranese_dialect" title="Aranese dialect">Aranese</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_language" title="Aragonese language">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_language" title="Asturian language">Asturian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leonese_language" title="Leonese language">Leonese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silbo_Gomero" title="Silbo Gomero">Gomeran whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_language" title="Extremaduran language">Estremeñu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_language" title="Fala language">Fala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantabrian dialect">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darija" class="mw-redirect" title="Darija">Darija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquetas_Pidgin_Spanish" title="Roquetas Pidgin Spanish">Roquetas Pidgin Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarifit" title="Tarifit">Tarifit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, etc.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Spanish" title="Standard Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li>Asturian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Basque" title="Standard Basque">Basque</a></li> <li>Catalan / Valencian</li> <li>Galician</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_language_movement" title="Andalusian language movement">Andalusian language movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_France" title="Template talk:Languages of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Languages of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_of_France" title="French of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meridional_French" title="Meridional French">Meridional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Barth%C3%A9lemy_French" title="Saint-Barthélemy French">Saint-Barthélemy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsatian_dialect" title="Alsatian dialect">Alsatian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navarro-Lapurdian_dialect" title="Navarro-Lapurdian dialect">Navarro-Lapurdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souletin_dialect" title="Souletin dialect">Souletin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berrichon_dialect" title="Berrichon dialect">Berrichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9gorrois_Breton_dialect" title="Trégorrois Breton dialect">Trégorrois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundian_language_(O%C3%AFl)" title="Burgundian language (Oïl)">Burgundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalan" title="Northern Catalan">Northern Catalan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champenois_language" title="Champenois language">Champenois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frainc-Comtou" title="Frainc-Comtou">Frainc-Comtou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Franco-Provençal">Franco-Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_dialect" title="Savoyard dialect">Savoyard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigasc_dialect" title="Brigasc dialect">Brigasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intemelio_dialect" title="Intemelio dialect">Intemelio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royasc" title="Royasc">Royasc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorrain_language" title="Lorrain language">Lorrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Franconian" title="Lorraine Franconian">Lorraine Franconian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish" title="Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cauchois_dialect" title="Cauchois dialect">Cauchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotentinais" title="Cotentinais">Cotentinais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auvergnat_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Auvergnat dialect">Auvergnat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_dialect" title="Gascon dialect">Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languedocien_dialect" title="Languedocien dialect">Languedocien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousin_dialect" title="Limousin dialect">Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchois_(dialect)" title="Marchois (dialect)">Marchois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_dialect" title="Provençal dialect">Provençal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_dialect" title="Niçard dialect">Niçard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentonasc_dialect" title="Mentonasc dialect">Mentonasc</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picard_language" title="Picard language">Picard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin%E2%80%93Saintongeais" title="Poitevin–Saintongeais">Poitevin–Saintongeais</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poitevin_dialect" title="Poitevin dialect">Poitevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintongeais_dialect" title="Saintongeais dialect">Saintongeais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_language" title="Walloon language">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Flemish" title="West Flemish">West Flemish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Flemish" title="French Flemish">French Flemish</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overseas languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aji%C3%AB_language" title="Ajië language">Ajië</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Creole" title="Antillean Creole">Antillean Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guianese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Guianese Creole">Guianese Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Kibushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nengone_language" title="Nengone language">Nengone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paic%C3%AE_language" title="Paicî language">Paicî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Creole" title="Réunion Creole">Réunion Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maore_dialect" title="Maore dialect">Shimaore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaracuu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xaracuu language">Xaracuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Algerian Jewish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_language" title="Caló language">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erromintxela_language" title="Erromintxela language">Erromintxela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinte_Romani" title="Sinte Romani">Manuš Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenish_language" title="Yenish language">Yenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guillemet" title="Guillemet">Guillemet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_France" title="Language policy in France">Language policy in France</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8752#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4088809-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Basque language"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85012138">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937951j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937951j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560548">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="baskičtina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118780&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284787205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027309169">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&oldid=1258733692">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basque_language&oldid=1258733692</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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