CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ac100189-319d-4ac2-9b78-62454164c618","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia","wgTitle":"Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia","wgCurRevisionId":1254899207,"wgRevisionId":1254899207,"wgArticleId":59659927,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from March 2022","Articles to be expanded from March 2022","All articles to be expanded","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images", "Articles to be expanded from January 2024","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Waray (Philippines)-language text","Articles containing Cebuano-language text","Articles containing Tagalog-language text","Articles containing Kavalan-language text","Articles containing Javanese-language text","Articles containing Papora-language text","Articles containing Thao-language text","Articles containing Siraya-language text","Articles containing Rukai-language text","Articles containing Ilocano-language text","Articles containing Kankanaey-language text","Articles containing Isnag-language text","Articles containing Itawit-language text","Articles containing Bontok-language text","Articles containing Batad Ifugao-language text","Articles containing Aklan-language text","Articles containing Hanunoo-language text","Articles containing Pangasinan-language text","Articles containing Ivatan-language text","Articles with excerpts","Domestication of particular species", "Agriculture in Southeast Asia","Agriculture in Oceania","Agriculture in Madagascar","Agriculture in the Comoros","Lists of plants by location","Lists of animals by location","Austronesian peoples","Austronesian culture","Crops originating from Asia","Crops originating from Australasia","Crops originating from the Pacific","History of agriculture","Prehistoric agriculture","Flora of Polynesia","Flora of Malesia","Flora of Melanesia","Flora of Southeast Asia","Flora of Oceania","Flora of Micronesia","Flora of Taiwan","Flora of Madagascar","Flora of the Comoros","Fauna of Oceania","Fauna of Southeast Asia","Fauna of Madagascar","Fauna of the Comoros","Fauna of Taiwan","Flora of New Guinea","Fauna of New Guinea","Biota of New Zealand","Austronesian agriculture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia","wgRelevantArticleId":59659927,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":300000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q60771146","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/1200px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="506"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/800px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="337"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/640px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="270"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia rootpage-Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Domesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Domesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Domesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Domesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Plants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Plants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aleurites_moluccanus_(candlenut)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleurites_moluccanus_(candlenut)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Aleurites moluccanus (candlenut) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleurites_moluccanus_(candlenut)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alocasia_macrorrhizos_(giant_taro)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alocasia_macrorrhizos_(giant_taro)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alocasia_macrorrhizos_(giant_taro)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius_(elephant_foot_yam)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius_(elephant_foot_yam)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (elephant foot yam) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius_(elephant_foot_yam)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Areca_catechu_(areca_palm)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Areca_catechu_(areca_palm)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Areca catechu (areca palm) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Areca_catechu_(areca_palm)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artocarpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artocarpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Artocarpus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artocarpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artocarpus_altilis_(breadfruit)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artocarpus_altilis_(breadfruit)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artocarpus_altilis_(breadfruit)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artocarpus_heterophyllus_(jackfruit)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artocarpus_heterophyllus_(jackfruit)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artocarpus_heterophyllus_(jackfruit)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bambusoideae_(bamboos)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bambusoideae_(bamboos)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Bambusoideae (bamboos) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bambusoideae_(bamboos)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benincasa_hispida_(wax_gourd)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benincasa_hispida_(wax_gourd)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Benincasa hispida (wax gourd) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benincasa_hispida_(wax_gourd)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broussonetia_papyrifera_(paper_mulberry)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broussonetia_papyrifera_(paper_mulberry)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broussonetia_papyrifera_(paper_mulberry)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calophyllum_inophyllum_(mastwood)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calophyllum_inophyllum_(mastwood)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Calophyllum inophyllum (mastwood) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calophyllum_inophyllum_(mastwood)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cananga_odorata_(ylang-ylang)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cananga_odorata_(ylang-ylang)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cananga_odorata_(ylang-ylang)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citrus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citrus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 Citrus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citrus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cocos_nucifera_(coconut)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cocos_nucifera_(coconut)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.12 Cocos nucifera (coconut) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cocos_nucifera_(coconut)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coix_lacryma-jobi_(Job's_tears)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coix_lacryma-jobi_(Job's_tears)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.13 Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's tears) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coix_lacryma-jobi_(Job's_tears)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colocasia_esculenta_(taro)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colocasia_esculenta_(taro)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.14 Colocasia esculenta (taro) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colocasia_esculenta_(taro)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cordia_subcordata_(beach_cordia)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cordia_subcordata_(beach_cordia)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.15 Cordia subcordata (beach cordia) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cordia_subcordata_(beach_cordia)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cordyline_fruticosa_(ti)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cordyline_fruticosa_(ti)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.16 Cordyline fruticosa (ti) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cordyline_fruticosa_(ti)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cucumis_melo_(melon)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cucumis_melo_(melon)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.17 Cucumis melo (melon) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cucumis_melo_(melon)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyrtosperma_merkusii_(giant_swamp_taro)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyrtosperma_merkusii_(giant_swamp_taro)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.18 Cyrtosperma merkusii (giant swamp taro) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyrtosperma_merkusii_(giant_swamp_taro)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dioscorea_(yams)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioscorea_(yams)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.19 Dioscorea (yams) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioscorea_(yams)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dioscorea_alata_(ube)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioscorea_alata_(ube)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.19.1 Dioscorea alata (ube) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioscorea_alata_(ube)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dioscorea_bulbifera_(air_yam)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioscorea_bulbifera_(air_yam)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.19.2 Dioscorea bulbifera (air yam) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioscorea_bulbifera_(air_yam)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dioscorea_esculenta_(lesser_yam)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioscorea_esculenta_(lesser_yam)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.19.3 Dioscorea esculenta (lesser yam) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioscorea_esculenta_(lesser_yam)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dioscorea_hispida_(intoxicating_yam)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dioscorea_hispida_(intoxicating_yam)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.19.4 Dioscorea hispida (intoxicating yam) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dioscorea_hispida_(intoxicating_yam)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ficus_(fig_trees)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ficus_(fig_trees)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.20 Ficus (fig trees) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ficus_(fig_trees)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ficus_aspera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ficus_aspera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.20.1 Ficus aspera </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ficus_aspera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ficus_dammaropsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ficus_dammaropsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.20.2 Ficus dammaropsis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ficus_dammaropsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ficus_fraseri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ficus_fraseri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.20.3 Ficus fraseri </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ficus_fraseri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ficus_nota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ficus_nota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.20.4 Ficus nota </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ficus_nota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ficus_pseudopalma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ficus_pseudopalma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.20.5 Ficus pseudopalma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ficus_pseudopalma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ficus_tinctoria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ficus_tinctoria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.20.6 Ficus tinctoria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ficus_tinctoria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ficus_variegata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ficus_variegata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.20.7 Ficus variegata </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ficus_variegata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ipomoea_batatas_(sweet_potato)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ipomoea_batatas_(sweet_potato)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.21 Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ipomoea_batatas_(sweet_potato)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lagenaria_siceraria_(bottle_gourd)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lagenaria_siceraria_(bottle_gourd)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.22 Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lagenaria_siceraria_(bottle_gourd)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morinda_citrifolia_(noni)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morinda_citrifolia_(noni)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.23 Morinda citrifolia (noni) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morinda_citrifolia_(noni)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musa_(bananas)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musa_(bananas)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.24 Musa (bananas) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musa_(bananas)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musa_abaca_(abacá)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musa_abaca_(abacá)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.24.1 Musa abaca (abacá) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musa_abaca_(abacá)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musa_×_troglodytarum_(fe'i_banana)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musa_×_troglodytarum_(fe'i_banana)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.24.2 Musa × troglodytarum (fe'i banana) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musa_×_troglodytarum_(fe'i_banana)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myristica_fragrans_(nutmeg)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myristica_fragrans_(nutmeg)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.25 Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myristica_fragrans_(nutmeg)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oryza_sativa_(rice)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oryza_sativa_(rice)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.26 Oryza sativa (rice) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oryza_sativa_(rice)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandanus_(pandan)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandanus_(pandan)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.27 Pandanus (pandan) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandanus_(pandan)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piper_(peppers)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piper_(peppers)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.28 Piper (peppers) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piper_(peppers)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piper_betle_(betel)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piper_betle_(betel)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.28.1 Piper betle (betel) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piper_betle_(betel)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piper_cubeba_(cubeb_pepper)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piper_cubeba_(cubeb_pepper)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.28.2 Piper cubeba (cubeb pepper) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piper_cubeba_(cubeb_pepper)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piper_excelsum_(kawakawa)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piper_excelsum_(kawakawa)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.28.3 Piper excelsum (kawakawa) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piper_excelsum_(kawakawa)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piper_methysticum_(kava)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piper_methysticum_(kava)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.28.4 Piper methysticum (kava) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piper_methysticum_(kava)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piper_retrofractum_(Javanese_long_pepper)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piper_retrofractum_(Javanese_long_pepper)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.28.5 Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piper_retrofractum_(Javanese_long_pepper)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saccharum_(sugarcane)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saccharum_(sugarcane)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.29 Saccharum (sugarcane) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saccharum_(sugarcane)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Santalum_album_(sandalwood)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Santalum_album_(sandalwood)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.30 Santalum album (sandalwood) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Santalum_album_(sandalwood)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solanum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solanum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.31 Solanum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solanum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syzygium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syzygium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.32 Syzygium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syzygium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syzygium_aromaticum_(cloves)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syzygium_aromaticum_(cloves)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.32.1 Syzygium aromaticum (cloves) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syzygium_aromaticum_(cloves)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syzygium_malaccense_(mountain_apple)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syzygium_malaccense_(mountain_apple)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.32.2 Syzygium malaccense (mountain apple) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syzygium_malaccense_(mountain_apple)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tacca_leontopetaloides_(Polynesian_arrowroot)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tacca_leontopetaloides_(Polynesian_arrowroot)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.33 Tacca leontopetaloides (Polynesian arrowroot) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tacca_leontopetaloides_(Polynesian_arrowroot)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talipariti_tiliaceum_(sea_hibiscus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talipariti_tiliaceum_(sea_hibiscus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.34 Talipariti tiliaceum (sea hibiscus) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talipariti_tiliaceum_(sea_hibiscus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thespesia_populnea_(Pacific_rosewood)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thespesia_populnea_(Pacific_rosewood)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.35 Thespesia populnea (Pacific rosewood) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thespesia_populnea_(Pacific_rosewood)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zingiberaceae_(ginger_family)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zingiberaceae_(ginger_family)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.36 Zingiberaceae (ginger family) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zingiberaceae_(ginger_family)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alpinia_galanga_(lengkuas)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpinia_galanga_(lengkuas)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.36.1 Alpinia galanga (lengkuas) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpinia_galanga_(lengkuas)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curcuma_longa_(turmeric)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curcuma_longa_(turmeric)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.36.2 Curcuma longa (turmeric) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curcuma_longa_(turmeric)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zingiber_officinale_(ginger)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zingiber_officinale_(ginger)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.36.3 Zingiber officinale (ginger) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zingiber_officinale_(ginger)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zingiber_zerumbet_(bitter_ginger)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zingiber_zerumbet_(bitter_ginger)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.36.4 Zingiber zerumbet (bitter ginger) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zingiber_zerumbet_(bitter_ginger)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Animals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Animals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bubalus_bubalis_(water_buffalo)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bubalus_bubalis_(water_buffalo)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bubalus_bubalis_(water_buffalo)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bos_javanicus_domesticus_(Bali_cattle)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bos_javanicus_domesticus_(Bali_cattle)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bos javanicus domesticus (Bali cattle) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bos_javanicus_domesticus_(Bali_cattle)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canis_lupus_familiaris_(dog)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canis_lupus_familiaris_(dog)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Canis lupus familiaris (dog) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canis_lupus_familiaris_(dog)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallus_gallus_(chicken)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallus_gallus_(chicken)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Gallus gallus (chicken) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallus_gallus_(chicken)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sus_scrofa_domesticus_(pig)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sus_scrofa_domesticus_(pig)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Sus scrofa domesticus (pig) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sus_scrofa_domesticus_(pig)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rodentia_(rodents)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rodentia_(rodents)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Rodentia (rodents) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rodentia_(rodents)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mus_caroli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mus_caroli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Mus caroli </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mus_caroli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mus_cervicolor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mus_cervicolor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Mus cervicolor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mus_cervicolor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rattus_argentiventer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rattus_argentiventer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Rattus argentiventer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rattus_argentiventer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bandicota_bengalensis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandicota_bengalensis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Bandicota bengalensis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandicota_bengalensis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mus_terricolor_(also_known_as_Mus_dunni)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mus_terricolor_(also_known_as_Mus_dunni)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 Mus terricolor (also known as Mus dunni) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mus_terricolor_(also_known_as_Mus_dunni)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rattus_nitidus_(indigenous_to_Nepal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rattus_nitidus_(indigenous_to_Nepal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.6 Rattus nitidus (indigenous to Nepal) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rattus_nitidus_(indigenous_to_Nepal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polynesian_rat_(Rattus_exulans)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polynesian_rat_(Rattus_exulans)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.7 Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polynesian_rat_(Rattus_exulans)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" > 3 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الحيوانات والنباتات المستأنسة في أسترونيزيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحيوانات والنباتات المستأنسة في أسترونيزيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantas_y_animales_domesticados_de_Austronesia" title="Plantas y animales domesticados de Austronesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plantas y animales domesticados de Austronesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_dan_hewan_terdomestikasi_di_Austronesia" title="Tumbuhan dan hewan terdomestikasi di Austronesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan dan hewan terdomestikasi di Austronesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60771146#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&oldid=1254899207" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&id=1254899207&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDomesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDomesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60771146" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient expansion of agriculture</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_(per_Benton_et_al,_2012,_adapted_from_Bellwood,_2011).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/400px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/600px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png/800px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png 2x" data-file-width="7268" data-file-height="3065" /></a><figcaption>Chronological dispersal of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a><a href="#cite_note-Chambers2013-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> One of the major <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">human migration events</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">maritime</a> <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">settlement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">the islands</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>, believed to have started from at least 5,500 to 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> (3500 to 2000 BCE). These migrations were accompanied by a set of domesticated, semi-domesticated, and commensal plants and animals transported via <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a> that enabled early Austronesians to thrive in the islands of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> (also known as 'Island Southeast Asia'. e.g.: <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Comoros Islands">Comoros Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2004-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reilly2012-3">[3]</a> They include <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated plants">crops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated animals">animals</a> believed to have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang cultures</a> in the hypothetical pre-Austronesian homelands in mainland <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Liu2012-4">[4]</a> as well as other plants and animals believed to have been first domesticated from within <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, Maritime Southeast Asia, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bourke2009-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denham2011-6">[6]</a> Some of these plants are sometimes also known as "canoe plants", especially in the context of the Polynesian migrations.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitalong2011-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Theroux2002-9">[9]</a> Domesticated animals and plants introduced during <a href="/wiki/Historic_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic times">historic times</a> are not included. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants">Plants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plants">edit</a>]</div> Domesticated, semi-domesticated, and commensal plants carried by Austronesian voyagers include the following: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aleurites_moluccanus_(candlenut)">Aleurites moluccanus (candlenut)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aleurites moluccanus (candlenut)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_020803-0119_Aleurites_moluccana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Starr_020803-0119_Aleurites_moluccana.jpg/220px-Starr_020803-0119_Aleurites_moluccana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Starr_020803-0119_Aleurites_moluccana.jpg/330px-Starr_020803-0119_Aleurites_moluccana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Starr_020803-0119_Aleurites_moluccana.jpg/440px-Starr_020803-0119_Aleurites_moluccana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Candlenut (<a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Aleurites moluccanus</a>) leaves, flowers, and fruit from <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></figcaption></figure> The candlenut (<a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Aleurites moluccanus</a>) was first domesticated in Island Southeast Asia. Remains of harvested candlenuts have been recovered from archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, dated to around 13,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> and 11,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-BlenchFruits-10">[10]</a> Archaeological evidence of candlenut cultivation is also found in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> sites of the <a href="/wiki/Toalean_culture" title="Toalean culture">Toalean culture</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> dated to around 3,700 to 2,300 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Simanjuntak2006-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hasanuddin2018-12">[12]</a> Candlenut were widely introduced into the Pacific Islands by early Austronesian voyagers and became naturalized to high volcanic islands.<a href="#cite_note-Larrue2010-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weisler2015-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kirch1989-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015_Baha_Liurai_-_candle_nut_sticks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2015_Baha_Liurai_-_candle_nut_sticks.JPG/220px-2015_Baha_Liurai_-_candle_nut_sticks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2015_Baha_Liurai_-_candle_nut_sticks.JPG/330px-2015_Baha_Liurai_-_candle_nut_sticks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2015_Baha_Liurai_-_candle_nut_sticks.JPG/440px-2015_Baha_Liurai_-_candle_nut_sticks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Women preparing candlenut torches for the Baha Liurai festival in <a href="/wiki/Babulo_(Uato-Lari)" title="Babulo (Uato-Lari)">Babulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></figcaption></figure> Candlenut has a very wide range of uses and every part of the tree can be harvested. They were primarily cultivated for the high oil content in their <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nut</a> <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">kernels</a>. They were used widely for illumination, prior to the introduction of other light sources, hence the name "candlenut". The kernels were skewered on coconut midribs that were then set alight. Each kernel takes about three minutes to burn and thus the series could act as a torch. This tradition of making candlenut torches exists in both Southeast Asia and Oceania. <a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut oil</a> extracted from the nuts can also be used directly in lamps. They can also be utilized in the production of soaps, ointments, and as preservatives for fishing gear. Other traditional uses include using the timber for making small canoes and carvings; the sap for varnish and resins; the nut shells for ornamentation (most notably as <a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">leis</a>), fish-hooks, toys, and the production of black dyes; the bark for medicine and fiber; and so on. Some non-toxic varieties are also used as condiments or ingredients in the cuisines of Southeast Asia and the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-ElevitchManner2006-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> word for candlenut is reconstructed as *kamiri, with modern <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> including <a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o language">Hanunó'o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> kamiri; <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> kemiri; and <a href="/wiki/Tetun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetun language">Tetun</a> kamii. However the Oceanian words for candlenut are believed to be derived instead from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> *CuSuR which became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *tuhuR, originally meaning "string together, as beads", referring to the construction of the candlenut torches. It became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Eastern-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Eastern-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Eastern-Malayo-Polynesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *tuRi which is then <a href="/wiki/Reduplicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduplicated">reduplicated</a>. Modern cognates including <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a> tui-tui; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> kui-kui or kukui.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alocasia_macrorrhizos_(giant_taro)">Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Alocasia macrorrhizos (giant taro)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alocasia_macrorrhizos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alocasia_macrorrhizos.jpg/220px-Alocasia_macrorrhizos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alocasia_macrorrhizos.jpg/330px-Alocasia_macrorrhizos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Alocasia_macrorrhizos.jpg/440px-Alocasia_macrorrhizos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Giant taro (<a href="/wiki/Alocasia_macrorrhizos" title="Alocasia macrorrhizos">Alocasia macrorrhizos</a>) plantation in <a href="/wiki/Tongatapu" title="Tongatapu">Tongatapu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></figcaption></figure> The giant taro (<a href="/wiki/Alocasia_macrorrhizos" title="Alocasia macrorrhizos">Alocasia macrorrhizos</a>) was originally domesticated in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, but are known from wild specimens to early Austronesians in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. From the Philippines, they spread outwards to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> and eastward to <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> where it became one of the staple crops of <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islanders">Pacific Islanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nauheimer2011-19">[19]</a> They are one of the four main species of <a href="/wiki/Aroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroids">aroids</a> (taros) cultivated by Austronesians primarily as a source of <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, the others being <a href="/wiki/Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius" title="Amorphophallus paeoniifolius">Amorphophallus paeoniifolius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Colocasia esculenta">Colocasia esculenta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrtosperma_merkusii" title="Cyrtosperma merkusii">Cyrtosperma merkusii</a>, each with multiple cultivated varieties. Their leaves and stems are also edible if cooked thoroughly, though this is rarely done for giant taro as it contains higher amounts of <a href="/wiki/Raphide" title="Raphide">raphides</a> which cause itching.<a href="#cite_note-MannerGiantTaro-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthews1995-21">[21]</a> The reconstructed word for giant taro in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> is *biRaq, which became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *piRaq. Modern <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> for it in Island Southeast Asia and Micronesia include <a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a> vi'a or bi'a; <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a> bila; <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a> biga; <a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a> bira; <a href="/wiki/Ngaju_language" title="Ngaju language">Ngaju</a> biha; <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> via; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> birah; <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a> biga; <a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a> bísə; <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> piga; <a href="/wiki/Bimanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimanese language">Bima</a> wia; <a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Roti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetun language">Tetun</a> fia; <a href="/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a> hila; and <a href="/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a> fira. In Oceania, <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> for it include <a href="/wiki/Wuvulu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuvulu language">Wuvulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aua language">Aua</a> pia; <a href="/wiki/Motu_language" title="Motu language">Motu</a> and <a href="/wiki/%27Are%27are_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Are'are language">'Are'are</a> hira; <a href="/wiki/Kilivila_language" title="Kilivila language">Kilivila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> via; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> pia. Note that in some cases, the cognates have shifted to mean other types of taro.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius_(elephant_foot_yam)">Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (elephant foot yam)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (elephant foot yam)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephant_Yam_(Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius)_(8678202305)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Elephant_Yam_%28Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius%29_%288678202305%29_cropped.jpg/220px-Elephant_Yam_%28Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius%29_%288678202305%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Elephant_Yam_%28Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius%29_%288678202305%29_cropped.jpg/330px-Elephant_Yam_%28Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius%29_%288678202305%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Elephant_Yam_%28Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius%29_%288678202305%29_cropped.jpg/440px-Elephant_Yam_%28Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius%29_%288678202305%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius" title="Amorphophallus paeoniifolius">Elephant foot yam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taman_Negara" title="Taman Negara">Taman Negara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></figcaption></figure> The elephant foot yam (<a href="/wiki/Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius" title="Amorphophallus paeoniifolius">Amorphophallus paeoniifolius</a>) is used as food in Island Southeast Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, and South Asia. Its origin and center of domestication was formerly considered to be <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where it is most widely utilized as a food resource in recent times. But a genetic study in 2017 has shown that Indian populations of elephant foot yams have lower genetic diversity than those in Island Southeast Asia, therefore it is now believed that elephant foot yams originated from Island Southeast Asia and spread westwards into Thailand and India, resulting in three independent domestication events. From Island Southeast Asia, they were also spread even further west into <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and eastwards to coastal <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> by Austronesians. Though they may have spread south into <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> without human intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Santosa2017-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-McClatchey2012-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horrocks2013-24">[24]</a> The elephant foot yam is one of the four main species of <a href="/wiki/Aroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroids">aroids</a> (taros) cultivated by Austronesians primarily as a source of <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, the others being <a href="/wiki/Alocasia_macrorrhizos" title="Alocasia macrorrhizos">Alocasia macrorrhizos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Colocasia esculenta">Colocasia esculenta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrtosperma_merkusii" title="Cyrtosperma merkusii">Cyrtosperma merkusii</a>, each with multiple cultivated varieties. Elephant foot yam, however, is the least important among the four and was likely only eaten as a <a href="/wiki/Famine_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Famine crop">famine crop</a>, since it contains more <a href="/wiki/Raphide" title="Raphide">raphides</a> that cause irritation if not cooked thoroughly.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchey2012-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthews1995-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areca_catechu_(areca_palm)">Areca catechu (areca palm)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Areca catechu (areca palm)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Betel">§ Betel</a></div> The practice of chewing <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nuts</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Areca_palm" title="Areca palm">areca palm</a> is native. The oldest known evidence of areca nut chewing was found in a burial pit in the <a href="/wiki/Duyong_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Duyong Cave">Duyong Cave</a> site in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (to which areca palms are native), which dates to around 4,630±250 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. Its diffusion is closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>. It was spread to the Indo-Pacific during prehistoric times, reaching <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> at 3,500 to 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a> at 3,400 to 3,000 BP; <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> by 3,500 BP; <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> by 3,000 to 2,500 BP; <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a> by 1500 BP; and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> by 600 BP. From India, it was also spread westwards to <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. It was also previously present in the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a>, based on archaeological remains dated from 3,600 to 2,500 BP, but it was not carried into <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Artocarpus">edit</a>]</div> Numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus" title="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</a> are traditionally cultivated or harvested from semi-domesticated or wild populations in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> for food, timber, traditional medicine, and other uses. They include <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_anisophyllus" title="Artocarpus anisophyllus">Artocarpus anisophyllus</a> (entawak),<a href="#cite_note-Lim2012-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_heterophyllus" class="mw-redirect" title="Artocarpus heterophyllus">Artocarpus heterophyllus</a> (jackfruit or nangka),<a href="#cite_note-Orwa2009-3-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_integer" title="Artocarpus integer">Artocarpus integer</a> (cempedak),<a href="#cite_note-de_Almeida-Lopes2018-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_lacucha" title="Artocarpus lacucha">Artocarpus lacucha</a> (lakuch),<a href="#cite_note-Orwa2009-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_mariannensis" title="Artocarpus mariannensis">Artocarpus mariannensis</a> (Marianas breadfruit),<a href="#cite_note-Orwa2009-2-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_odoratissimus" title="Artocarpus odoratissimus">Artocarpus odoratissimus</a> (tarap or marang),<a href="#cite_note-Abu_Bakar2018-32">[32]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_treculianus" title="Artocarpus treculianus">Artocarpus treculianus</a> (tipuho),<a href="#cite_note-Madulid2011-33">[33]</a> among many others. The most important species pertaining to the Austronesian expansion however, are <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_camansi" title="Artocarpus camansi">Artocarpus camansi</a> (breadnut or seeded breadfruit) and <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_altilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Artocarpus altilis">Artocarpus altilis</a> (breadfruit).<a href="#cite_note-Ragone2006-34">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artocarpus_integer_Fruit_and_Tree.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artocarpus_integer_Fruit_and_Tree.JPG/220px-Artocarpus_integer_Fruit_and_Tree.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artocarpus_integer_Fruit_and_Tree.JPG/330px-Artocarpus_integer_Fruit_and_Tree.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Artocarpus_integer_Fruit_and_Tree.JPG/440px-Artocarpus_integer_Fruit_and_Tree.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Cempedak (<a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_integer" title="Artocarpus integer">Artocarpus integer</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artocarpus_altilis_(breadfruit)">Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg/220px-Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg/330px-Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg/440px-Rainforest_Fatu_Hiva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Breadfruit tree in <a href="/wiki/Fatu-Hiva" title="Fatu-Hiva">Fatu-Hiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquesas_Islands" title="Marquesas Islands">Marquesas Islands</a></figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/DNA_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA fingerprinting">DNA fingerprinting</a> studies, the wild seeded ancestor of Artocarpus altilis is the Artocarpus camansi, which is native to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. A. camansi was domesticated and <a href="/wiki/Selectively_bred" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectively bred">selectively bred</a> in Polynesia, giving rise to the mostly seedless Artocarpus altilis. Micronesian breadfruit also show evidence of <a href="/wiki/Hybridisation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybridisation (biology)">hybridization</a> with the native Artocarpus mariannensis, while most Polynesian and Melanesian cultivars do not. This indicates that Micronesia was initially colonized separately from Polynesia and Melanesia through two different migration events which later came into contact with each other in eastern Micronesia.<a href="#cite_note-Ragone2006-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-zerega-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matisoo-Smith2015-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artocarpus_altilis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Artocarpus_altilis.jpg/220px-Artocarpus_altilis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Artocarpus_altilis.jpg/330px-Artocarpus_altilis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Artocarpus_altilis.jpg/440px-Artocarpus_altilis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Breadfruit (<a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_altilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Artocarpus altilis">Artocarpus altilis</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> word for breadfruit is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/kulu%CA%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/kuluʀ">*kuluʀ</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *kulur and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a> *kulu. Modern cognates include <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> kulur or kelur; <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> kulu; <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> kurur; <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> kulo or kolo; <a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a> kula; <a href="/wiki/Mussau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussau language">Mussau</a> ulu; <a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a> gulu; <a href="/wiki/Wayan_Fijian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayan Fijian language">Wayan Fijian</a> kulu; <a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a> kuro; <a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> kuru; <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> ʻuru; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> ʻulu; and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> kuru. Note that in Māori, kuru is only mentioned in tradition, but does not refer to the plant because breadfruit did not survive into <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-temarareo2-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust1989-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hull2000-39">[39]</a> Also note that it is believed that breadfruit only reached western Island Southeast Asia (Java, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula) during the recent centuries, as a result of trade with the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2008-fruit-40">[40]</a> Another notable reconstructed word for breadfruit is Proto-Oceanic *maRi or *mai. It is a common <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> for words for breadfruit in <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, northern and western <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Matthias_Islands" title="St Matthias Islands">St Matthias Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a>. The term itself may have originally been for Artocarpus mariannensis instead of Artocarpus altilis. Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mokil_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokil language">Mokil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ngatik_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngatik language">Ngatik</a> māi; <a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satawal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Satawal language">Satawal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a> mai; <a href="/wiki/Puluwat_language" title="Puluwat language">Puluwat</a> mais; <a href="/wiki/Yapese_language" title="Yapese language">Yapese</a> maiyah; and <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> mei.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-temarareo2-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artocarpus_heterophyllus_(jackfruit)">Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackfruit_National_fruit_of_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jackfruit tree with fruits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Jackfruit_National_fruit_of_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-Jackfruit_National_fruit_of_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Jackfruit_National_fruit_of_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-Jackfruit_National_fruit_of_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Jackfruit_National_fruit_of_Bangladesh.jpg/440px-Jackfruit_National_fruit_of_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1723" /></a><figcaption>Jackfruit tree with fruits</figcaption></figure> The jackfruit (<a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_heterophyllus" class="mw-redirect" title="Artocarpus heterophyllus">Artocarpus heterophyllus</a>) was domesticated independently in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, as evidenced by the fact that the Southeast Asian names for the fruit are not derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">roots</a>. It was probably first domesticated by Austronesians in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. The word for jackfruit in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian</a> is reconstructed as *laŋkaq. Modern <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> nangka; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> langka; <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> lanka or nanka; <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a> nakan; <a href="/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a> nangke; <a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a> dangka; and <a href="/wiki/Lun_Dayeh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lun Dayeh language">Lun Dayeh</a> laka. Note, however, that the fruit was only recently introduced to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> via <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> settlers when both were part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2008-fruit-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bambusoideae_(bamboos)">Bambusoideae (bamboos)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bambusoideae (bamboos)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_forest,_Taiwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bamboo_forest%2C_Taiwan.jpg/220px-Bamboo_forest%2C_Taiwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bamboo_forest%2C_Taiwan.jpg/330px-Bamboo_forest%2C_Taiwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bamboo_forest%2C_Taiwan.jpg/440px-Bamboo_forest%2C_Taiwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> forest in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></figcaption></figure> Various species of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a>) are found throughout Island Southeast Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, East Asia, and South Asia. In Austronesian regions, different types of bamboos have different names, as well as the products made from them. They are used variously as building materials, fishing gear, musical instruments, knives, water and food vessels, and so on. <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">Bamboo shoots</a> are also a food source in Southeast Asia. A few species of bamboo were carried by Austronesian settlers as they colonized the Pacific islands. They include the ʻohe (<a href="/wiki/Schizostachyum_glaucifolium" title="Schizostachyum glaucifolium">Schizostachyum glaucifolium</a>), the common bamboo (<a href="/wiki/Bambusa_vulgaris" title="Bambusa vulgaris">Bambusa vulgaris</a>), and the thorny bamboo (<a href="/wiki/Bambusa_bambos" title="Bambusa bambos">Bambusa bambos</a>).<a href="#cite_note-temarareo3-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2009inBentley-42">[42]</a> Reconstructed Proto-Austronesian words that referred to bamboo include *qauR, *kawayan, *buluq, and *betung. The latter entered <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> as *bitung, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> awi bitung; <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> bitu; and <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> pitu. Most terms for bamboo in Polynesia, however, originated from Proto-South-Central-Pacific *kofe (originally from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a> *kofe, "root"). Modern cognates include <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a> kofe; <a href="/wiki/Tokelau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokelau language">Tokelau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> kohe; <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> koʻe; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> ʻofe; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> ʻohe. Some names have also shifted to refer to bamboo-like plants; especially in islands where they were not introduced into or did not survive, like in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-temarareo3-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fowler2005-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benincasa_hispida_(wax_gourd)">Benincasa hispida (<a href="/wiki/Wax_gourd" title="Wax gourd">wax gourd</a>)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Benincasa hispida (wax gourd)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangkwang_bilogon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tangkwang_bilogon.jpg/220px-Tangkwang_bilogon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Tangkwang_bilogon.jpg/330px-Tangkwang_bilogon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Tangkwang_bilogon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="257" /></a><figcaption>Wax gourds being sold in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (March 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broussonetia_papyrifera_(paper_mulberry)">Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Broussonetia papyrifera (paper mulberry)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_061106-1467_Broussonetia_papyrifera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Starr_061106-1467_Broussonetia_papyrifera.jpg/220px-Starr_061106-1467_Broussonetia_papyrifera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Starr_061106-1467_Broussonetia_papyrifera.jpg/330px-Starr_061106-1467_Broussonetia_papyrifera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Starr_061106-1467_Broussonetia_papyrifera.jpg/440px-Starr_061106-1467_Broussonetia_papyrifera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">Kapa cloth</a> being pounded in <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> Paper mulberry (<a href="/wiki/Broussonetia_papyrifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Broussonetia papyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</a>), better known as "<a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa cloth</a> tree" in the Pacific, originates from <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> regions in mainland Asia and is one of the best evidence for the mainstream <a href="/wiki/%22Out_of_Taiwan%22_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title=""Out of Taiwan" hypothesis">"Out of Taiwan" hypothesis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a>. Various genetic studies have traced the origins of paper mulberry populations in the <a href="/wiki/Remote_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Pacific">Remote Pacific</a> all the way to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> via <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, which was along the expansion path, paper mulberry are mostly descendants of modern introductions in 1935. It is presumed that ancient introductions of paper mulberry went extinct in prehistory due to its replacement with hand-woven fabrics, given that paper mulberry generally only survives under human cultivation. However, its absence in the Philippines further underlines its origins in Taiwan, and not within Island Southeast Asia. Additionally paper mulberry populations in New Guinea also show genetic inflow from another expansion out of <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chang2015-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seelenfreund2010-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-González-Lorca-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broussonetia_papyrifera_fruits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Broussonetia_papyrifera_fruits.jpg/220px-Broussonetia_papyrifera_fruits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Broussonetia_papyrifera_fruits.jpg/330px-Broussonetia_papyrifera_fruits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Broussonetia_papyrifera_fruits.jpg/440px-Broussonetia_papyrifera_fruits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">Paper mulberry</a> fruits</figcaption></figure> It is believed to be the most widely transported fiber crop in prehistory, having been transported along with the full range of the Austronesian expansion, as opposed to most of the other commensal crops in Oceania. Paper mullbery is present in almost every island or island group in Polynesia, including <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Some populations have gone recently extinct after they stopped being cultivated, like in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a>, although accounts and prepared barkcloth and <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a> specimens of them exist in museum collections gathered by Europeans during the Colonial Period. They were spread by Polynesians primarily through <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetative propagation">vegetative propagation</a> with cuttings and root shoots. They were rarely cultivated from seeds as most plants were harvested prior to flowering, when the stems reach around 1 in (2.5 cm) in diameter, as described by 18th century European accounts. It is also unknown if the <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> plants reproduced sexually as the plants are <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a> and require both male and female specimens to be present in one island.<a href="#cite_note-Chang2015-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seelenfreund2010-45">[45]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:181px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaiian_kapa,_18th_century,_Cook-Foster_Collection_at_Georg-August_University_in_G%C3%B6ttingen,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hawaiian_kapa%2C_18th_century%2C_Cook-Foster_Collection_at_Georg-August_University_in_G%C3%B6ttingen%2C_Germany.jpg/127px-Hawaiian_kapa%2C_18th_century%2C_Cook-Foster_Collection_at_Georg-August_University_in_G%C3%B6ttingen%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hawaiian_kapa%2C_18th_century%2C_Cook-Foster_Collection_at_Georg-August_University_in_G%C3%B6ttingen%2C_Germany.jpg/191px-Hawaiian_kapa%2C_18th_century%2C_Cook-Foster_Collection_at_Georg-August_University_in_G%C3%B6ttingen%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Hawaiian_kapa%2C_18th_century%2C_Cook-Foster_Collection_at_Georg-August_University_in_G%C3%B6ttingen%2C_Germany.jpg/254px-Hawaiian_kapa%2C_18th_century%2C_Cook-Foster_Collection_at_Georg-August_University_in_G%C3%B6ttingen%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="782" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:89px;max-width:89px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:181px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fijian_royal_tapa_cloth,_19th_century,_Neiman_Marcus_Collection_rotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fijian_royal_tapa_cloth%2C_19th_century%2C_Neiman_Marcus_Collection_rotated.jpg/87px-Fijian_royal_tapa_cloth%2C_19th_century%2C_Neiman_Marcus_Collection_rotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fijian_royal_tapa_cloth%2C_19th_century%2C_Neiman_Marcus_Collection_rotated.jpg/131px-Fijian_royal_tapa_cloth%2C_19th_century%2C_Neiman_Marcus_Collection_rotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Fijian_royal_tapa_cloth%2C_19th_century%2C_Neiman_Marcus_Collection_rotated.jpg/174px-Fijian_royal_tapa_cloth%2C_19th_century%2C_Neiman_Marcus_Collection_rotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1812" data-file-height="3764" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: 18th century kapa from <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> Right: 19th century royal tapa from <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_kloppen_van_boombast_door_een_Dajak_vrouw_TMnr_10014526.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_kloppen_van_boombast_door_een_Dajak_vrouw_TMnr_10014526.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_kloppen_van_boombast_door_een_Dajak_vrouw_TMnr_10014526.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_kloppen_van_boombast_door_een_Dajak_vrouw_TMnr_10014526.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_kloppen_van_boombast_door_een_Dajak_vrouw_TMnr_10014526.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_kloppen_van_boombast_door_een_Dajak_vrouw_TMnr_10014526.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Het_kloppen_van_boombast_door_een_Dajak_vrouw_TMnr_10014526.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> woman pounding <a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">barkcloth</a> (likely made from <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus" title="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</a> spp.) in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, c. 1900 – 1938</figcaption></figure> Paper mulberry is primarily used in the Pacific Islands to make <a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">barkcloth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa</a> in most Polynesian languages).<a href="#cite_note-Chang2015-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seelenfreund2010-45">[45]</a> Barkcloth, can also be made from other members of the mulberry family (<a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> (figs) and <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus" title="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</a>. Barkcloth was also occasionally made from <a href="/wiki/Pipturus" title="Pipturus">Pipturus</a> nettles, especially in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. However the highest quality of barkcloth was from paper mulberry.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a> Barkcloth was mainly used for clothing among ancient Austronesians and is traditionally made using characteristic stone or wooden beaters which are among the most common artifacts found in Austronesian archaeological sites. Numerous archaeological remains of barkcloth beaters in southern China has been regarded as evidence that the pre-Taiwan Austronesian homelands were located in the region prior to the <a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southward expansion of the Han Dynasty">southward expansion of the Han Dynasty</a>, particularly around the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a>. The oldest such remains is from the Dingmo Site in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, dated to around 7,900 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Li2014-47">[47]</a> Barkcloth remained an important source of clothing fabrics in pre-colonial Melanesia, Polynesia, and parts of Indonesia. However, it has been mostly replaced by woven fiber clothing in most of Island Southeast Asia and Micronesia.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a> There are numerous names for paper mulberry throughout Austronesia, the most general can be reconstructed to Proto-Central Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *malaw, which also refers to the <a href="/wiki/Loincloth" title="Loincloth">loincloth</a> and other items of clothing made from paper mulberry bark. Its cognates including <a href="/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a> mal; <a href="/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a> mala ai; <a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a> māl; <a href="/wiki/Numfor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Numfor language">Numfor</a> mār; <a href="/wiki/Tanga_language" title="Tanga language">Tanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gedaged_language" title="Gedaged language">Gedaged</a> mal; <a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a> mago; <a href="/wiki/Kairiru_language" title="Kairiru language">Kairiru</a> myal; <a href="/wiki/Lusi_language" title="Lusi language">Lusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kove_language" title="Kove language">Kove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manam_language" title="Manam language">Manam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gitua_language" title="Gitua language">Gitua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> malo; and <a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> maro.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In Eastern Polynesia, terms for paper mulberry can also be reconstructed to Proto-Central Eastern-Polynesian *aute, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> ʻaute; <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> ute; <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> wauke; <a href="/wiki/Rapa_language" title="Rapa language">Rapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> aute.<a href="#cite_note-temarareoAute-48">[48]</a> In most of Polynesia, the term for barkcloth can also be reconstructed from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian">Proto-Nuclear-Polynesian</a> *taba, meaning "bark", with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Wayan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayan language">Wayan</a> taba; <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangareva_language" title="Mangareva language">Mangareva</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> tapa; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> kapa. Other terms widely used for barkcloth and paper mulberry are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a> reconstructed word *siapo, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> hiapo; and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">East Futunan</a> siapo.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a> The term for barkcloth beater, however, can be reconstructed more extensively back to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *ike, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a> ike; <a href="/wiki/Sa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'a language">Sa'a</a> iki; <a href="/wiki/Bauan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauan language">Bauan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">East Futunan</a> ike; and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> iʻe.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calophyllum_inophyllum_(mastwood)">Calophyllum inophyllum (mastwood)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Calophyllum inophyllum (mastwood)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_060422-7872_Calophyllum_inophyllum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Starr_060422-7872_Calophyllum_inophyllum.jpg/220px-Starr_060422-7872_Calophyllum_inophyllum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Starr_060422-7872_Calophyllum_inophyllum.jpg/330px-Starr_060422-7872_Calophyllum_inophyllum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Starr_060422-7872_Calophyllum_inophyllum.jpg/440px-Starr_060422-7872_Calophyllum_inophyllum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calophyllum_inophyllum" title="Calophyllum inophyllum">Mastwood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wai%CA%BBanapanapa_State_Park" title="Waiʻanapanapa State Park">Waiʻanapanapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></figcaption></figure> Mastwood (<a href="/wiki/Calophyllum_inophyllum" title="Calophyllum inophyllum">Calophyllum inophyllum</a>) is a widespread timber tree native to tropical Asia. It is notable for its ability to grow to massive sizes in sandy or rocky beaches of island and coastal habitats, as well as its habit of sending out arching large trunks over the water where its seeds are dispersed via the currents.<a href="#cite_note-OrwaCalophyllum-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Damon2016-50">[50]</a> Due to these characters, mastwood are of particular importance to traditional <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> of the larger Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger ships</a> and were carried with them as they migrated to Oceania and Madagascar.<a href="#cite_note-Damon2016-50">[50]</a> Other species of the genus <a href="/wiki/Calophyllum" title="Calophyllum">Calophyllum</a> were also used similarly, like <a href="/wiki/Calophyllum_soulattri" title="Calophyllum soulattri">Calophyllum soulattri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calophyllum_peekelii" title="Calophyllum peekelii">Calophyllum peekelii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calophyllum_goniocarpum" title="Calophyllum goniocarpum">Calophyllum goniocarpum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wood_grain" title="Wood grain">wood grain</a> of the members of the genus are characteristically interlocked, which make them harder to work with but also makes them stronger as well as being more suitable for carving intricate shapes. They were comparable in importance to how <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a> were in European shipbuilding and timber industries.<a href="#cite_note-Damon2016-50">[50]</a> In many parts of Polynesia, mastwood groves planted in <a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">marae</a> were considered sacred and abodes of spirits. Mastwood were also carved into religious objects like <a href="/wiki/Tiki" title="Tiki">tiki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dweck2002-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halpern2002-52">[52]</a> They are also commonly mentioned in the chants and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Polynesia">folklore of Polynesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allen2002-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calophyllum_inophyllum_fruits_Beqa_Fiji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Calophyllum_inophyllum_fruits_Beqa_Fiji.jpg/220px-Calophyllum_inophyllum_fruits_Beqa_Fiji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Calophyllum_inophyllum_fruits_Beqa_Fiji.jpg/330px-Calophyllum_inophyllum_fruits_Beqa_Fiji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Calophyllum_inophyllum_fruits_Beqa_Fiji.jpg/440px-Calophyllum_inophyllum_fruits_Beqa_Fiji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>The ball-like fruits of <a href="/wiki/Calophyllum_inophyllum" title="Calophyllum inophyllum">mastwood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beqa" title="Beqa">Beqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></figcaption></figure> Various parts of the mastwood were integral to the manufacture of outrigger canoes. The large curving limbs were commonly carved into the <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugout canoes</a> that formed the <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keel</a> of the Austronesian outriggers ships. The <a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">strakes</a>, which are attached to the keel by the uniquely Austronesian technique of "sewing" them with a combination of <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowels</a> and lashed lugs instead of nails, can also be made from mastwood, but it is more commonly made from other "softer" timber species like <a href="/wiki/Artocarpus" title="Artocarpus">Artocarpus</a>. Other pieces became <a href="/wiki/Mast_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast (ship)">masts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger">outrigger</a> floats, and outrigger spars. Smaller curving limbs can also be carved into the ribs of the boat.<a href="#cite_note-Damon2016-50">[50]</a> Aside from shipbuilding, <a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">tamanu oil</a> extracted from the fruit kernels were important in Polynesian culture. The oils, as well as poultices made from leaves and flowers, are also commonly used for traditional medicine.<a href="#cite_note-OrwaCalophyllum-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dweck2002-51">[51]</a> The leaves contain compounds that are poisonous to fish and can be used as <a href="/wiki/Fish_poison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish poison">fish poison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OrwaCalophyllum-49">[49]</a> The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> word for mastwood is *bitaquR, with modern <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> including <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> bittáug; <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a> bitául; <a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manobo language">Manobo</a> bitáʻog or bitaʻug; <a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a> bito; <a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a> btáʻəs; <a href="/wiki/Wetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetan language">Wetan</a> witora; and <a href="/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a> hataul.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Malayo-Polynesian">Western Malayo-Polynesian</a> words for mastwood is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublet</a> Proto-Austronesian *bintaŋuR, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a> bintangur or bentangur; <a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a> wintangor; and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> vintáno.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a>, the reconstructed word is pitaquR, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Nauna_language" title="Nauna language">Nauna</a> pitɨ; <a href="/wiki/Loniu_language" title="Loniu language">Loniu</a> pitow; <a href="/wiki/Nali_language" title="Nali language">Nali</a> pirow; <a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a> hita; <a href="/wiki/Aua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aua language">Aua</a> piʻaw; <a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a> isou; <a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a> hefau; <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> vetau, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> fetaʻu; <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a> fetau; <a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a> hedau; and <a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a> hetaʻu.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In most of these languages, the name specifically refers to C. inophyllum, although in Ifugao, Maranao, Nias, Wetan, and Fijian, the name has become more generalized to large timber trees.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tryon1995-54">[54]</a> Another set of cognates for C. inophyllum in Proto-Oceanic can be reconstructed as *tamanu. Its difference from *pitaquR is unclear, but given the distinction between the terms in the <a href="/wiki/Mussau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussau language">Mussau</a> <a href="/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex (linguistics)">reflex</a>, *tamanu probably originally referred to specimens of the tree that grow in island interiors and not on the coastlines. Modern cognates include <a href="/wiki/Mussau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussau language">Mussau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> tamanu; <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> damanu; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> kamani.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cananga_odorata_(ylang-ylang)">Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cananga odorata (ylang-ylang)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cananga_flower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cananga_flower.JPG/220px-Cananga_flower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cananga_flower.JPG/330px-Cananga_flower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Cananga_flower.JPG/440px-Cananga_flower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flowers of <a href="/wiki/Cananga_odorata" title="Cananga odorata">Cananga odorata</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cananga_odorata" title="Cananga odorata">Cananga odorata</a>, with its large, aromatic flowers, is used for ornamentation. The species originated from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-POWO_72580-1-55">[55]</a> It is not known whether it is native to Polynesia and Melanesia or introduced.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citrus">Citrus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citrus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/B%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fi.jpg/220px-B%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/B%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fi.jpg/330px-B%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/B%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fi.jpg/440px-B%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>Pomelo tree in southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></figcaption></figure> Numerous species of Citrus are native to Island Southeast Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia and Near Oceania. The Austronesians cultivated and gathered a variety of citrus for food, medicine and washing with the thorns being used as piercing implements for <a href="/wiki/Tattooing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattooing">tattooing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Citrus_hystrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus hystrix">Citrus hystrix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrus_macroptera" title="Citrus macroptera">Citrus macroptera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Citrus_maxima" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrus maxima">Citrus maxima</a> were also among the canoe plants carried by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> voyagers eastwards into <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blench-57">[57]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> names describing citruses are named moli ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic_language" title="Proto-Oceanic language">Proto-Oceanic</a> *molis;<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> whether a link to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_language" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language">PMP</a> *limaw is present (albeit indirect) or otherwise is uncertain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cocos_nucifera_(coconut)">Cocos nucifera (coconut)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cocos nucifera (coconut)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_(Gunn,_Baudouin,%26_Olsen,_2011).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png/220px-Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png/330px-Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png/440px-Historical_Introduction_of_Coconuts_%28Gunn%2C_Baudouin%2C%26_Olsen%2C_2011%29.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>Inferred historical introduction of coconuts from the original centers of diversity in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lutz-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brouwers2011-62">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> The region between <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Asia">Southwest Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> is the center of origin for coconuts (<a href="/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a>), where it shows greatest genetic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Perera2009-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chan2006-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baudouin2008-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-60">[60]</a> A study in 2011 identified two highly genetically differentiated subpopulations of coconuts, one originating from <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> (the Pacific group) and the other from the southern margins of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> (the Indo-Atlantic group). The Pacific group is the only one to display clear genetic and phenotypic indications that they were domesticated; including dwarf habit, self-pollination, and the round "niu vai" fruit morphology with larger endosperm-to-husk ratios. The distribution of the Pacific coconuts correspond to the regions settled by Austronesian voyagers indicating that its spread was largely the result of human introductions.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crowther2016-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangiroa,_Tuamotus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg/220px-Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg/330px-Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg/440px-Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Coconuts in <a href="/wiki/Rangiroa" title="Rangiroa">Rangiroa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></figcaption></figure> It is most strikingly displayed in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, an island settled by Austronesian sailors at around 2,000 to 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">BP</a>. The coconut populations in the island show genetic admixture between the two subpopulations indicating that Pacific coconuts were brought by the Austronesian settlers that later interbred with the local Indo-Atlantic coconuts.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crowther2016-66">[66]</a> Most words for "coconut" in <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> are derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/niu%CA%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/niuʀ">niuʀ</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> niyog; <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> niyok; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> nyiur or nyior; <a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a> nuu; <a href="/wiki/Drehu_language" title="Drehu language">Drehu</a> nu; <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a> nii; <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a> niu; and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voanio" class="extiw" title="wikt:voanio">nio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust1988-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elbert1964-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust2014-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahuja2014-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JfDwarfCoconut_treesPhilippinesfvf_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/JfDwarfCoconut_treesPhilippinesfvf_07.JPG/220px-JfDwarfCoconut_treesPhilippinesfvf_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/JfDwarfCoconut_treesPhilippinesfvf_07.JPG/330px-JfDwarfCoconut_treesPhilippinesfvf_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/JfDwarfCoconut_treesPhilippinesfvf_07.JPG/440px-JfDwarfCoconut_treesPhilippinesfvf_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_coconut" title="Dwarf coconut">Dwarf coconut</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, showing the typical rounder <a href="/wiki/Niu_vai" class="mw-redirect" title="Niu vai">niu vai</a> fruit morphology of Pacific coconuts</figcaption></figure> Genetic studies of coconuts have also confirmed pre-Columbian populations of coconuts in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in South America. However, it is not native and display a genetic bottleneck resulting from a <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>. A study in 2008 showed that the coconuts in the Americas are genetically closest related to coconuts in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and not to any other nearby coconut populations (including <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>). Such an origin indicates that the coconuts were not introduced naturally, such as by sea currents. The researchers concluded that it was brought by early Austronesian sailors to the Americas from at least 2,250 BP, and may be proof of pre-Columbian contact between Austronesian cultures and South American cultures, albeit in the opposite direction than what early hypotheses like Heyerdahl's had proposed. It is further strengthened by other similar botanical evidence of contact, like the pre-colonial presence of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> in Oceanian cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Baudouin2008-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brouwers2011-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-71">[71]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">colonial era</a>, Pacific coconuts were further introduced to <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-60">[60]</a> In contrast to the Pacific coconuts, Indo-Atlantic coconuts were largely spread by Arab and Persian traders into the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> coast. Indo-Atlantic coconuts were also introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> ships from their colonies in coastal <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>; first being introduced to coastal <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, then onwards into the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. All of these introductions are within the last few centuries, relatively recent in comparison to the spread of Pacific coconuts.<a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coix_lacryma-jobi_(Job's_tears)">Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's tears)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coix lacryma-jobi (Job's tears)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coix_lacryma-jobi1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coix_lacryma-jobi1.jpg/220px-Coix_lacryma-jobi1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coix_lacryma-jobi1.jpg/330px-Coix_lacryma-jobi1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Coix_lacryma-jobi1.jpg/440px-Coix_lacryma-jobi1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a> with developing seed pods</figcaption></figure> The size and nutrition of <a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a> set it apart from other long-used ancient grains native to this area of Asia, and the well established and recorded use in culinary practices indicate a history at least proportional to that of millet and rice. Dating of a site in <a href="/wiki/Shiziyang" title="Shiziyang">Shizitan</a> has presented dates as early as 28,000 to 18,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Archaeologists have found evidence supporting Job's tears as among the earliest domesticates in Asia, accompanied by millet.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colocasia_esculenta_(taro)">Colocasia esculenta (taro)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colocasia esculenta (taro)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taro_fields.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Taro_fields.JPG/220px-Taro_fields.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Taro_fields.JPG/330px-Taro_fields.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Taro_fields.JPG/440px-Taro_fields.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Taro fields in <a href="/wiki/Hanalei_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanalei Valley">Hanalei Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaua%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaua'i">Kaua'i</a></figcaption></figure> The taro (<a href="/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Colocasia esculenta">Colocasia esculenta</a>), sometimes referred to as the "true taro", is one of the most ancient cultivated crops and pre-dated the Austronesian expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Denham2011-6">[6]</a> Taro is found widely in tropical and subtropical regions of South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea, and northern Australia and is highly <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">polymorphic</a>, making taxonomy and distinction between wild and cultivated types difficult. It is believed that they were domesticated independently multiple times, with authors giving possible locations as <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, and northeastern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, based largely on the assumed native range of the wild plants.<a href="#cite_note-Kreike2004-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebot2009-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaïr2016-76">[76]</a> However, more recent studies have pointed out that wild taro may have a much larger native distribution than previously believed, and wild breeding types may also likely be indigenous to other parts of Island Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews2015-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matthews2012-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaroAKL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/TaroAKL.jpg/220px-TaroAKL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/TaroAKL.jpg/330px-TaroAKL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/TaroAKL.jpg/440px-TaroAKL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Taro plants in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland, New Zealand</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:968Foods_Cuisine_of_Bulacan_Philippines_41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/968Foods_Cuisine_of_Bulacan_Philippines_41.jpg/220px-968Foods_Cuisine_of_Bulacan_Philippines_41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/968Foods_Cuisine_of_Bulacan_Philippines_41.jpg/330px-968Foods_Cuisine_of_Bulacan_Philippines_41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/968Foods_Cuisine_of_Bulacan_Philippines_41.jpg/440px-968Foods_Cuisine_of_Bulacan_Philippines_41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Taro <a href="/wiki/Corms" class="mw-redirect" title="Corms">corms</a> being sold in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> Archaeological traces of taro exploitation have been recovered from numerous sites pre-dating the Austronesian expansion, though whether these were cultivated or wild types can not be ascertained. They include the <a href="/wiki/Niah_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Niah Caves">Niah Caves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, dating to <40,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Barker2011-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ille_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ille Cave">Ille Cave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, dated to at least c. 11,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Barker2011-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balbaligo2007-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, dated to 10,200 to 9,910 <a href="/wiki/Cal_BP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cal BP">cal BP</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Fullagar2006-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denham2004-82">[82]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilu_Cave" title="Kilu Cave">Kilu Cave</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> dated to around c. 28,000 to 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Loy1992-83">[83]</a> In the case of Kuk Swamp, there is evidence of formalized agriculture emerging by about c. 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, with evidence of cultivated plots, though which plant was cultivated remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-BarkerHuntCarlos2011-84">[84]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palau_taro_patch_soil_management.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Palau_taro_patch_soil_management.jpg/220px-Palau_taro_patch_soil_management.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Palau_taro_patch_soil_management.jpg/330px-Palau_taro_patch_soil_management.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Palau_taro_patch_soil_management.jpg/440px-Palau_taro_patch_soil_management.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>A taro plantation in <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> using dug pits and compost to create richer soil</figcaption></figure> Regardless, taro were definitely among the cultivated plants of Austronesians as well as preceding populations in Island Southeast Asia. However, their importance in Island Southeast Asia had largely been replaced by rice, although they are still planted at the margins of <a href="/wiki/Rice_paddies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice paddies">rice paddies</a> in some communities. They remained a staple in the islands of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> where rice wasn't introduced. They are one of the four species of aroids (taros) cultivated by Austronesians primarily as a source of starchy <a href="/wiki/Corm" title="Corm">corms</a>, the others being <a href="/wiki/Alocasia_macrorrhizos" title="Alocasia macrorrhizos">Alocasia macrorrhizos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorphophallus_paeoniifolius" title="Amorphophallus paeoniifolius">Amorphophallus paeoniifolius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyrtosperma_merkusii" title="Cyrtosperma merkusii">Cyrtosperma merkusii</a>. They are the most important and the most preferred among the four, because they were less likely to contain the irritating <a href="/wiki/Raphide" title="Raphide">raphides</a> present in the other plants.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews1995-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barton2012-85">[85]</a> Taro is also identified as one of the staples of <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, from archaeological evidence dating back to the pre-colonial <a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">Latte Period</a> (c. 900 – 1521 AD), indicating that it was also carried by <a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesians</a> when they colonized the islands.<a href="#cite_note-taroguampedia-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dixon2012-87">[87]</a> Due to the unsuitability of the low-lying <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoll</a> islands of most of Micronesia, Micronesians innovated by digging pits that could then be filled up with compost suitable for taro cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a> Taro pollen and starch residue have also been identified in earlier <a href="/wiki/Lapita_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita Culture">Lapita</a> sites, dated to around c. 3,050 – 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Cal_BP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cal BP">cal BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a> There are numerous terms for taro in the Austronesian languages, both specific and generalized. The reconstructed Proto-Austronesian term for taro is *cali, with <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> including <a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> sali, <a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a> lhari; <a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a> tai; and <a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a> tali.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> It became *<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/tal%C9%99s" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Malayo-Polynesian/taləs">taləs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a>, which in turn became *talos or *talo in <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Proto-Oceanic</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o language">Hanunó'o</a> tálus; <a href="/wiki/Aborlan_Tagbanwa_language" title="Aborlan Tagbanwa language">Aborlan Tagbanwa</a> talis; <a href="/wiki/Palawan_Batak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Palawan Batak language">Palawan Batak</a> täläs; <a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a> talõ; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> talas; <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> taleh; <a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> taleus; <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> tales; <a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a> dáit; <a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Rotinese</a> tale; and <a href="/wiki/Tetun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetun language">Tetun</a> talas.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-PRPM-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Syamsarul2013-89">[89]</a> In Polynesian languages, the cognates include <a href="/wiki/Motu_language" title="Motu language">Motu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marovo_language" title="Marovo language">Marovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a> talo; <a href="/wiki/Kwaio_language" title="Kwaio language">Kwaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lau_language_(Malaita)" title="Lau language (Malaita)">Lau (Malaita)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toqabaqita_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Toqabaqita language">Toqabaqita</a> alo; <a href="/wiki/%27%C4%80re%27%C4%81re_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Āre'āre language">'Āre'āre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bauro_language" title="Bauro language">Bauro</a> aro; <a href="/wiki/Nakanamanga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakanamanga language">Nakanamanga</a> na-tale; <a href="/wiki/Sye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sye language">Sye</a> tal or nal; <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a> dalo; <a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a> tago; <a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> taro; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> kalo. The English name for the plant is itself derived from the Polynesian names.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> A red variety of taro also has names derived from reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a> *pongi, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a> pongi; <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> poki; <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> poni; and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> pongi.<a href="#cite_note-temarareoTaro-90">[90]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian</a>, another reconstructed term is *kaladi, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Bisaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabah Bisaya language">Sabah Bisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tae%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae' language">Tae'</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wolio_language" title="Wolio language">Wolio</a> kaladi; <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> keladi; and <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a> koladi.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cordia_subcordata_(beach_cordia)">Cordia subcordata (beach cordia)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cordia subcordata (beach cordia)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordia_subcordata_(4822100731).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cordia_subcordata_%284822100731%29.jpg/220px-Cordia_subcordata_%284822100731%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cordia_subcordata_%284822100731%29.jpg/330px-Cordia_subcordata_%284822100731%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Cordia_subcordata_%284822100731%29.jpg/440px-Cordia_subcordata_%284822100731%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Flowering <a href="/wiki/Beach_cordia" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach cordia">beach cordia</a> in <a href="/wiki/O%CA%BBahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Oʻahu">Oʻahu</a></figcaption></figure> The beach cordia (<a href="/wiki/Cordia_subcordata" title="Cordia subcordata">Cordia subcordata</a>) is an important timber tree with light, finely textured, and somewhat soft wood ideal for carving. It has no taste and thus was most commonly used for carving utensils, cups, bowls, and other containers; as well as ornamental carvings and musical instruments throughout Austronesia. The wood is flammable and is commonly used in New Guinea as firewood. In some cultures, the wood may also be used to build paddles and the keels of the boats.<a href="#cite_note-FridayOkano2006-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ono2013-92">[92]</a> The seeds can also be eaten, though only as <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a>. Other parts can also be used for traditional medicine and for the extraction of dyes. Like <a href="/wiki/Calophyllum_inophyllum" title="Calophyllum inophyllum">Calophyllum inophyllum</a>, beach cordia were commonly planted in <a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">marae</a>. They have cultural and religious significance in some cultures like in <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karimunjawa_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Karimunjawa Islands">Karimunjawa Islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. In Hawaii, it was traditional to plant beach cordia around houses and use their bright orange flowers as <a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">leis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FridayOkano2006-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sudarmin2015-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boerger2009-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-KahnCoil2006-95">[95]</a> Beach cordia, like most trees favored by Austronesians, grow well in sandy, clay, and rocky soil and are a common component in coastal forests and mangrove forests. Beach cordia was once thought to be an introduced species, but it is now known to be indigenous to most of the islands and coastlines of the Indo-Pacific, propagated naturally by their buoyant seeds. Nevertheless, they were still deliberately introduced in some islands, with artificial introductions usually found growing with other common trees cultivated by Austronesians. Especially in the atolls of Micronesia.<a href="#cite_note-FridayOkano2006-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pebble2008-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millerstrom2008-97">[97]</a> Terms for beach cordia is reconstructed to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *kanawa, with <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> including <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> kenawa; <a href="/wiki/Makasarese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makasarese language">Makasarese</a> kanawa; <a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a> kəláu; <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a> kanawa; <a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelau</a> kanava; and <a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a> ganava. Another set of cognates can be reconstructed to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *toRu, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Nehan</a> to-tor; <a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a> to-tol; <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> tou; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> kou.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Green2007-98">[98]</a> An older reconstructed term is <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> *qaNuNaŋ, however it is not specific to beach cordia and can refer to other members of the genus with sticky fruits, especially the glue berry (<a href="/wiki/Cordia_dichotoma" title="Cordia dichotoma">Cordia dichotoma</a>) and the lasura (<a href="/wiki/Cordia_myxa" title="Cordia myxa">Cordia myxa</a>). It also did not reach the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a>. Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a> həhngə; <a href="/wiki/Isneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Isneg language">Isneg</a> anúnang; <a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o language">Hanunó'o</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> anúnang; <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a> nonang; <a href="/wiki/Manobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manobo language">Manobo</a> enunang; <a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a> anonang; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a> nunang; and <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a> onunang.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cordyline_fruticosa_(ti)">Cordyline fruticosa (ti)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cordyline fruticosa (ti)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plant_dsc07298.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Plant_dsc07298.jpg/170px-Plant_dsc07298.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Plant_dsc07298.jpg/255px-Plant_dsc07298.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Plant_dsc07298.jpg/340px-Plant_dsc07298.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Red ti plants in <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></figcaption></figure> Ti (<a href="/wiki/Cordyline_fruticosa" title="Cordyline fruticosa">Cordyline fruticosa</a>) is a palm-like plant growing up to 3 to 4 m (9.8 to 13.1 ft) tall with an attractive fan-like and spirally arranged cluster of broadly elongated leaves at the tip of the slender trunk. It has numerous color variations, ranging from plants with red leaves to green, yellow, and variegated <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>. Its original native distribution is unknown, but it is believed to be native to the region from <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">Northern Australia</a>. It has the highest morphological diversity in New Guinea and is believed to have been extensively cultivated there. It is commonly misidentified as a "<a href="/wiki/Dracaena_(plant)" title="Dracaena (plant)">Dracaena</a>", along with members of the genus <a href="/wiki/Cordyline" title="Cordyline">Cordyline</a>, due to past classification systems.<a href="#cite_note-Hinkle2007-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-CABI-ti-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordyline_fruiticosa_%27Firebrand%27_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cordyline_fruiticosa_%27Firebrand%27_3.jpg/220px-Cordyline_fruiticosa_%27Firebrand%27_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cordyline_fruiticosa_%27Firebrand%27_3.jpg/330px-Cordyline_fruiticosa_%27Firebrand%27_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Cordyline_fruiticosa_%27Firebrand%27_3.jpg/440px-Cordyline_fruiticosa_%27Firebrand%27_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>Red <a href="/wiki/Cordyline_fruticosa" title="Cordyline fruticosa">ti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> It was carried throughout Oceania by Austronesians, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> at their furthest extent. A particularly important type of ti in Polynesia is a large green-leafed cultivar grown for their enlarged edible rhizomes. Unlike the ti populations in Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a>, this cultivar is almost entirely sterile in the further islands of eastern Polynesia. It can only be propagated by cuttings from the stalks or the <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>. It is speculated that this was the result of deliberate <a href="/wiki/Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">artificial selection</a>, probably because they produce larger and less fibrous rhizomes more suitable for use as food.<a href="#cite_note-Hinkle2007-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hinkle2004-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borland2009-102">[102]</a> Ti has many uses but it is most notable as one of the most important plants related to the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> religions of Austronesians, along with fig trees (<a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> spp.). It is very widely regarded as having mystical or spiritual powers in various Austronesian (as well as <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan</a>) cultures. Among a lot of ethnic groups in Austronesia it is regarded as sacred. Common features include the belief that they can hold souls and thus are useful in healing "<a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">soul loss</a>" illnesses and in exorcising against malevolent spirits, their use in ritual attire and ornamentation, and their use as boundary markers. Red and green cultivars also commonly represented dualistic aspects of culture and religion and are used differently in rituals. Red ti plants commonly symbolize blood, war, and the ties between the living and the dead; while green ti plants commonly symbolize peace and healing.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich2000-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich1989-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rappaport1989-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hinkle2004-101">[101]</a> They are also widely used for traditional medicine, dye, and ornamentation throughout Austronesia and New Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-Lense2012-106">[106]</a> Their ritual uses in Island Southeast Asia have largely been obscured by the introduction of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islamic, and Christian religions, but they still persist in certain areas or are coopted for the rituals of the new religions.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich2000-103">[103]</a> In Polynesia, the leaves of the green-leafed form are used to wrap food, line <a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">earth ovens</a> and fermentation pits of <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, and their rhizomes harvested and processed into a sweet molasses-like pulp eaten like candy or used to produce a honey-like liquid used in various sweet treats. In <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, the roots are also mixed with water and fermented into an alcoholic beverage known as <a href="/wiki/Okolehao" title="Okolehao">okolehao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hinkle2007-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson1997-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-unsavory-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffith1847-109">[109]</a> Fibers extracted from leaves are also used in cordage and in making bird traps.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson1997-107">[107]</a> The consumption of ti as food, regarded as a sacred plant and thus was originally <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a>, is believed to have been a daring innovation of Polynesian cultures as a response to famine conditions. The lifting of the taboo is believed to be tied to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Firewalking_ritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Firewalking ritual">firewalking ritual</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich2000-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg/220px-Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg/330px-Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg/440px-Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Red ti planted alongside traditional houses of the <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">Banaue Rice Terraces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine">Philippine</a> <a href="/wiki/Anitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anitism">anitism</a>, ti were commonly used by <a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">babaylan</a> (female <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a>) when conducting <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">mediumship</a> or healing rituals. A common belief in Filipino cultures is that the plant has the innate ability to host <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">spirits</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Luzon">Northern Luzon</a>, it is planted around terraces and communities to drive away evil spirits as well as mark boundaries of cultivated fields. The red leaves are believed to be attractive to spirits and is worn during important rituals as part of the headdresses and tucked into armbands. In the past, it was also worn during ceremonial dances called bangibang, which was performed by both men and women for warriors who died in battle or through violent means. They are also used to decorate ritual objects.<a href="#cite_note-van_Schooneveld2018-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-de_Guzman2018-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hapao-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balangcod2009-113">[113]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Palaw%27an_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaw'an people">Palaw'an people</a>, it is planted in burial grounds to prevent the dead from becoming malevolent spirits.<a href="#cite_note-Novellino2001-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_houses_in_Tana_Toraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Traditional_houses_in_Tana_Toraja.jpg/220px-Traditional_houses_in_Tana_Toraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Traditional_houses_in_Tana_Toraja.jpg/330px-Traditional_houses_in_Tana_Toraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Traditional_houses_in_Tana_Toraja.jpg/440px-Traditional_houses_in_Tana_Toraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Red ti planted around traditional <a href="/wiki/Toraja_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja people">Toraja</a> houses in <a href="/wiki/Tana_Toraja_Regency" title="Tana Toraja Regency">Tana Toraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr-030405-0072-Cordyline_fruticosa-habit-Makawao_Forest_Reserve-Maui_(24261783289).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Starr-030405-0072-Cordyline_fruticosa-habit-Makawao_Forest_Reserve-Maui_%2824261783289%29.jpg/220px-Starr-030405-0072-Cordyline_fruticosa-habit-Makawao_Forest_Reserve-Maui_%2824261783289%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Starr-030405-0072-Cordyline_fruticosa-habit-Makawao_Forest_Reserve-Maui_%2824261783289%29.jpg/330px-Starr-030405-0072-Cordyline_fruticosa-habit-Makawao_Forest_Reserve-Maui_%2824261783289%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Starr-030405-0072-Cordyline_fruticosa-habit-Makawao_Forest_Reserve-Maui_%2824261783289%29.jpg/440px-Starr-030405-0072-Cordyline_fruticosa-habit-Makawao_Forest_Reserve-Maui_%2824261783289%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">Feral</a> green ti plants in Makawao Forest, <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, red ti are used similarly as in the Philippines. Among the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berawan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berawan people (page does not exist)">Berawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow people</a>, red ti are used as wards against evil spirits and as boundary markers. They are also used in rituals like in healing and funerals and are very commonly planted in sacred groves and around shrines.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich2000-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunawan-115">[115]</a> The Dayak also extract a natural green dye from ti.<a href="#cite_note-Rahayu2016-116">[116]</a> During healing rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">life-giving spirit</a> are enticed with songs and offerings to enter ti stems which are then reconciled with the sick person.<a href="#cite_note-Loeb1929-117">[117]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak people</a>, green ti leaves are used as part of the offerings to spirits by the belian shamans.<a href="#cite_note-Rahayu2016-116">[116]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy people</a>, green ti represent the body, while red ti represent the soul. Both are used in rice planting rituals. They are also planted on burial grounds.<a href="#cite_note-Hakim2006-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iskandar2017-119">[119]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo people</a>, ti plants are planted near village or family shrines in a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">sacred grove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Domenig-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sumantera1999-121">[121]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Toraja_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja people">Toraja people</a>, red ti plants are used in rituals and as decorations of ritual objects. They are believed to occur in both the material and the spirit worlds (a common belief in Austronesian animism). In the spirit world, they exist as fins and tails of spirits. In the material world, they are most useful as guides used to attract the attentions of spirits. The red leaves are also symbolic of blood and thus of life and vitality.<a href="#cite_note-Nooy-Palm1979-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volkman1985-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox2006House-124">[124]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju people</a>, ti plants were symbolic of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">sacred groves</a> of ancestors. They were also important in ritual promises dedicated to high gods. They were regarded as symbolic of the masculine "Tree of Life", in a dichotomy against <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> species which symbolize the feminine "Tree of the Dead".<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich2000-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordyline_fruticosa,_flowering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cordyline_fruticosa%2C_flowering.jpg/220px-Cordyline_fruticosa%2C_flowering.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cordyline_fruticosa%2C_flowering.jpg/330px-Cordyline_fruticosa%2C_flowering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cordyline_fruticosa%2C_flowering.jpg/440px-Cordyline_fruticosa%2C_flowering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Flowering green ti plant in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, ti are commonly planted to indicate land ownership for cultivation and are also planted around ceremonial men's houses. They are also used in various rituals and are commonly associated with blood and warfare.<a href="#cite_note-Sheridan2016-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-West2006-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris2006-127">[127]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Tsembaga_Maring_tribe" title="Tsembaga Maring tribe">Tsembaga Maring people</a>, they are believed to house "red spirits" (spirits of men who died in battle). Prior to a highly ritualized (but lethal) warfare over land ownership, they are uprooted and pigs are sacrificed to the spirits. After the hostilities, they are re-planted in the new land boundaries depending on the outcome of the fight. The men involved ritually place their souls into the plants. The ritual warfare have been suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> government, but parts of the rituals still survive.<a href="#cite_note-Rappaport1989-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rappaport1967-128">[128]</a> Among the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ankave_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ankave people (page does not exist)">Ankave people</a>, red ti is part of their <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a>, believed as having arisen from the site of the first murder.<a href="#cite_note-Bonnemère2018-129">[129]</a> Among the Mendi and Sulka people they are made into dyes used as body paint, and their leaves are used for body adornments and purification rituals.<a href="#cite_note-Hill-130">[130]</a> Among the Nikgini people, the leaves have magical abilities to bring good luck and are used in <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> and in decorating ritual objects.<a href="#cite_note-Nombo-131">[131]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Kapauku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapauku people">Kapauku people</a>, ti plants are regarded as magical plants and are believed to be spiritual beings themselves. Unlike other magical plants which are controlled by other spirits, ti plants had their own spirits and are powerful enough to command other spiritual beings. Red plants are used in <a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">white magic</a> rituals, while green plants are used in <a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">black magic</a> rituals. They are also commonly used in protection and warding rituals. Among the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baktaman_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baktaman people (page does not exist)">Baktaman people</a>, red plants are used for initiation rites, while green plants are used for healing. The <a href="/wiki/Ok_languages" title="Ok languages">Ok-speaking</a> peoples also regard ti plants as their collective <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich2000-103">[103]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, ti are regarded as sacred by various Austronesian-speaking peoples and are used in rituals for protection, divination, and fertility.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich2000-103">[103]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/Kwaio_people" title="Kwaio people">Kwaio people</a>, red ti are associated with feuding and vengeance, while green ti are associated with ancestor spirits, markers of sacred groves, and wards against evil. The Kwaio cultivate these varieties around their communities.<a href="#cite_note-Keesing2012-132">[132]</a> Among the Maenge people of <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, ti leaves are worn as everyday skirts by women. The color and size of leaves can vary by personal preference and fashion. New cultivars with different colors are traded regularly and strands of ti are grown near the village. Red leaves can only worn by women past puberty. Ti is also the most important plant in magic and healing rituals of the Maenge. Some ti cultivars are associated with supernatural spirits and have names and folklore around them.<a href="#cite_note-Panoff2018-133">[133]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, Cordyline leaves, known locally by the <a href="/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama">Bislama</a> name nanggaria, are worn tucked into a belt in traditional dances like <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81%CA%BBulu%CA%BBulu" title="Māʻuluʻulu">Māʻuluʻulu</a>, with different varieties having particular symbolic meanings. Cordylines are often planted outside <a href="/wiki/Nakamal" title="Nakamal">nakamal</a> buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Gray2012-134">[134]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, red ti leaves are used as skirts for dancers and are used in rituals dedicated to the spirits of the dead. They are also planted around ceremonial buildings used for initiation rituals.<a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich2000-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Lahaina_Luau_2009-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Old_Lahaina_Luau_2009-07.jpg/220px-Old_Lahaina_Luau_2009-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Old_Lahaina_Luau_2009-07.jpg/330px-Old_Lahaina_Luau_2009-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Old_Lahaina_Luau_2009-07.jpg/440px-Old_Lahaina_Luau_2009-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hula_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hula dance">Hula dancers</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Luau" class="mw-redirect" title="Luau">Luau</a> in <a href="/wiki/L%C4%81hain%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Lāhainā">Lāhainā</a>, in traditional <a href="/wiki/Cordyline_fruticosa" title="Cordyline fruticosa">kī</a> leaf skirts</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, ti leaves are buried under newly built houses in <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a> to ward off malign sorcery.<a href="#cite_note-Sheridan2016-125">[125]</a> In instances of an unknown death, shamans in Micronesia communicate with the dead spirit through ti plants, naming various causes of death until the plant trembles.<a href="#cite_note-Hinkle2004-101">[101]</a> There is also archaeological evidence that the rhizomes of the plants were eaten in the past in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">Latte Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore2005-135">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr-080209-2628-Cordyline_fruticosa-rain_koa-Puu_Moaulanui-Kahoolawe_(24608599340).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Starr-080209-2628-Cordyline_fruticosa-rain_koa-Puu_Moaulanui-Kahoolawe_%2824608599340%29.jpg/170px-Starr-080209-2628-Cordyline_fruticosa-rain_koa-Puu_Moaulanui-Kahoolawe_%2824608599340%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Starr-080209-2628-Cordyline_fruticosa-rain_koa-Puu_Moaulanui-Kahoolawe_%2824608599340%29.jpg/255px-Starr-080209-2628-Cordyline_fruticosa-rain_koa-Puu_Moaulanui-Kahoolawe_%2824608599340%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Starr-080209-2628-Cordyline_fruticosa-rain_koa-Puu_Moaulanui-Kahoolawe_%2824608599340%29.jpg/340px-Starr-080209-2628-Cordyline_fruticosa-rain_koa-Puu_Moaulanui-Kahoolawe_%2824608599340%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Offerings of stone and bundles of tī leaves (puʻolo) in the <a href="/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe" title="Kahoʻolawe">Puʻu Moaulanui</a> <a href="/wiki/Heiau" title="Heiau">heiau</a> (temple) in the summit of <a href="/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe" title="Kahoʻolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, green ti were cultivated widely for food and religious purposes. They are commonly planted around homes, in sacred places (including <a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">marae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heiau" title="Heiau">heiau</a>), and in grave sites. The leaves are also carried as a charm when traveling and the leaves are used in rituals that communicate with the species. Like in Southeast Asia, they are widely believed to protect against evil spirits and bad luck; as well as having the ability to host spirits of dead people, as well as nature spirits.<a href="#cite_note-Hinkle2007-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hinkle2004-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson1997-107">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ti_leaf_bundle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ti_leaf_bundle.jpg/220px-Ti_leaf_bundle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ti_leaf_bundle.jpg/330px-Ti_leaf_bundle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ti_leaf_bundle.jpg/440px-Ti_leaf_bundle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Ti leaf bundles (puʻolo) used as offerings to spirits in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">ancient Hawaiʻi</a> the plant was thought to have great spiritual power; only <a href="/wiki/Kahuna" title="Kahuna">kahuna</a> (shamans) and <a href="/wiki/Ali%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali'i">aliʻi</a> (chiefs) were able to wear leaves around their necks during certain ritual activities. Ti was sacred to the god of fertility and agriculture <a href="/wiki/Lono" title="Lono">Lono</a>, and the goddess of the forest and the <a href="/wiki/Hula_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hula dance">hula dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laka" title="Laka">Laka</a>. Ti leaves were also used to make <a href="/wiki/Lei_(Hawaii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lei (Hawaii)">lei</a>, and to outline borders between properties. It was also planted at the corners of the home to keep evil spirits away. To this day some Hawaiians plant ti near their houses to bring good luck. The leaves are also used for <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_lava_sledding" title="Hawaiian lava sledding">lava sledding</a>. A number of leaves are lashed together and people ride down hills on them. The leaves were also used to make items of <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> including <a href="/wiki/Grass_skirt" title="Grass skirt">skirts</a> worn in dance performances. The <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a> skirt is a dense skirt with an opaque layer of at least fifty green leaves and the bottom (top of the leaves) shaved flat. The <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tongan</a> dance dress, the sisi, is an apron of about 20 leaves, worn over a <a href="/wiki/Tupenu" title="Tupenu">tupenu</a>, and decorated with some yellow or red leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Kawate2014-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gamayo2016-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, certain place names are derived from the use and folklore of ti, like Puketī Forest and <a href="/wiki/Temuka" title="Temuka">Temuka</a>. The ti plants in <a href="/wiki/Kaingaroa,_Northland" title="Kaingaroa, Northland">Kaingaroa</a> are known as nga tī whakāwe o Kaingaroa ("the phantom trees of Kaingaroa"), based on the legend of two women who were turned into ti plants and seemingly follow people traveling through the area.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson1997-107">[107]</a> The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> word for ti is *siRi. Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> síly; <a href="/wiki/Palauan_language" title="Palauan language">Palauan</a> sis; <a href="/wiki/Ere_language" title="Ere language">Ere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurti_language" title="Kurti language">Kuruti</a> siy; <a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a> jihi; <a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a> diri; <a href="/wiki/Chuukese_language" title="Chuukese language">Chuukese</a> tii-n; <a href="/wiki/Wuvulu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuvulu language">Wuvulu</a> si or ti; <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> sī; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> tī; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> kī. The names in some languages have also been applied to the garden crotons (<a href="/wiki/Codiaeum_variegatum" title="Codiaeum variegatum">Codiaeum variegatum</a>), which similarly have red or yellow leaves. The cognates of Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian *sabaqaŋ, similarly, have been applied to both garden crotons and ti plants.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-temarareoTi-139">[139]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, they are also known by names derived from the Proto-Austronesian *kilala, "to know", due to its use in <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> rituals. Cognates derived from that usage include <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a> sagilala; and <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a> kilála or kilaa. In New Zealand, the terms for ti were also transferred to the native and closely related cabbage tree (<a href="/wiki/Cordyline_australis" title="Cordyline australis">Cordyline australis</a>), as tī kōuka.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-temarareoTi-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cucumis_melo_(melon)">Cucumis melo (melon)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cucumis melo (melon)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cucumis_melo_34.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cucumis_melo_34.jpg/220px-Cucumis_melo_34.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cucumis_melo_34.jpg/330px-Cucumis_melo_34.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cucumis_melo_34.jpg/440px-Cucumis_melo_34.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4232" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>Fruit of <a href="/wiki/Cucumis_melo" title="Cucumis melo">Cucumis melo</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyrtosperma_merkusii_(giant_swamp_taro)">Cyrtosperma merkusii (giant swamp taro)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cyrtosperma merkusii (giant swamp taro)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Babai.jpg/220px-Babai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Babai.jpg/330px-Babai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Babai.jpg/440px-Babai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Giant swamp taro plantation in <a href="/wiki/Butaritari" title="Butaritari">Butaritari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dioscorea_(yams)">Dioscorea (yams)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dioscorea (yams)">edit</a>]</div> Yams (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a> spp.) is a very large group of plants native throughout tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. Various species of yams were domesticated and cultivated independently within Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea for their starchy <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>, including the ube (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">Dioscorea alata</a>), round yam (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_bulbifera" title="Dioscorea bulbifera">Dioscorea bulbifera</a>), intoxicating yam (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_hispida" title="Dioscorea hispida">Dioscorea hispida</a>), lesser yam (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_esculenta" title="Dioscorea esculenta">Dioscorea esculenta</a>), Pacific yam (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioscorea_nummularia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioscorea nummularia (page does not exist)">Dioscorea nummularia</a>), fiveleaf yam (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_pentaphylla" title="Dioscorea pentaphylla">Dioscorea pentaphylla</a>), and pencil yam (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_transversa" title="Dioscorea transversa">Dioscorea transversa</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Barker2017-140">[140]</a> Among these, D. alata and D. esculenta were the only ones regularly cultivated and eaten, while the rest were usually considered as <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a> due to their higher levels of the toxin <a href="/wiki/Dioscorine" title="Dioscorine">dioscorine</a> which requires that they be prepared correctly before consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Bevacqua1994-141">[141]</a> D. alata and D. esculenta were the most suitable for long transport in Austronesian ships and were carried through all or most of the range of the Austronesian expansion. D. alata in particular, were introduced into the Pacific Islands and New Zealand. They were also carried by Austronesian voyagers into <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crowther2016-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beaujard2011-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-WalterLebot2007-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dioscorea_alata_(ube)">Dioscorea alata (ube)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Dioscorea alata (ube)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorea_alata_-_Purple_yam_tuber_-_Mindanao,_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dioscorea_alata_-_Purple_yam_tuber_-_Mindanao%2C_Philippines.jpg/220px-Dioscorea_alata_-_Purple_yam_tuber_-_Mindanao%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dioscorea_alata_-_Purple_yam_tuber_-_Mindanao%2C_Philippines.jpg/330px-Dioscorea_alata_-_Purple_yam_tuber_-_Mindanao%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dioscorea_alata_-_Purple_yam_tuber_-_Mindanao%2C_Philippines.jpg/440px-Dioscorea_alata_-_Purple_yam_tuber_-_Mindanao%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2980" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Ube (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">Dioscorea alata</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> where the dominant cultivated variety is vividly purple</figcaption></figure> The ube (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">Dioscorea alata</a>), also known as the greater yam or water yam, is one of the most important staple crops in Austronesian cultures. It is the main species cultivated among <a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a>, largely because of its much larger tubers and its ease of processing.<a href="#cite_note-temarareoUbe-144">[144]</a> Its center of origin is unknown, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was exploited in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea before the Austronesian expansion. Ube is believed to be a true <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</a>, only known from its cultivated forms. It is a <a href="/wiki/Polyploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyploid">polyploid</a> and is sterile, and thus can not cross bodies of water. This restricts its introduction into islands purely by human agency, making them a good indicator of human movement. Some authors have proposed an origin in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> without evidence, but it shows the greatest phenotypic variability in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malapa2005-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cruz1999-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paz1999-147">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorea_alata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dioscorea_alata.jpg/220px-Dioscorea_alata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dioscorea_alata.jpg/330px-Dioscorea_alata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dioscorea_alata.jpg/440px-Dioscorea_alata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>ʻUfi (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">Dioscorea alata</a>) vine in <a href="/wiki/Vava%CA%BBu" title="Vavaʻu">Vavaʻu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></figcaption></figure> Based on archaeological evidence of early farming plots and plant remains in the <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a> site, authors have suggested that it was first domesticated in the highlands of New Guinea from around 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> and spread into Island Southeast Asia via the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> at around c. 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, along with D. nummularia and D. bulbifera. In turn, D. esculenta is believed to have been introduced by the Lapita culture into New Guinea. There is also evidence of an agricultural revolution during this period brought by innovations from contact with Austronesians, including the development of <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet cultivation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chaïr2016-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayliss-Smith2017-148">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr-061106-9588-Dioscorea_alata-habit-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_(24239911794).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Starr-061106-9588-Dioscorea_alata-habit-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824239911794%29.jpg/220px-Starr-061106-9588-Dioscorea_alata-habit-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824239911794%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Starr-061106-9588-Dioscorea_alata-habit-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824239911794%29.jpg/330px-Starr-061106-9588-Dioscorea_alata-habit-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824239911794%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Starr-061106-9588-Dioscorea_alata-habit-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824239911794%29.jpg/440px-Starr-061106-9588-Dioscorea_alata-habit-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824239911794%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Uhi (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">Dioscorea alata</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></figcaption></figure> However, much older remains identified as being probably D. alata have also been recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Niah_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Niah Caves">Niah Caves</a> of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene" title="Late Pleistocene">Late Pleistocene</a>, <40,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ille_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Ille Cave">Ille Cave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> (c. 11,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>), along with remains of the toxic ubi gadong (D. hispida) which requires processing before it can be edible. Although it doesn't prove cultivation, it does show that humans already had the knowledge to exploit starchy plants and that D. alata were native to Island Southeast Asia. Furthermore, it opens the question on whether D. alata is a true species or cultivated much older than believed.<a href="#cite_note-Barker2017-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barker2011-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balbaligo2007-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barton2005-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-HuwDenham2011-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds2013-151">[151]</a> Ube remains an important crop in Southeast Asia. Particularly in the Philippines where the vividly purple variety is widely used in various traditional and modern desserts. It also remains important in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, where it is also grown for ceremonial purposes tied to the size of the tubers at harvest time. Its importance in eastern Polynesia and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, however, has waned after the introduction of other crops, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>.<a href="#cite_note-temarareoUbe-144">[144]</a> The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> word for ube is *qubi, which became Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *qubi, and Proto-Oceanic *qupi. It has some of the most recognizable and widespread <a href="/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex (linguistics)">reflexes</a> in Austronesian languages. Modern <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a> uvi; <a href="/wiki/Itbayaten_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itbayaten language">Itbayaten</a> ovi; <a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o language">Hanunó'o</a> ʻúbi; <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a> úbi or úbe; <a href="/wiki/Kalamian_Tagbanwa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamian Tagbanwa language">Kalamian Tagbanwa</a> kubi; <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a> obi; <a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a> ʻubi; <a href="/wiki/Manobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manobo language">Manobo</a> uvi; <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyah language">Kenyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a> ubi; <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> uwi; <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a> ubih; <a href="/wiki/Melanau_language" title="Melanau language">Melanau</a> ubey; <a href="/wiki/Ngaju_Dayak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngaju Dayak language">Ngaju Dayak</a> owi; <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> óvy; <a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a> phai; <a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a> hebey; <a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a> koboi; <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> huwi; <a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bimanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimanese language">Bimanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a> uwi; <a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a> uvi; <a href="/wiki/Rotinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotinese language">Rotinese</a> ufi; <a href="/wiki/Erai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Erai language">Erai</a> uhi; <a href="/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a> uh or uhi-re; <a href="/wiki/Watubela_language" title="Watubela language">Watubela</a> kuwi; <a href="/wiki/Buruese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Buruese language">Buruese</a> ubi-t; <a href="/wiki/Koiwai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koiwai language">Koiwai</a> uf; <a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Indonesia)" title="Buli language (Indonesia)">Buli</a> up; and <a href="/wiki/Waropen_language" title="Waropen language">Waropen</a> uwi.<a href="#cite_note-temarareoUbe-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> Among <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic language">Oceanic languages</a>, cognates include <a href="/wiki/Nauna_language" title="Nauna language">Nauna</a> kuh; <a href="/wiki/Penchal_language" title="Penchal language">Penchal</a> kup; <a href="/wiki/Leipon_language" title="Leipon language">Leipon</a> uh; <a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a> up; <a href="/wiki/Lakalai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakalai language">Lakalai</a> la-huvi; <a href="/wiki/Gapapaiwa_language" title="Gapapaiwa language">Gapapaiwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilivila_language" title="Kilivila language">Kilivila</a> kuvi; <a href="/wiki/Papapana_language" title="Papapana language">Papapana</a> na-uvi; <a href="/wiki/Simbo_language" title="Simbo language">Simbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bugotu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugotu language">Bugotu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nggela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nggela language">Nggela</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> uvi; <a href="/wiki/Kwaio_language" title="Kwaio language">Kwaio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> ufi; <a href="/wiki/Sa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'a language">Sa'a</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a> uhi; <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> puauhi; <a href="/wiki/Haununu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haununu language">Haununu</a> a-uhi; <a href="/wiki/Avava_language" title="Avava language">Avava</a> ''o-ovi; <a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a> ʻuhi; <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> ʻufi; <a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a> upi; <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> uʻi; and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> uwhi or uhi.<a href="#cite_note-temarareoUbe-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In some ethnic groups, the word has been generalized or shifted to mean other types of yams, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>. Other words for ube are also derived from the ancestral names of other species of yam.<a href="#cite_note-temarareoUbe-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dioscorea_bulbifera_(air_yam)">Dioscorea bulbifera (air yam)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dioscorea bulbifera (air yam)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indigenous_Flowers_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands,_Plate_29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Indigenous_Flowers_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands%2C_Plate_29.jpg/220px-Indigenous_Flowers_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands%2C_Plate_29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Indigenous_Flowers_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands%2C_Plate_29.jpg/330px-Indigenous_Flowers_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands%2C_Plate_29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Indigenous_Flowers_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands%2C_Plate_29.jpg/440px-Indigenous_Flowers_of_the_Hawaiian_Islands%2C_Plate_29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of <a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_bulbifera" title="Dioscorea bulbifera">D. bulbifera</a> in Indigenous Flowers of the Hawaiian Islands (Frances Sinclair, 1885)</figcaption></figure> The air yam (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_bulbifera" title="Dioscorea bulbifera">Dioscorea bulbifera</a>), also known as the bitter yam, is one of the lesser cultivated species of yam. It is usually only eaten as <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a> in Island Southeast Asia, Melanesia, and Polynesia, because of the toxicity of some wild or feral plants when not cooked correctly. However it is one of only three yams that were carried by Austronesians into <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>, the others being D. alata and D. nummularia. The part of the plant harvested are the aerial tubers, as it does not usually produce large underground tubers.<a href="#cite_note-McClatchey2012-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-air_yam-152">[152]</a> It can be reconstructed to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> as *pwatika or *pʷatik, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a> puet; <a href="/wiki/Lavatbura-Lamusong_language" title="Lavatbura-Lamusong language">Lamusong</a> patik; <a href="/wiki/Boanaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boanaki language">Boanaki</a> posika; and <a href="/wiki/Kwara%27ae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara'ae language">Kwara'ae</a> fasia. However, in Lamusong its meaning has shifted to the lesser yam, while in Boanaki, the meaning has shifted to a more generalized term for yams. It can also be reconstructed to the more generalized Proto-Oceanic *balai, meaning "wild yam", which became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Micronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Micronesian">Proto-Micronesian</a> *palai, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a> parai; <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> palai; and <a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a> pagai.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dioscorea_esculenta_(lesser_yam)">Dioscorea esculenta (lesser yam)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dioscorea esculenta (lesser yam)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioscorea_esculenta_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dioscorea_esculenta_001.JPG/220px-Dioscorea_esculenta_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dioscorea_esculenta_001.JPG/330px-Dioscorea_esculenta_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Dioscorea_esculenta_001.JPG/440px-Dioscorea_esculenta_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_esculenta" title="Dioscorea esculenta">Dioscorea esculenta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Botanischer_Garten_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Karlsruhe" title="Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe">Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe</a></figcaption></figure> The lesser yam (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_esculenta" title="Dioscorea esculenta">Dioscorea esculenta</a>) is the second most important yam crop among Austronesians. Like D. alata, it requires minimal processing, unlike the other more bitter yam species. However, it has smaller tubers than D. alata and is usually spiny.<a href="#cite_note-Andres2016-153">[153]</a> Like D. alata it was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> by Austronesians, where it spread to the <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> coast.<a href="#cite_note-BlenchAnderson2010-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beaujard2011-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst2013-155">[155]</a> They are also a dominant crop in <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a>, However, it did not reach to the furthest islands in Polynesia, being absent in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KirchGreen2001-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sykes2003-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-canoeplants-158">[158]</a> Starch grains identified to be from the lesser yam have been recovered from archaeological sites of the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Viti_Levu" title="Viti Levu">Viti Levu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, dated to around 3,050 to 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Cal_BP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cal BP">cal BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horrocks2007-159">[159]</a> Traces of D. esculenta (along with D. alata, D. bulbifera, D. nummularia and D. pentaphylla) yams have also been identified from the Mé Auré Cave site in <a href="/wiki/Moindou" title="Moindou">Moindou</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, dated to around 2,700 to 1,800 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horrocks2008-160">[160]</a> Remains of D. esculenta have also been recovered from archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, dated to around 1031 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore2005-135">[135]</a> D. esculenta is believed to have been introduced by the Lapita culture into New Guinea at around 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, along with agricultural innovations like <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet cultivation</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Swidden" class="mw-redirect" title="Swidden">swidden</a> farming.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chaïr2016-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayliss-Smith2017-148">[148]</a> In archaeological sites in New Guinea, it is associated with the appearance of high-density populations in the coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-SwadlingHide2005-161">[161]</a> Terms for lesser yam in Austronesian languages are mostly affixed or two-word forms derived from the *qubi root for D. alata, like <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> ufi lei, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> ubi aung, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> ubi torak, and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> ubi gemblii. A term for lesser yam can be reconstructed in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a> as *tugiq, but its cognates are limited to the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a> togi; <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kankana-ey_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankana-ey language">Kankana-ey</a> tugí; <a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a> tugi; and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> tugiʻ.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> No <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> term can be reconstructed for the lesser yam because it is absent in <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>. However, it can be reconstructed in Proto-Western-Oceanic as *kamisa, *qamisa, or *mamisa.<a href="#cite_note-Pawley2017-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dioscorea_hispida_(intoxicating_yam)">Dioscorea hispida (intoxicating yam)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dioscorea hispida (intoxicating yam)">edit</a>]</div> The intoxicating yam (<a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_hispida" title="Dioscorea hispida">Dioscorea hispida</a>), is native to tropical Asia and New Guinea. It is only cultivated minimally in parts of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. Elsewhere it is harvested from the wild. Like D. bulbifera it has toxic tubers that need to be prepared correctly before they can be eaten, and thus were only suitable for <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> However, it is one of the Dioscorea species identified from the <a href="/wiki/Niah_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Niah Caves">Niah Caves</a> archaeological site dating to <40,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barker2011-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira2012-164">[164]</a> Its names can be reconstructed to Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian *gaduŋ. Its modern cognates in most <a href="/wiki/Western_Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Malayo-Polynesian">Western Malayo-Polynesian</a> languages is gadung or gadong (also ubi gadung or ubi gadong). The names are also applied to the similarly toxic introduced <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ficus_(fig_trees)">Ficus (fig trees)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ficus (fig trees)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes and hemiepiphytes of the family Moraceae, which are collectively known as fig trees or figs. These plants are native to the tropics, with some species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. Despite not being a genus exclusive to the Austronesian regions, several species such as ficus dammaropsis, ficus fistulosa, ficus hispida, ficus nota, ficus pseudopalma, ficus septica, ficus variegata, ficus aspera, ficus fraseri, ficus tinctoria, ficus ulmifolia, ficus wassa, ficus mutabilis, ficus deltoidea, ficus nota and ficus pseudopalma are endemic to these regions, and played an important role in Austronesian cultures.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-POWO-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-KewPOWO-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-grin-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-bergcorner05-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corner-1965-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-IPNI-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faune_&_Flore-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FELDA-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ficus_aspera">Ficus aspera</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Ficus aspera">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ficus_aspera_kz3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ficus_aspera_kz3.JPG/220px-Ficus_aspera_kz3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ficus_aspera_kz3.JPG/330px-Ficus_aspera_kz3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ficus_aspera_kz3.JPG/440px-Ficus_aspera_kz3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2984" data-file-height="4552" /></a><figcaption>Ficus aspera at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garden_of_Acclimatization_of_La_Orotava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garden of Acclimatization of La Orotava (page does not exist)">Garden of Acclimatization of La Orotava</a></figcaption></figure> Ficus aspera, also known as mosaic fig, is a plant native to Vanuatu, in the South Pacific region. The fruits of this plant are cauliflowerous (fruits that form from their main stems or woody trunks instead of new shoots). The mosaic fig is used as an ornamental plant.<a href="#cite_note-IPNI-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-plantlist-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ficus_dammaropsis">Ficus dammaropsis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ficus dammaropsis">edit</a>]</div> Ficus dammaropsis, known as kapiak in <a href="/wiki/Tok_pisin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tok pisin">Tok pisin</a>, is a tropical fig with huge 60 cm pleated leaves native to the highlands and highland fringe of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea </a>. Its fruit is edible, but it is rarely eaten except as an emergency food. When consumed, the young leaves are pickled or boiled and eaten as a salad with pork.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ficus_fraseri">Ficus fraseri</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ficus fraseri">edit</a>]</div> Ficus fraseru, also known as white sandpaper fig and bright sandpaper fig is one of several species of figs known as paper figs' sandpaper . This fig is native to New South Wales, Queensland, and Northern <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. This fig grows as a bush or as a tree, with a height that varies between 6 and 15 meters. Its leaves are 6 to 14 cm long and 2.5 to 6.5 cm wide on petioles 1 to 2 cm long. The rounded figs are 1 to 1.5 cm long and start out yellow, maturing to orange-red between May and February in the species' native range. These are edible but tasteless.<a href="#cite_note-APNI-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Faune_&_Flore-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicholson-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-Low-181">[181]</a> Although rarely seen in cultivation, it is a fast growing ornamental species. It can be easily propagated from seeds. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ficus_nota">Ficus nota</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ficus nota">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_070727-7677_Ficus_nota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Starr_070727-7677_Ficus_nota.jpg/220px-Starr_070727-7677_Ficus_nota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Starr_070727-7677_Ficus_nota.jpg/330px-Starr_070727-7677_Ficus_nota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Starr_070727-7677_Ficus_nota.jpg/440px-Starr_070727-7677_Ficus_nota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Ficus nota in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> Ficus nota, is a species of flowering plant known as tibig, found near water at low altitudes. The tibig is native to the Philippines. They are also found in parts of northern Borneo, in Malaysia. The tree can grow up to 9 meters high. The fruits are also edible for humans, although they are quite tasteless. They are usually eaten with sugar and cream in the Philippines. The raw leaves are also eaten as a vegetable.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ficus_pseudopalma">Ficus pseudopalma</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ficus pseudopalma">edit</a>]</div> Ficus pseudopalma, is a species of fig commonly known as Philippine fig, Philippine fig, dracaena fig or palm leaf fig' . This is an endemic species of <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, especially the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KewPOWO1-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-starr-186">[186]</a> This is a bush that grows erect with a bare, branchless stem topped with a clump of leaves that give it the appearance of a palm tree (hence the term pseudopalma in its name, meaning "false palm"). The fruit is a dark green fig that grows in pairs, each fruit just over an inch long.<a href="#cite_note-agnet-187">[187]</a> In Luzon, this plant is found in grassland and forest habitats, where it is considered common. The shoots of this plant are consumed as a type of vegetable, and there are several traditional uses; among these is its use as a remedy for <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stones">kidney stones</a>, which is obtained from the leaves. In the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol</a> region, the plant is known as Lubi-lubi, and the ojas are cooked in coconut milk. This shrub has also been used as a landscaping plant in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, but it never escaped cultivation or became established in the wild, because the wasp species that pollinates it never reached the islands.<a href="#cite_note-ville-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-rag-189">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ficus_tinctoria">Ficus tinctoria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ficus tinctoria">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ficus_tinctoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ficus_tinctoria.jpg/220px-Ficus_tinctoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ficus_tinctoria.jpg/330px-Ficus_tinctoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ficus_tinctoria.jpg/440px-Ficus_tinctoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Ficus tinctoria in <a href="/wiki/Vava%27u" class="mw-redirect" title="Vava'u">Vava'u</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></figcaption></figure> Ficus tinctoria, also known as coloring fig or hunchback fig, is a tree belonging to one of the species known as strangler figs. This is found in Malaysia, northern Australia and the islands of the South Pacific. Palms are favorable host species. The root systems of the coloring fig can join to be self-supporting, but the epiphyte usually drops if the host tree dies or rots. The small rust-brown fruit of the dye fig is the source of a red dye used in traditional fabric making in parts of Oceania and Indonesia. The fruit is also edible and an important food source in the low-lying atolls of Micronesia and Polynesia.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ficus_variegata">Ficus variegata</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ficus variegata">edit</a>]</div> Ficus variegata, is a species of tropical fig found in various parts of Asia, Pacific islands and southeastern Australia. There are several names for this species, such as common red-stemmed fig, green-fruited fig and variegated fig.<a href="#cite_note-Corner-1965-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-bergcorner05-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ipomoea_batatas_(sweet_potato)">Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_cultivation_in_Polynesia" title="Sweet potato cultivation in Polynesia">Sweet potato cultivation in Polynesia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lagenaria_siceraria_(bottle_gourd)">Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morinda_citrifolia_(noni)">Morinda citrifolia (noni)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Morinda citrifolia (noni)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2089Santa_Cruz_Paombong,_Bulacan_River_Districts_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2089Santa_Cruz_Paombong%2C_Bulacan_River_Districts_19.jpg/220px-2089Santa_Cruz_Paombong%2C_Bulacan_River_Districts_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2089Santa_Cruz_Paombong%2C_Bulacan_River_Districts_19.jpg/330px-2089Santa_Cruz_Paombong%2C_Bulacan_River_Districts_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/2089Santa_Cruz_Paombong%2C_Bulacan_River_Districts_19.jpg/440px-2089Santa_Cruz_Paombong%2C_Bulacan_River_Districts_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Noni fruits and flowers in <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> Noni (<a href="/wiki/Morinda_citrifolia" title="Morinda citrifolia">Morinda citrifolia</a>) is native to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> extending to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. It grows readily in beach and rocky environments. It has been introduced widely into the Pacific. All parts of the plant were used by Austronesians for traditional medicine and timber, but its most common traditional use is for the extraction of red or yellow dyes. The odor of the plant and the fruit was also traditionally believed to repel evil spirits. The fruit is also edible, but is usually only eaten as <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NelsonNoni-192">[192]</a> There are several terms for noni that can be reconstructed. The most widespread is <a href="/wiki/Proto-Central-Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian</a> *ñəñu. Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a> lino; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a> níno; <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> ninú; <a href="/wiki/Gedaged_language" title="Gedaged language">Gedaged</a> nanom or nonom; <a href="/wiki/Takia_language" title="Takia language">Takia</a> nom; <a href="/wiki/Bimanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimanese language">Bimanese</a> nonu; <a href="/wiki/Tetun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetun language">Tetun</a> nenu-k; <a href="/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asilulu_language" title="Asilulu language">Asilulu</a> nenu; <a href="/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti (Moa)</a> nienu; <a href="/wiki/Wetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetan language">Wetan</a> neni. It became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *ñoñu, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Nali_language" title="Nali language">Nali</a> non; <a href="/wiki/Leipon_language" title="Leipon language">Leipon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wogeo_language" title="Wogeo language">Wogeo</a> ñoñ; <a href="/wiki/Bipi_language" title="Bipi language">Bipi</a> ñoy; <a href="/wiki/Gitua_language" title="Gitua language">Gitua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> nono; <a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a> non; <a href="/wiki/Motu_language" title="Motu language">Motu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language" title="Kapingamarangi language">Kapingamarangi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nukuoro_language" title="Nukuoro language">Nukuoro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anuta_language" title="Anuta language">Anuta</a> nonu; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> noni (from which the English name is derived from). In some languages the meaning has shifted to mean "small tree" or "shrub" or to the closely related <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morinda_umbellata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morinda umbellata (page does not exist)">Morinda umbellata</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Morinda_bracteata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morinda bracteata (page does not exist)">Morinda bracteata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Malayo-Polynesian">Western Malayo-Polynesian</a>, another term that can be reconstructed is Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian *baŋkudu, which may have referred to a different species of <a href="/wiki/Morinda" title="Morinda">Morinda</a> originally. Its cognates including <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> bangkúro; <a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a> bangkoro; <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> bangkudu; <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> cangkudu; <a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a> bengkudu; <a href="/wiki/Mongondow_language" title="Mongondow language">Mongondow</a> bongkudu; and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> mengkudu.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> There are also smaller cognate sets, like <a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Philippine">Proto-Philippine</a> *apatut for the tree and Proto-Oceanic *gurat and *kurat for the red dye produced from the tree.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musa_(bananas)">Musa (bananas)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Musa (bananas)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr-061106-1450-Musa_x_paradisiaca-Iholena_variety-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_(24774954041).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Starr-061106-1450-Musa_x_paradisiaca-Iholena_variety-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824774954041%29.jpg/220px-Starr-061106-1450-Musa_x_paradisiaca-Iholena_variety-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824774954041%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Starr-061106-1450-Musa_x_paradisiaca-Iholena_variety-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824774954041%29.jpg/330px-Starr-061106-1450-Musa_x_paradisiaca-Iholena_variety-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824774954041%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Starr-061106-1450-Musa_x_paradisiaca-Iholena_variety-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824774954041%29.jpg/440px-Starr-061106-1450-Musa_x_paradisiaca-Iholena_variety-Maui_Nui_Botanical_Garden-Maui_%2824774954041%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iholena_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Iholena bananas">Iholena bananas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest domestication of <a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">bananas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Musa_(genus)" title="Musa (genus)">Musa</a> spp.) were initially from naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Parthenocarpic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthenocarpic">parthenocarpic</a> (seedless) individuals of <a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata_banksii" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa acuminata banksii">Musa acuminata banksii</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, before the arrival of Austronesian-speakers. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a> of bananas have been recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a> archaeological site and dated to around 10,000 to 6,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. From New Guinea, cultivated bananas spread westward into <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> through proximity (not migrations). They <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridized</a> with other (possibly independently domesticated) <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, northern New Guinea, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a>. These hybridization events produced the <a href="/wiki/Triploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Triploid">triploid</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_banana_cultivars" title="List of banana cultivars">cultivars of bananas</a> commonly grown today. From Island Southeast Asia, they became part of the staple crops of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> and were spread during their voyages and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">ancient maritime trading routes</a> into <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denham2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrier2009-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fuller2015-194">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A9i_Tahiti.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F%C3%A9i_Tahiti.JPG/220px-F%C3%A9i_Tahiti.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F%C3%A9i_Tahiti.JPG/330px-F%C3%A9i_Tahiti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/F%C3%A9i_Tahiti.JPG/440px-F%C3%A9i_Tahiti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fe%27i_banana" title="Fe'i banana">Fe'i bananas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a></figcaption></figure> These ancient introductions resulted in the banana subgroup now known as the <a href="/wiki/True_plantains" title="True plantains">"true" plantains</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Highland_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Highland bananas">East African Highland bananas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_plantains" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific plantains">Pacific plantains</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Iholena_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Iholena bananas">Iholena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoli-Popo%27ulu_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoli-Popo'ulu bananas">Maoli-Popo'ulu</a> subgroups). East African Highland bananas originated from banana populations introduced to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> probably from the region between <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>; while Pacific plantains were introduced to the Pacific Islands from either eastern New Guinea or the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denham2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrier2009-193">[193]</a> A second wave of introductions later spread bananas to other parts of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">tropical Asia</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Denham2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrier2009-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musa_abaca_(abacá)">Musa abaca (abacá)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Musa abaca (abacá)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Musa textilis), also known as Manila Hemp, is grown traditionally for its <a href="/wiki/Plant_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant fiber">fiber</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. It was once one of the world's premier fibers, valued for its use in soft, lustrous, and silky fabrics. It was a major luxury export of the Philippines during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">Colonial Era</a>, and was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> by Europeans. It has since been replaced by synthetic fibers like <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ploetz2007-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musa_×_troglodytarum_(fe'i_banana)">Musa × troglodytarum (fe'i banana)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Musa × troglodytarum (fe'i banana)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Fe%27i_banana" title="Fe'i banana">Fe'i bananas</a> (Musa × troglodytarum), also spelled Fehi or Féi, are banana cultivars unique to <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. Unlike other domesticated banana cultivars which are derived from <a href="/wiki/Musa_acuminata" title="Musa acuminata">Musa acuminata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Musa_balbisiana" title="Musa balbisiana">Musa balbisiana</a>, fe'i bananas are believed to be <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> derived from entirely different species. Proposed progenitors of fe'i bananas include <a href="/wiki/Musa_jackeyi" title="Musa jackeyi">Musa jackeyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musa_lolodensis" title="Musa lolodensis">Musa lolodensis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musa_maclayi" title="Musa maclayi">Musa maclayi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Musa_peekelii" title="Musa peekelii">Musa peekelii</a>, all of which are native to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and surrounding islands. Like other bananas, they were spread eastwards to Polynesia for use as food. However, they are absent in Island Southeast Asia, reaching only as far as the Maluku Islands.<a href="#cite_note-Ploetz2007-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myristica_fragrans_(nutmeg)">Myristica fragrans (nutmeg)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Myristica fragrans (nutmeg)">edit</a>]</div> The earliest evidence of use of <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Myristica_fragrans" title="Myristica fragrans">Myristica fragrans </a>) comes in the form of 3,500-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">potsherd</a> residues from the island of Pulau Ai, one of the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Islands" title="Banda Islands">Banda Islands</a> in eastern Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The Banda Islands consist of eleven small volcanic islands, and are part of the larger <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> group. These islands were the only source of nutmeg and mace production until the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> It was one of the spices traded over the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">Austronesian maritime</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> network since at least 1500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">[26]</a> In the sixth century AD, nutmeg use spread to India, then further west to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pickersgill-198">[198]</a> By the 13th century, Arab traders had pinpointed the origin of nutmeg to the Banda Islands, but kept this location a secret from European traders.<a href="#cite_note-pickersgill-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oryza_sativa_(rice)">Oryza sativa (rice)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Oryza sativa (rice)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">Neolithic China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neolithic_china.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Neolithic_china.svg/220px-Neolithic_china.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Neolithic_china.svg/330px-Neolithic_china.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Neolithic_china.svg/440px-Neolithic_china.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">Neolithic China</a> (8,500 to 1,500 BCE)</figcaption></figure> Rice (<a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Oryza sativa</a>) is one of the most ancient Austronesian staples, and is likely to have been originally domesticated by their ancestors long before the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a>. It remains the main crop plant cultivated in Island Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-199">[199]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Spatial_distribution_of_rice,_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png/300px-Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png/450px-Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png/600px-Spatial_distribution_of_rice%2C_millet_and_mixed_farming_sites_with_a_boundary_of_rice_and_millet_and_possible_centers_of_agriculture.png 2x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="961" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Spatial distribution of rice, millet and mixed farming sites in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">Neolithic China</a> (He et al., 2017)<a href="#cite_note-He2017-200">[200]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer,_and_possible_language_family_homelands_(archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png/300px-Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png/450px-Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png/600px-Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="1804" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Likely routes of early rice transfer, and possible <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">language family homelands</a> (ca. 5,500 to 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>). The approximate coastlines during the early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> are shown in lighter blue. (Bellwood, 2011)<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-199">[199]</a></div></div></div></div></div> There are two most likely centers of domestication for rice as well as the development of the <a href="/wiki/Wetland_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetland agriculture">wetland agriculture</a> technology. The first, and most likely, is in the lower <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>, believed to be the homelands of early <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian speakers</a> and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kauhuqiao_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauhuqiao culture">Kauhuqiao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">cultures</a>. It is characterized by typical Austronesian innovations, including stilt houses, jade carving, and boat technologies. Their diet were also supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleocharis_dulcis" title="Eleocharis dulcis">water chestnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foxnut" class="mw-redirect" title="Foxnut">foxnuts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated pig">pig</a> domestication.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Normile-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vaughanetal2008-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-harris-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2012-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-He2017-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hsieh2011-205">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG/220px-Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG/330px-Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG/440px-Banaue_Rice_Terraces_and_its_statue_friend.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a> <a href="/wiki/Anito#Taotao_figures" title="Anito">hogang</a>, guardian spirits carved from <a href="/wiki/Tree_fern" title="Tree fern">tree fern</a> trunks overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">Banaue Rice Terraces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></figcaption></figure> The second is in the middle Yangtze River, believed to be the homelands of the early <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien">Hmong-Mien</a>-speakers and associated with the <a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan_culture" title="Pengtoushan culture">Pengtoushan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">cultures</a>. Both of these regions were heavily populated and had regular trade contacts with each other, as well as with early <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> speakers to the west, and early <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a> speakers to the south, facilitating the spread of rice cultivation throughout southern China.<a href="#cite_note-He2017-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-199">[199]</a> The spread of <a href="/wiki/Japonica_rice" title="Japonica rice">japonica rice</a> cultivation to Southeast Asia started with the migrations of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dapenkeng_culture" title="Dapenkeng culture">Dapenkeng culture</a> into <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> between 5,500 and 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. The Nanguanli site in Taiwan, dated to ca. 4,800 BP, has yielded numerous carbonized remains of both rice and millet in waterlogged conditions, indicating intensive wetland rice cultivation and dryland millet cultivation.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-199">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Latte1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Latte1.jpg/220px-Latte1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Latte1.jpg/330px-Latte1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Latte1.jpg/440px-Latte1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">Latte stone pillars</a> (haligi) from <a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagåtña">Hagåtña</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></figcaption></figure> From about 4,000 to 2,500 BP, the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a> began, with settlers from Taiwan moving south to colonize <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, bringing rice cultivation technologies with them. From Luzon, Austronesians rapidly colonized the rest of <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, moving westwards to <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>; and southwards to <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. By 2,500 BP, there is evidence of intensive wetland rice agriculture already established in Java and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, especially near very fertile volcanic islands.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-199">[199]</a> However, rice (as well as dogs and pigs) did not survive the first Austronesian voyages into <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> due to the sheer distance of ocean they were crossing. These voyagers became the ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a>. By the time they migrated southwards to the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, they had already lost the technology of rice farming, as well as pigs and dogs. However, knowledge of rice cultivation is still evident in the way they adapted the <a href="/wiki/Wetland_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetland agriculture">wetland agriculture</a> techniques to taro cultivation. The Lapita culture in Bismarck reestablished trade connections with other Austronesian branches in Island Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-199">[199]</a> The Lapita culture also came into contact with the non-Austronesian (<a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan</a>) early agriculturists of <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and introduced wetland farming techniques to them. In turn, they assimilated their range of indigenous cultivated fruits and tubers, as well as reacquiring domesticated dogs and pigs, before spreading further eastward to <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-199">[199]</a> Rice, along with other Southeast Asian food plants, were also later introduced to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, and the coast of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> by around the 1st millennium CE by Austronesian sailors from the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beaujard2011-142">[142]</a> Much later Austronesian voyages from Island Southeast Asia succeeded in bringing rice to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">Latte Period</a> (1,100 to 300 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>). Guam is the only island in Oceania where rice was grown in pre-colonial times.<a href="#cite_note-Carson2012-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2012-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pandanus_(pandan)">Pandanus (pandan)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Pandanus (pandan)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauhala_weaver,_Pukoo,_Molokai_(PP-33-6-001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lauhala_weaver%2C_Pukoo%2C_Molokai_%28PP-33-6-001%29.jpg/220px-Lauhala_weaver%2C_Pukoo%2C_Molokai_%28PP-33-6-001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lauhala_weaver%2C_Pukoo%2C_Molokai_%28PP-33-6-001%29.jpg/330px-Lauhala_weaver%2C_Pukoo%2C_Molokai_%28PP-33-6-001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Lauhala_weaver%2C_Pukoo%2C_Molokai_%28PP-33-6-001%29.jpg/440px-Lauhala_weaver%2C_Pukoo%2C_Molokai_%28PP-33-6-001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Woman using <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandanus</a> leaves in traditional weaving (<a href="/wiki/Lauhala" title="Lauhala">lauhala</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Moloka%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Moloka'i">Moloka'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> (c. 1913)</figcaption></figure> Pandanus (<a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">Pandanus</a> spp.) are very important cultivated plants in the Pacific, second only in importance and pervasiveness to coconuts. Every part of the plant is utilized, including for food, building materials, traditional medicine, and fiber and weaving materials in various cultures in <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesia</a>. The plants (particularly the fragrant flowers) also had spiritual significance among the native <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> Austronesian religions.<a href="#cite_note-Baba2016-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher2014-209">[209]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_134.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_134.JPG/220px-S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_134.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_134.JPG/330px-S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_134.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_134.JPG/440px-S%C3%BCdseeabteilung_in_Ethnological_Museum_Berlin_134.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw sail</a> woven from pandanus leaves on a <a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">tepukei</a>, an ocean-going <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoe</a> from <a href="/wiki/Temotu_Province" title="Temotu Province">Temotu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></figcaption></figure> Pandanus were also profoundly crucial in enabling the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a>. Their leaves were traditionally woven into mats used in the <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">sails</a> for Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger ships">outrigger ships</a>. Sails allowed Austronesians to embark on long-distance voyaging. In some cases, however, they were one-way voyages. The failure of pandanus to establish populations in <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> is believed to have isolated their settlements from the rest of Polynesia.<a href="#cite_note-Kirch2012-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher2014-209">[209]</a> The word for pandanus in <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> *paŋudaN, which became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *padran and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a> *fara, the latter two usually referring specifically to <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">Pandanus tectorius</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognates</a> in modern Austronesian languages include <a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a> pangətanə; <a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a> panadan; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> pandan; <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> pahong; <a href="/wiki/Ratahan_language" title="Ratahan language">Ratahan</a> pondang; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> pandan (from which the English name is derived from); <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a> pandang; <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> fandrana; <a href="/wiki/Lau_language_(Malaita)" title="Lau language (Malaita)">Lau</a> fada-da; <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> vadra; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> fala; <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> fā; <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> fara; <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> hala; and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> whara or hara. Note that among the <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Taiwanese">Indigenous Taiwanese</a>, the meaning of the words have largely shifted to mean "<a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>", a physically similar non-native <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">European-introduced</a> plant. In Māori, as well, the meaning has shifted to <a href="/wiki/Astelia" title="Astelia">Astelia</a> spp. and <a href="/wiki/Phormium_tenax" title="Phormium tenax">Phormium tenax</a> (harakeke), similar plants used for weaving, since pandanus did not survive the voyage into New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff2018-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-temarareo-212">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandanus_tectorius_fruits_Beqa_Fiji_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pandanus_tectorius_fruits_Beqa_Fiji_1.jpg/220px-Pandanus_tectorius_fruits_Beqa_Fiji_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pandanus_tectorius_fruits_Beqa_Fiji_1.jpg/330px-Pandanus_tectorius_fruits_Beqa_Fiji_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pandanus_tectorius_fruits_Beqa_Fiji_1.jpg/440px-Pandanus_tectorius_fruits_Beqa_Fiji_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">Pandanus tectorius</a> with fruit in <a href="/wiki/Beqa" title="Beqa">Beqa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></figcaption></figure> Pandanus grow well in island habitats, being very salt-tolerant and easy to propagate, making them ideal plants for early Austronesian sailors. Like coconuts, they grow predominantly along <a href="/wiki/Strandline" class="mw-redirect" title="Strandline">strandlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">mangrove forests</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Coastal_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal ecosystem">coastal ecosystems</a>. They can also be found in the <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a> of forests in larger islands. Others may also be found in highland groves, likely planted by humans. Both pandanus and coconuts are adapted to withstand the strong winds of the frequent <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a> of the Indo-Pacific. The greatest center of diversity of Pandanus is the <a href="/wiki/Western_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Pacific Ocean">western Pacific</a> and Island Southeast Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> has around 600 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, but the most important and the most widespread group of species in Austronesian cultures and is the <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">Pandanus tectorius</a> <a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thomson2006-213">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kinab-anan_Farm_basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kinab-anan_Farm_basket.jpg/220px-Kinab-anan_Farm_basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kinab-anan_Farm_basket.jpg/330px-Kinab-anan_Farm_basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Kinab-anan_Farm_basket.jpg/440px-Kinab-anan_Farm_basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a><figcaption>A bayong, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippine</a> basket woven from leaves of karagumoy (<a href="/wiki/Pandanus_simplex" title="Pandanus simplex">Pandanus simplex</a>) in the hexagonal kinab-anan pattern</figcaption></figure> Pandanus tectorius in Oceania show evidence of long cultivations, with hundreds of different <a href="/wiki/Selectively_bred" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectively bred">selectively bred</a> cultivars which are primarily propagated <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">through cuttings</a>. These varieties often have different names in local languages and have different physical characteristics. The varieties are predominantly distinguished by the color and edibility of their fruit, but they may also be differentiated based on other criteria like the color and shape of their leaves used for weaving.<a href="#cite_note-Thomson2006-213">[213]</a> Very old fossils of Pandanus tectorius have been recovered from Hawaii, dated to more than 1.2 million years old. This indicates that the plants once colonized Hawaii (and likely the rest of the Pacific islands) naturally through their buoyant fruits. However, useful domesticated varieties were carried by Austronesians from island to island. Especially since wild pandanus have <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxalate" title="Calcium oxalate">calcium oxalate</a> crystals (<a href="/wiki/Raphide" title="Raphide">raphides</a>) in their fruit tissue. They cause itchiness and irritation when eaten raw and thus need to be cooked. Domesticated varieties which have less raphides (which are also usually less fibrous and more nutritious), were therefore valued . It is thus considered both native and introduced.<a href="#cite_note-Thomson2006-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher2014-209">[209]</a> There are also fossil evidence of pandanus fruits being harvested for food in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> from archaeological sites dated to around 34,000 to 36,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gallaher2014-209">[209]</a> Other important species of pandanus utilized by Austronesians include <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_amaryllifolius" title="Pandanus amaryllifolius">Pandanus amaryllifolius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_odorifer" title="Pandanus odorifer">Pandanus odorifer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_furcatus" title="Pandanus furcatus">Pandanus furcatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_julianettii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandanus julianettii">Pandanus julianettii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_simplex" title="Pandanus simplex">Pandanus simplex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_utilis" title="Pandanus utilis">Pandanus utilis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_dubius" title="Pandanus dubius">Pandanus dubius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_whitmeeanus" title="Pandanus whitmeeanus">Pandanus whitmeeanus</a>, among many others. Pandanus odorifer is widespread in the region from western Micronesia, to Island Southeast Asia and South Asia. It is possibly a <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of Pandanus tectorius and they hybridize readily.<a href="#cite_note-Thomson2006-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_amaryllifolius" title="Pandanus amaryllifolius">Pandanus amaryllifolius</a>, the pandan, is another important species widely used as a spice in the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian cuisine">cuisines of Southeast Asia</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">vanilla</a>-like fragrant leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Castro2006-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piper_(peppers)">Piper (peppers)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Piper (peppers)">edit</a>]</div> Peppers (<a href="/wiki/Piper_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper (genus)">Piper</a>) ancestrally cultivated by Austronesians include the betel (<a href="/wiki/Piper_betle" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper betle">Piper betle</a>), cubeb pepper (<a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Piper cubeba</a>), kava (<a href="/wiki/Piper_methysticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper methysticum">Piper methysticum</a>), and the Javanese long pepper (<a href="/wiki/Piper_retrofractum" title="Piper retrofractum">Piper retrofractum</a>). Many others were also harvested from the wild for medicinal or religious purposes, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piper_caducibracteum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piper caducibracteum (page does not exist)">Piper caducibracteum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piper_excelsum" title="Piper excelsum">Piper excelsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piper_ornatum" title="Piper ornatum">Piper ornatum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piper_sarmentosum" title="Piper sarmentosum">Piper sarmentosum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wiersema-215">[215]</a> Black pepper (<a href="/wiki/Piper_nigrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper nigrum">Piper nigrum</a>) and long pepper (<a href="/wiki/Piper_longum" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper longum">Piper longum</a>) were also extensively cultivated in Island Southeast Asia after early contact by Austronesian traders with <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krishnamurthy2010-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piper_betle_(betel)">Piper betle (betel)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Piper betle (betel)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piper_betle_3zz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Piper_betle_3zz.jpg/220px-Piper_betle_3zz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Piper_betle_3zz.jpg/330px-Piper_betle_3zz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Piper_betle_3zz.jpg/440px-Piper_betle_3zz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a> vine</figcaption></figure> The betel (<a href="/wiki/Piper_betle" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper betle">Piper betle</a>) is one of the two plants that comprise the main ingredients of <a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">betel chewing</a>, the other being the areca nut (<a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a>). It is one of the most ubiquitous practices of the Austronesians. It is consumed by taking a leaf of betel, wrapping it around an areca nut and some <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> (obtained from grinding seashells), and then chewing it for some time. It is a <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulant</a>, inducing slight dizziness followed by <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoria</a> and alertness. It is also highly addictive, damages the teeth and gums, and stains the teeth red.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_mortar,_Ramu_Delta_or_Manam_Island,_C-14_dating_to_1680-1890_with_95.4%25_probability,_wood,_ochre_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC01148.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Betel_mortar%2C_Ramu_Delta_or_Manam_Island%2C_C-14_dating_to_1680-1890_with_95.4%25_probability%2C_wood%2C_ochre_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC01148.JPG/170px-Betel_mortar%2C_Ramu_Delta_or_Manam_Island%2C_C-14_dating_to_1680-1890_with_95.4%25_probability%2C_wood%2C_ochre_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC01148.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Betel_mortar%2C_Ramu_Delta_or_Manam_Island%2C_C-14_dating_to_1680-1890_with_95.4%25_probability%2C_wood%2C_ochre_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC01148.JPG/255px-Betel_mortar%2C_Ramu_Delta_or_Manam_Island%2C_C-14_dating_to_1680-1890_with_95.4%25_probability%2C_wood%2C_ochre_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC01148.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Betel_mortar%2C_Ramu_Delta_or_Manam_Island%2C_C-14_dating_to_1680-1890_with_95.4%25_probability%2C_wood%2C_ochre_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC01148.JPG/340px-Betel_mortar%2C_Ramu_Delta_or_Manam_Island%2C_C-14_dating_to_1680-1890_with_95.4%25_probability%2C_wood%2C_ochre_-_De_Young_Museum_-_DSC01148.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3004" data-file-height="4313" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a> <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar</a> from <a href="/wiki/Manam_Motu" title="Manam Motu">Manam Motu</a>, c. 1680 to 1890 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a></figcaption></figure> Based on archaeological, linguistic, and botanical evidence, betel chewing is most strongly associated with Austronesian cultures, despite its widespread adoption by neighboring cultures in prehistoric and historic times. The original range of betel is unknown, but Areca catechu is known to be originally native to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, where it has the greatest morphological diversity as well as the most number of closely related <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> species. It is unknown when the two were combined, as areca nut alone can be chewed for its narcotic properties.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">[26]</a> In eastern <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, however, leaves from the wild <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piper_caducibracteum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piper caducibracteum (page does not exist)">Piper caducibracteum</a> (known as sirih hutan) are also harvested and used in place of betel leaves.<a href="#cite_note-Cunningham2011-217">[217]</a> The oldest unequivocal evidence of betel chewing is from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Specifically that of several individuals found in a burial pit in the <a href="/wiki/Duyong_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Duyong Cave">Duyong Cave</a> site of <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> island dated to around 4,630±250 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> . The dentition of the skeletons are stained, typical of betel chewers. The grave also includes <a href="/wiki/Anadara" title="Anadara">Anadara</a> shells used as containers of lime, one of which still contained lime. Burial sites in <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a> dated to the first millennium CE also show the distinctive reddish stains characteristic of betel chewing. Based on linguistic evidence of how the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> term *buaq originally meaning "fruit" came to refer to "areca nut" in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a>, it is believed that betel chewing originally developed somewhere within the Philippines shortly after the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a> (~5,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>). From the Philippines, it spread back to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, as well as onwards to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_ceremonial_betel_bag_(pahapa),_East_Sumba,_Kingdom_of_Kapunduk,_HAA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_ceremonial_betel_bag_%28pahapa%29%2C_East_Sumba%2C_Kingdom_of_Kapunduk%2C_HAA.JPG/220px-Royal_ceremonial_betel_bag_%28pahapa%29%2C_East_Sumba%2C_Kingdom_of_Kapunduk%2C_HAA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_ceremonial_betel_bag_%28pahapa%29%2C_East_Sumba%2C_Kingdom_of_Kapunduk%2C_HAA.JPG/330px-Royal_ceremonial_betel_bag_%28pahapa%29%2C_East_Sumba%2C_Kingdom_of_Kapunduk%2C_HAA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Royal_ceremonial_betel_bag_%28pahapa%29%2C_East_Sumba%2C_Kingdom_of_Kapunduk%2C_HAA.JPG/440px-Royal_ceremonial_betel_bag_%28pahapa%29%2C_East_Sumba%2C_Kingdom_of_Kapunduk%2C_HAA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>Royal ceremonial betel bag (pahapa), <a href="/wiki/East_Sumba_Regency" title="East Sumba Regency">East Sumba, Kingdom of Kapunduk</a>, early 20th century</figcaption></figure> It reached <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> at around 3,500 to 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> with the Austronesian voyagers, based on both linguistic and archaeological evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote2012-218">[218]</a> It was also previously present in the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a>, based on archaeological remains from <a href="/wiki/Mussau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussau">Mussau</a> dated to around 3,600 to 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. But it did not reach <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> further east. It is believed that it stopped in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> due to the replacement of betel chewing with the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> drinking prepared from the related <a href="/wiki/Piper_methysticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper methysticum">Piper methysticum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lebot1989-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> It was also diffused into <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> via the Austronesian settlement of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> by around the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">[26]</a> The practice also diffused to the cultures the Austronesians had historical contact with. It reached <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> by 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, through early contact of Austronesian traders from <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian-speakers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and southern India. This also coincides with the introduction of Southeast Asian plants like <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Santalum album</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a>, as well as the adoption of the Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger ship">outrigger ship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crab-claw_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Crab-claw sail">crab-claw sail</a> technologies by Dravidian-speakers. It <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> by 3,000 to 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> through trade with <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, as well as the settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> polities in southern Vietnam. From there, it was spread northwards into <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Lastly, it reached <a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a> by 500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> through trade in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>. From there it was spread westwards into <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilboa2016-221">[221]</a> There are very old claims of betel chewing dating to at least 13,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a> site in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, based on probable Areca sp. recovered. However, it is now known that these might have been due to modern contamination of sample materials. Similar claims have also been made at other older sites with Areca sp. remains, but none can be conclusively identified as A. carechu and their association with betel peppers is tenuous or nonexistent.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">[26]</a> There are numerous cognate sets reconstructible in Austronesian languages relating to various aspects of betel chewing. Ranging from chewing something without swallowing to equipment used to climb areca nut palms to the betel spittle. One cognate set that can be reconstructed for betel pepper is <a href="/wiki/Proto-Western_Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian</a> *Rawed which became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Philippine">Proto-Philippine</a> *gawed, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a> gaod, <a href="/wiki/Itbayaten_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itbayaten language">Itbayaten</a> gawed; <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> gawéd; <a href="/wiki/Isneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Isneg language">Isneg</a> khawád; <a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Casiguran Dumagat language">Casiguran Dumagat</a> gawə́d; and <a href="/wiki/Ibaloy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibaloy language">Ibaloy</a> kawed; <a href="/wiki/Balangaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Balangaw language">Balangaw</a> lawɨ'd; <a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a> lawód; and <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyah language">Kenyah</a> auat or awet.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> Two other cognate sets reached into Oceania. The first is Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *pu-pulu, which became Proto-Oceanic *[pu-]pulu. Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Mussau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussau language">Mussau</a> ulo; <a href="/wiki/Loniu_language" title="Loniu language">Loniu</a> pun; <a href="/wiki/Bipi_language" title="Bipi language">Bipi</a> pun or puepun; <a href="/wiki/Lukep_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukep language">Lukep</a> ul; <a href="/wiki/Takia_language" title="Takia language">Takia</a> ful; <a href="/wiki/Gedaged_language" title="Gedaged language">Gedaged</a> fu; <a href="/wiki/Manam_language" title="Manam language">Manam</a> ulusalaga; and <a href="/wiki/Bugotu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugotu language">Bugotu</a> vu-vulu. The other is Proto-Meso-Melanesian *siqa(r,R)(a), with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Kara_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kara language (Papua New Guinea)">Kara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lihir_language" title="Lihir language">Lihir</a> sie; <a href="/wiki/Tabar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabar language">Tabar</a> sia; <a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a> sier; <a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a> ier; <a href="/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Nehan</a> hiara; <a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a> sil; <a href="/wiki/Teop_language" title="Teop language">Teop</a> hia(kuru); <a href="/wiki/Tinputz_language" title="Tinputz language">Tinputz</a> (ta)sian; <a href="/wiki/Banoni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banoni language">Banoni</a> siɣana; and <a href="/wiki/Marovo_language" title="Marovo language">Marovo</a> hirata.<a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piper_cubeba_(cubeb_pepper)">Piper cubeba (cubeb pepper)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Piper cubeba (cubeb pepper)">edit</a>]</div> The cubeb pepper (<a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Piper cubeba</a>) are native to <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>. Like <a href="/wiki/Piper_retrofractum" title="Piper retrofractum">Piper retrofractum</a>, however, it was only cultivated extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>. The Javanese protected the monopoly of the trade by sterilizing the seeds before trading them. It has a pungent smell, often compared to <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">allspice</a>, quite unlike that of the other culinary peppers. It also has a slightly bitter taste. It is notable as having reached as far as Greece during ancient times via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. It was a valuable rare spice in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">Medieval Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Middle East">Middle East</a>, reputed to have medicinal and magical properties. Medieval Arab physicians commonly used it for a range of treatments, ranging from treating infertility to poison antidotes. It is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of One Thousand and One Nights">The Book of One Thousand and One Nights</a> as well as in the travelogues of <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>. Its trade waned during the Colonial Era when the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> banned its importation to promote the black pepper produced by its own colonies.<a href="#cite_note-Ravindran2017-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wiart-224">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalby2002-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass2013-226">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piper_excelsum_(kawakawa)">Piper excelsum (kawakawa)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Piper excelsum (kawakawa)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kawakawa877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kawakawa877.jpg/220px-Kawakawa877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kawakawa877.jpg/330px-Kawakawa877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Kawakawa877.jpg/440px-Kawakawa877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Piper_excelsum" title="Piper excelsum">Kawakawa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland, New Zealand</a></figcaption></figure> Kawakawa (<a href="/wiki/Piper_excelsum" title="Piper excelsum">Piper excelsum</a>) is a small tree or shrub <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and nearby <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Howe_Island" title="Lord Howe Island">Lord Howe Island</a>. It was exploited by Austronesian settlers based on previous knowledge of the kava, as the latter could not survive in the colder climates of New Zealand. The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> name for the plant, kawakawa, is derived from the same <a href="/wiki/Etymon" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymon">etymon</a> as kava, but <a href="/wiki/Reduplicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduplicated">reduplicated</a>. It is a sacred tree among the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a>. It is seen as a symbol of death, corresponding to the rangiora (<a href="/wiki/Brachyglottis_repanda" title="Brachyglottis repanda">Brachyglottis repanda</a>) which is the symbol of life. Boughs of kawakawa are often used in purification rituals.<a href="#cite_note-temarareoKawakawa-227">[227]</a> However, kawakawa's resemblance to true kava is only superficial. Kawakawa roots do not have psychoactive properties. Instead, kawakawa's primary use is for traditional medicine.<a href="#cite_note-temarareoKawakawa-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piper_methysticum_(kava)">Piper methysticum (kava)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Piper methysticum (kava)">edit</a>]</div> Kava (<a href="/wiki/Piper_methysticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper methysticum">Piper methysticum</a>) is a small tree or shrub believed to have been domesticated in either <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> by <a href="/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuans</a>. It is believed to be a domesticated variety of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piper_subbullatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piper subbullatum (page does not exist)">Piper subbullatum</a> which is native to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fijian_kava_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fijian_kava_ceremony.jpg/220px-Fijian_kava_ceremony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fijian_kava_ceremony.jpg/330px-Fijian_kava_ceremony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Fijian_kava_ceremony.jpg/440px-Fijian_kava_ceremony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3557" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> preparation ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_040318-0058_Piper_methysticum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Starr_040318-0058_Piper_methysticum.jpg/170px-Starr_040318-0058_Piper_methysticum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Starr_040318-0058_Piper_methysticum.jpg/255px-Starr_040318-0058_Piper_methysticum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Starr_040318-0058_Piper_methysticum.jpg/340px-Starr_040318-0058_Piper_methysticum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></figcaption></figure> It was spread by Austronesians after contact into the rest of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. It is endemic to <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and is not found in other Austronesian groups. Kava has great cultural and religious significance among Polynesians. The roots are pounded and mixed with water then strained through fibers. The resulting cloudy gray liquid is bitter with mildly <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoactive">psychoactive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcotic" title="Narcotic">narcotic</a> properties, with a common effect being numbness around the lips and mouth. However, it is not hallucinogenic nor addictive. The potency of the root depends on the age of the plants. The leaves and roots can also be chewed directly resulting in a numbing effect and relaxation. It is traditionally consumed both in everyday social interactions and in religious rituals. Kava reached Hawaii, but it is absent in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> where it can not grow.<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lebot1989-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-temarareoKava-228">[228]</a> Consumption of kava is also believed to be the reason why <a href="/wiki/Betel_chewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel chewing">betel chewing</a>, ubiquitous elsewhere, was lost for Austronesians in Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> According to Lynch (2002), the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a> term for the plant, *kava, was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> term *kawaRi in the sense of a "bitter root" or "potent root [used as fish poison]". It originally referred to <a href="/wiki/Zingiber_zerumbet" title="Zingiber zerumbet">Zingiber zerumbet</a>, which was used to make a similar mildly psychoactive bitter drink in Austronesian rituals. Cognates for *kava include <a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a> sa-kau; <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> kava; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> ʻava; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> ʻawa. In some languages, most notably <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> kawa, the cognates have come to mean "bitter", "sour", or "acrid" to the taste.<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2002-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heathcote2012-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, the reduplicated forms of kawakawa or kavakava are also applied to the unrelated members of the genus <a href="/wiki/Pittosporum" title="Pittosporum">Pittosporum</a>. And in other languages like in <a href="/wiki/Futunan_language" title="Futunan language">Futunan</a>, compound terms like kavakava atua refer to other species belonging to the genus <a href="/wiki/Piper_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper (genus)">Piper</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> of the base form is indicative of falsehood or likeness, in the sense of "false kava".<a href="#cite_note-temarareoKawakawa-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-temarareoKava-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Piper_retrofractum_(Javanese_long_pepper)">Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Piper retrofractum (Javanese long pepper)">edit</a>]</div> The Javanese long pepper (<a href="/wiki/Piper_retrofractum" title="Piper retrofractum">Piper retrofractum</a>) is native to <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>. Its northern range also extends to southern China, mainland Southeast Asia, Taiwan, and the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>. However it was historically only cultivated in any great extent in the islands of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, and surrounding islands, for the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>. Elsewhere it is mostly grown informally in the backyards of houses. It is very similar to the Indian long pepper (<a href="/wiki/Piper_longum" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper longum">Piper longum</a>) and is used in the same way in Southeast Asian cuisine.<a href="#cite_note-Lim2012-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst2013-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saccharum_(sugarcane)">Saccharum (sugarcane)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Saccharum (sugarcane)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea,_S._sinensis_in_China,_and_S._barberi_in_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png/400px-Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png/600px-Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png/800px-Map_showing_centers_of_origin_of_Saccharum_officinarum_in_New_Guinea%2C_S._sinensis_in_China%2C_and_S._barberi_in_India.png 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Map showing centers of origin of <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum" title="Saccharum officinarum">Saccharum officinarum</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_sinense" title="Saccharum sinense">S. sinensis</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_barberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharum barberi">S. barberi</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>; dotted arrows represent <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> introductions<a href="#cite_note-danielsmenzies1996-230">[230]</a></figcaption></figure> There are two centers of domestication for <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saccharum" title="Saccharum">Saccharum</a> spp.): one for <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_officinarum" title="Saccharum officinarum">Saccharum officinarum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuans</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and another for <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_sinense" title="Saccharum sinense">Saccharum sinense</a> by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Papuans and Austronesians originally primarily used sugarcane as food for domesticated pigs. The spread of both S. officinarum and S. sinense is closely linked to the migrations of the Austronesian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels1993-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paterson2012-232">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JfNueva9610VictoriaMexicoPampangafvf_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/JfNueva9610VictoriaMexicoPampangafvf_16.JPG/220px-JfNueva9610VictoriaMexicoPampangafvf_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/JfNueva9610VictoriaMexicoPampangafvf_16.JPG/330px-JfNueva9610VictoriaMexicoPampangafvf_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/JfNueva9610VictoriaMexicoPampangafvf_16.JPG/440px-JfNueva9610VictoriaMexicoPampangafvf_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> field in <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> Saccharum officinarum was first domesticated in <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and the islands east of the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a> by <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuans</a>, where it is the modern center of diversity. Beginning at around 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> they were <a href="/wiki/Selectively_bred" class="mw-redirect" title="Selectively bred">selectively bred</a> from the native <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_robustum" title="Saccharum robustum">Saccharum robustum</a>. From New Guinea it spread westwards to <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> after contact with Austronesians, where it hybridized with <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_spontaneum" title="Saccharum spontaneum">Saccharum spontaneum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paterson2012-232">[232]</a> The second domestication center is mainland southern China and Taiwan where S. sinense (though other authors identify it as S. spontaneum) was one of the original major crops of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from at least 5,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. Introduction of the sweeter S. officinarum may have gradually replaced it throughout its cultivated range in Island Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-danielsmenzies1996-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aljanabi-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baldick2013-234">[234]</a> From Island Southeast Asia, S. officinarum was spread eastward into <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> by Austronesian voyagers as a canoe plant by around 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. It was also spread westward and northward by around 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> to China and India by Austronesian traders, where it further hybridized with <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_sinense" title="Saccharum sinense">Saccharum sinense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saccharum_barberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saccharum barberi">Saccharum barberi</a>. From there it spread further into western <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Paterson2012-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-danielsmenzies1996-230">[230]</a> The reconstructed word for "sugarcane" in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> is *CəbuS or *təbuS, which became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *təbuh, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *topu, and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Polynesian">Proto-Polynesian</a> *to.<a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust1984-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spriggs2011-236">[236]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Hoanya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a> sibus; <a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a> cobosə or tibóso; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> tubó; <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> tupu; <a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik Kayan</a> tebu; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> tebu; <a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_language" title="Old Sundanese language">Old Sundanese</a> teuwu; <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Modern Sundanese</a> tiwu; <a href="/wiki/Ansus_language" title="Ansus language">Ansus</a> tobu; <a href="/wiki/Malmariv_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malmariv language">Malmariv</a> tov; <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> dovu; <a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a> toro; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> tolo; <a href="/wiki/Sudest_language" title="Sudest language">Tagula</a> ro; <a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a> cheu; <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> to; <a href="/wiki/Pukapukan_language" title="Pukapukan language">Pukapukan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> tō; <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> kō; and <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a> to or ta.<a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, however, the word for "sugarcane" is fary, which is instead derived from Proto-Austronesian *pajey, meaning "rice".<a href="#cite_note-Adelaar2016-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Santalum_album_(sandalwood)">Santalum album (sandalwood)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Santalum album (sandalwood)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Santalum_album" title="Santalum album">Santalum album</a> is originally native to dry areas in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, where it is found with close <a href="/wiki/Congener_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congener (biology)">congeners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-powo-238">[238]</a> It was introduced very early (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BCE) into <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">Austronesian maritime</a> <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, along with other Austronesian domesticates like <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>. It first appears in archaeological records in South Asia in the southern <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> by 1300 BCE. It became naturalized in these regions where dry sandy soils are common.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2-239">[239]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solanum">Solanum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Solanum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solanum_lasiocarpum_-_Indian_nightshade_at_Kappimala,_Alakode_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Solanum_lasiocarpum_-_Indian_nightshade_at_Kappimala%2C_Alakode_%281%29.jpg/220px-Solanum_lasiocarpum_-_Indian_nightshade_at_Kappimala%2C_Alakode_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Solanum_lasiocarpum_-_Indian_nightshade_at_Kappimala%2C_Alakode_%281%29.jpg/330px-Solanum_lasiocarpum_-_Indian_nightshade_at_Kappimala%2C_Alakode_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Solanum_lasiocarpum_-_Indian_nightshade_at_Kappimala%2C_Alakode_%281%29.jpg/440px-Solanum_lasiocarpum_-_Indian_nightshade_at_Kappimala%2C_Alakode_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solanum_lasiocarpum" title="Solanum lasiocarpum">Indian nightshade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a> </figcaption></figure> Several species of <a href="/wiki/Solanum" title="Solanum">Solanum</a> have been utilised as food and medicine by the Austronesian people. Species cultivated include Kangaroo apple (<a href="/wiki/Solanum_aviculare" title="Solanum aviculare">Solanum aviculare</a>), poroporo (<a href="/wiki/Solanum_laciniatum" title="Solanum laciniatum">Solanum laciniatum</a>), Indian nightshade (<a href="/wiki/Solanum_lasiocarpum" title="Solanum lasiocarpum">Solanum lasiocarpum</a>), pacific tomato (<a href="/wiki/Solanum_repandum" title="Solanum repandum">Solanum repandum</a>) and cannibal tomato (<a href="/wiki/Solanum_viride" title="Solanum viride">Solanum viride</a>); almost all of their vernacular names consist of slight variations on the name poro or polo.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syzygium">Syzygium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Syzygium">edit</a>]</div> Trees in the genus <a href="/wiki/Syzygium" title="Syzygium">Syzygium</a> contain some of the most important fruit trees among Austronesian peoples. Species cultivated or harvested for their edible fruit include the Java plum (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_cumini" title="Syzygium cumini">Syzygium cumini</a>), jambos (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_jambos" title="Syzygium jambos">Syzygium jambos</a>), lubeg (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Syzygium_lineatum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syzygium lineatum (page does not exist)">Syzygium lineatum</a>), swamp maire (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_maire" title="Syzygium maire">Syzygium maire</a>), mountain apple (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_malaccense" title="Syzygium malaccense">Syzygium malaccense</a>), lipote (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_polycephaloides" title="Syzygium polycephaloides">Syzygium polycephaloides</a>), and the Java apple (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_samarangense" title="Syzygium samarangense">Syzygium samarangense</a>), among others. Two species are also important sources of spice: the clove tree (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_aromaticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Syzygium aromaticum">Syzygium aromaticum</a>) and Indonesian bay leaf (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_polyanthum" title="Syzygium polyanthum">Syzygium polyanthum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Osmond1998-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syzygium_aromaticum_(cloves)">Syzygium aromaticum (cloves)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Syzygium aromaticum (cloves)">edit</a>]</div> Until the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">colonial era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloves">cloves</a> only grew on a few islands in the <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a> (historically called the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a>), including <a href="/wiki/Bacan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacan">Bacan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makian" title="Makian">Makian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moti_Island" title="Moti Island">Moti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turner-241">[241]</a> One clove tree named Afo that experts believe is the oldest in the world on <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Malay">Ternate</a> may be 350–400 years old.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-242">[242]</a> Cloves were first traded by the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">Austronesian maritime trade network</a> (which began around 1500 BC, later becoming the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Spice_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Spice Trade">Spice Trade</a>). The first notable example of modern clove farming developed on the east coast of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and is cultivated in three separate ways, a <a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">monoculture</a>, agricultural parklands, and <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syzygium_malaccense_(mountain_apple)">Syzygium malaccense (mountain apple)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Syzygium malaccense (mountain apple)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_070321-6133_Syzygium_malaccense.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Starr_070321-6133_Syzygium_malaccense.jpg/220px-Starr_070321-6133_Syzygium_malaccense.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Starr_070321-6133_Syzygium_malaccense.jpg/330px-Starr_070321-6133_Syzygium_malaccense.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Starr_070321-6133_Syzygium_malaccense.jpg/440px-Starr_070321-6133_Syzygium_malaccense.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mountain_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain apple">Mountain apples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></figcaption></figure> The mountain apple (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_malaccense" title="Syzygium malaccense">Syzygium malaccense</a>) along with the closely related species like the water apple (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_aqueum" title="Syzygium aqueum">Syzygium aqueum</a>) and the Java apple (<a href="/wiki/Syzygium_samarangense" title="Syzygium samarangense">Syzygium samarangense</a>), are native throughout <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> and were cultivated since prehistory. They were all carried by Austronesians into the Pacific and planted deliberately.<a href="#cite_note-BlenchFruits-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElevitchSyz-244">[244]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syzygium_malaccense,_flowers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Syzygium_malaccense%2C_flowers.jpg/220px-Syzygium_malaccense%2C_flowers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Syzygium_malaccense%2C_flowers.jpg/330px-Syzygium_malaccense%2C_flowers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Syzygium_malaccense%2C_flowers.jpg/440px-Syzygium_malaccense%2C_flowers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mountain_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain apple">Mountain apple</a> in bloom in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></figcaption></figure> They were valued primarily for their abundant edible fruits. It is also used for timber (usually for building houses) and parts of the trees are used in traditional medicine. The attractive flowers are also worn as personal hair adornments and in making <a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">leis</a>. They were primarily propagated through cuttings by Melanesians and Polynesians. The groves of mountain apples found in the Pacific are often remnants of ancient plantings, as the seeds of the fruits are too large to be dispersed by the native birds. Related species <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to the Pacific Islands were also utilized similarly, like <a href="/wiki/Syzygium_corynocarpum" title="Syzygium corynocarpum">Syzygium corynocarpum</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syzygium_neurocalyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syzygium neurocalyx (page does not exist)">Syzygium neurocalyx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BlenchFruits-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dotte-Sarout2016-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-ElevitchSyz-244">[244]</a> There numerous names for mountain apples in Austronesian languages. In the Philippines, the terms can be reconstructed to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Philippine">Proto-Philippine</a> *makúpa, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> makúpa; and <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a> makópa.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In Oceania, there are several cognate sets reconstructible for mountain apples and related species. Four of which are *pokaq, *marisapa, *sakau and *cay, with limited <a href="/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex (linguistics)">reflexes</a> and may have originally referred to other species. The most widespread cognate set, however, can be reconstructed to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *kapika. Its cognates include <a href="/wiki/Mussau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussau language">Mussau</a> kaviu; <a href="/wiki/Seimat_language" title="Seimat language">Seimat</a> ahi, <a href="/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a> keik; Maenge and <a href="/wiki/Nakanai_language" title="Nakanai language">Nakanai</a> gaiva; <a href="/wiki/Tami_language" title="Tami language">Tami</a> kapig; <a href="/wiki/Yabem_language" title="Yabem language">Yabem</a> àing; <a href="/wiki/Motu_language" title="Motu language">Motu</a> gavika; <a href="/wiki/Bola_language_(Austronesian)" title="Bola language (Austronesian)">Bola</a> kavika; <a href="/wiki/Babatana_language" title="Babatana language">Babatana</a> kapika; <a href="/wiki/Gela_language" title="Gela language">Gela</a> gaviga; <a href="/wiki/Kwara%27ae_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara'ae language">Kwara'ae</a> ʻafiʻo; <a href="/wiki/Paamese_language" title="Paamese language">Paamese</a> ahie; <a href="/wiki/Wayan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayan language">Wayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Uvean_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Uvean language">East Uvean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bauan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauan language">Bauan</a> kavika; <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> fekika; <a href="/wiki/Anutan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anutan language">Anutan</a> kapika; <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> kehika; <a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan language">Mangarevan</a> keʻika; <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> ʻahiʻa; <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> ʻoohiaʻai; <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a> kaʻika; and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> kahika. In Māori, the names have shifted to <a href="/wiki/Metrosideros_fulgens" title="Metrosideros fulgens">Metrosideros fulgens</a>, which have similar-looking flowers, as Malay apples did not survive into <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tacca_leontopetaloides_(Polynesian_arrowroot)">Tacca leontopetaloides (Polynesian arrowroot)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Tacca leontopetaloides (Polynesian arrowroot)">edit</a>]</div> Polynesian arrowroot (<a href="/wiki/Tacca_leontopetaloides" title="Tacca leontopetaloides">Tacca leontopetaloides</a>) is another ancient Austronesian root crop closely related to yams. It is originally native to Island Southeast Asia. It was introduced throughout the entire range of the Austronesian expansion, including <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. Polynesian arrowroot have been identified as among the cultivated crops in <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a> sites in <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, dating back to 3,000 to 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Farley2018-246">[246]</a> It was also introduced to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, southern India, and possibly also Australia through trade and contact.<a href="#cite_note-Spennemann1994-247">[247]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_061106-9596_Tacca_leontopetaloides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Starr_061106-9596_Tacca_leontopetaloides.jpg/220px-Starr_061106-9596_Tacca_leontopetaloides.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Starr_061106-9596_Tacca_leontopetaloides.jpg/330px-Starr_061106-9596_Tacca_leontopetaloides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Starr_061106-9596_Tacca_leontopetaloides.jpg/440px-Starr_061106-9596_Tacca_leontopetaloides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_arrowroot" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian arrowroot">Polynesian arrowroot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></figcaption></figure> Polynesian arrowroot was a minor staple among Austronesians. The roots are bitter if not prepared properly, thus it was only cultivated as a secondary crop to staples like <a href="/wiki/Dioscorea_alata" title="Dioscorea alata">Dioscorea alata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colocasia_esculenta" class="mw-redirect" title="Colocasia esculenta">Colocasia esculenta</a>. Its importance increased for settlers in the Pacific Islands, where food plants were scarcer, and it was introduced to virtually all the inhabited islands. They were valued for their ability to grow in low islands and <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a>, and were often the staple crops in islands with these conditions. In larger islands, they were usually allowed to grow feral and were useful only as <a href="/wiki/Famine_food" title="Famine food">famine food</a>. Several cultivars have been developed in Polynesia due to the thousands of years of artificial selection. The starch extracted from the root with traditional methods can last for a very long time, and thus can be stored or traded.<a href="#cite_note-Farley2018-246">[246]</a> The starch can be cooked in leaves to make starchy puddings.<a href="#cite_note-Thaman1994-248">[248]</a> Due to the introduction of modern crops, it is rarely cultivated today.<a href="#cite_note-Farley2018-246">[246]</a> The names for Polynesian arrowroot in <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> reflect its secondary importance as a crop. They are often reassignments from names of other starch crops, rather than specifically being for Polynesian arrowroot. Usually, the names of Polynesian arrowroot are transferred from the names of the sago palms (<a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Metroxylon sagu</a>), giant swamp taros (<a href="/wiki/Cyrtosperma_merkusii" title="Cyrtosperma merkusii">Cyrtosperma merkusii</a>), and fermented breadfruit (<a href="/wiki/Artocarpus_altilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Artocarpus altilis">Artocarpus altilis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a> Derivations from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sagu ("sago palm"), include <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a> sagu. Derivations from Proto-Polynesian *mā ("fermented breadfruit"), included <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> māhoaʻa; <a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_language" title="Tokelauan language">Tokelauan</a> mahoā; <a href="/wiki/Anutan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anutan language">Anutan</a> maoa; <a href="/wiki/East_Futunan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="East Futunan language">East Futunan</a> māsoʻā; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> māsoā; and <a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a> māsoa. Derivations from Proto-Polynesian *bulaka (giant swamp taro) include <a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a> pulaka. Derivations from Proto-Austronesian *biRaq (giant taro) include <a href="/wiki/%C3%84iwoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Äiwoo">Äiwoo</a> (to)piya. And finally, derivations from Proto-Oceanic Rabia (sago) include <a href="/wiki/Bauan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauan language">Bauan</a> yabia; and <a href="/wiki/Pileni_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pileni language">Pileni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan language">Rarotongan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> pia.<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Talipariti_tiliaceum_(sea_hibiscus)">Talipariti tiliaceum (sea hibiscus)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Talipariti tiliaceum (sea hibiscus)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fleur_de_p%C5%ABrau_(hibiscus_tiliaceus).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fleur_de_p%C5%ABrau_%28hibiscus_tiliaceus%29.jpg/220px-Fleur_de_p%C5%ABrau_%28hibiscus_tiliaceus%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fleur_de_p%C5%ABrau_%28hibiscus_tiliaceus%29.jpg/330px-Fleur_de_p%C5%ABrau_%28hibiscus_tiliaceus%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Fleur_de_p%C5%ABrau_%28hibiscus_tiliaceus%29.jpg/440px-Fleur_de_p%C5%ABrau_%28hibiscus_tiliaceus%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sea_hibiscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea hibiscus">Sea hibiscus</a> flowers in <a href="/wiki/Puna%27auia" class="mw-redirect" title="Puna'auia">Puna'auia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a></figcaption></figure> Sea hibiscus (<a href="/wiki/Talipariti_tiliaceum" class="mw-redirect" title="Talipariti tiliaceum">Talipariti tiliaceum</a>) is a common tree in beaches in the tropical <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a>. It is widely used by Austronesian peoples for timber and fiber. It has several subspecies, two of which are <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, with the rest widespread throughout its range or native to large regions of Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The seeds remain viable for months after floating in the sea. However, no remains of beach hibiscus have been recovered from Polynesia prior to the Austronesian arrival, making it clear that they were introduced by Austronesian voyagers.<a href="#cite_note-Prebble2012-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dotte-Sarout2017-250">[250]</a> The wood is soft and not very durable, so it is mostly only used for products like carvings, spears, bowls, and bracelets. However, it is also resistant to saltwater and thus can be used to make small canoes and outriggers. The wood is also preferred for <a href="/wiki/Fire_making" title="Fire making">fire making</a> by friction. The fiber extracted from the bark is widely used to make cordage and for <a href="/wiki/Caulking" class="mw-redirect" title="Caulking">caulking</a>. The bark is also used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a> in Southeast Asia, and <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> drinks in Polynesia. The attractive flowers are commonly made into <a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">leis</a> in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-ElevitchHibiscus-251">[251]</a> The terms for beach hibiscus can be reconstructed to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *baRu, which became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *paRu and Proto-Micronesian *kili-fau. Modern cognates include <a href="/wiki/Itbayaten_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itbayaten language">Itbayaten</a> vayu; <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> bagó; <a href="/wiki/Kankana-ey_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankana-ey language">Kankana-ey</a> bágo; <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> pagu; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> balibago; <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> malabago or maribago; <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a> bago; <a href="/wiki/Ngaju_Dayak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngaju Dayak language">Ngaju Dayak</a> baro; <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> baro or varo; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> baru; <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kambera_language" title="Kambera language">Kambera</a> waru; <a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soboyo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Soboyo language">Soboyo</a> bahu; <a href="/wiki/Makasarese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makasarese language">Makasar</a> baru; <a href="/wiki/Erai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Erai language">Erai</a> hau; <a href="/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a> paru; <a href="/wiki/Paulohi_language" title="Paulohi language">Paulohi</a> haru; <a href="/wiki/Buruese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Buruese language">Buruese</a> fahu; <a href="/wiki/Gitua_language" title="Gitua language">Gitua</a> paru; <a href="/wiki/Mailu_language" title="Mailu language">Mailu</a> waru; <a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a> var or varu; <a href="/wiki/Sye_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sye language">Sye</a> nau or vau; <a href="/wiki/Anejom_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anejom language">Anejom</a> n-hau; <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> vau; <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> fau; <a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> hau; and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> whau.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In addition, there are numerous terms relating to the use of sea hibiscus for cordage and fiber in various Austronesian languages which can be traced back to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian or Proto-Austronesian, like *Calis, "rope".<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thespesia_populnea_(Pacific_rosewood)">Thespesia populnea (Pacific rosewood)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Thespesia populnea (Pacific rosewood)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_070124-3910_Thespesia_populnea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Starr_070124-3910_Thespesia_populnea.jpg/220px-Starr_070124-3910_Thespesia_populnea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Starr_070124-3910_Thespesia_populnea.jpg/330px-Starr_070124-3910_Thespesia_populnea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Starr_070124-3910_Thespesia_populnea.jpg/440px-Starr_070124-3910_Thespesia_populnea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thespesia_populnea" title="Thespesia populnea">Pacific rosewood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> The Pacific rosewood (<a href="/wiki/Thespesia_populnea" title="Thespesia populnea">Thespesia populnea</a>) is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Beach_hibiscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach hibiscus">beach hibiscus</a>. They are similar in appearance and grow in the same habitats, thus they are commonly confused with each other. It is also used similarly among Austronesian cultures, being one of the main sources of <a href="/wiki/Bast_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Bast fiber">bast fibers</a> for the production of cordage and wood for <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger ship">outrigger ships</a> and carving. Pacific rosewood is native to the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> tropics. Like beach hibiscus, the seeds remain viable for months after floating in the sea but no remains of T. populnea have been recovered from Polynesia prior to the Austronesian expansion. Thus it is regarded as deliberate introductions by Austronesian settlers.<a href="#cite_note-Prebble2012-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dotte-Sarout2017-250">[250]</a> The trees were regarded as sacred in <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian culture</a>, and were commonly planted in <a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">marae</a> sites along with trees like <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagraea_berteroana" title="Fagraea berteroana">Fagraea berteroana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casuarina_equisetifolia" title="Casuarina equisetifolia">Casuarina equisetifolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calophyllum_inophyllum" title="Calophyllum inophyllum">Calophyllum inophyllum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prebble2012-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dotte-Sarout2017-250">[250]</a> The terms for Pacific rosewood can be reconstructed to Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *balu, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Itbayaten_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itbayaten language">Itbayaten</a> valu; <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> válo; <a href="/wiki/Simeulue_language" title="Simeulue language">Simeulue</a> falu; <a href="/wiki/Nggela_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nggela language">Ngela</a> valu; <a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a> haru; and <a href="/wiki/Lonwolwol_language" title="Lonwolwol language">Lonwolwol</a> bal.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> Another term which extends to Oceanic is Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *banaRu with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o language">Hanunó'o</a> banagu; <a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a> banar; <a href="/wiki/Patpatar_language" title="Patpatar language">Patpatar</a> banaro; <a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a> vanau; and <a href="/wiki/Pohnpeian_language" title="Pohnpeian language">Pohnpeian</a> pana.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In Eastern Polynesia, most modern names can be reconstructed back to Proto-Eastern Oceanic *milo, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niue language">Niue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> milo; <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuamotuan_language" title="Tuamotuan language">Tuamotuan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> miro; and <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_language" title="Marquesan language">Marquesan</a> miʻo. In some islands, the names have shifted to refer to trees that are used similarly, like <a href="/wiki/Prumnopitys_ferruginea" title="Prumnopitys ferruginea">Prumnopitys ferruginea</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophora_toromiro" title="Sophora toromiro">Sophora toromiro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-temarareomilo-252">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zingiberaceae_(ginger_family)">Zingiberaceae (ginger family)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Zingiberaceae (ginger family)">edit</a>]</div> Gingers (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a>) were cultivated extensively by Austronesians for food, medicine, weaving materials, and for religious purposes. The most commonly cultivated species include the lengkuas (<a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">Alpinia galanga</a>), fingerroot (<a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Boesenbergia rotunda</a>), turmeric (<a href="/wiki/Curcuma_longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Curcuma longa">Curcuma longa</a>), torch ginger (<a href="/wiki/Etlingera_elatior" title="Etlingera elatior">Etlingera elatior</a>), and ginger (<a href="/wiki/Zingiber_officinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Zingiber officinale">Zingiber officinale</a>). Other species were also exploited at a smaller scale or harvested from the wild, including dwarf cardamom (<a href="/wiki/Alpinia_nutans" title="Alpinia nutans">Alpinia nutans</a>), panasa <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Amomum_acre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amomum acre (page does not exist)">Amomum acre</a>), white turmeric (<a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Curcuma zedoaria</a>), jiddo (<a href="/wiki/Hornstedtia_scottiana" title="Hornstedtia scottiana">Hornstedtia scottiana</a>), white ginger lily (<a href="/wiki/Hedychium_coronarium" title="Hedychium coronarium">Hedychium coronarium</a>), and bitter ginger (<a href="/wiki/Zingiber_zerumbet" title="Zingiber zerumbet">Zingiber zerumbet</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ujang2015-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alpinia_galanga_(lengkuas)">Alpinia galanga (lengkuas)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Alpinia galanga (lengkuas)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YosriLengkuas1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/YosriLengkuas1.jpg/220px-YosriLengkuas1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/YosriLengkuas1.jpg/330px-YosriLengkuas1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/YosriLengkuas1.jpg/440px-YosriLengkuas1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lengkuas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lengkuas">Lengkuas</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></figcaption></figure> The lengkuas (<a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">Alpinia galanga</a>) is native to Southeast Asia. Its original center of cultivation during the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> was <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, and today it is still cultivated extensively in Island Southeast Asia, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. It is valued for its use in food and for traditional medicine and is regarded as being superior to ginger. It has a pungent smell reminiscent of black pepper. The red and white cultivars are often used differently, with the red cultivars being primarily medicinal, and the white cultivars being primarily a spice.<a href="#cite_note-Hoogervorst2013-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravindran2004-254">[254]</a> Lengkuas is also the source of the leaves used to make nanel among the <a href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" title="Kavalan people">Kavalan people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, a rolled leaf instrument used as a traditional children's toy common among Austronesian cultures.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> Lengkuas can be reconstructed to Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian *laŋkuas, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Ilokano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano language">Ilokano</a> langkuás; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manobo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manobo language">Manobo</a> langkáuas or langkáwas; <a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a> eangkawás; <a href="/wiki/Kadazan_Dusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazan Dusun language">Kadazan Dusun</a> hongkuas; <a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an</a> lengkuas; <a href="/wiki/Ngaju_Dayak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngaju Dayak language">Ngaju Dayak</a> langkuas; <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> engkuas; and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> lengkuas (from which the English name is derived from). Some of the names have become generalized and are also applied to other species of <a href="/wiki/Alpinia" title="Alpinia">Alpinia</a> as well as for <a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Curcuma zedoaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curcuma_longa_(turmeric)">Curcuma longa (turmeric)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Curcuma longa (turmeric)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr-170114-6480-Curcuma_longa-harvest-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_(32344662501).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Starr-170114-6480-Curcuma_longa-harvest-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_%2832344662501%29.jpg/220px-Starr-170114-6480-Curcuma_longa-harvest-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_%2832344662501%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Starr-170114-6480-Curcuma_longa-harvest-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_%2832344662501%29.jpg/330px-Starr-170114-6480-Curcuma_longa-harvest-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_%2832344662501%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Starr-170114-6480-Curcuma_longa-harvest-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_%2832344662501%29.jpg/440px-Starr-170114-6480-Curcuma_longa-harvest-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_%2832344662501%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a> ('ōlena) in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> There is strong evidence that turmeric (<a href="/wiki/Curcuma_longa" class="mw-redirect" title="Curcuma longa">Curcuma longa</a>) as well as the related white turmeric (<a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Curcuma zedoaria</a>) were independently domesticated by <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a>. Turmeric has a very widespread distribution and names that pre-date contact with India, being found among all Austronesian regions with the exception of Taiwan. However, it was seemingly originally domesticated for the production of <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a>, eventually contributing to the words for "yellow" and "red" in various <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-256">[256]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curcuma_zedoaria_Bluete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Curcuma_zedoaria_Bluete.jpg/220px-Curcuma_zedoaria_Bluete.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Curcuma_zedoaria_Bluete.jpg/330px-Curcuma_zedoaria_Bluete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Curcuma_zedoaria_Bluete.jpg/440px-Curcuma_zedoaria_Bluete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1004" /></a><figcaption>White turmeric (<a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Curcuma zedoaria</a>)</figcaption></figure> The plant is important in the Philippines and Indonesia as a traditional <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dye</a> for clothing and <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">food coloring</a>. It was particularly valued for coloring food offerings to spirits as well as <a href="/wiki/Body_painting" title="Body painting">body painting</a> in religious rituals or social ceremonies. It is also used as a spice, as medicine and as food. Similar uses are also found in the other islands settled by Austronesians, including <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> in East Africa. In <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, it was a valuable trade item acquired from <a href="/wiki/Yap_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Yap Island">Yap</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, they are primarily used as body paint in rituals or as a cosmetic. The latter regions have been isolated for centuries from the rest of Island Southeast Asia prior to European contact.<a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-McClatchey1993-257">[257]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turmeric_(Curcuma_longa)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Turmeric_%28Curcuma_longa%29_3.jpg/220px-Turmeric_%28Curcuma_longa%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Turmeric_%28Curcuma_longa%29_3.jpg/330px-Turmeric_%28Curcuma_longa%29_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Turmeric_%28Curcuma_longa%29_3.jpg/440px-Turmeric_%28Curcuma_longa%29_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a> (kunyit) in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> There are two main <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> sets for C. longa and C. zedoaria (both of which produce yellow dye) in Austronesian languages. The first is reconstructed as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *kunij which originally referred to turmeric. Its cognates include <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankana-ey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Isneg language">Isneg</a> kúnig; <a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a> kúnəg; <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a> ūnig; <a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Casiguran Dumagat language">Casiguran Dumagat</a> kuneg; <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> kunyit; <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a> hunik; <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> kunir; <a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tae%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae' language">Tae'</a> kuniʻ; <a href="/wiki/Uma_language" title="Uma language">Uma</a> kuni; <a href="/wiki/Rembong_language" title="Rembong language">Rembong</a> kunis; <a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a> wuné; and <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a> wunis. In <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betsimisaraka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Betsimisaraka language">Betsimisaraka</a>, the cognates hónitra and húnitra have shifted meaning to a different plant used to make red dye. Other cognates like Ilocano kimmúnig; Uma mo-kuni, and Tae' pakuniran all mean "yellow" or "to dye something yellow".<a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> The other cognate set is derived from reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Western-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *temu, and originally meant C. zedoaria which was used primarily as a spice. It also sometimes shifted to ginger and other ginger-like plants used for cooking (rather than dye production). Its <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> tamu; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> támo; <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a> tamangyan; <a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Bukidnon language">Bukidnon</a> tamohilang; <a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a> tamahilan or tamaylan; Malay, Javanese, and <a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a> temu; <a href="/wiki/Makasarese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makasarese language">Makasarese</a> tammu; and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> tamutamu. In other Austronesian languages in East Africa, however, the other cognates mean "yellow", including <a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Comorian Shibushi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antemoro_people" title="Antemoro people">Antemoro</a> tamutamu; and Antambahoaka and <a href="/wiki/Antankarana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Antankarana language">Antankarana</a> manamutamu.<a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a>, there are two main cognate sets derived from reconstructed *aŋo and *deŋ(w)a, both are unrelated to the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian <a href="/wiki/Etymon" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymon">etymons</a>. The latter probably originally applied to the dye produced from turmeric, while the former referred originally to the plant itself. Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> cango; and <a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rennellese_language" title="Rennellese language">Rennellese</a> ango. Cognates that mean "yellow" also exist in numerous other languages in Near Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zingiber_officinale_(Mindanao,_Phlippines).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Zingiber_officinale_%28Mindanao%2C_Phlippines%29.jpg/170px-Zingiber_officinale_%28Mindanao%2C_Phlippines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Zingiber_officinale_%28Mindanao%2C_Phlippines%29.jpg/255px-Zingiber_officinale_%28Mindanao%2C_Phlippines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Zingiber_officinale_%28Mindanao%2C_Phlippines%29.jpg/340px-Zingiber_officinale_%28Mindanao%2C_Phlippines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="2132" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a> plants in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zingiber_officinale_(ginger)">Zingiber officinale (ginger)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Zingiber officinale (ginger)">edit</a>]</div> Ginger (<a href="/wiki/Zingiber_officinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Zingiber officinale">Zingiber officinale</a>) is native to Island Southeast Asia and was probably originally domesticated by Austronesians. It is an ancient and ubiquitous crop among Austronesians, reaching all the way to <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dalby2002-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-Viestad-258">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ravindran2016-259">[259]</a> Aside from being used for cuisine, ginger appears to have significant religious and medicinal roles in early Austronesian cultures, based on the <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a> it acquired. Ginger were chewed by shamans and spat out intermittently in rituals for healing, warding, and blessing ships.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a>, the terms for ginger can be reconstructed to *dukduk. With cognates including <a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a> dukuduk; <a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a> suksuk; <a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a> cucʻu; and <a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a> suusuku. This was replaced by *laqia in languages south of Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> The terms for ginger beyond Taiwan can be reconstructed to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *laqia, which became <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *laqia and Proto-Central Polynesian *laya. Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Agta language">Agta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Isneg language">Isneg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankana-ey_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankana-ey language">Kankana-ey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Casiguran Dumagat language">Casiguran Dumagat</a> layá; <a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a> láya; <a href="/wiki/Batad_Ifugao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batad Ifugao language">Batad Ifugao</a> lāya; <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> luya; <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a> láʻya; <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a> luyʻa; <a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a> leʻiye; <a href="/wiki/Kadazan_Dusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazan Dusun language">Kadazan Dusun</a> hazo; <a href="/wiki/Tombonuwo_language" title="Tombonuwo language">Tombonuwo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abai_Sembuak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Abai Sembuak language">Abai Sembuak</a> layo; <a href="/wiki/Ida%27an_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an language">Ida'an Begak</a> lejo; <a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>, Long Anap <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyah language">Kenyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tontemboan_language" title="Tontemboan language">Tontemboan</a> lia; <a href="/wiki/Lun_Dayeh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lun Dayeh language">Lun Dayeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kelabit_language" title="Kelabit language">Kelabit</a> lieh; <a href="/wiki/Berawan_language" title="Berawan language">Berawan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miri%CA%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miriʼ language">Miriʼ</a> lejeh; <a href="/wiki/Narum_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Narum language">Narum</a> lejieh; <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyah language">Kenyah</a> (Òma Lóngh) lezó; <a href="/wiki/Murik_Kayan_language" title="Murik Kayan language">Murik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> liaʻ; <a href="/wiki/Kelai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelai language">Kelai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahau_Kenyah_language" title="Wahau Kenyah language">Wahau Kenyah</a> jeʻ; <a href="/wiki/Segai_language" title="Segai language">Segai</a> aljoʻ; <a href="/wiki/Modang_language" title="Modang language">Modang</a> lejao̯ʻ; <a href="/wiki/Kiput_language" title="Kiput language">Kiput</a> lecih; <a href="/wiki/Bintulu_language" title="Bintulu language">Bintulu</a> leza; <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> liaʻ; <a href="/wiki/Dayak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayak language">Dayak</a> roiʻi; <a href="/wiki/Jarai_language" title="Jarai language">Jarai</a> reya; <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> halia; <a href="/wiki/Tialo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tialo language">Tialo</a> loía; <a href="/wiki/Balaesang_language" title="Balaesang language">Balaesang</a> láia; <a href="/wiki/Bare%27e_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bare'e language">Bare'e</a> leʻia; <a href="/wiki/Tae%27_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae' language">Tae</a> laia or laya; <a href="/wiki/Makasarese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makasarese language">Makasarese</a> laia; <a href="/wiki/Muna_language" title="Muna language">Muna</a> longhia; <a href="/wiki/Bimanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimanese language">Bimanese</a> rea; <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_language" title="Manggarai language">Manggarai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roti_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Roti languages">Roti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Erai language">Erai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leti_language" title="Leti language">Leti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetan language">Wetan</a>. and <a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_language" title="Lamaholot language">Lamaholot</a> lia; and <a href="/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngadha_language" title="Ngadha language">Ngadha</a> lea; <a href="/wiki/Kowiai_language" title="Kowiai language">Kowiai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kei_language" title="Kei language">Kei</a> leii. In Oceanic languages, cognates include <a href="/wiki/Lou_language_(Austronesian)" title="Lou language (Austronesian)">Lou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kairiru_language" title="Kairiru language">Kairiru</a> lei; <a href="/wiki/Penchal_language" title="Penchal language">Penchal</a> lai; <a href="/wiki/Ahus_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahus language">Ahus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurti_language" title="Kurti language">Kurti</a> liy; <a href="/wiki/Khehek_language" title="Khehek language">Drehet</a> lip; <a href="/wiki/Lindrou_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindrou language">Lindrow</a> ley; <a href="/wiki/Mussau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussau language">Mussau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuvulu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuvulu language">Wuvulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Neham</a> laia; <a href="/wiki/Tanga_language" title="Tanga language">Tanga</a> lae; <a href="/wiki/Lakalai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakalai language">Lakalai</a> la lahia; <a href="/wiki/Gitua_language" title="Gitua language">Gitua</a> laea; <a href="/wiki/Wedau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedau language">Wedau</a> naia; <a href="/wiki/%27%C4%80re%27%C4%81re_language" class="mw-redirect" title="'Āre'āre language">'Āre'āre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arosi_language" title="Arosi language">Arosi</a> ria; <a href="/wiki/Saa_language" title="Saa language">Sa'a</a> lie; and <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> cango laya.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zingiber_zerumbet_(bitter_ginger)">Zingiber zerumbet (bitter ginger)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Zingiber zerumbet (bitter ginger)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_020803-0013_Zingiber_zerumbet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Starr_020803-0013_Zingiber_zerumbet.jpg/220px-Starr_020803-0013_Zingiber_zerumbet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Starr_020803-0013_Zingiber_zerumbet.jpg/330px-Starr_020803-0013_Zingiber_zerumbet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Starr_020803-0013_Zingiber_zerumbet.jpg/440px-Starr_020803-0013_Zingiber_zerumbet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zingiber_zerumbet" title="Zingiber zerumbet">Bitter ginger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></figcaption></figure> Bitter ginger (<a href="/wiki/Zingiber_zerumbet" title="Zingiber zerumbet">Zingiber zerumbet</a>) is native to <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">tropical Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a>. Like the ginger, was carried by Austronesian settlers all the way to <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a> during prehistoric times. Thus it is likely that it was originally domesticated by Austronesians. Remains of bitter ginger have also been identified from the <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Swamp" title="Kuk Swamp">Kuk Swamp</a> archaeological site in New Guinea at the Phase 1 layers dated to 10,220 to 9,910 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. However, whether they were cultivated or simply exploited from the wild is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Allaby2007-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2002-229">[229]</a> Bitter ginger is primarily used for traditional medicine. It also has mildly psychoactive properties when consumed, and thus had ritual importance among early Austronesian cultures. According to Lynch (2002), terms for bitter ginger in the sense of "bitter root" or "potent root [used as <a href="/wiki/Fish_poison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish poison">fish poison</a>]", reconstructed as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Oceanic">Proto-Oceanic</a> *kawaRi, is believed to have been transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">kava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piper_methysticum" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper methysticum">Piper methysticum</a>), which has similar properties and is also bitter-tasting, when Austronesians of the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> first encountered it among the indigenous non-Austronesian peoples in Melanesia.<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2002-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heathcote2012-218">[218]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Reflex_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex (linguistics)">reflexes</a> of it still refer to bitter ginger, including <a href="/wiki/Sissano_language" title="Sissano language">Sissano</a> (una)kaw; <a href="/wiki/Gapapaiwa_language" title="Gapapaiwa language">Gapapaiwa</a> kaware; <a href="/wiki/Tikopia_language" title="Tikopia language">Tikopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anutan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anutan language">Anutan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallisian_language" title="Wallisian language">Wallisian</a> kava-pui; <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> ʻava-pui; <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> ava-puhi; and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> ʻawa-puhi.<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lynch2002-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heathcote2012-218">[218]</a> Other reflexes also refer to other members of the genus <a href="/wiki/Piper_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper (genus)">Piper</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Fish_poison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish poison">fish poison</a>, or as words to describe bitter, sour, or acrid flavors.<a href="#cite_note-McLean2014-25">[25]</a> In non-Oceanic languages, terms for bitter ginger can be reconstructed to Proto-Western Malayo-Polynesian *lampuyaŋ, with cognates including <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngaju_Dayak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngaju Dayak language">Ngaju Dayak</a> lampuyang; <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> lempuyang; and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> lempoyang.<a href="#cite_note-blusttrusell-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animals">Animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> Domesticated, semi-domesticated, and commensal animals carried by Austronesian voyagers include the following: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bubalus_bubalis_(water_buffalo)">Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Bubalus bubalis (water buffalo)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">Carabao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carabao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/220px-Carabao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/330px-Carabao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carabao.jpg/440px-Carabao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabao</a>, a swamp-type <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffaloes</a> are essential work animals in Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy field</a> agriculture and were carried along with rice to <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> from mainland Asia. Early introductions were specifically of the swamp-type water buffaloes (like the <a href="/wiki/Carabao" title="Carabao">carabao</a>), although they are increasingly being replaced by river-type water buffaloes imported from South Asia in recent times.<a href="#cite_note-groves2006-261">[261]</a> The earliest remains of water buffaloes in Island Southeast Asia with signs of domestication comes from multiple fragmentary skeletal remains recovered from the upper layers of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Nagsabaran site, part of the <a href="/wiki/Lal-lo_and_Gattaran_Shell_Middens" title="Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens">Lal-lo and Gattaran Shell Middens</a> (~2200 BCE to 400 CE) of northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. Most of the remains consisted of skull fragments, almost all of which have cut marks indicating they were butchered. The remains are associated with red slipped pottery, <a href="/wiki/Spindle_whorl" title="Spindle whorl">spindle whorls</a>, stone <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> bracelets; which have strong affinities to similar artifacts from Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> archeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Based on the <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon date">radiocarbon date</a> of the layer in which the oldest fragments were found, water buffaloes were first introduced to the Philippines by at least 500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> term "carabao" is borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> word carabao, which is derived from Eastern <a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan</a> (likely <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>) karabàw.<a href="#cite_note-roberts-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-scott90-265">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> kábaw, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> kalabáw, <a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a> qabaw, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> kabau, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> kerbau, and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> kebo.<a href="#cite_note-Cockrill1977-266">[266]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> terms appear to be loanwords from the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a> and likely derives from a secondary pre-colonial introduction of water buffaloes into <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> via western <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blust-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-kabaw-268">[268]</a> However, it is also clear that <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> already had ancient terms for the carabao, reconstructed as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> *qaNuaŋ. Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Papora_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papora language">Papora</a> loan, <a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a> qnuwan, <a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a> luang, <a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a> nwange, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> nuang, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> anwang or anowang, <a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a> nuang, <a href="/wiki/Isneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Isneg language">Isneg</a> nuang, <a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a> nwang, <a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a> nuwang, <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a> nuwang, and <a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a> anwang. Cognates survive into <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, but the terms there apply to the related <a href="/wiki/Anoa" title="Anoa">anoa</a>. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunó'o</a> anwang also refers to the <a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">tamaraw</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a>, rather than the carabao. These terms spread southwards from Taiwan, indicating that domesticated carabaos were carried partially into the Philippines during the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a>, but didn't move further south into the rest of <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> until the second introduction from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>. The reason for this is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Blust-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-scott90-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Other native names for carabaos include <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/damulag" class="extiw" title="wikt:damulag">damulag</a> in Tagalog, <a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>; dueg in <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>; and pagad in <a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Estrada-Villegas-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bos_javanicus_domesticus_(Bali_cattle)">Bos javanicus domesticus (Bali cattle)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Bos javanicus domesticus (Bali cattle)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle</a> were domesticated in Bali from the wild <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a> around 3500 BCE. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canis_lupus_familiaris_(dog)">Canis lupus familiaris (dog)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Canis lupus familiaris (dog)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the domestic dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan dog">Taiwan dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_forest_dog" title="Philippine forest dog">Philippine forest dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian dog">Polynesian dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kur%C4%AB" title="Kurī">Kurī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marquesan_Dog" title="Marquesan Dog">Marquesan Dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_Dog" title="Tahitian Dog">Tahitian Dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Poi_Dog" title="Hawaiian Poi Dog">Hawaiian Poi Dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="New Guinea singing dog">New Guinea singing dog</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">Dingo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_depicting_possible_phylogeographic_origins_of_dingoes,_based_on_recent_genetic_evidence_(Fillios_%26_Ta%C3%A7on,_2016).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Map_depicting_possible_phylogeographic_origins_of_dingoes%2C_based_on_recent_genetic_evidence_%28Fillios_%26_Ta%C3%A7on%2C_2016%29.png/220px-Map_depicting_possible_phylogeographic_origins_of_dingoes%2C_based_on_recent_genetic_evidence_%28Fillios_%26_Ta%C3%A7on%2C_2016%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Map_depicting_possible_phylogeographic_origins_of_dingoes%2C_based_on_recent_genetic_evidence_%28Fillios_%26_Ta%C3%A7on%2C_2016%29.png/330px-Map_depicting_possible_phylogeographic_origins_of_dingoes%2C_based_on_recent_genetic_evidence_%28Fillios_%26_Ta%C3%A7on%2C_2016%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Map_depicting_possible_phylogeographic_origins_of_dingoes%2C_based_on_recent_genetic_evidence_%28Fillios_%26_Ta%C3%A7on%2C_2016%29.png/440px-Map_depicting_possible_phylogeographic_origins_of_dingoes%2C_based_on_recent_genetic_evidence_%28Fillios_%26_Ta%C3%A7on%2C_2016%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>Map depicting possible phylogeographic origins of <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="New Guinea singing dog">New Guinea singing dogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceanian</a> dogs, based on recent genetic evidence (Fillios & Taçon, 2016)<a href="#cite_note-Fillios2016-271">[271]</a></figcaption></figure> Dogs were primarily valued for their social functions in various Austronesian cultures, acting as companions and pets. They were also trained to be hunting or guard dogs. Ornaments made from dog fur, teeth, and bones are found in archaeological sites throughout Austronesia. These could be traded as commodities, along with dog <a href="/wiki/Puppy" title="Puppy">pups</a>. Dogs were also sometimes eaten, but this varies by culture, with most groups refusing to eat dogs, while in others they were apparently a main food source.<a href="#cite_note-Fillios2016-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bulmer2001-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2015-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2017-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2018-275">[275]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H000105-_Breast_Ornament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/H000105-_Breast_Ornament.jpg/220px-H000105-_Breast_Ornament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/H000105-_Breast_Ornament.jpg/330px-H000105-_Breast_Ornament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/H000105-_Breast_Ornament.jpg/440px-H000105-_Breast_Ornament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>A taumi, a traditional breast ornament fringed with dog hair from the <a href="/wiki/Tuamotus" title="Tuamotus">Tuamotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Cook_Collection:_Australian_Museum" title="James Cook Collection: Australian Museum">James Cook Collection: Australian Museum</a></figcaption></figure> In 2020, an mDNA study of ancient dog fossils from the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> basins of southern China showed that most of the ancient dogs fell within haplogroup A1b, as do the Australian dingoes and the pre-colonial dogs of the Pacific, but in low frequency in China today. The specimen from the <a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Tianluoshan archaeological site</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu culture</a>, pre-<a href="/wiki/Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesians">Austronesians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> province dates to 7,000 YBP and is <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">basal</a> to the entire lineage. The dogs belonging to this haplogroup were once widely distributed in southern China, then dispersed through Southeast Asia into New Guinea and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, but were replaced in China 2,000 YBP by dogs of other lineages.<a href="#cite_note-Zhang2020-276">[276]</a> The origins of the dog (<a href="/wiki/Canis_lupus_familiaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Canis lupus familiaris">Canis lupus familiaris</a>) population in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> are contentious, with various authors proposing origins from either <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, or both at different times. These introduction events have been linked to the origin of the Australian <a href="/wiki/Dingo" title="Dingo">dingoes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_singing_dog" title="New Guinea singing dog">New Guinea singing dogs</a>, both of which are clearly descended from domesticated dogs. The specifics of which population they are derived from, who introduced them, and whether they come from a common ancestor, however, still do not have a consensus.<a href="#cite_note-Fillios2016-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sacks2013-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bulmer2001-272">[272]</a> Regardless, most authors agree that there were at least two introduction events. One arriving with <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> maritime <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> by at least 10,000 to 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>, and another arriving with later <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> seafaring migrations of farming and trading <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Out-of-Taiwan_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-Taiwan hypothesis">via Taiwan</a>) by at least by at least 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. The Neolithic dogs are differentiated from previous populations in having the ability to digest starch, indicating that they accompanied humans who cultivated <a href="/wiki/Cereal_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal crop">cereal crops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fillios2016-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sacks2013-277">[277]</a> The Neolithic introductions are believed to have partially replaced the original introductions and became the ancestors of the modern village dogs of Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Sacks2013-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2017-274">[274]</a> Austronesian dogs like the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan dog">Taiwan dog</a> were deeply valued as hunting companions (particularly for <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Wright-278">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cook-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust-asu-280">[280]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, dog remains have been found buried near or beside human graves in archaeological sites.<a href="#cite_note-Ochoa-281">[281]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lei_niho_%27ilio,_dogs%27_teeth_and_olona_fiber,_Bailey_House_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lei_niho_%27ilio%2C_dogs%27_teeth_and_olona_fiber%2C_Bailey_House_Museum.JPG/220px-Lei_niho_%27ilio%2C_dogs%27_teeth_and_olona_fiber%2C_Bailey_House_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lei_niho_%27ilio%2C_dogs%27_teeth_and_olona_fiber%2C_Bailey_House_Museum.JPG/330px-Lei_niho_%27ilio%2C_dogs%27_teeth_and_olona_fiber%2C_Bailey_House_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Lei_niho_%27ilio%2C_dogs%27_teeth_and_olona_fiber%2C_Bailey_House_Museum.JPG/440px-Lei_niho_%27ilio%2C_dogs%27_teeth_and_olona_fiber%2C_Bailey_House_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei niho ʻīlio</a> from Hawaii using dog teeth</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_(8603570773).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg/220px-Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg/330px-Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg/440px-Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaii" title="Ancient Hawaii">Ancient Hawaiian</a> <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphic</a> depiction of an ʻīlio (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Poi_Dog" title="Hawaiian Poi Dog">Hawaiian Poi Dog</a>)</figcaption></figure> The oldest archaeological remains of dogs in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania is a dog burial in <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a> and dingo remains in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, both of which are dated to around 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. The former are believed to have been part of the second wave and the latter from the first wave.<a href="#cite_note-Greig2015-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Savolainen2004-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2018-275">[275]</a> From Island Southeast Asia, they were carried by Austronesian voyagers into <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulmer2001-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2015-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2018-275">[275]</a> However, unlike in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, dogs lost their economic importance as hunting animals among Austronesians that reached the smaller islands in <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, which had no populations of <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> or other large mammals that could be hunted. They became a competitor for limited food resources and thus were themselves eaten. The Austronesian domesticated dogs originally carried by the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita Culture">Lapita Culture</a> migrations were eaten to extinction in many islands since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-Blust-asu-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2018-2-283">[283]</a> Thus Austronesian dogs were "lost" during the early colonization of Near Oceania. This caused a marked discontinuity in the genes of domesticated dogs, as well as the terms for "dog", among Austronesians in the Pacific Islands and <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, in comparison to other Austronesian regions in Island Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Blust-asu-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2018-2-283">[283]</a> However, dogs were later reintroduced from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuan</a> groups and were subsequently carried eastward into Polynesia by post-Lapita Austronesian migrations, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. Though these dogs were treated as food animals, rather than hunting companions.<a href="#cite_note-Blust-asu-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2018-2-283">[283]</a> Genetic studies have confirmed this, showing that <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian dog">Polynesian dogs</a> are descended from the first wave of dog introductions and are not related to the dogs originating from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bulmer2001-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2015-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2018-275">[275]</a> Dogs were historically eaten in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> and other islands of <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, including Hawaii<a href="#cite_note-Titcomb_1969-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellis_1839-285">[285]</a> at the time of first European contact. <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>, when first visiting Tahiti in 1769, recorded in his journal, "few were there of us but what allow'd that a South Sea Dog was next to an English Lamb, one thing in their favour is that they live entirely upon Vegetables".<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> Calvin Schwabe reported in 1979 that dog was widely eaten in Hawaii and considered to be of higher quality than pork or chicken. When Hawaiians first encountered early British and American explorers, they were at a loss to explain the visitors' attitudes about dog meat. The Hawaiians raised both dogs and pigs as pets and for food. They could not understand why their British and American visitors only found the pig suitable for consumption.<a href="#cite_note-schwabe1979p168-287">[287]</a> This practice seems to have died out, along with the native Hawaiian breed of dog, the unique <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Poi_Dog" title="Hawaiian Poi Dog">Hawaiian Poi Dog</a>, which was primarily used for this purpose.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> On certain Pacific islands, dogs died out after original settlement or were never brought by the settlers in the first place, notably: the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Urban-291">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Urban-291">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Matisoo-Smith-292">[292]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Matisoo-Smith-292">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forster-293">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Forster-293">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Forster-293">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mangaia" title="Mangaia">Mangaia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Forster-293">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Islands" title="Chatham Islands">Chatham Islands</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Island" title="Pitcairn Island">Pitcairn Island</a> (settled by the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">Bounty mutineers</a>, who killed off their dogs in order to escape discovery by passing ships).<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> Dogs were not introduced to Madagascar by Austronesians. A genetic study by Ardalan et al. (2015) revealed that the dog population in Madagascar were all derived solely from African dog populations and did not come from Southeast Asian dog populations. This aberrant origin is also reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy languages">Malagasy languages</a>, where the terms for "dog" originate entirely from African <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ardalan2015-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-van_Asch2015-297">[297]</a> Given the inferred importance of dogs to Austronesian voyagers, the authors proposed that the Austronesian settlers in Madagascar may have initially brought dogs, but they either died or were used as food sources during the journey. Another possibility is that the limited initial number of Austronesian dogs may have simply resulted in their genes getting swamped by the influx of a far larger population of dogs from Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Ardalan2015-296">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-van_Asch2015-297">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallus_gallus_(chicken)">Gallus gallus (chicken)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Gallus gallus (chicken)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_showing_prehistoric_diffusion_of_domestic_chickens_(Gallus_gallus)_into_the_Pacific_via_the_Austronesian_migrations_(Thomson,_Lebrasseur,_%26_Austin,_2014).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_showing_prehistoric_diffusion_of_domestic_chickens_%28Gallus_gallus%29_into_the_Pacific_via_the_Austronesian_migrations_%28Thomson%2C_Lebrasseur%2C_%26_Austin%2C_2014%29.png/300px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_showing_prehistoric_diffusion_of_domestic_chickens_%28Gallus_gallus%29_into_the_Pacific_via_the_Austronesian_migrations_%28Thomson%2C_Lebrasseur%2C_%26_Austin%2C_2014%29.png/450px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Map_showing_prehistoric_diffusion_of_domestic_chickens_%28Gallus_gallus%29_into_the_Pacific_via_the_Austronesian_migrations_%28Thomson%2C_Lebrasseur%2C_%26_Austin%2C_2014%29.png/600px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="1702" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the prehistoric introduction of domesticated chickens into <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a> (c. 4000 BP), inferred from genetic markers on ancient and modern chicken DNA<a href="#cite_note-Thomson-298">[298]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Junglefowl" title="Junglefowl">Junglefowl</a> were one of the three main animals (along with domesticated <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogs">dogs</a>) carried by early <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> in their voyages to the islands of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Piper-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sus_scrofa_domesticus_(pig)">Sus scrofa domesticus (pig)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Sus scrofa domesticus (pig)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">Pigs</a> were one of the three main animals (along with domesticated <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogs">dogs</a>) carried by early <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> from <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> in their voyages to the islands of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Piper-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rodentia_(rodents)">Rodentia (rodents)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Rodentia (rodents)">edit</a>]</div> The following rodent species are common in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">mainland Southeast Asia</a>, but are restricted to areas of wet rice cultivation in western Indonesia (<a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Groves-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mus_caroli"><a href="/wiki/Mus_caroli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus caroli">Mus caroli</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Mus caroli">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mus_cervicolor"><a href="/wiki/Mus_cervicolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus cervicolor">Mus cervicolor</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Mus cervicolor">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rattus_argentiventer"><a href="/wiki/Rattus_argentiventer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus argentiventer">Rattus argentiventer</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Rattus argentiventer">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bandicota_bengalensis"><a href="/wiki/Bandicota_bengalensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandicota bengalensis">Bandicota bengalensis</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Bandicota bengalensis">edit</a>]</div> The following two rodents are native to South Asia and also present in western Indonesian rice fields, so their presence in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> cannot easily be explained by Austronesian expansions, but perhaps instead by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_trade" title="Indian Ocean trade">Indian Ocean trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Groves-300">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mus_terricolor_(also_known_as_Mus_dunni)"><a href="/wiki/Mus_terricolor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus terricolor">Mus terricolor</a> (also known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus_dunni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mus dunni (page does not exist)">Mus dunni</a>)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Mus terricolor (also known as Mus dunni)">edit</a>]</div> Indigenous to northwestern India <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rattus_nitidus_(indigenous_to_Nepal)"><a href="/wiki/Rattus_nitidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus nitidus">Rattus nitidus</a> (indigenous to Nepal)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Rattus nitidus (indigenous to Nepal)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polynesian_rat_(Rattus_exulans)"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">Polynesian rat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rattus_exulans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus exulans">Rattus exulans</a>)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans)">edit</a>]</div> This rat originated on the island of <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Polynesians accidentally or deliberately introduced it to the islands they settled. This rat has been implicated in many of the extinctions of native birds and insects in the Pacific; these species had evolved in the absence of mammals and could not cope with predation by the rat. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Agriculture in Papua New Guinea">Agriculture in Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_of_Mesoamerica" title="Domesticated plants of Mesoamerica">Domesticated plants of Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics_of_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomics of domestication">Genomics of domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">List of food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Oceanic_language#Lexicon" title="Proto-Oceanic language">Proto-Oceanic language § Lexicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chambers2013-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers2013_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChambers2013" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Geoff (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians". eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0020808.pub2">10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470016176" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470016176"><bdi>978-0470016176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics+and+the+Origins+of+the+Polynesians&rft.btitle=eLS&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470015902.a0020808.pub2&rft.isbn=978-0470016176&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood2004-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2004_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2004" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.washington.edu/plape/pacificarchaut12/Bellwood%202004.pdf">"The origins and dispersals of agricultural communities in Southeast Asia"</a> (PDF). In Glover, Ian; Bellwood, Peter (eds.). Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History. RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 21–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415297776" title="Special:BookSources/9780415297776"><bdi>9780415297776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origins+and+dispersals+of+agricultural+communities+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+From+Prehistory+to+History&rft.pages=21-40&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415297776&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.washington.edu%2Fplape%2Fpacificarchaut12%2FBellwood%25202004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reilly2012-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Reilly2012_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly2012" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Kevin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADW-Yc1sC8oC">Volume I: Prehistory to 1450</a>. The Human Journey: A Concise Introduction to World History. Vol. 1. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. pp. 207–209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442213869" title="Special:BookSources/9781442213869"><bdi>9781442213869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+I%3A+Prehistory+to+1450&rft.series=The+Human+Journey%3A+A+Concise+Introduction+to+World+History&rft.pages=207-209&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781442213869&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADW-Yc1sC8oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu2012-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Liu2012_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuChen2012" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Li; Chen, Xingcan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oX6gs6TAZdEC&pg=PA204">"Emergence of social inequality – The middle Neolithic (5000–3000 BC)"</a>. The Archaeology of China: From the Late Paleolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Cambridge World Archaeology. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139015301.007">10.1017/CBO9781139015301.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521644327" title="Special:BookSources/9780521644327"><bdi>9780521644327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emergence+of+social+inequality+%E2%80%93+The+middle+Neolithic+%285000%E2%80%933000+BC%29&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+China%3A+From+the+Late+Paleolithic+to+the+Early+Bronze+Age&rft.series=Cambridge+World+Archaeology&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139015301.007&rft.isbn=9780521644327&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingcan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoX6gs6TAZdEC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourke2009-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Bourke2009_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke2009" class="citation book cs1">Bourke, Richard Michael (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p53311/pdf/history.pdf">"History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea"</a> (PDF). In Bourke, Richard Michael; Harwood, Tracy (eds.). Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea. ANU E Press. pp. 10–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FFAPNG.08.2009">10.22459/FAPNG.08.2009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921536618" title="Special:BookSources/9781921536618"><bdi>9781921536618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+agriculture+in+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.btitle=Food+and+Agriculture+in+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.pages=10-26&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FFAPNG.08.2009&rft.isbn=9781921536618&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=Richard+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp53311%2Fpdf%2Fhistory.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denham2011-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denham2011_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denham2011_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denham2011_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denham2011_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denham2011_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenham2011" class="citation journal cs1">Denham, Tim (October 2011). "Early Agriculture and Plant Domestication in New Guinea and Island Southeast Asia". Current Anthropology. 52 (S4): S379–S395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F658682">10.1086/658682</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F75070">1885/75070</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36818517">36818517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Early+Agriculture+and+Plant+Domestication+in+New+Guinea+and+Island+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=S4&rft.pages=S379-S395&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F75070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36818517%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F658682&rft.aulast=Denham&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> W. Arthur Whistler (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Art-Whistler/publication/356732147_Polynesian_Plant_Introductions/links/61a95436092e735ae2d7f8e7/Polynesian-Plant-Introductions.pdf">"Islands, Plants, and Polynesians—An Introduction to Polynesian Ethnobotany."</a> National Tropical Botanical Garden c/o Botany Department University of Hawaii Honolulu, Hawaii 96822. Retrieved March 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitalong2011-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Kitalong2011_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitalongBallickRehuherBesebes2011" class="citation book cs1">Kitalong, Ann Hillmann; Ballick, MichaelJ.; Rehuher, Faustina; Besebes, Meked; Hanser, Sholeh; Soaladaob, Kiblas; Ngirchobong, Gemma; Wasisang, Flora; Law, Wayne; Lee, Roberta; Tadeo, Van Ray; Kitalong, Clarence; Kitalong, Christopher (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwn4Q-vmHmYC&pg=PA63">"Plants, people and culture in the villages of Oikull and Ibobang, Republic of Palau"</a>. In Liston, Jolie; Clark, Geoffrey; Alexander, Dwight (eds.). Pacific Island Heritage: Archaeology, Identity & Community. Terra Australis. Vol. 35. ANU E Press. pp. 63–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921862489" title="Special:BookSources/9781921862489"><bdi>9781921862489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plants%2C+people+and+culture+in+the+villages+of+Oikull+and+Ibobang%2C+Republic+of+Palau&rft.btitle=Pacific+Island+Heritage%3A+Archaeology%2C+Identity+%26+Community&rft.series=Terra+Australis&rft.pages=63-84&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781921862489&rft.aulast=Kitalong&rft.aufirst=Ann+Hillmann&rft.au=Ballick%2C+MichaelJ.&rft.au=Rehuher%2C+Faustina&rft.au=Besebes%2C+Meked&rft.au=Hanser%2C+Sholeh&rft.au=Soaladaob%2C+Kiblas&rft.au=Ngirchobong%2C+Gemma&rft.au=Wasisang%2C+Flora&rft.au=Law%2C+Wayne&rft.au=Lee%2C+Roberta&rft.au=Tadeo%2C+Van+Ray&rft.au=Kitalong%2C+Clarence&rft.au=Kitalong%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmwn4Q-vmHmYC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theroux2002-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Theroux2002_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheroux2002" class="citation journal cs1">Theroux, Paul (December 2002). "The Hawaiians". National Geographic. 202 (6): 2–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=The+Hawaiians&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2-41&rft.date=2002-12&rft.aulast=Theroux&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchFruits-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchFruits_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchFruits_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BlenchFruits_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2004" class="citation journal cs1">Blench, Roger (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11869/10496">"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo-Pacific region"</a>. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 24 (The Taipei Papers (Volume 2)): 31–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=Fruits+and+arboriculture+in+the+Indo-Pacific+region&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=The+Taipei+Papers+%28Volume+2%29&rft.pages=31-50&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.washington.edu%2Findex.php%2FBIPPA%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F11869%2F10496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simanjuntak2006-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Simanjuntak2006_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimanjuntak2006" class="citation book cs1">Simanjuntak, Truman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C&pg=PA223">"Advancement of Research on the Austronesian in Sulawesi"</a>. In Simanjuntak, Truman; Hisyam, M.; Prasetyo, Bagyo; Nastiti, Titi Surti (eds.). Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI). pp. 223–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789792624991" title="Special:BookSources/9789792624991"><bdi>9789792624991</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Advancement+of+Research+on+the+Austronesian+in+Sulawesi&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Indonesian+Perspective+%3A+R.P.+Soejono%27s+Festschrift&rft.pages=223-231&rft.pub=Indonesian+Institute+of+Sciences+%28LIPI%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789792624991&rft.aulast=Simanjuntak&rft.aufirst=Truman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSFfD0dpdS4C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hasanuddin2018-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Hasanuddin2018_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasanuddin2018" class="citation book cs1">Hasanuddin (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n4569/html/ch11.xhtml">"Prehistoric sites in Kabupaten Enrekang, South Sulawesi"</a>. In O'Connor, Sue; Bulbeck, David; Meyer, Juliet (eds.). The Archaeology of Sulawesi: Current Research on the Pleistocene to the Historic Period. terra australis. Vol. 48. ANU Press. pp. 171–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FTA48.11.2018.11">10.22459/TA48.11.2018.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760462574" title="Special:BookSources/9781760462574"><bdi>9781760462574</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134786275">134786275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+sites+in+Kabupaten+Enrekang%2C+South+Sulawesi&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Sulawesi%3A+Current+Research+on+the+Pleistocene+to+the+Historic+Period&rft.series=terra+australis&rft.pages=171-189&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134786275%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FTA48.11.2018.11&rft.isbn=9781760462574&rft.au=Hasanuddin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fn4569%2Fhtml%2Fch11.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larrue2010-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Larrue2010_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrueMeyerChiron2010" class="citation journal cs1">Larrue, Sébastien; Meyer, Jean-Yves; Chiron, Thomas (2010). "Anthropogenic Vegetation Contributions to Polynesia's Social Heritage: The Legacy of Candlenut Tree (Aleurites moluccana) Forests and Bamboo (Schizostachyum glaucifolium) Groves on the Island of Tahiti". Economic Botany. 64 (4): 329–339. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EcBot..64..329L">2010EcBot..64..329L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12231-010-9130-3">10.1007/s12231-010-9130-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28192073">28192073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Anthropogenic+Vegetation+Contributions+to+Polynesia%27s+Social+Heritage%3A+The+Legacy+of+Candlenut+Tree+%28Aleurites+moluccana%29+Forests+and+Bamboo+%28Schizostachyum+glaucifolium%29+Groves+on+the+Island+of+Tahiti&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=329-339&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28192073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12231-010-9130-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010EcBot..64..329L&rft.aulast=Larrue&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Meyer%2C+Jean-Yves&rft.au=Chiron%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weisler2015-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Weisler2015_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeislerMendesHua2015" class="citation journal cs1">Weisler, Marshall I.; Mendes, Walter P.; Hua, Quan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificarchaeology.org/index.php/journal/article/view/162">"A prehistoric quarry/habitation site on Moloka'i and a discussion of an anomalous early date on the Polynesian introduced candlenut (kukui, Aleurites moluccana)"</a>. Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 6 (1): 37–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+prehistoric+quarry%2Fhabitation+site+on+Moloka%27i+and+a+discussion+of+an+anomalous+early+date+on+the+Polynesian+introduced+candlenut+%28kukui%2C+Aleurites+moluccana%29&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-57&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Weisler&rft.aufirst=Marshall+I.&rft.au=Mendes%2C+Walter+P.&rft.au=Hua%2C+Quan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificarchaeology.org%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirch1989-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirch1989_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirch1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kirch, Patrick V. (1989). "Second Millennium B.C. Arboriculture in Melanesia: Archaeological Evidence from the Mussau Islands". Economic Botany. 43 (2): 225–240. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989EcBot..43..225K">1989EcBot..43..225K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02859865">10.1007/BF02859865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29664192">29664192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Second+Millennium+B.C.+Arboriculture+in+Melanesia%3A+Archaeological+Evidence+from+the+Mussau+Islands&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-240&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29664192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02859865&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989EcBot..43..225K&rft.aulast=Kirch&rft.aufirst=Patrick+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElevitchManner2006-16"><a href="#cite_ref-ElevitchManner2006_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElevitchManner2006" class="citation book cs1">Elevitch, Craig R.; Manner, Harley I. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Grw4g0-h54C&pg=PT57">"Aleurites moluccana (kukui)"</a>. In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands: Their Culture, Environment, and Use. Permanent Agricultural Resources (PAR). pp. 41–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780970254450" title="Special:BookSources/9780970254450"><bdi>9780970254450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aleurites+moluccana+%28kukui%29&rft.btitle=Traditional+Trees+of+Pacific+Islands%3A+Their+Culture%2C+Environment%2C+and+Use&rft.pages=41-56&rft.pub=Permanent+Agricultural+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780970254450&rft.aulast=Elevitch&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft.au=Manner%2C+Harley+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Grw4g0-h54C%26pg%3DPT57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blusttrusell-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-blusttrusell_17-45">at</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlustTrussel2013" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265931196">"The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary: A Work in Progress"</a>. Oceanic Linguistics. 52 (2): 493–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2013.0016">10.1353/ol.2013.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146739541">146739541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+Comparative+Dictionary%3A+A+Work+in+Progress&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=493-523&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2013.0016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146739541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Trussel%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265931196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osmond1998-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osmond1998_18-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmond1998" class="citation book cs1">Osmond, Meredith (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146170/1/PL-C152.pdf">"Horticultural practices"</a> (PDF). In Ross, Malcolm; Pawley, Andrew; Osmond, Meredith (eds.). The lexicon of Proto Oceanic : The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society. Vol. 1. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 115–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-C152.115">10.15144/PL-C152.115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Horticultural+practices&rft.btitle=The+lexicon+of+Proto+Oceanic+%3A+The+culture+and+environment+of+ancestral+Oceanic+society&rft.pages=115-142&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-C152.115&rft.aulast=Osmond&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F146170%2F1%2FPL-C152.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nauheimer2011-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Nauheimer2011_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNauheimerBoyceRenner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nauheimer, Lars; Boyce, Peter C.; Renner, Susanne S. (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/895590">"Giant taro and its relatives: A phylogeny of the large genus Alocasia (Araceae) sheds light on Miocene floristic exchange in the Malesian region"</a>. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 63 (1): 43–51. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MolPE..63...43N">2012MolPE..63...43N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.12.011">10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22209857">22209857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Giant+taro+and+its+relatives%3A+A+phylogeny+of+the+large+genus+Alocasia+%28Araceae%29+sheds+light+on+Miocene+floristic+exchange+in+the+Malesian+region&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-51&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22209857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.12.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012MolPE..63...43N&rft.aulast=Nauheimer&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Boyce%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Renner%2C+Susanne+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F895590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MannerGiantTaro-20"><a href="#cite_ref-MannerGiantTaro_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManner2006" class="citation book cs1">Manner, Harley I. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agroforestry.net/images/pdfs/Giant_taro_specialty_crop.pdf">"Farm and Forestry Production Marketing Profile for Giant Tao (Alocasia macrorrhiza)"</a> (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agricultural Resource (PAR).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Farm+and+Forestry+Production+Marketing+Profile+for+Giant+Tao+%28Alocasia+macrorrhiza%29&rft.btitle=Specialty+Crops+for+Pacific+Island+Agroforestry&rft.pub=Permanent+Agricultural+Resource+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Manner&rft.aufirst=Harley+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agroforestry.net%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2FGiant_taro_specialty_crop.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthews1995-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews1995_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews1995_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews1995_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1995" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Peter J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240821492">"Aroids and the Austronesians"</a>. Tropics. 4 (2/3): 105–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3759%2Ftropics.4.105">10.3759/tropics.4.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84341068">84341068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tropics&rft.atitle=Aroids+and+the+Austronesians.&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=105-126&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3759%2Ftropics.4.105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84341068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F240821492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santosa2017-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Santosa2017_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantosaLianSugiyamaMisra2017" class="citation journal cs1">Santosa, Edi; Lian, Chun Lan; Sugiyama, Nobuo; Misra, Raj Shekhar; Boonkorkaew, Patchareeya; Thanomchit, Kanokwan; Chiang, Tzen-Yuh (28 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489206">"Population structure of elephant foot yams (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) in Asia"</a>. PLOS ONE. 12 (6): e0180000. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1280000S">2017PLoSO..1280000S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0180000">10.1371/journal.pone.0180000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489206">5489206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28658282">28658282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Population+structure+of+elephant+foot+yams+%28Amorphophallus+paeoniifolius+%28Dennst.%29+Nicolson%29+in+Asia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0180000&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5489206%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28658282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0180000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1280000S&rft.aulast=Santosa&rft.aufirst=Edi&rft.au=Lian%2C+Chun+Lan&rft.au=Sugiyama%2C+Nobuo&rft.au=Misra%2C+Raj+Shekhar&rft.au=Boonkorkaew%2C+Patchareeya&rft.au=Thanomchit%2C+Kanokwan&rft.au=Chiang%2C+Tzen-Yuh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5489206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClatchey2012-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McClatchey2012_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClatchey2012_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClatchey2012_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClatchey2012" class="citation journal cs1">McClatchey, Will C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbsociety.org.pl/journals/index.php/asbp/article/viewFile/asbp.2012.034/984">"Wild food plants of Remote Oceania"</a>. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 81 (4): 371–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5586%2Fasbp.2012.034">10.5586/asbp.2012.034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Societatis+Botanicorum+Poloniae&rft.atitle=Wild+food+plants+of+Remote+Oceania&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=371-380&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5586%2Fasbp.2012.034&rft.aulast=McClatchey&rft.aufirst=Will+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpbsociety.org.pl%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fasbp%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2Fasbp.2012.034%2F984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horrocks2013-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Horrocks2013_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocksNieuwoudtKinastonBuckley2013" class="citation journal cs1">Horrocks, M; Nieuwoudt, MK; Kinaston, R; Buckley, H; Bedford, S (13 November 2013). "Microfossil and Fourier Transform InfraRed analyses of Lapita and post-Lapita human dental calculus from Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 44 (1): 17–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03036758.2013.842177">10.1080/03036758.2013.842177</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128880569">128880569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Microfossil+and+Fourier+Transform+InfraRed+analyses+of+Lapita+and+post-Lapita+human+dental+calculus+from+Vanuatu%2C+Southwest+Pacific&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-33&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03036758.2013.842177&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128880569%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Nieuwoudt%2C+MK&rft.au=Kinaston%2C+R&rft.au=Buckley%2C+H&rft.au=Bedford%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLean2014-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLean2014_25-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2014" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Mervyn (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polynesianorigins.org/chapter-11-food-plants/">Music, Lapita, and the Problem of Polynesian Origins</a>. Polynesian Origins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780473288730" title="Special:BookSources/9780473288730"><bdi>9780473288730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music%2C+Lapita%2C+and+the+Problem+of+Polynesian+Origins&rft.pub=Polynesian+Origins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780473288730&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Mervyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolynesianorigins.org%2Fchapter-11-food-plants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zumbroich2007-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_26-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumbroich2007–2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162">"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond"</a>. eJournal of Indian Medicine. 1: 87–140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eJournal+of+Indian+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+diffusion+of+betel+chewing%3A+a+synthesis+of+evidence+from+South+Asia%2C+Southeast+Asia+and+beyond&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=87-140&rft.date=2007%2F2008&rft.aulast=Zumbroich&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugp.rug.nl%2FeJIM%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F24712%2F22162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim2012-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2012_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2012_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2012" class="citation book cs1">Lim, T.K. (2012). Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789048186617" title="Special:BookSources/9789048186617"><bdi>9789048186617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edible+Medicinal+and+Non-Medicinal+Plants&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789048186617&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=T.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orwa2009-3-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Orwa2009-3_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwaMutuaKindtJamnadass2009" class="citation book cs1">Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R.; Anthony, S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Artocarpus_heterophyllus.PDF">Artocarpus heterophyllus</a> (PDF). Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide v.4.0. World Agroforestry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artocarpus+heterophyllus&rft.series=Agroforestree+Database%3Aa+tree+reference+and+selection+guide+v.4.0&rft.pub=World+Agroforestry&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Orwa&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Mutua%2C+A.&rft.au=Kindt%2C+R.&rft.au=Jamnadass%2C+R.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldagroforestry.org%2Ftreedb%2FAFTPDFS%2FArtocarpus_heterophyllus.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Almeida-Lopes2018-29"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Almeida-Lopes2018_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMônica_M.de_SouzaEbenezer2018" class="citation book cs1">Mônica M., de Almeida-Lopes; de Souza, Kellina O.; Ebenezer, de Oliveira-Silva (2018). "Cempedak—Artocarpus champeden". In Rodrigues, Sueli; de Oliveira-Silva, Ebenezer; de Brito, Edy Sousa (eds.). Exotic Fruits: Reference Guide. Academic Press. pp. 121–127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-803138-4.00017-4">10.1016/B978-0-12-803138-4.00017-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128031384" title="Special:BookSources/9780128031384"><bdi>9780128031384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cempedak%E2%80%94Artocarpus+champeden&rft.btitle=Exotic+Fruits%3A+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=121-127&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-803138-4.00017-4&rft.isbn=9780128031384&rft.aulast=M%C3%B4nica+M.&rft.aufirst=de+Almeida-Lopes&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Kellina+O.&rft.au=Ebenezer%2C+de+Oliveira-Silva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orwa2009-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Orwa2009_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwaMutuaKindtJamnadass2009" class="citation book cs1">Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R.; Anthony, S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Artocarpus_lakoocha.PDF">Artocarpus lakoocha</a> (PDF). Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide v.4.0. World Agroforestry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artocarpus+lakoocha&rft.series=Agroforestree+Database%3Aa+tree+reference+and+selection+guide+v.4.0&rft.pub=World+Agroforestry&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Orwa&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Mutua%2C+A.&rft.au=Kindt%2C+R.&rft.au=Jamnadass%2C+R.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldagroforestry.org%2Ftreedb%2FAFTPDFS%2FArtocarpus_lakoocha.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orwa2009-2-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Orwa2009-2_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwaMutuaKindtJamnadass2009" class="citation book cs1">Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Jamnadass, R.; Anthony, S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Artocarpus_mariannensis.PDF">Artocarpus mariannensis</a> (PDF). Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide v.4.0. World Agroforestry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artocarpus+mariannensis&rft.series=Agroforestree+Database%3Aa+tree+reference+and+selection+guide+v.4.0&rft.pub=World+Agroforestry&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Orwa&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Mutua%2C+A.&rft.au=Kindt%2C+R.&rft.au=Jamnadass%2C+R.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldagroforestry.org%2Ftreedb%2FAFTPDFS%2FArtocarpus_mariannensis.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abu_Bakar2018-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Abu_Bakar2018_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_BakarAbu_Bakar2018" class="citation book cs1">Abu Bakar, Fazleen Izzany; Abu Bakar, Mohd Fadzelly (2018). "Tarap—Artocarpus odoratissimus". In Rodrigues, Sueli; de Oliveira-Silva, Ebenezer; de Brito, Edy Sousa (eds.). Exotic Fruits: Reference Guide. Academic Press. pp. 413–418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-803138-4.00041-1">10.1016/B978-0-12-803138-4.00041-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128031384" title="Special:BookSources/9780128031384"><bdi>9780128031384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tarap%E2%80%94Artocarpus+odoratissimus&rft.btitle=Exotic+Fruits%3A+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=413-418&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-803138-4.00041-1&rft.isbn=9780128031384&rft.aulast=Abu+Bakar&rft.aufirst=Fazleen+Izzany&rft.au=Abu+Bakar%2C+Mohd+Fadzelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madulid2011-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Madulid2011_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadulid2011" class="citation news cs1">Madulid, Domingo A. (6 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/gardening/2011/08/06/713485/artocarpus-treculianus">"Artocarpus treculianus"</a>. Philippine Native Plants. The Philippine Star. Retrieved 14 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Native+Plants&rft.atitle=Artocarpus+treculianus&rft.date=2011-08-06&rft.aulast=Madulid&rft.aufirst=Domingo+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fother-sections%2Fgardening%2F2011%2F08%2F06%2F713485%2Fartocarpus-treculianus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ragone2006-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ragone2006_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ragone2006_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagone2006" class="citation book cs1">Ragone, Diane (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raskisimani.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/a-camansi-breadnut.pdf">"Artocarpus camansi (breadnut)"</a> (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Artocarpus+camansi+%28breadnut%29&rft.btitle=Species+Profiles+for+Pacific+Island+Agroforestry&rft.pub=Permanent+Agriculture+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ragone&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraskisimani.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fa-camansi-breadnut.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zerega-35"><a href="#cite_ref-zerega_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerega,_N._J._C.Ragone,_D.Motley,_T.J.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zerega, N. J. C.; Ragone, D. & Motley, T.J. (2004). "The complex origins of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae): Implications for human migrations in Oceania". American Journal of Botany. 91 (5): 760–766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.91.5.760">10.3732/ajb.91.5.760</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21653430">21653430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=The+complex+origins+of+breadfruit+%28Artocarpus+altilis%2C+Moraceae%29%3A+Implications+for+human+migrations+in+Oceania&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=760-766&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.91.5.760&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21653430&rft.au=Zerega%2C+N.+J.+C.&rft.au=Ragone%2C+D.&rft.au=Motley%2C+T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matisoo-Smith2015-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Matisoo-Smith2015_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatisoo-Smith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth A. (3 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640783">"Tracking Austronesian expansion into the Pacific via the paper mulberry plant"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (44): 13432–13433. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11213432M">2015PNAS..11213432M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1518576112">10.1073/pnas.1518576112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640783">4640783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26499243">26499243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Tracking+Austronesian+expansion+into+the+Pacific+via+the+paper+mulberry+plant&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=13432-13433&rft.date=2015-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640783%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26499243&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1518576112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11213432M&rft.aulast=Matisoo-Smith&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareo2-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temarareo2_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareo2_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Kulu.html">"*Kulu"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=%2AKulu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Kulu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust1989-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Blust1989_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust1989" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (1989). "Austronesian Etymologies: IV". Oceanic Linguistics. 28 (2): 111–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3623057">10.2307/3623057</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3623057">3623057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Etymologies%3A+IV&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-180&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3623057&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3623057%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hull2000-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Hull2000_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hull, Geoffrey (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316379707">"Historical phonology of Tetum"</a>. Studies in Languages and Cultures of East Timor. 3 (2000): 158–212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Languages+and+Cultures+of+East+Timor&rft.atitle=Historical+phonology+of+Tetum&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2000&rft.pages=158-212&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F316379707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blench2008-fruit-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2008-fruit_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blench2008-fruit_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2008" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/OP4_Blench%20Fruits%20paper%20offprint.pdf">"A history of fruits on the Southeast Asian mainland"</a> (PDF). In Osada, Toshiki; Uesugi, Akinori (eds.). Occasional Paper 4: Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past. Indus Project. pp. 115–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784902325331" title="Special:BookSources/9784902325331"><bdi>9784902325331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+history+of+fruits+on+the+Southeast+Asian+mainland&rft.btitle=Occasional+Paper+4%3A+Linguistics%2C+Archaeology+and+the+Human+Past&rft.pages=115-137&rft.pub=Indus+Project&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9784902325331&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FArchaeology%2FSE%2520Asia%2FOP4_Blench%2520Fruits%2520paper%2520offprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareo3-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temarareo3_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareo3_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Kofe.html">"*Kofe"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=%2AKofe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Kofe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood2009inBentley-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2009inBentley_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2009" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlXFBKQjgisC&pg=PA225">"Archaeology and the Origins of Language Families"</a>. In Bentley, R. Alexander; Maschner, Herbert D.G.; Chippindale, Christopher (eds.). Handbook of Archaeological Theories. AltaMira Press. pp. 225–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780759100336" title="Special:BookSources/9780759100336"><bdi>9780759100336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Origins+of+Language+Families&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Archaeological+Theories&rft.pages=225-244&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780759100336&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlXFBKQjgisC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler2005-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Fowler2005_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fowler, Cynthia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wofford.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=facultypubs">"Why is maize a sacred plant? Social history and agrarian change in Sumba"</a>. Journal of Ethnobiology. 25 (1): 39–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2993%2F0278-0771%282005%2925%5B39%3AWIMASP%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.2993/0278-0771(2005)25[39:WIMASP]2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37057768">37057768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology&rft.atitle=Why+is+maize+a+sacred+plant%3F+Social+history+and+agrarian+change+in+Sumba&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-57&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2993%2F0278-0771%282005%2925%5B39%3AWIMASP%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37057768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wofford.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1021%26context%3Dfacultypubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chang2015-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chang2015_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chang2015_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chang2015_44-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangLiuMoncadaSeelenfreund2015" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, Chi-Shan; Liu, Hsiao-Lei; Moncada, Ximena; Seelenfreund, Andrea; Seelenfreund, Daniela; Chung, Kuo-Fang (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640734">"A holistic picture of Austronesian migrations revealed by phylogeography of Pacific paper mulberry"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (44): 13537–13542. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11213537C">2015PNAS..11213537C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1503205112">10.1073/pnas.1503205112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640734">4640734</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26438853">26438853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+holistic+picture+of+Austronesian+migrations+revealed+by+phylogeography+of+Pacific+paper+mulberry&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=13537-13542&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640734%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26438853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1503205112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11213537C&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Chi-Shan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Hsiao-Lei&rft.au=Moncada%2C+Ximena&rft.au=Seelenfreund%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Seelenfreund%2C+Daniela&rft.au=Chung%2C+Kuo-Fang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4640734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seelenfreund2010-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seelenfreund2010_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seelenfreund2010_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seelenfreund2010_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelenfreundClarkeOyanedel-GiaveriniPiña-Muñoz2010" class="citation journal cs1">Seelenfreund, Daniela; Clarke, Andrew C.; Oyanedel-Giaverini, Naria Factina; Piña-Muñoz, Ricardo; Lobos, Sergio; Matisoo-Smith, Lisa; Seelenfreund, A. (September 2010). "Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) as a commensal model for human mobility in Oceania: Anthropological, botanical and genetic considerations". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 48 (3–4): 231–247. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010NZJB...48..231S">2010NZJB...48..231S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.2010.520323">10.1080/0028825X.2010.520323</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10533%2F143279">10533/143279</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83993320">83993320</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Paper+mulberry+%28Broussonetia+papyrifera%29+as+a+commensal+model+for+human+mobility+in+Oceania%3A+Anthropological%2C+botanical+and+genetic+considerations&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=231-247&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10533%2F143279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83993320%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0028825X.2010.520323&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010NZJB...48..231S&rft.aulast=Seelenfreund&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Andrew+C.&rft.au=Oyanedel-Giaverini%2C+Naria+Factina&rft.au=Pi%C3%B1a-Mu%C3%B1oz%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Lobos%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Seelenfreund%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-González-Lorca-46"><a href="#cite_ref-González-Lorca_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález-LorcaRivera-HutinelMoncadaLobos2015" class="citation journal cs1">González-Lorca, J.; Rivera-Hutinel, A.; Moncada, X.; Lobos, S.; Seelenfreund, D.; Seelenfreund, A. (2 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.2015.1010546">"Ancient and modern introduction of Broussonetia papyrifera ([L.] Vent.; Moraceae) into the Pacific: genetic, geographical and historical evidence"</a>. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 53 (2): 75–89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NZJB...53...75G">2015NZJB...53...75G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.2015.1010546">10.1080/0028825X.2015.1010546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54664583">54664583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Ancient+and+modern+introduction+of+Broussonetia+papyrifera+%28%5BL.%5D+Vent.%3B+Moraceae%29+into+the+Pacific%3A+genetic%2C+geographical+and+historical+evidence&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-89&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54664583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0028825X.2015.1010546&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NZJB...53...75G&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Lorca&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Rivera-Hutinel%2C+A.&rft.au=Moncada%2C+X.&rft.au=Lobos%2C+S.&rft.au=Seelenfreund%2C+D.&rft.au=Seelenfreund%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0028825X.2015.1010546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li2014-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Li2014_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWangTianLiao2014" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Dawei; Wang, Wei; Tian, Feng; Liao, Wei; Bae, Christopher J. (December 2014). "The oldest bark cloth beater in southern China (Dingmo, Bubing basin, Guangxi)". Quaternary International. 354: 184–189. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QuInt.354..184L">2014QuInt.354..184L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.06.062">10.1016/j.quaint.2014.06.062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+oldest+bark+cloth+beater+in+southern+China+%28Dingmo%2C+Bubing+basin%2C+Guangxi%29&rft.volume=354&rft.pages=184-189&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.06.062&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014QuInt.354..184L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Dawei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wei&rft.au=Tian%2C+Feng&rft.au=Liao%2C+Wei&rft.au=Bae%2C+Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareoAute-48"><a href="#cite_ref-temarareoAute_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Aute.html">"*Aute"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=%2AAute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Aute.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OrwaCalophyllum-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OrwaCalophyllum_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrwaCalophyllum_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OrwaCalophyllum_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwaMutuaKindtAnthony2009" class="citation book cs1">Orwa, C.; Mutua, A.; Kindt, R.; Anthony, S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Calophyllum_inophyllum.PDF">"Calophyllum inophyllum"</a> (PDF). Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. World Agroforestry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calophyllum+inophyllum&rft.btitle=Agroforestree+Database%3Aa+tree+reference+and+selection+guide+version+4.0&rft.pub=World+Agroforestry&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Orwa&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Mutua%2C+A.&rft.au=Kindt%2C+R.&rft.au=Anthony%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldagroforestry.org%2Ftreedb%2FAFTPDFS%2FCalophyllum_inophyllum.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Damon2016-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Damon2016_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damon2016_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damon2016_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Damon2016_50-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamon2016" class="citation book cs1">Damon, Frederick H. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AObACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180">"A Story of Calophyllum: From Ecological to Social Facts"</a>. Trees, Knots, and Outriggers: Environmental Knowledge in the Northeast Kula Ring. Berghahn Books. pp. 180–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785332333" title="Special:BookSources/9781785332333"><bdi>9781785332333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Story+of+Calophyllum%3A+From+Ecological+to+Social+Facts&rft.btitle=Trees%2C+Knots%2C+and+Outriggers%3A+Environmental+Knowledge+in+the+Northeast+Kula+Ring&rft.pages=180-246&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781785332333&rft.aulast=Damon&rft.aufirst=Frederick+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAObACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dweck2002-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck2002_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dweck2002_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDweckMeadows2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dweck, A.C.; Meadows, T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174227/https://pinkhorizons.com/content/Tamanu.2.pdf">"Tamanu (Calophyllum inophyllum) – the African, Asian, Polynesian and Pacific Panacea"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Cosmetic Science. 24 (6): 341–348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1467-2494.2002.00160.x">10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00160.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18494888">18494888</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21847865">21847865</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pinkhorizons.com/content/Tamanu.2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cosmetic+Science&rft.atitle=Tamanu+%28Calophyllum+inophyllum%29+%E2%80%93+the+African%2C+Asian%2C+Polynesian+and+Pacific+Panacea&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=341-348&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21847865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18494888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1467-2494.2002.00160.x&rft.aulast=Dweck&rft.aufirst=A.C.&rft.au=Meadows%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpinkhorizons.com%2Fcontent%2FTamanu.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halpern2002-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Halpern2002_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpernWeverka2002" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Georges M.; Weverka, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=595byAiZLygC&pg=PA43">The Healing Trail: Essential Oils of Madagascar</a>. Basic Health Publications, Inc. pp. 43–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591200161" title="Special:BookSources/9781591200161"><bdi>9781591200161</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Healing+Trail%3A+Essential+Oils+of+Madagascar&rft.pages=43-50&rft.pub=Basic+Health+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781591200161&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Georges+M.&rft.au=Weverka%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D595byAiZLygC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2002-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Allen2002_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2002" class="citation book cs1">Allen, James A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/allen/psw_2002_allen002.pdf">"Calophyllum inophyllum"</a> (PDF). In Vozzo, J.A. (ed.). Tropical Tree Seed Manual. Agriculture Handbook. Vol. 721. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service. pp. 357–359.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calophyllum+inophyllum&rft.btitle=Tropical+Tree+Seed+Manual&rft.series=Agriculture+Handbook&rft.pages=357-359&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Agriculture+Forest+Service&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fpsw%2Fpublications%2Fallen%2Fpsw_2002_allen002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tryon1995-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Tryon1995_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorc1995" class="citation book cs1">Zorc, R. David (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yuACCVs8Dx8C">"A Glossary of Austronesian Reconstructions"</a>. In Tryon, Darrell T.; Ross, Malcolm D.; Grimes, Charles E.; Clynes, Adrian; Adelaar, K.A. (eds.). Comparative Austronesian Dictionary: An Introduction to Austronesian Studies. Trends in Linguistics Documentation. Vol. 10. Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110884012" title="Special:BookSources/9783110884012"><bdi>9783110884012</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Glossary+of+Austronesian+Reconstructions&rft.btitle=Comparative+Austronesian+Dictionary%3A+An+Introduction+to+Austronesian+Studies&rft.series=Trends+in+Linguistics+Documentation&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9783110884012&rft.aulast=Zorc&rft.aufirst=R.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyuACCVs8Dx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-POWO_72580-1-55"><a href="#cite_ref-POWO_72580-1_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:72580-1">"Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. & Thomson"</a>. Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Cananga+odorata+%28Lam.%29+Hook.f.+%26+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A72580-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-56"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhistler2009" class="citation book cs1">Whistler, W. Arthur (2009). "Ethnobotany". In Gillespie, Rosemary; Clague, David (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islands. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25649-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25649-1"><bdi>978-0-520-25649-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnobotany&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islands&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25649-1&rft.aulast=Whistler&rft.aufirst=W.+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blench-57"><a href="#cite_ref-blench_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2005" class="citation journal cs1">Blench, R.M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255579031">"Fruits and arboriculture in the Indo Pacific region"</a>. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 24: 31–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=Fruits+and+arboriculture+in+the+Indo+Pacific+region&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=31-50&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F255579031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/gs/handler/getmedia.ashx?moid=3029&dt=3&g=12">"Citrus (citrus) and Fortunella (kumquat)"</a>. Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. April 2006. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citrus+%28citrus%29+and+Fortunella+%28kumquat%29&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Species+Profiles+for+Pacific+Island+Agroforestry&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgms.ctahr.hawaii.edu%2Fgs%2Fhandler%2Fgetmedia.ashx%3Fmoid%3D3029%26dt%3D3%26g%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="POcLex3" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm D.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Andrew Pawley</a>; Meredith Osmond (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/106908/21/RossPawleyOsmond-ProtoOceanicLexicon-Vol3-Plants.pdf.pdf">The lexicon of Proto-Oceanic: Volume 3, Plants</a> (PDF). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics 599. pp. 338–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858835894" title="Special:BookSources/9780858835894"><bdi>9780858835894</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1075805883">1075805883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lexicon+of+Proto-Oceanic%3A+Volume+3%2C+Plants&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=338-9&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics+599&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1075805883&rft.isbn=9780858835894&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+D.&rft.au=Andrew+Pawley&rft.au=Meredith+Osmond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F106908%2F21%2FRossPawleyOsmond-ProtoOceanicLexicon-Vol3-Plants.pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunn2011-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunn2011_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunn2011_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunn2011_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunn2011_60-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunn2011_60-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunn2011_60-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnBaudouinOlsenIngvarsson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gunn, Bee F.; Baudouin, Luc; Olsen, Kenneth M.; Ingvarsson, Pär K. (22 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120816">"Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World Tropics"</a>. PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e21143. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...621143G">2011PLoSO...621143G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021143">10.1371/journal.pone.0021143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3120816">3120816</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21731660">21731660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Independent+Origins+of+Cultivated+Coconut+%28Cocos+nucifera+L.%29+in+the+Old+World+Tropics&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e21143&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3120816%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21731660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021143&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...621143G&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Bee+F.&rft.au=Baudouin%2C+Luc&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Kenneth+M.&rft.au=Ingvarsson%2C+P%C3%A4r+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3120816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lutz-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Lutz_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutz2011" class="citation web cs1">Lutz, Diana (24 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://source.wustl.edu/2011/06/deep-history-of-coconuts-decoded/">"Deep history of coconuts decoded"</a>. The Source. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Source&rft.atitle=Deep+history+of+coconuts+decoded&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft.aulast=Lutz&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsource.wustl.edu%2F2011%2F06%2Fdeep-history-of-coconuts-decoded%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brouwers2011-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brouwers2011_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brouwers2011_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrouwers2011" class="citation web cs1">Brouwers, Lucas (1 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thoughtomics/httpblogsscientificamericancomthoughtomics20110801coconuts-not-indigenous-but-quite-at-home-nevertheless/">"Coconuts: not indigenous, but quite at home nevertheless"</a>. Scientific American. Retrieved 10 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Coconuts%3A+not+indigenous%2C+but+quite+at+home+nevertheless&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.aulast=Brouwers&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.scientificamerican.com%2Fthoughtomics%2Fhttpblogsscientificamericancomthoughtomics20110801coconuts-not-indigenous-but-quite-at-home-nevertheless%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perera2009-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Perera2009_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalithSuriya_A.C.N.Champa_K.Hugh_C.2009" class="citation book cs1">Lalith, Perera; Suriya A.C.N., Perera; Champa K., Bandaranayake; Hugh C., Harries (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420235327/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_heb_lB3qoC&pg=PA370&dq=">"Coconut"</a>. In Vollmann, Johann; Rajcan, Istvan (eds.). Oil Crops. Springer. pp. 370–372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387775937" title="Special:BookSources/9780387775937"><bdi>9780387775937</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y_heb_lB3qoC&pg=PA370">the original</a> on 20 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coconut&rft.btitle=Oil+Crops&rft.pages=370-372&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780387775937&rft.aulast=Lalith&rft.aufirst=Perera&rft.au=Suriya+A.C.N.%2C+Perera&rft.au=Champa+K.%2C+Bandaranayake&rft.au=Hugh+C.%2C+Harries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY_heb_lB3qoC%26pg%3DPA370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chan2006-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Chan2006_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanElevitch2006" class="citation book cs1">Chan, Edward; Elevitch, Craig R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agroforestry.net/images/pdfs/Cocos-coconut.pdf">"Cocos nucifera (coconut)"</a> (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cocos+nucifera+%28coconut%29&rft.btitle=Species+Profiles+for+Pacific+Island+Agroforestry&rft.pub=Permanent+Agriculture+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Elevitch%2C+Craig+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agroforestry.net%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2FCocos-coconut.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baudouin2008-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baudouin2008_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baudouin2008_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaudouinLebrun2008" class="citation journal cs1">Baudouin, Luc; Lebrun, Patricia (26 July 2008). "Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) DNA studies support the hypothesis of an ancient Austronesian migration from Southeast Asia to America". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 56 (2): 257–262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10722-008-9362-6">10.1007/s10722-008-9362-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19529408">19529408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Resources+and+Crop+Evolution&rft.atitle=Coconut+%28Cocos+nucifera+L.%29+DNA+studies+support+the+hypothesis+of+an+ancient+Austronesian+migration+from+Southeast+Asia+to+America&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-262&rft.date=2008-07-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10722-008-9362-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19529408%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baudouin&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft.au=Lebrun%2C+Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crowther2016-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther2016_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther2016_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crowther2016_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowtherLucasHelmHorton2016" class="citation journal cs1">Crowther, Alison; Lucas, Leilani; Helm, Richard; Horton, Mark; Shipton, Ceri; Wright, Henry T.; Walshaw, Sarah; Pawlowicz, Matthew; Radimilahy, Chantal; Douka, Katerina; Picornell-Gelabert, Llorenç; Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole L. (14 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914162">"Ancient crops provide first archaeological signature of the westward Austronesian expansion"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (24): 6635–6640. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PNAS..113.6635C">2016PNAS..113.6635C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1522714113">10.1073/pnas.1522714113</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4914162">4914162</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27247383">27247383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Ancient+crops+provide+first+archaeological+signature+of+the+westward+Austronesian+expansion&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=6635-6640&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4914162%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27247383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1522714113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PNAS..113.6635C&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Leilani&rft.au=Helm%2C+Richard&rft.au=Horton%2C+Mark&rft.au=Shipton%2C+Ceri&rft.au=Wright%2C+Henry+T.&rft.au=Walshaw%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Pawlowicz%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Radimilahy%2C+Chantal&rft.au=Douka%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Picornell-Gelabert%2C+Lloren%C3%A7&rft.au=Fuller%2C+Dorian+Q.&rft.au=Boivin%2C+Nicole+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4914162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust1988-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Blust1988_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust1988" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/16918/AP-v26n1-45-67.pdf?sequence=1">"The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective"</a> (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 26 (1): 45–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+Homeland%3A+A+Linguistic+Perspective&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45-67&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10125%2F16918%2FAP-v26n1-45-67.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbert1964-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Elbert1964_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbert1964" class="citation journal cs1">Elbert, Samuel H. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210927132115/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_73_1964/Volume_73%2C_No._4/Hawaiian_reflexes_of_Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_and_Proto-Polynesian_reconstructed_forms%2C_by_Samuel_H._Elbert%2C_p_399_-_410/p1">"Hawaiian reflexes of Proto-Malayo-Polynesian and Proto-Polynesian reconstructed forms"</a>. The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 73 (4): 399–410. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_73_1964/Volume_73%2C_No._4/Hawaiian_reflexes_of_Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_and_Proto-Polynesian_reconstructed_forms%2C_by_Samuel_H._Elbert%2C_p_399_-_410/p1">the original</a> on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=Hawaiian+reflexes+of+Proto-Malayo-Polynesian+and+Proto-Polynesian+reconstructed+forms&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-410&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Elbert&rft.aufirst=Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%2FVolume_73_1964%2FVolume_73%252C_No._4%2FHawaiian_reflexes_of_Proto-Malayo-Polynesian_and_Proto-Polynesian_reconstructed_forms%252C_by_Samuel_H._Elbert%252C_p_399_-_410%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust2014-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Blust2014_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2014" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279031484">"Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages"</a>. Oceanic Linguistics. 53 (2): 300–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2014.0025">10.1353/ol.2014.0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144931249">144931249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Some+Recent+Proposals+Concerning+the+Classification+of+the+Austronesian+Languages&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=300-391&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2014.0025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144931249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F279031484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahuja2014-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahuja2014_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhujaAhujaAhuja2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ahuja, S.C.; Ahuja, Siddharth; Ahuja, Uma (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810233110/http://asianagrihistory.org/vol-18/coconut-18-3.pdf">"Coconut – History, Uses, and Folklore"</a> (PDF). Asian Agri-History. 18 (3): 221–248. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asianagrihistory.org/vol-18/coconut-18-3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Agri-History&rft.atitle=Coconut+%E2%80%93+History%2C+Uses%2C+and+Folklore&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=221-248&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft.au=Ahuja%2C+Siddharth&rft.au=Ahuja%2C+Uma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasianagrihistory.org%2Fvol-18%2Fcoconut-18-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Ward_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardBrookfield1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, R. G.; Brookfield, M. (1992). "Special Paper: the dispersal of the coconut: did it float or was it carried to Panama?". Journal of Biogeography. 19 (5): 467–480. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992JBiog..19..467W">1992JBiog..19..467W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2845766">10.2307/2845766</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2845766">2845766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biogeography&rft.atitle=Special+Paper%3A+the+dispersal+of+the+coconut%3A+did+it+float+or+was+it+carried+to+Panama%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=467-480&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2845766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2845766&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992JBiog..19..467W&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft.au=Brookfield%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuDuncanChenCui2019" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Li; Duncan, Neil A.; Chen, Xingcan; Cui, Jianxin (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.019">"Exploitation of job's tears in Paleolithic and Neolithic China: Methodological problems and solutions"</a>. Quaternary International. 529: 25–37. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019QuInt.529...25L">2019QuInt.529...25L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2018.11.019">10.1016/j.quaint.2018.11.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a> – via Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Exploitation+of+job%27s+tears+in+Paleolithic+and+Neolithic+China%3A+Methodological+problems+and+solutions&rft.volume=529&rft.pages=25-37&rft.date=2019-09&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2018.11.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019QuInt.529...25L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Neil+A.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingcan&rft.au=Cui%2C+Jianxin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2018.11.019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuDuncanChenLiu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Li; Duncan, Neil A; Chen, Xingcan; Liu, Guoxiang; Zhao, Hao (11 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683615596830">"Plant domestication, cultivation, and foraging by the first farmers in early Neolithic Northeast China: Evidence from microbotanical remains"</a>. The Holocene. 25 (12): 1965–1978. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Holoc..25.1965L">2015Holoc..25.1965L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959683615596830">10.1177/0959683615596830</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-6836">0959-6836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=Plant+domestication%2C+cultivation%2C+and+foraging+by+the+first+farmers+in+early+Neolithic+Northeast+China%3A+Evidence+from+microbotanical+remains&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1965-1978&rft.date=2015-08-11&rft.issn=0959-6836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959683615596830&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Holoc..25.1965L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Li&rft.au=Duncan%2C+Neil+A&rft.au=Chen%2C+Xingcan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Guoxiang&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Hao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F0959683615596830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kreike2004-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Kreike2004_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreikeVan_EckLebot2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kreike, C.M.; Van Eck, H.J.; Lebot, V. (20 May 2004). "Genetic diversity of taro, Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott, in Southeast Asia and the Pacific". Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 109 (4): 761–768. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00122-004-1691-z">10.1007/s00122-004-1691-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15156282">15156282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21917510">21917510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+and+Applied+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+diversity+of+taro%2C+Colocasia+esculenta+%28L.%29+Schott%2C+in+Southeast+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=761-768&rft.date=2004-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21917510%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15156282&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00122-004-1691-z&rft.aulast=Kreike&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft.au=Van+Eck%2C+H.J.&rft.au=Lebot%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebot2009-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Lebot2009_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebot2009" class="citation book cs1">Lebot, Vincent (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFwyrKRSMUMC&pg=PA279">Tropical Root and Tuber Crops: Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams and Aroids</a>. Crop Production Science in Horticulture. Vol. 17. CABI. pp. 279–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845936211" title="Special:BookSources/9781845936211"><bdi>9781845936211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Root+and+Tuber+Crops%3A+Cassava%2C+Sweet+Potato%2C+Yams+and+Aroids&rft.series=Crop+Production+Science+in+Horticulture&rft.pages=279-280&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781845936211&rft.aulast=Lebot&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrFwyrKRSMUMC%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaïr2016-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chaïr2016_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaïr2016_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chaïr2016_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaïrTraoreDuvalRivallan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chaïr, H.; Traore, R. E.; Duval, M. F.; Rivallan, R.; Mukherjee, A.; Aboagye, L. M.; Van Rensburg, W. J.; Andrianavalona, V.; Pinheiro de Carvalho, M. A. A.; Saborio, F.; Sri Prana, M.; Komolong, B.; Lawac, F.; Lebot, V.; Chiang, Tzen-Yuh (17 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4912093">"Genetic Diversification and Dispersal of Taro (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott)"</a>. PLOS ONE. 11 (6): e0157712. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1157712C">2016PLoSO..1157712C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0157712">10.1371/journal.pone.0157712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4912093">4912093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27314588">27314588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Genetic+Diversification+and+Dispersal+of+Taro+%28Colocasia+esculenta+%28L.%29+Schott%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0157712&rft.date=2016-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4912093%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27314588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0157712&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1157712C&rft.aulast=Cha%C3%AFr&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Traore%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Duval%2C+M.+F.&rft.au=Rivallan%2C+R.&rft.au=Mukherjee%2C+A.&rft.au=Aboagye%2C+L.+M.&rft.au=Van+Rensburg%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Andrianavalona%2C+V.&rft.au=Pinheiro+de+Carvalho%2C+M.+A.+A.&rft.au=Saborio%2C+F.&rft.au=Sri+Prana%2C+M.&rft.au=Komolong%2C+B.&rft.au=Lawac%2C+F.&rft.au=Lebot%2C+V.&rft.au=Chiang%2C+Tzen-Yuh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4912093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthews2015-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Matthews2015_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsNguyenTandangAgoo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, Peter J.; Nguyen, Van Dzu; Tandang, Daniel; Agoo, E. Maribel; Madulid, Domingo A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119174306/http://www.aroid.org/aroideana/getarticle.php?key=MDM4NzExMw==T">"Taxonomy and ethnobotany of Colocasia esculenta and C. formosana (Araceae): implications for the evolution, natural range, and domestication of taro"</a>. Aroideana. 38E (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aroid.org/aroideana/getarticle.php?key=MDM4NzExMw==T">the original</a> on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aroideana&rft.atitle=Taxonomy+and+ethnobotany+of+Colocasia+esculenta+and+C.+formosana+%28Araceae%29%3A+implications+for+the+evolution%2C+natural+range%2C+and+domestication+of+taro&rft.volume=38E&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Van+Dzu&rft.au=Tandang%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Agoo%2C+E.+Maribel&rft.au=Madulid%2C+Domingo+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aroid.org%2Faroideana%2Fgetarticle.php%3Fkey%3DMDM4NzExMw%3D%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthews2012-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Matthews2012_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewsAgooTandangMadulid2012" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, P.J.; Agoo, E.M.G.; Tandang, D.N.; Madulid, D.A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121312/https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture-plantes-alimentaires/FICHES_PLANTES/taro/Ethnobotany%20and%20Ecology%20of%20Wild%20Taro.pdf">"Ethnobotany and Ecology of Wild Taro (Colocasia esculenta) in the Philippines: Implications for Domestication and Dispersal"</a> (PDF). In Spriggs, Matthew; Addison, David; Matthews, Peter J. (eds.). Irrigated Taro (Colocasia esculenta) in the Indo-Pacific: Biological, Social and Historical Perspectives. Senri Ethnological Studies (SES). Vol. 78. National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka. pp. 307–340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784901906937" title="Special:BookSources/9784901906937"><bdi>9784901906937</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Culture-plantes-alimentaires/FICHES_PLANTES/taro/Ethnobotany%20and%20Ecology%20of%20Wild%20Taro.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnobotany+and+Ecology+of+Wild+Taro+%28Colocasia+esculenta%29+in+the+Philippines%3A+Implications+for+Domestication+and+Dispersal&rft.btitle=Irrigated+Taro+%28Colocasia+esculenta%29+in+the+Indo-Pacific%3A+Biological%2C+Social+and+Historical+Perspectives&rft.series=Senri+Ethnological+Studies+%28SES%29&rft.pages=307-340&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Ethnology%2C+Osaka&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9784901906937&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft.au=Agoo%2C+E.M.G.&rft.au=Tandang%2C+D.N.&rft.au=Madulid%2C+D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc-developpement-durable.org%2Ffile%2FCulture-plantes-alimentaires%2FFICHES_PLANTES%2Ftaro%2FEthnobotany%2520and%2520Ecology%2520of%2520Wild%2520Taro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker2011-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barker2011_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker2011_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker2011_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker2011_79-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerLloyd-SmithBartonCole2011" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Graeme; Lloyd-Smith, Lindsay; Barton, Huw; Cole, Franca; Hunt, Chris; Piper, Philip J.; Rabett, Ryan; Paz, Victor; Szabó, Katherine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121307/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/2765748/Barker_et_al_Antiquity_2011.pdf">"Foraging-farming transitions at the Niah Caves, Sarawak, Borneo"</a> (PDF). Antiquity. 85 (328): 492–509. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00067909">10.1017/S0003598X00067909</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131187696">131187696</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/portal/files/2765748/Barker_et_al_Antiquity_2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Foraging-farming+transitions+at+the+Niah+Caves%2C+Sarawak%2C+Borneo&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=328&rft.pages=492-509&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00067909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131187696%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft.au=Lloyd-Smith%2C+Lindsay&rft.au=Barton%2C+Huw&rft.au=Cole%2C+Franca&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Chris&rft.au=Piper%2C+Philip+J.&rft.au=Rabett%2C+Ryan&rft.au=Paz%2C+Victor&rft.au=Szab%C3%B3%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F2765748%2FBarker_et_al_Antiquity_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balbaligo2007-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balbaligo2007_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balbaligo2007_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalbaligo2007" class="citation journal cs1">Balbaligo, Yvette (15 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fpia.308">"A Brief Note on the 2007 Excavation at Ille Cave, Palawan, the Philippines"</a>. Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 18 (2007): 161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5334%2Fpia.308">10.5334/pia.308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+from+the+Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Note+on+the+2007+Excavation+at+Ille+Cave%2C+Palawan%2C+the+Philippines&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2007&rft.pages=161&rft.date=2007-11-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5334%2Fpia.308&rft.aulast=Balbaligo&rft.aufirst=Yvette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5334%252Fpia.308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fullagar2006-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Fullagar2006_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullagarFieldDenhamLentfer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fullagar, Richard; Field, Judith; Denham, Tim; Lentfer, Carol (May 2006). "Early and mid Holocene tool-use and processing of taro (Colocasia esculenta), yam (Dioscorea sp.) and other plants at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of Papua New Guinea". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (5): 595–614. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JArSc..33..595F">2006JArSc..33..595F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2005.07.020">10.1016/j.jas.2005.07.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Early+and+mid+Holocene+tool-use+and+processing+of+taro+%28Colocasia+esculenta%29%2C+yam+%28Dioscorea+sp.%29+and+other+plants+at+Kuk+Swamp+in+the+highlands+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=595-614&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2005.07.020&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JArSc..33..595F&rft.aulast=Fullagar&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Field%2C+Judith&rft.au=Denham%2C+Tim&rft.au=Lentfer%2C+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denham2004-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Denham2004_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenhamGolsonHughes2004" class="citation journal cs1">Denham, Tim P.; Golson, J.; Hughes, Philip J. (2004). "Reading Early Agriculture at Kuk Swamp, Wahgi Valley, Papua New Guinea: the Archaeological Features (Phases 1–3)". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society. 70: 259–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0079497X00001195">10.1017/S0079497X00001195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128780288">128780288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society&rft.atitle=Reading+Early+Agriculture+at+Kuk+Swamp%2C+Wahgi+Valley%2C+Papua+New+Guinea%3A+the+Archaeological+Features+%28Phases+1%E2%80%933%29.&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=259-297&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0079497X00001195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128780288%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Denham&rft.aufirst=Tim+P.&rft.au=Golson%2C+J.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loy1992-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Loy1992_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoySpriggsWickler1992" class="citation journal cs1">Loy, Thomas H.; Spriggs, Matthew; Wickler, Stephen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279580747">"Direct evidence for human use of plants 28,000 years ago: starch residues on stone artefacts from the northern Solomon Islands"</a>. Antiquity. 66 (253): 898–912. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00044811">10.1017/S0003598X00044811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162663964">162663964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Direct+evidence+for+human+use+of+plants+28%2C000+years+ago%3A+starch+residues+on+stone+artefacts+from+the+northern+Solomon+Islands&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=253&rft.pages=898-912&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00044811&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162663964%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Loy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft.au=Spriggs%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Wickler%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F279580747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BarkerHuntCarlos2011-84"><a href="#cite_ref-BarkerHuntCarlos2011_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerHuntCarlos2011" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Graeme; Hunt, Chris; Carlos, Jane (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/cultured-rainforest/crp-files/2011-barker-hunt-carlos-transitions-to-farming-in.pdf">"Transitions to Farming in Island Southeast Asia: Archaeological, Biomolecular and Palaeoecological Perspectives"</a> (PDF). In Barker, Grame; Janowski, Monica (eds.). Why cultivate? Anthropological and Archaeological Approaches to Foraging–Farming Transitions in Southeast Asia. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 61–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902937588" title="Special:BookSources/9781902937588"><bdi>9781902937588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transitions+to+Farming+in+Island+Southeast+Asia%3A+Archaeological%2C+Biomolecular+and+Palaeoecological+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Why+cultivate%3F+Anthropological+and+Archaeological+Approaches+to+Foraging%E2%80%93Farming+Transitions+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=61-74&rft.pub=McDonald+Institute+for+Archaeological+Research&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781902937588&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Chris&rft.au=Carlos%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arch.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fcultured-rainforest%2Fcrp-files%2F2011-barker-hunt-carlos-transitions-to-farming-in.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton2012-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Barton2012_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2012" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, Huw (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/cultured-rainforest/crp-files/2012-barton-reversed-fortunes-of-sago-and-rice.pdf">"The reversed fortunes of sago and rice, Oryza sativa, in the rainforests of Sarawak, Borneo"</a> (PDF). Quaternary International. 249: 96–104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012QuInt.249...96B">2012QuInt.249...96B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.03.037">10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+reversed+fortunes+of+sago+and+rice%2C+Oryza+sativa%2C+in+the+rainforests+of+Sarawak%2C+Borneo&rft.volume=249&rft.pages=96-104&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2011.03.037&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012QuInt.249...96B&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arch.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Fcultured-rainforest%2Fcrp-files%2F2012-barton-reversed-fortunes-of-sago-and-rice.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taroguampedia-86"><a href="#cite_ref-taroguampedia_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guampedia.com/ancient-chamorro-agricultural-practices/">"Ancient Chamorro Agricultural Practices"</a>. Guampedia. 10 February 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guampedia&rft.atitle=Ancient+Chamorro+Agricultural+Practices&rft.date=2011-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guampedia.com%2Fancient-chamorro-agricultural-practices%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon2012-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon2012_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixonWalkerGolabiManner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dixon, Boyd; Walker, Samuel; Golabi, Mohammad H.; Manner, Harley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_dixon_pp209-257.pdf">"Two probably latte period agricultural sites in northern Guam: Their plants, soils, and interpretations"</a> (PDF). Micronesica. 42 (1/2): 209–257.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micronesica&rft.atitle=Two+probably+latte+period+agricultural+sites+in+northern+Guam%3A+Their+plants%2C+soils%2C+and+interpretations&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=209-257&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Boyd&rft.au=Walker%2C+Samuel&rft.au=Golabi%2C+Mohammad+H.&rft.au=Manner%2C+Harley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micronesica.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F6_dixon_pp209-257.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRPM-88"><a href="#cite_ref-PRPM_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603104712/https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/cari1?keyword=talas">"talas"</a>. Malay Literary Reference Centre. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/cari1?keyword=talas">the original</a> on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malay+Literary+Reference+Centre&rft.atitle=talas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprpm.dbp.gov.my%2Fcari1%3Fkeyword%3Dtalas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syamsarul2013-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Syamsarul2013_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyamsarul2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Syamsarul (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819174440/http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/16209/1/Kamus%20Bahasa%20Indonesia-Minangkabau%20Edisi%20Revisi%202013.pdf">Kamus Bahasa Indonesia-Minangkabau</a> [Indonesian-Minangkabau Dictionary] (PDF) (in Indonesian) (Revised ed.). Padang: Balai Bahasa Provinsi Sumatera Barat, Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789790691254" title="Special:BookSources/9789790691254"><bdi>9789790691254</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/16209/1/Kamus%20Bahasa%20Indonesia-Minangkabau%20Edisi%20Revisi%202013.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamus+Bahasa+Indonesia-Minangkabau&rft.place=Padang&rft.pages=201&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Balai+Bahasa+Provinsi+Sumatera+Barat%2C+Badan+Pengembangan+dan+Pembinaan+Bahasa%2C+Kementerian+Pendidikan+dan+Kebudayaan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789790691254&rft.au=Syamsarul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositori.kemdikbud.go.id%2F16209%2F1%2FKamus%2520Bahasa%2520Indonesia-Minangkabau%2520Edisi%2520Revisi%25202013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareoTaro-90"><a href="#cite_ref-temarareoTaro_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Talo.html">"*Talo/Taro"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=%2ATalo%2FTaro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Talo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FridayOkano2006-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FridayOkano2006_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FridayOkano2006_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FridayOkano2006_91-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFridayOkano2006" class="citation book cs1">Friday, J.B.; Okano, Dana (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.primitiveways.com/Cordia-kou.pdf">"Cordia subcordata (kou)"</a> (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cordia+subcordata+%28kou%29&rft.btitle=Species+Profiles+for+Pacific+Island+Agroforestry&rft.pub=Permanent+Agriculture+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Friday&rft.aufirst=J.B.&rft.au=Okano%2C+Dana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primitiveways.com%2FCordia-kou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ono2013-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Ono2013_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnoAddison2013" class="citation book cs1">Ono, Rintaro; Addison, David J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p260281/html/ch03.xhtml?referer=368&page=6#toc_marker-7">"Historical Ecology and 600 Years of Fish Use on Atafu Atoll, Tokelau"</a>. In Ono, Rintaro; Morrison, Alex; Addison, David J. (eds.). Prehistoric Marine Resource Use in the Indo-Pacific Regions. terra australis. Vol. 39. ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925021264" title="Special:BookSources/9781925021264"><bdi>9781925021264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Ecology+and+600+Years+of+Fish+Use+on+Atafu+Atoll%2C+Tokelau&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Marine+Resource+Use+in+the+Indo-Pacific+Regions&rft.series=terra+australis&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781925021264&rft.aulast=Ono&rft.aufirst=Rintaro&rft.au=Addison%2C+David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp260281%2Fhtml%2Fch03.xhtml%3Freferer%3D368%26page%3D6%23toc_marker-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sudarmin2015-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Sudarmin2015_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudarminPujiastuti2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sudarmin, M.Si; Pujiastuti, Sri Endang (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijsr.net/archive/v4i10/SUB158567.pdf">"Scientific Knowledge Based Culture and Local Wisdom in Karimunjawa for Growing Soft Skills Conservation"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Science and Research. 4 (9): 598–604.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Science+and+Research&rft.atitle=Scientific+Knowledge+Based+Culture+and+Local+Wisdom+in+Karimunjawa+for+Growing+Soft+Skills+Conservation&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=598-604&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sudarmin&rft.aufirst=M.Si&rft.au=Pujiastuti%2C+Sri+Endang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijsr.net%2Farchive%2Fv4i10%2FSUB158567.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boerger2009-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Boerger2009_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoerger2009" class="citation book cs1">Boerger, Brenda H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210921122435/http://salsa.ling.utexas.edu/proceedings/2009/11_TLS53_Boerger.pdf">"Trees of Santa Cruz Island and their Metaphors"</a> (PDF). Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Symposium About Language and Society, Austin. Texas Linguistic Forum. Vol. 53. pp. 100–109. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salsa.ling.utexas.edu/proceedings/2009/11_TLS53_Boerger.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trees+of+Santa+Cruz+Island+and+their+Metaphors&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seventeenth+Annual+Symposium+About+Language+and+Society%2C+Austin&rft.series=Texas+Linguistic+Forum&rft.pages=100-109&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Boerger&rft.aufirst=Brenda+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsalsa.ling.utexas.edu%2Fproceedings%2F2009%2F11_TLS53_Boerger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KahnCoil2006-95"><a href="#cite_ref-KahnCoil2006_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahnCoil2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kahn, Jennifer G.; Coil, James H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023151948/https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Volume115/Volume%20115,%20No.%204/3%20What%20house%20posts.pdf">"What House Posts Tell Us about Status Difference in Prehistoric Society: An Interpretation of Charcoal Analysis, Sacred Woods and Inter-site Variability"</a> (PDF). The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 115 (4): 319–352. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Volume115/Volume%20115,%20No.%204/3%20What%20house%20posts.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=What+House+Posts+Tell+Us+about+Status+Difference+in+Prehistoric+Society%3A+An+Interpretation+of+Charcoal+Analysis%2C+Sacred+Woods+and+Inter-site+Variability&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=319-352&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kahn&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+G.&rft.au=Coil%2C+James+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocs%2FVolume115%2FVolume%2520115%2C%2520No.%25204%2F3%2520What%2520house%2520posts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pebble2008-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Pebble2008_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPebble2008" class="citation book cs1">Pebble, Matthew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch153.pdf">"No fruit on that beautiful shore: What plants were introduced to the subtropical Polynesian islands prior to European contact?"</a> (PDF). In Clark, Geoffrey Richard; O'Connor, Sue; Leach, Bryan Foss (eds.). Islands of Inquiry: Colonisation, Seafaring and the Archaeology of Maritime Landscapes. terra australis. Vol. 29. ANU E Press. pp. 227–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921313905" title="Special:BookSources/9781921313905"><bdi>9781921313905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=No+fruit+on+that+beautiful+shore%3A+What+plants+were+introduced+to+the+subtropical+Polynesian+islands+prior+to+European+contact%3F&rft.btitle=Islands+of+Inquiry%3A+Colonisation%2C+Seafaring+and+the+Archaeology+of+Maritime+Landscapes&rft.series=terra+australis&rft.pages=227-251&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781921313905&rft.aulast=Pebble&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp26551%2Fpdf%2Fch153.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Millerstrom2008-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Millerstrom2008_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerstromCoil2008" class="citation journal cs1">Millerstrom, Sidsel; Coil, James H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105563.pdf">"Pre-Contact Arboriculture and Vegetation in the Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia: Charcoal Identification and Radiocarbon Dates from Hatiheu Valley, Nuku Hiva"</a> (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 47 (2): 330–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.0.0005">10.1353/asi.0.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17292">10125/17292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161160463">161160463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Pre-Contact+Arboriculture+and+Vegetation+in+the+Marquesas+Islands%2C+French+Polynesia%3A+Charcoal+Identification+and+Radiocarbon+Dates+from+Hatiheu+Valley%2C+Nuku+Hiva&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=330-351&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161160463%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.0.0005&rft.aulast=Millerstrom&rft.aufirst=Sidsel&rft.au=Coil%2C+James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F5105563.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green2007-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Green2007_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenGreen2007" class="citation book cs1">Green, Valerie J.; Green, Roger C. (2007). "An Accent on Atolls in Approaches to Population Histories of Remote Oceania". In Kirch, Patrick V.; Rallu, Jean-Louis (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growthcollapsepa00kirc">The Growth and Collapse of Pacific Island Societies: Archaeological and Demographic Perspectives</a>. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/growthcollapsepa00kirc/page/n248">232</a>–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824831349" title="Special:BookSources/9780824831349"><bdi>9780824831349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Accent+on+Atolls+in+Approaches+to+Population+Histories+of+Remote+Oceania&rft.btitle=The+Growth+and+Collapse+of+Pacific+Island+Societies%3A+Archaeological+and+Demographic+Perspectives&rft.pages=232-256&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780824831349&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Valerie+J.&rft.au=Green%2C+Roger+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrowthcollapsepa00kirc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinkle2007-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkle2007_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkle2007_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkle2007_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkle2007_99-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinkle2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hinkle, Anya E. (May 2007). "Population structure of Pacific Cordyline fruticosa (Laxmanniaceae) with implications for human settlement of Polynesia". American Journal of Botany. 94 (5): 828–839. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.94.5.828">10.3732/ajb.94.5.828</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21636452">21636452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Population+structure+of+Pacific+Cordyline+fruticosa+%28Laxmanniaceae%29+with+implications+for+human+settlement+of+Polynesia&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=828-839&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.94.5.828&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21636452&rft.aulast=Hinkle&rft.aufirst=Anya+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CABI-ti-100"><a href="#cite_ref-CABI-ti_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip2012" class="citation web cs1">Philip, Simpson (9 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/11866">"Cordyline fruticosa (ti plant)"</a>. Invasive Species Compendium. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invasive+Species+Compendium&rft.atitle=Cordyline+fruticosa+%28ti+plant%29&rft.date=2012-09-09&rft.aulast=Philip&rft.aufirst=Simpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabi.org%2Fisc%2Fdatasheet%2F11866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinkle2004-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkle2004_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkle2004_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkle2004_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinkle2004_101-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinkle2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hinkle, Anya E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705093757/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Volume113/jps_v113_no3_2004/2%20The%20distribution%20of%20a%20male.pdf">"The distribution of a male sterile form of ti (Cordyline fruticosa) in Polynesia: a case of human selection?"</a> (PDF). The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 113 (3): 263–290. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/docs/Volume113/jps_v113_no3_2004/2%20The%20distribution%20of%20a%20male.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=The+distribution+of+a+male+sterile+form+of+ti+%28Cordyline+fruticosa%29+in+Polynesia%3A+a+case+of+human+selection%3F&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-290&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hinkle&rft.aufirst=Anya+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocs%2FVolume113%2Fjps_v113_no3_2004%2F2%2520The%2520distribution%2520of%2520a%2520male.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borland2009-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Borland2009_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrisha2009" class="citation book cs1">Trisha, Borland (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moorea-ucb.org/uploads/6/6/8/3/6683664/final_paper_borland.pdf">"Cordyline fruticosa: the distribution and continuity of a sacred plant"</a> (PDF). UCB Moorea Class: Biology and Geomorphology of Tropical Islands. Student Research Papers, Fall 2009. University of California.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cordyline+fruticosa%3A+the+distribution+and+continuity+of+a+sacred+plant&rft.btitle=UCB+Moorea+Class%3A+Biology+and+Geomorphology+of+Tropical+Islands&rft.series=Student+Research+Papers%2C+Fall+2009&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Trisha&rft.aufirst=Borland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moorea-ucb.org%2Fuploads%2F6%2F6%2F8%2F3%2F6683664%2Ffinal_paper_borland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrlich2000-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich2000_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich2000_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich2000_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich2000_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich2000_103-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich2000_103-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich2000_103-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich2000_103-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ehrlich, Celia (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191201072103/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_109_2000/Volume_109%2C_No._4/%26apos%3BInedible%26apos%3B_to_%26apos%3Bedible%26apos%3B%3A_Firewalking_and_the_ti_plant_%5BCordyline_fruticosa_%28L.%29_A._Chev.%5D%2C_by_Celia_Ehrlich%2C_p_371-400/p1">"'Inedible' to 'edible': Firewalking and the ti plant [Cordyline fruticosa (L.) A. Chev.]"</a>. The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 109 (4): 371–400. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_109_2000/Volume_109%2C_No._4/%26apos%3BInedible%26apos%3B_to_%26apos%3Bedible%26apos%3B%3A_Firewalking_and_the_ti_plant_%5BCordyline_fruticosa_%28L.%29_A._Chev.%5D%2C_by_Celia_Ehrlich%2C_p_371-400/p1">the original</a> on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=%27Inedible%27+to+%27edible%27%3A+Firewalking+and+the+ti+plant+%5BCordyline+fruticosa+%28L.%29+A.+Chev.%5D&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=371-400&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2F%2FVolume_109_2000%2FVolume_109%252C_No._4%2F%2526apos%253BInedible%2526apos%253B_to_%2526apos%253Bedible%2526apos%253B%253A_Firewalking_and_the_ti_plant_%255BCordyline_fruticosa_%2528L.%2529_A._Chev.%255D%252C_by_Celia_Ehrlich%252C_p_371-400%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrlich1989-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich1989_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich1989" class="citation journal cs1">Ehrlich, Celia (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethnobiology.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/JoE/9-1/Ehrlich.pdf">"Special problems in an ethnobotanical literature search: Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth, the "Hawaiian ti plant""</a> (PDF). Journal of Ethnobiology. 9 (1): 51–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology&rft.atitle=Special+problems+in+an+ethnobotanical+literature+search%3A+Cordyline+terminalis+%28L.%29+Kunth%2C+the+%22Hawaiian+ti+plant%22&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-63&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethnobiology.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdfs%2FJoE%2F9-1%2FEhrlich.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rappaport1989-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rappaport1989_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rappaport1989_105-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport1989" class="citation book cs1">Rappaport, Roy A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sY4bAAAAQBAJ">Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People, Second Edition</a>. Waveland Press. pp. 19, 125, 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478610021" title="Special:BookSources/9781478610021"><bdi>9781478610021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pigs+for+the+Ancestors%3A+Ritual+in+the+Ecology+of+a+New+Guinea+People%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=19%2C+125%2C+231&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781478610021&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Roy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsY4bAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lense2012-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Lense2012_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLense2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lense, Obed (1 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13057%2Fbiodiv%2Fd130208">"The wild plants used as traditional medicines by indigenous people of Manokwari, West Papua"</a>. Biodiversitas. 13 (2): 98–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13057%2Fbiodiv%2Fd130208">10.13057/biodiv/d130208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversitas&rft.atitle=The+wild+plants+used+as+traditional+medicines+by+indigenous+people+of+Manokwari%2C+West+Papua&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=98-106&rft.date=2012-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13057%2Fbiodiv%2Fd130208&rft.aulast=Lense&rft.aufirst=Obed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.13057%252Fbiodiv%252Fd130208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson1997-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson1997_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson1997_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson1997_107-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simpson1997_107-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, Philip (1 January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26686%2Fjnzs.v7i1.395">"Are Cabbage Trees Worth Anything? Relating Ecological and Human Values in the Cabbage Tree, tī kōuka"</a>. The Journal of New Zealand Studies. 7 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26686%2Fjnzs.v7i1.395">10.26686/jnzs.v7i1.395</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+New+Zealand+Studies&rft.atitle=Are+Cabbage+Trees+Worth+Anything%3F+Relating+Ecological+and+Human+Values+in+the+Cabbage+Tree%2C+t%C4%AB+k%C5%8Duka.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1997-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26686%2Fjnzs.v7i1.395&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.26686%252Fjnzs.v7i1.395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unsavory-108"><a href="#cite_ref-unsavory_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanier2016" class="citation news cs1">Lanier, Clint (10 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eater.com/drinks/2016/11/10/13503738/okolehao-hawaii">"Okolehao, the Sweet Hawaiian Moonshine With an Unsavory Past"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eater.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Eater.com">Eater</a>. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eater&rft.atitle=Okolehao%2C+the+Sweet+Hawaiian+Moonshine+With+an+Unsavory+Past&rft.date=2016-11-10&rft.aulast=Lanier&rft.aufirst=Clint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eater.com%2Fdrinks%2F2016%2F11%2F10%2F13503738%2Fokolehao-hawaii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffith1847-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffith1847_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffith1847" class="citation book cs1">Griffith, Robert Eglesfeld (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEobAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA655">Medical Botany</a>. Lea and Blanchard. p. 655.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Botany&rft.pages=655&rft.pub=Lea+and+Blanchard&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Griffith&rft.aufirst=Robert+Eglesfeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEobAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Schooneveld2018-110"><a href="#cite_ref-van_Schooneveld2018_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schooneveld2018" class="citation news cs1">van Schooneveld, Inge (18 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sinchi-foundation.com/news/punnuk-rice-harvest-ritual/">"Punnuk rice harvest ritual celebrates the Earth's abundance"</a>. Sinchi. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sinchi&rft.atitle=Punnuk+rice+harvest+ritual+celebrates+the+Earth%27s+abundance&rft.date=2018-07-18&rft.aulast=van+Schooneveld&rft.aufirst=Inge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsinchi-foundation.com%2Fnews%2Fpunnuk-rice-harvest-ritual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-de_Guzman2018-111"><a href="#cite_ref-de_Guzman2018_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Guzman2018" class="citation news cs1">de Guzman, Daniel (6 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aswangproject.com/flora-de-filipinas-a-short-overview-of-philippine-plant-lore/">"Flora De Filipinas: A Short Overview of Philippine Plant Lore"</a>. The Aswang Project. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Aswang+Project&rft.atitle=Flora+De+Filipinas%3A+A+Short+Overview+of+Philippine+Plant+Lore&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft.aulast=de+Guzman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aswangproject.com%2Fflora-de-filipinas-a-short-overview-of-philippine-plant-lore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hapao-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Hapao_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909073802/http://www.ichcap.org/kor/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain3/057_Harvest_Rituals_in_Hapao.pdf">Harvest Rituals in Hapao</a> (PDF). Social Practices, Rituals and Festive Events. International Information and Networking Centre for Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region under the auspices of UNESCO (ICHCAP). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ichcap.org/kor/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain3/057_Harvest_Rituals_in_Hapao.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvest+Rituals+in+Hapao&rft.series=Social+Practices%2C+Rituals+and+Festive+Events&rft.pub=International+Information+and+Networking+Centre+for+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+in+the+Asia-Pacific+Region+under+the+auspices+of+UNESCO+%28ICHCAP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ichcap.org%2Fkor%2Fek%2Fsub3%2Fpdf_file%2Fdomain3%2F057_Harvest_Rituals_in_Hapao.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balangcod2009-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Balangcod2009_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalangcodBalangcod2009" class="citation journal cs1">Balangcod, T.D.; Balangcod, A.K. (January 2009). "Underutilized Plant Resources in Tinoc, Ifugao, Cordillera Administrative Region, Luzon Island, Philippines". Acta Horticulturae (806): 647–654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17660%2FActaHortic.2009.806.80">10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.806.80</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Horticulturae&rft.atitle=Underutilized+Plant+Resources+in+Tinoc%2C+Ifugao%2C+Cordillera+Administrative+Region%2C+Luzon+Island%2C+Philippines&rft.issue=806&rft.pages=647-654&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17660%2FActaHortic.2009.806.80&rft.aulast=Balangcod&rft.aufirst=T.D.&rft.au=Balangcod%2C+A.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novellino2001-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Novellino2001_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovellino2001" class="citation journal cs1">Novellino, Dario (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philippinestudies.net/files/journals/1/articles/1653/public/1653-1752-1-PB.pdf">"Palawan Attitudes Toward Illness"</a> (PDF). Philippine Studies. 49 (1): 78–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Studies&rft.atitle=Palawan+Attitudes+Toward+Illness&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-93&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Novellino&rft.aufirst=Dario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philippinestudies.net%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2F1%2Farticles%2F1653%2Fpublic%2F1653-1752-1-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunawan-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Gunawan_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunawan2013" class="citation book cs1">Gunawan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126174343/https://proceedingicgrc.ub.ac.id/index.php/procicgrc/article/view/11">"Study Ethnobotany Andong Plants of the Genus Cordyline in the Dayaknese of Meratus Lok Lahung Village, Loksado, South Borneo"</a>. 4th International Conference on Global Resource Conservation & 10th Indonesian Society for Plant Taxonomy Congress. Brawijaya University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://proceedingicgrc.ub.ac.id/index.php/procicgrc/article/view/11">the original</a> on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Study+Ethnobotany+Andong+Plants+of+the+Genus+Cordyline+in+the+Dayaknese+of+Meratus+Lok+Lahung+Village%2C+Loksado%2C+South+Borneo&rft.btitle=4th+International+Conference+on+Global+Resource+Conservation+%26+10th+Indonesian+Society+for+Plant+Taxonomy+Congress&rft.pub=Brawijaya+University&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Gunawan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproceedingicgrc.ub.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fprocicgrc%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rahayu2016-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rahayu2016_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rahayu2016_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahayuRustiamiRugayah2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rahayu, Mulyati; Rustiami, Himmah; Rugayah (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ums.edu.my/ibtpv2/files/07-JTBC13-005-915.pdf">"Ethnobotanical Study of Sasak Ethnic, East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara"</a> (PDF). Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation: 85–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Tropical+Biology+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=Ethnobotanical+Study+of+Sasak+Ethnic%2C+East+Lombok%2C+West+Nusa+Tenggara&rft.pages=85-99&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Rahayu&rft.aufirst=Mulyati&rft.au=Rustiami%2C+Himmah&rft.au=Rugayah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ums.edu.my%2Fibtpv2%2Ffiles%2F07-JTBC13-005-915.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loeb1929-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Loeb1929_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeb1929" class="citation journal cs1">Loeb, E.M. (1929). "Shaman and Seer". American Anthropologist. 31 (1): 60–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1929.31.1.02a00050">10.1525/aa.1929.31.1.02a00050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Shaman+and+Seer&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-84&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1929.31.1.02a00050&rft.aulast=Loeb&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakim2006-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Hakim2006_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim2006" class="citation book cs1">Hakim, Nurul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edepot.wur.nl/184594">Cultural and Spiritual Values of Forests in Bady Region, Banten, Indonesia</a>. MSc Forest and Nature Conservation Policy. Wageningen University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+and+Spiritual+Values+of+Forests+in+Bady+Region%2C+Banten%2C+Indonesia&rft.series=MSc+Forest+and+Nature+Conservation+Policy&rft.pub=Wageningen+University&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Nurul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedepot.wur.nl%2F184594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iskandar2017-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Iskandar2017_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIskandarIskandar2017" class="citation journal cs1">Iskandar, Johan; Iskandar, Budiawati S. (15 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15294%2Fbiosaintifika.v9i1.8117">"Various Plants of Traditional Rituals: Ethnobotanical Research Among The Baduy Community"</a>. Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education. 9 (1): 114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15294%2Fbiosaintifika.v9i1.8117">10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i1.8117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biosaintifika%3A+Journal+of+Biology+%26+Biology+Education&rft.atitle=Various+Plants+of+Traditional+Rituals%3A+Ethnobotanical+Research+Among+The+Baduy+Community&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=114&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15294%2Fbiosaintifika.v9i1.8117&rft.aulast=Iskandar&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Iskandar%2C+Budiawati+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15294%252Fbiosaintifika.v9i1.8117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Domenig-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Domenig_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomenig2014" class="citation book cs1">Domenig, Gaudenz (2014). Hoefte, Rosemarijn; Nordholt, Henk Schulte (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDNnAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">Religion and Architecture in Premodern Indonesia: Studies in Spatial Anthropology</a>. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 294. BRILL. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004274075" title="Special:BookSources/9789004274075"><bdi>9789004274075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Architecture+in+Premodern+Indonesia%3A+Studies+in+Spatial+Anthropology&rft.series=Verhandelingen+van+het+Koninklijk+Instituut+voor+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789004274075&rft.aulast=Domenig&rft.aufirst=Gaudenz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDNnAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sumantera1999-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Sumantera1999_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumantera1999" class="citation journal cs1">Sumantera, I. Wayan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119230959/https://www.bgci.org/education/article/0431/">"Plants Intertwined with Culture"</a>. Roots. 1 (19). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgci.org/education/article/0431/">the original</a> on 19 January 2019. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roots&rft.atitle=Plants+Intertwined+with+Culture&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=19&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sumantera&rft.aufirst=I.+Wayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgci.org%2Feducation%2Farticle%2F0431%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nooy-Palm1979-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Nooy-Palm1979_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNooy-Palm1979" class="citation book cs1">Nooy-Palm, Hetty (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_DX0CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">The Sa'dan-Toraja: A Study of Their Social Life and Religion</a>. Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. Vol. 87. Springer. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401771504" title="Special:BookSources/9789401771504"><bdi>9789401771504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sa%27dan-Toraja%3A+A+Study+of+Their+Social+Life+and+Religion&rft.series=Verhandelingen+van+het+Koninklijk+Instituut+voor+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9789401771504&rft.aulast=Nooy-Palm&rft.aufirst=Hetty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_DX0CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volkman1985-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Volkman1985_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkman1985" class="citation book cs1">Volkman, Toby Alice (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4rIoCxx-CMC">Feasts of Honor: Ritual and Change in the Toraja Highlands</a>. Illinois studies in anthropology. Vol. 16. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252011832" title="Special:BookSources/9780252011832"><bdi>9780252011832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feasts+of+Honor%3A+Ritual+and+Change+in+the+Toraja+Highlands&rft.series=Illinois+studies+in+anthropology&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780252011832&rft.aulast=Volkman&rft.aufirst=Toby+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4rIoCxx-CMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox2006House-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Fox2006House_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2006" class="citation book cs1">Fox, James J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4JavFdIXo3oC&pg=PA21">Inside Austronesian Houses: Perspectives on Domestic Designs for Living</a>. ANU E Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920942847" title="Special:BookSources/9781920942847"><bdi>9781920942847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Austronesian+Houses%3A+Perspectives+on+Domestic+Designs+for+Living&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781920942847&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4JavFdIXo3oC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheridan2016-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan2016_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan2016_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sheridan, Michael (1 January 2016). "Boundary Plants, the Social Production of Space, and Vegetative Agency in Agrarian Societies". Environment and Society. 7 (1): 29–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fares.2016.070103">10.3167/ares.2016.070103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Society&rft.atitle=Boundary+Plants%2C+the+Social+Production+of+Space%2C+and+Vegetative+Agency+in+Agrarian+Societies&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-49&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fares.2016.070103&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-West2006-126"><a href="#cite_ref-West2006_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2006" class="citation book cs1">West, Paige (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Csdl0u3ooOcC">Conservation Is Our Government Now: The Politics of Ecology in Papua New Guinea</a>. Duke University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822388067" title="Special:BookSources/9780822388067"><bdi>9780822388067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+Is+Our+Government+Now%3A+The+Politics+of+Ecology+in+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780822388067&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCsdl0u3ooOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2006-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2006_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2006" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Brian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA249">Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521852418" title="Special:BookSources/9780521852418"><bdi>9780521852418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780521852418&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPguGB_uEQh4C%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rappaport1967-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Rappaport1967_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappaport1967" class="citation journal cs1">Rappaport, Roy A. (1967). "Ritual Regulation of Environmental Relations among a New Guinea People". Ethnology. 6 (1): 17–30. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.460.3366">10.1.1.460.3366</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3772735">10.2307/3772735</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3772735">3772735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=Ritual+Regulation+of+Environmental+Relations+among+a+New+Guinea+People&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-30&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.460.3366%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3772735%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3772735&rft.aulast=Rappaport&rft.aufirst=Roy+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonnemère2018-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Bonnemère2018_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnemère2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bonnemère, Pascale (March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01723919/file/2018_Oceania.pdf">"Actions, Relations and Transformations: The Cycle of Life According to the Ankave of Papua New Guinea"</a> (PDF). Oceania. 88 (1): 41–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Focea.5180">10.1002/ocea.5180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceania&rft.atitle=Actions%2C+Relations+and+Transformations%3A+The+Cycle+of+Life+According+to+the+Ankave+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-54&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Focea.5180&rft.aulast=Bonnem%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Pascale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01723919%2Ffile%2F2018_Oceania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Hill_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2011" class="citation thesis cs1">Hill, Rowena Catherine (2011). Colour and Ceremony: the role of paints among the Mendi and Sulka peoples of Papua New Guinea (MSc). Durham University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Colour+and+Ceremony%3A+the+role+of+paints+among+the+Mendi+and+Sulka+peoples+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.inst=Durham+University&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Rowena+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nombo-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Nombo_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNomboLeach2010" class="citation book cs1">Nombo, Porer; Leach, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156621545.pdf">"Reite Plants: An Ethnobotanical Study in Tok Pisin and English"</a> (PDF). Asia-Pacific Environment Monograph. Vol. 4. ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921666018" title="Special:BookSources/9781921666018"><bdi>9781921666018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reite+Plants%3A+An+Ethnobotanical+Study+in+Tok+Pisin+and+English&rft.btitle=Asia-Pacific+Environment+Monograph&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781921666018&rft.aulast=Nombo&rft.aufirst=Porer&rft.au=Leach%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F156621545.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keesing2012-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Keesing2012_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeesing2012" class="citation journal cs1">Keesing, Roger M. (September 2012). "On not understanding symbols". HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 2 (2): 406–430. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14318%2Fhau2.2.023">10.14318/hau2.2.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143871873">143871873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HAU%3A+Journal+of+Ethnographic+Theory&rft.atitle=On+not+understanding+symbols&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=406-430&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14318%2Fhau2.2.023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143871873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Keesing&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panoff2018-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Panoff2018_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanoff2018" class="citation book cs1">Panoff, Françoise (2018). Barbira-Freedman, Françoise (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/pacific/777?lang=en">Maenge Gardens: A study of Maenge relationship to domesticates</a>. pacific-credo Publications. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbooks.pacific.690">10.4000/books.pacific.690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782956398189" title="Special:BookSources/9782956398189"><bdi>9782956398189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maenge+Gardens%3A+A+study+of+Maenge+relationship+to+domesticates&rft.pub=pacific-credo+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbooks.pacific.690&rft.isbn=9782956398189&rft.aulast=Panoff&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7oise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpacific%2F777%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray2012-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Gray2012_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2012" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Andrew (2012). The Languages of Pentecost Island. Manples (BFoV) Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780956098542" title="Special:BookSources/9780956098542"><bdi>9780956098542</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Pentecost+Island&rft.pub=Manples+%28BFoV%29+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780956098542&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore2005-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2005_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore2005_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2005" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Darlene R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_moore.pdf">"Archaeological Evidence of a Prehistoric Farming Technique on Guam"</a> (PDF). Micronesica. 38 (1): 93–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micronesica&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Evidence+of+a+Prehistoric+Farming+Technique+on+Guam&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-120&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Darlene+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicronesica.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F5_moore.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawate2014-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Kawate2014_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawateUchidaCoughlinMelzer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kawate, M.; Uchida, J.; Coughlin, J.; Melzer, M.; Kadooka, C.; Kam, J.; Sugano, J.; Fukuda, S. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210231855/http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/SustainAg/news/articles/V19-KawateEtAl-TiLeafDiseases.pdf">"Ti Leaf (Cordyline terminalis or fruticosa) Diseases in Hawaii's Commercial Orchards"</a> (PDF). HānaiʻAi/The Food Provider: 1–11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/sustainag/news/articles/V19-KawateEtAl-TiLeafDiseases.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C4%81nai%CA%BBAi%2FThe+Food+Provider&rft.atitle=Ti+Leaf+%28Cordyline+terminalis+or+fruticosa%29+Diseases+in+Hawaii%27s+Commercial+Orchards&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kawate&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Uchida%2C+J.&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+J.&rft.au=Melzer%2C+M.&rft.au=Kadooka%2C+C.&rft.au=Kam%2C+J.&rft.au=Sugano%2C+J.&rft.au=Fukuda%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctahr.hawaii.edu%2Fsustainag%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FV19-KawateEtAl-TiLeafDiseases.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gamayo2016-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Gamayo2016_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamayo2016" class="citation news cs1">Gamayo, Darde (4 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bigislandnow.com/2016/08/04/ti-leaf-canoe-plant-of-ancient-hawaii/">"Ti Leaf: Canoe Plant of Ancient Hawai'i"</a>. Big Island Now. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Big+Island+Now&rft.atitle=Ti+Leaf%3A+Canoe+Plant+of+Ancient+Hawai%27i&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.aulast=Gamayo&rft.aufirst=Darde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbigislandnow.com%2F2016%2F08%2F04%2Fti-leaf-canoe-plant-of-ancient-hawaii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDa_Silva2005" class="citation news cs1">Da Silva, Alexandre (24 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/07/24/news/story9.html">"Thrill ride"</a>. Star Bulletin. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Thrill+ride&rft.date=2005-07-24&rft.aulast=Da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.starbulletin.com%2F2005%2F07%2F24%2Fnews%2Fstory9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareoTi-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoTi_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoTi_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Tii.html">"*Tï"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=%2AT%C3%AF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Tii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barker2017-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barker2017_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barker2017_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkerHuntBartonGosden2017" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Graeme; Hunt, Chris; Barton, Huw; Gosden, Chris; Jones, Sam; Lloyd-Smith, Lindsay; Farr, Lucy; Nyirí, Borbala; O'Donnell, Shawn (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4693/3/The%20cultured%20rainforests%20of%20Borneo.pdf">"The 'cultured rainforests' of Borneo"</a> (PDF). Quaternary International. 448: 44–61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017QuInt.448...44B">2017QuInt.448...44B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2016.08.018">10.1016/j.quaint.2016.08.018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+%27cultured+rainforests%27+of+Borneo&rft.volume=448&rft.pages=44-61&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2016.08.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017QuInt.448...44B&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Chris&rft.au=Barton%2C+Huw&rft.au=Gosden%2C+Chris&rft.au=Jones%2C+Sam&rft.au=Lloyd-Smith%2C+Lindsay&rft.au=Farr%2C+Lucy&rft.au=Nyir%C3%AD%2C+Borbala&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.ljmu.ac.uk%2F4693%2F3%2FThe%2520cultured%2520rainforests%2520of%2520Borneo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevacqua1994-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Bevacqua1994_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevacqua1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bevacqua, Robert F. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/29/11/1226.full.pdf">"Origin of Horticulture in Southeast Asia and the Dispersal of Domesticated Plants to the Pacific Islands by Polynesian Voyagers: The Hawaiian Islands Case Study"</a> (PDF). HortScience. 29 (11): 1226–1229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21273%2FHORTSCI.29.11.1226">10.21273/HORTSCI.29.11.1226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HortScience&rft.atitle=Origin+of+Horticulture+in+Southeast+Asia+and+the+Dispersal+of+Domesticated+Plants+to+the+Pacific+Islands+by+Polynesian+Voyagers%3A+The+Hawaiian+Islands+Case+Study&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1226-1229&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21273%2FHORTSCI.29.11.1226&rft.aulast=Bevacqua&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhortsci.ashspublications.org%2Fcontent%2F29%2F11%2F1226.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaujard2011-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beaujard2011_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaujard2011_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beaujard2011_142-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaujard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf">"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence"</a> (PDF). Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 46 (2): 169–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0067270X.2011.580142">10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55763047">55763047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azania%3A+Archaeological+Research+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+first+migrants+to+Madagascar+and+their+introduction+of+plants%3A+linguistic+and+ethnological+evidence&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-189&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0067270X.2011.580142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55763047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beaujard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00706173%2Ffile%2FBeaujard.azania2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalterLebot2007-143"><a href="#cite_ref-WalterLebot2007_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalterLebot2007" class="citation book cs1">Walter, Annie; Lebot, Vincent (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMYkLkV4iyEC">Gardens of Oceania</a>. IRD Éditions-CIRAD. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781863204705" title="Special:BookSources/9781863204705"><bdi>9781863204705</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardens+of+Oceania&rft.pub=IRD+%C3%89ditions-CIRAD&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781863204705&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft.au=Lebot%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMYkLkV4iyEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareoUbe-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoUbe_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoUbe_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoUbe_144-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoUbe_144-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoUbe_144-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Qubi.html">"*Qufi ~ Uwhi, uhi"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=%2AQufi+~+Uwhi%2C+uhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Qubi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malapa2005-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Malapa2005_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalapaArnauNoyerLebot2005" class="citation journal cs1">Malapa, R.; Arnau, G.; Noyer, J.L.; Lebot, V. (November 2005). "Genetic Diversity of the Greater Yam (Dioscorea alata L.) and Relatedness to D. nummularia Lam. and D. transversa Br. as Revealed with AFLP Markers". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 52 (7): 919–929. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10722-003-6122-5">10.1007/s10722-003-6122-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35381460">35381460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Resources+and+Crop+Evolution&rft.atitle=Genetic+Diversity+of+the+Greater+Yam+%28Dioscorea+alata+L.%29+and+Relatedness+to+D.+nummularia+Lam.+and+D.+transversa+Br.+as+Revealed+with+AFLP+Markers&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=919-929&rft.date=2005-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10722-003-6122-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35381460%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Malapa&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Arnau%2C+G.&rft.au=Noyer%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Lebot%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruz1999-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Cruz1999_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruzAltoverosMendioroRamirez1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cruz, V.M.V.; Altoveros, N.C.; Mendioro, M.S.; Ramirez, D.A. (1999). "Geographical patterns of diversity in the Philippine edible yam collection". Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter. 119: 7–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Genetic+Resources+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Geographical+patterns+of+diversity+in+the+Philippine+edible+yam+collection&rft.volume=119&rft.pages=7-11&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=V.M.V.&rft.au=Altoveros%2C+N.C.&rft.au=Mendioro%2C+M.S.&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paz1999-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Paz1999_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Paz, Victor J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/viewFile/11710/10339">"Neolithic Human Movement to Island Southeast Asia: The Search for Archaeobotanical Evidence"</a>. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 18 (Melaka Papers Vol. 2): 151–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fbippa.v18i0.11710">10.7152/bippa.v18i0.11710</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=Neolithic+Human+Movement+to+Island+Southeast+Asia%3A+The+Search+for+Archaeobotanical+Evidence&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=Melaka+Papers+Vol.+2&rft.pages=151-158&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fbippa.v18i0.11710&rft.aulast=Paz&rft.aufirst=Victor+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.washington.edu%2Findex.php%2FBIPPA%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F11710%2F10339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayliss-Smith2017-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bayliss-Smith2017_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bayliss-Smith2017_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayliss-SmithGolsonHughes2017" class="citation book cs1">Bayliss-Smith, Tim; Golson, Jack; Hughes, Philip (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlk0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA239">"Phase 4: Major Disposal Channels, Slot-Like Ditches and Grid-Patterned Fields"</a>. In Golson, Jack; Denham, Tim; Hughes, Philip; Swadling, Pamela; Muke, John (eds.). Ten Thousand Years of Cultivation at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea. terra australis. Vol. 46. ANU Press. pp. 239–268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760461164" title="Special:BookSources/9781760461164"><bdi>9781760461164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phase+4%3A+Major+Disposal+Channels%2C+Slot-Like+Ditches+and+Grid-Patterned+Fields&rft.btitle=Ten+Thousand+Years+of+Cultivation+at+Kuk+Swamp+in+the+Highlands+of+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.series=terra+australis&rft.pages=239-268&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781760461164&rft.aulast=Bayliss-Smith&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Golson%2C+Jack&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlk0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barton2005-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Barton2005_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarton2005" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, Huw (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105493.pdf">"The Case for Rainforest Foragers: The Starch Record at Niah Cave, Sarawak"</a> (PDF). Asian Perspectives. 44 (1): 56–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2005.0005">10.1353/asi.2005.0005</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17222">10125/17222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11596542">11596542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Rainforest+Foragers%3A+The+Starch+Record+at+Niah+Cave%2C+Sarawak&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=56-72&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17222&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11596542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2005.0005&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F5105493.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuwDenham2011-150"><a href="#cite_ref-HuwDenham2011_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonDenham2011" class="citation book cs1">Barton, Huw; Denham, Timothy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328172327/http://austronesian.linguistics.anu.edu.au/historydownloads/Barton_Denham_2011.pdf">"Prehistoric vegeculture and social life in Island Southeast Asia and Melanesia"</a> (PDF). In Barker, Grame; Janowski, Monica (eds.). Why cultivate? Anthropological and Archaeological Approaches to Foraging–Farming Transitions in Southeast Asia. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 61–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902937588" title="Special:BookSources/9781902937588"><bdi>9781902937588</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://austronesian.linguistics.anu.edu.au/historydownloads/Barton_Denham_2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+vegeculture+and+social+life+in+Island+Southeast+Asia+and+Melanesia&rft.btitle=Why+cultivate%3F+Anthropological+and+Archaeological+Approaches+to+Foraging%E2%80%93Farming+Transitions+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=61-74&rft.pub=McDonald+Institute+for+Archaeological+Research&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781902937588&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft.au=Denham%2C+Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustronesian.linguistics.anu.edu.au%2Fhistorydownloads%2FBarton_Denham_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds2013-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds2013_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynoldsBarkerBartonCranbrook2013" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Tim; Barker, Graeme; Barton, Huw; Cranbrook, Gathorne; Hunt, Chris; Kealhofer, Lisa; Paz, Victor; Pike, Alasdair; Piper, Philip; Rabett, Ryan; Rushworth, Gary; Stimpson, Christopher; Szabó, Katherine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.upd.edu.ph/sites/default/files/pawlik/files/niah_ch04_the_first_modern_humans_at_niah.pdf">"The First Modern Humans at Niah, c. 50,000–35,000 Years Ago"</a> (PDF). In Barker, Graeme (ed.). Rainforest Foraging and Farming in Island Southeast Asia. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 133–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902937540" title="Special:BookSources/9781902937540"><bdi>9781902937540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+First+Modern+Humans+at+Niah%2C+c.+50%2C000%E2%80%9335%2C000+Years+Ago&rft.btitle=Rainforest+Foraging+and+Farming+in+Island+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=133-170&rft.pub=McDonald+Institute+for+Archaeological+Research&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781902937540&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Barker%2C+Graeme&rft.au=Barton%2C+Huw&rft.au=Cranbrook%2C+Gathorne&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Chris&rft.au=Kealhofer%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Paz%2C+Victor&rft.au=Pike%2C+Alasdair&rft.au=Piper%2C+Philip&rft.au=Rabett%2C+Ryan&rft.au=Rushworth%2C+Gary&rft.au=Stimpson%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Szab%C3%B3%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpages.upd.edu.ph%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpawlik%2Ffiles%2Fniah_ch04_the_first_modern_humans_at_niah.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-air_yam-152"><a href="#cite_ref-air_yam_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wildlifeofhawaii.com/flowers/1965/dioscorea-bulbifera-air-yam/">"Dioscorea bulbifera – Air Yam"</a>. Hawaiian Plants and Tropical Flowers. 5 November 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hawaiian+Plants+and+Tropical+Flowers&rft.atitle=Dioscorea+bulbifera+%E2%80%93+Air+Yam&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwildlifeofhawaii.com%2Fflowers%2F1965%2Fdioscorea-bulbifera-air-yam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andres2016-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Andres2016_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndresAdeOluwaBhullar2016" class="citation book cs1">Andres, C.; AdeOluwa, O.O.; Bhullar, G.S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312231378">"Yam (Dioscorea spp.)"</a>. In Thomas, Brian; Murphy, Denis J.; Murray, Brian G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Applied Plant Sciences (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 435–441. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123948076" title="Special:BookSources/9780123948076"><bdi>9780123948076</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yam+%28Dioscorea+spp.%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Applied+Plant+Sciences&rft.pages=435-441&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780123948076&rft.aulast=Andres&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=AdeOluwa%2C+O.O.&rft.au=Bhullar%2C+G.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F312231378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BlenchAnderson2010-154"><a href="#cite_ref-BlenchAnderson2010_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2010" class="citation book cs1">Blench, Roger (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/Indian%20Ocean/Austronesians%20in%20East%20Africa%20offprint.pdf">"Evidence for the Austronesian Voyages in the Indian Ocean"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a>; Barrett, James H.; Boyle, Katherine V. (eds.). The Global Origins and Development of Seafaring. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 239–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902937526" title="Special:BookSources/9781902937526"><bdi>9781902937526</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+Austronesian+Voyages+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=The+Global+Origins+and+Development+of+Seafaring&rft.pages=239-248&rft.pub=McDonald+Institute+for+Archaeological+Research&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781902937526&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FArchaeology%2FIndian%2520Ocean%2FAustronesians%2520in%2520East%2520Africa%2520offprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoogervorst2013-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoogervorst2013_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoogervorst2013_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoogervorst2013_155-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoogervorst2013" class="citation book cs1">Hoogervorst, Tom (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sealinksproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Hoogervorst-2013-If-only-plants-could-talk.pdf">"If Only Plants Could talk...: Reconstructing Pre-Modern Biological Translocations in the Indian Ocean"</a> (PDF). In Chandra, Satish; Prabha Ray, Himanshu (eds.). The Sea, Identity and History: From the Bay of Bengal to the South China Sea. Manohar. pp. 67–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788173049866" title="Special:BookSources/9788173049866"><bdi>9788173049866</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=If+Only+Plants+Could+talk...%3A+Reconstructing+Pre-Modern+Biological+Translocations+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=The+Sea%2C+Identity+and+History%3A+From+the+Bay+of+Bengal+to+the+South+China+Sea&rft.pages=67-92&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788173049866&rft.aulast=Hoogervorst&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sealinksproject.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F09%2FHoogervorst-2013-If-only-plants-could-talk.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KirchGreen2001-156"><a href="#cite_ref-KirchGreen2001_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchGreen2001" class="citation book cs1">Kirch, Patrick Vinton; Green, Roger C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WRapfjQ_iTEC&pg=PA267">Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521788793" title="Special:BookSources/9780521788793"><bdi>9780521788793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaiki%2C+Ancestral+Polynesia%3A+An+Essay+in+Historical+Anthropology&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521788793&rft.aulast=Kirch&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Vinton&rft.au=Green%2C+Roger+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRapfjQ_iTEC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sykes2003-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Sykes2003_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSykes2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sykes, W. R. (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.2003.9512884">"Dioscoreaceae, new for the adventive flora of New Zealand"</a>. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 41 (4): 727–730. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003NZJB...41..727S">2003NZJB...41..727S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0028825X.2003.9512884">10.1080/0028825X.2003.9512884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85828982">85828982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Dioscoreaceae%2C+new+for+the+adventive+flora+of+New+Zealand&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=727-730&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85828982%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0028825X.2003.9512884&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003NZJB...41..727S&rft.aulast=Sykes&rft.aufirst=W.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F0028825X.2003.9512884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-canoeplants-158"><a href="#cite_ref-canoeplants_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite" class="citation web cs1">White, Lynton Dove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canoeplants.com/uhi.html">"Uhi"</a>. Na Meakanu o Wa'a o Hawai'i Kahiko: The "Canoe Plants" of Ancient Hawai'i. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Na+Meakanu+o+Wa%27a+o+Hawai%27i+Kahiko%3A+The+%22Canoe+Plants%22+of+Ancient+Hawai%27i&rft.atitle=Uhi&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Lynton+Dove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canoeplants.com%2Fuhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horrocks2007-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Horrocks2007_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocksNunn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Horrocks, Mark; Nunn, Patrick D. (May 2007). "Evidence for introduced taro (Colocasia esculenta) and lesser yam (Dioscorea esculenta) in Lapita-era (c. 3050–2500cal.yrBP) deposits from Bourewa, southwest Viti Levu Island, Fiji". Journal of Archaeological Science. 34 (5): 739–748. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JArSc..34..739H">2007JArSc..34..739H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2006.07.011">10.1016/j.jas.2006.07.011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+introduced+taro+%28Colocasia+esculenta%29+and+lesser+yam+%28Dioscorea+esculenta%29+in+Lapita-era+%28c.+3050%E2%80%932500cal.yrBP%29+deposits+from+Bourewa%2C+southwest+Viti+Levu+Island%2C+Fiji&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=739-748&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2006.07.011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JArSc..34..739H&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Nunn%2C+Patrick+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horrocks2008-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Horrocks2008_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrocksGrant-MackieMatisoo-Smith2008" class="citation journal cs1">Horrocks, M.; Grant-Mackie, J.; Matisoo-Smith, E. (January 2008). "Introduced taro (Colocasia esculenta) and yams (Dioscorea spp.) in Podtanean (2700–1800 years BP) deposits from Mé Auré Cave (WMD007), Moindou, New Caledonia". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (1): 169–180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JArSc..35..169H">2008JArSc..35..169H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2007.03.001">10.1016/j.jas.2007.03.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Introduced+taro+%28Colocasia+esculenta%29+and+yams+%28Dioscorea+spp.%29+in+Podtanean+%282700%E2%80%931800+years+BP%29+deposits+from+M%C3%A9+Aur%C3%A9+Cave+%28WMD007%29%2C+Moindou%2C+New+Caledonia&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-180&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2007.03.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JArSc..35..169H&rft.aulast=Horrocks&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Grant-Mackie%2C+J.&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwadlingHide2005-161"><a href="#cite_ref-SwadlingHide2005_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwadlingHide2005" class="citation book cs1">Swadling, Pamela; Hide, Robin (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/80119/8/01_Swadling_Changing_landscape_and_social_2005.pdf">"Changing landscape and social interaction: looking at agricultural history from a Sepik–Ramu perspective"</a> (PDF). In Pawley, Andrew; Attenborough, Robert; Golson, Jack; Hide, Robin (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 289–327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858835627" title="Special:BookSources/9780858835627"><bdi>9780858835627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Changing+landscape+and+social+interaction%3A+looking+at+agricultural+history+from+a+Sepik%E2%80%93Ramu+perspective&rft.btitle=Papuan+pasts%3A+cultural%2C+linguistic+and+biological+histories+of+Papuan-speaking+peoples&rft.pages=289-327&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780858835627&rft.aulast=Swadling&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Hide%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F80119%2F8%2F01_Swadling_Changing_landscape_and_social_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pawley2017-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Pawley2017_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2017" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Pawley (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDDFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA293">"Were the First Lapita Colonisers of Remote Oceania Farmers as Well as Foragers?"</a>. In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. pp. 293–310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760460952" title="Special:BookSources/9781760460952"><bdi>9781760460952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Were+the+First+Lapita+Colonisers+of+Remote+Oceania+Farmers+as+Well+as+Foragers%3F&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+in+Southeast+Asian+and+Pacific+Prehistory&rft.series=terra+australis&rft.pages=293-310&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781760460952&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Pawley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDDFDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library.cgi?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&cl=CL3.37&d=HASH017e5342c4df6794537cc5ed.37.5&gt=1">"Root Crops: Yam"</a>. Retrieved 25 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Root+Crops%3A+Yam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzdl.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Flibrary.cgi%3Fe%3Dd-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00%26cl%3DCL3.37%26d%3DHASH017e5342c4df6794537cc5ed.37.5%26gt%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliveira2012-164"><a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira2012_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliveira2012" class="citation journal cs1">Oliveira, Nuno Vasco (2012). "Recovering, Analysing and Identifying Colocasia esculenta and Dioscorea spp. from Archaeological Contexts in Timor-Leste". Senri Ethnological Studies. 78: 265–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15021%2F00002521">10.15021/00002521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Senri+Ethnological+Studies&rft.atitle=Recovering%2C+Analysing+and+Identifying+Colocasia+esculenta+and+Dioscorea+spp.+from+Archaeological+Contexts+in+Timor-Leste&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=265-284&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15021%2F00002521&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Nuno+Vasco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzedinWeiblen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ezedin, Z.; Weiblen, GD (27 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26492%2Fgbs71%28suppl.2%29.2019-15">"Additions and changes to Ficus (Moraceae) in New Guinea with comments on the world's largest fig"</a>. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 71 (suppl.2): 197–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26492%2Fgbs71%28suppl.2%29.2019-15">10.26492/gbs71(suppl.2).2019-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0374-7859">0374-7859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208557447">208557447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gardens%27+Bulletin+Singapore&rft.atitle=Additions+and+changes+to+Ficus+%28Moraceae%29+in+New+Guinea+with+comments+on+the+world%27s+largest+fig&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=suppl.2&rft.pages=197-216&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208557447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0374-7859&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26492%2Fgbs71%28suppl.2%29.2019-15&rft.aulast=Ezedin&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Weiblen%2C+GD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.26492%252Fgbs71%2528suppl.2%2529.2019-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-POWO-166"><a href="#cite_ref-POWO_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:852846-1">"Plants of the World Online"</a>. Retrieved 8 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A852846-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100830031335/http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/">"Ficus hispida"</a>. ZipcodeZoo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zipcodezoo.com/Plants/F/Ficus_hispida/">the original</a> on 30 August 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZipcodeZoo&rft.atitle=Ficus+hispida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzipcodezoo.com%2FPlants%2FF%2FFicus_hispida%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100725113045/http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html">"Biotik.org"</a>. Ficus hispida. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biotik.org/india/species/f/ficuhisp/ficuhisp_en.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2010. Retrieved 17 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ficus+hispida&rft.atitle=Biotik.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biotik.org%2Findia%2Fspecies%2Ff%2Fficuhisp%2Fficuhisp_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KewPOWO-169"><a href="#cite_ref-KewPOWO_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:853295-1">"Ficus nota (Blanco) Merr"</a>. Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. n.d. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Ficus+nota+%28Blanco%29+Merr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A853295-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-grin-170"><a href="#cite_ref-grin_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1">"Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia". <a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Domesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bergcorner05-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bergcorner05_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bergcorner05_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg,_C.C.Corner_E.J.H.2005" class="citation book cs1">Berg, C.C.; Corner E.J.H. (2005). "Moraceae". Flora Malesiana. Vol. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-930723-40-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-930723-40-7"><bdi>1-930723-40-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moraceae&rft.btitle=Flora+Malesiana&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-930723-40-7&rft.au=Berg%2C+C.C.&rft.au=Corner+E.J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corner-1965-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corner-1965_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corner-1965_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorner1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E.J.H._Corner" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J.H. Corner">Corner, E.J.H.</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43581709">"Check-list of Ficus in Asia and Australasia with keys to identification"</a>. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. (digitised, online, via biodiversitylibrary.org). 21 (1): 1–186. Retrieved 5 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gardens%27+Bulletin+Singapore&rft.atitle=Check-list+of+Ficus+in+Asia+and+Australasia+with+keys+to+identification&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-186&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Corner&rft.aufirst=E.J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F43581709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPNI-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IPNI_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IPNI_173-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/77062515-1">"Ficus aspera"</a>. International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Plant+Names+Index+%28IPNI%29&rft.atitle=Ficus+aspera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fn%2F77062515-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faune_&_Flore-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faune_&_Flore_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faune_&_Flore_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716090132/http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php?code=4088">"Ficus fraseri"</a>. Endémic – Faune & Flore de Nouvelle-Calédonie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endemia.nc/plante/fiche.php?code=4088">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=End%C3%A9mic+%E2%80%93+Faune+%26+Flore+de+Nouvelle-Cal%C3%A9donie&rft.atitle=Ficus+fraseri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endemia.nc%2Fplante%2Ffiche.php%3Fcode%3D4088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-malesiana/node/11898">Useful Tropical Plants</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FELDA-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FELDA_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2006" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, W. E. (2006). Healing Herbs of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: Federal Land Development Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789839954425" title="Special:BookSources/9789839954425"><bdi>9789839954425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Herbs+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Kuala+Lumpur%3A+Federal+Land+Development+Agency&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789839954425&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=W.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plantlist-177"><a href="#cite_ref-plantlist_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2809542">"Ficus aspera G.Forst"</a>. The Plant List, A working list of all plant species. Retrieved 14 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+List%2C+A+working+list+of+all+plant+species&rft.atitle=Ficus+aspera+G.Forst.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2Ftpl1.1%2Frecord%2Fkew-2809542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzedinWeiblen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ezedin, Z.; Weiblen, GD (27 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26492%2Fgbs71%28suppl.2%29.2019-15">"Additions and changes to Ficus (Moraceae) in New Guinea with comments on the world's largest fig"</a>. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 71 (suppl.2): 197–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26492%2Fgbs71%28suppl.2%29.2019-15">10.26492/gbs71(suppl.2).2019-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0374-7859">0374-7859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208557447">208557447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gardens%27+Bulletin+Singapore&rft.atitle=Additions+and+changes+to+Ficus+%28Moraceae%29+in+New+Guinea+with+comments+on+the+world%27s+largest+fig&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=suppl.2&rft.pages=197-216&rft.date=2019-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208557447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0374-7859&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26492%2Fgbs71%28suppl.2%29.2019-15&rft.aulast=Ezedin&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft.au=Weiblen%2C+GD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.26492%252Fgbs71%2528suppl.2%2529.2019-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APNI-179"><a href="#cite_ref-APNI_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=37046">"Ficus fraseri"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">Australian Plant Name Index</a> (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Plant+Name+Index+%28APNI%29%2C+IBIS+database&rft.atitle=Ficus+fraseri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapni%3Ftaxon_id%3D37046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholson-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicholson_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson,_Nan_&_Hugh1985" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Nan & Hugh (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/australianrainfo0000nich">Australian Rainforest Plants</a>. New South Wales: Terania Rainforest Nursery. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0958943605" title="Special:BookSources/0958943605"><bdi>0958943605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Rainforest+Plants&rft.place=New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Terania+Rainforest+Nursery&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0958943605&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+Nan+%26+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faustralianrainfo0000nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Low-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Low_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow,_T.1991" class="citation book cs1">Low, T. (1991). Wild Food Plants Of Australia. Australia: Angus & Robertson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0207169306" title="Special:BookSources/0207169306"><bdi>0207169306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Food+Plants+Of+Australia&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0207169306&rft.au=Low%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hear.org/Pier/species/ficus_nota.htm">"Ficus nota"</a>. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk. Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project. 1 January 1999. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Island+Ecosystems+at+Risk&rft.atitle=Ficus+nota&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hear.org%2FPier%2Fspecies%2Fficus_nota.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFern" class="citation web cs1">Fern, Ken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Ficus+note">"Ficus note"</a>. Tropical Plants Database. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tropical+Plants+Database&rft.atitle=Ficus+note&rft.aulast=Fern&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftropical.theferns.info%2Fviewtropical.php%3Fid%3DFicus%2Bnote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208060010/https://ngp.denr.gov.ph/index.php/12-arb/1200-arb-tibig">"Tibig"</a>. Expanded National Greening Program. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngp.denr.gov.ph/index.php/12-arb/1200-arb-tibig">the original</a> on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expanded+National+Greening+Program&rft.atitle=Tibig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngp.denr.gov.ph%2Findex.php%2F12-arb%2F1200-arb-tibig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KewPOWO1-185"><a href="#cite_ref-KewPOWO1_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFn.d." class="citation web cs1"><!- -Not stated--> (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:853498-1">"Ficus pseudopalma Blanco"</a>. Plants of the World Online. The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Ficus+pseudopalma+Blanco&rft.au=%3C%21-+-Not+stated--%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A853498-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-starr-186"><a href="#cite_ref-starr_186-0">^</a> Starr, F., et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/pdf/ficus_pseudopalma.pdf">Ficus pseudopalma Fact Sheet.</a> Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk. </li> <li id="cite_note-agnet-187"><a href="#cite_ref-agnet_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724225814/http://www.agnet.org/library/pt/2003003/pt2003003.pdf">"Fruit and vegetables from the tropical forest"</a> (PDF). Food & Fertilizer Technology Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agnet.org/library/pt/2003003/pt2003003.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+%26+Fertilizer+Technology+Center&rft.atitle=Fruit+and+vegetables+from+the+tropical+forest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agnet.org%2Flibrary%2Fpt%2F2003003%2Fpt2003003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ville-188"><a href="#cite_ref-ville_188-0">^</a> Villegas, KL and FA Pollisco Jr. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ums.edu.my/webv3/appl/sek_img/itbc/Karl%20L%20VILLEGAS.pdf">Floral survey of Laiban sub-watershed in the Sierra Madre Mountain Range in the Philippines.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307134619/http://www.ums.edu.my/webv3/appl/sek_img/itbc/Karl%20L%20VILLEGAS.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Journal of Tropical Biology and Conservation 4(1) 1 -14. </li> <li id="cite_note-rag-189"><a href="#cite_ref-rag_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430235156/http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/vol138no2/pdfs/Terpenoids%20and%20sterols%20from%20endemic%20end%20angered%20phil%20trees.pdf">"Terpenoids and sterols from the endemic and endangered Philippine trees Ficus pseudopalma and Ficus ulmifolia"</a> (PDF). Philippine Journal of Science 138(2) 205. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/vol138no2/pdfs/Terpenoids%20and%20sterols%20from%20endemic%20end%20angered%20phil%20trees.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Journal+of+Science+138%282%29+205.&rft.atitle=Terpenoids+and+sterols+from+the+endemic+and+endangered+Philippine+trees+Ficus+pseudopalma+and+Ficus+ulmifolia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphiljournalsci.dost.gov.ph%2Fvol138no2%2Fpdfs%2FTerpenoids%2520and%2520sterols%2520from%2520endemic%2520end%2520angered%2520phil%2520trees.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Liu W., Wang P., Li J., Liu Wenyao, and Li Hongmei (2014), Plasticity of source‐ water acquisition in epiphytic, transitional and terrestrial growth phases of Ficus tinctoria, Ecohydrol., 7; pages 1524–1533, doi:10.1002/eco.1475 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Mati.html">"Mati – Te Māra Reo"</a>. termarareo.org. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=termarareo.org&rft.atitle=Mati+%E2%80%93+Te+M%C4%81ra+Reo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Mati.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NelsonNoni-192"><a href="#cite_ref-NelsonNoni_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Scot C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831140441/https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Arbres-Fruitiers/FICHES_ARBRES/Morinda%20citrifolia-noni/Morinda%20citrifolia_noni.pdf">"Pandanus tectorius (pandanus)"</a> (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Arbres-Fruitiers/FICHES_ARBRES/Morinda%20citrifolia-noni/Morinda%20citrifolia_noni.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pandanus+tectorius+%28pandanus%29&rft.btitle=Species+Profiles+for+Pacific+Island+Agroforestry&rft.pub=Permanent+Agriculture+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Scot+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.doc-developpement-durable.org%2Ffile%2FArbres-Fruitiers%2FFICHES_ARBRES%2FMorinda%2520citrifolia-noni%2FMorinda%2520citrifolia_noni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perrier2009-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perrier2009_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perrier2009_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perrier2009_193-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrierBakryCarreelJenny2009" class="citation journal cs1">Perrier, Xavier; Bakry, Frédéric; Carreel, Françoise; Jenny, Christophe; Horry, Jean-Pierre; Lebot, Vincent; Hippolyte, Isabelle (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sfu.ca/era/index.php/era/article/download/362/231">"Combining Biological Approaches to Shed Light on the Evolution of Edible Bananas"</a>. Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 7: 199–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fera.7.0.199-216">10.17348/era.7.0.199-216</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F12515">10125/12515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnobotany+Research+%26+Applications&rft.atitle=Combining+Biological+Approaches+to+Shed+Light+on+the+Evolution+of+Edible+Bananas&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=199-216&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F12515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17348%2Fera.7.0.199-216&rft.aulast=Perrier&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft.au=Bakry%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Carreel%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Jenny%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Horry%2C+Jean-Pierre&rft.au=Lebot%2C+Vincent&rft.au=Hippolyte%2C+Isabelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sfu.ca%2Fera%2Findex.php%2Fera%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F362%2F231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller2015-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Fuller2015_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerBoivinHoogervorstAllaby2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller, Dorian Q; Boivin, Nicole; Hoogervorst, Tom; Allaby, Robin (2 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00067934">"Across the Indian Ocean: the prehistoric movement of plants and animals"</a>. Antiquity. 85 (328): 544–558. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00067934">10.1017/S0003598X00067934</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15456546">15456546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Across+the+Indian+Ocean%3A+the+prehistoric+movement+of+plants+and+animals&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=328&rft.pages=544-558&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00067934&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15456546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Dorian+Q&rft.au=Boivin%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Hoogervorst%2C+Tom&rft.au=Allaby%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0003598X00067934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ploetz2007-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ploetz2007_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ploetz2007_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPloetzKeplerDaniellsNelson2007" class="citation book cs1">Ploetz, Randy C.; Kepler, Angela Kay; Daniells, Jeff; Nelson, Scott C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agroforestry.net/images/pdfs/Banana-plantain-overview.pdf">"Banana and plantain — an overview with emphasis on Pacific island cultivars"</a> (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banana+and+plantain+%E2%80%94+an+overview+with+emphasis+on+Pacific+island+cultivars&rft.btitle=Species+Profiles+for+Pacific+Island+Agroforestry&rft.pub=Permanent+Agriculture+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Ploetz&rft.aufirst=Randy+C.&rft.au=Kepler%2C+Angela+Kay&rft.au=Daniells%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Scott+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagroforestry.net%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2FBanana-plantain-overview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_LapeEmily_PetersonDaud_TanudirjoChung-Ching_Shiung2018" class="citation journal cs1">Peter Lape; Emily Peterson; Daud Tanudirjo; Chung-Ching Shiung; Gyoung-Ah Lee; Judith Field; Adelle Coster (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/bitstreams/8daa59ca-7467-4daf-9db8-dce962e0b8e8/download">"New Data from an Open Neolithic Site in Eastern Indonesia"</a>. Asian Perspectives. 57 (2): 222–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2018.0015">10.1353/asi.2018.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F72091">10125/72091</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165484454">165484454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=New+Data+from+an+Open+Neolithic+Site+in+Eastern+Indonesia&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-243&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F72091&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165484454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.2018.0015&rft.au=Peter+Lape&rft.au=Emily+Peterson&rft.au=Daud+Tanudirjo&rft.au=Chung-Ching+Shiung&rft.au=Gyoung-Ah+Lee&rft.au=Judith+Field&rft.au=Adelle+Coster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funsworks.unsw.edu.au%2Fbitstreams%2F8daa59ca-7467-4daf-9db8-dce962e0b8e8%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/myristicin/myristicinh.htm">"Mryristicin - - Molecule of the Month - August 2014 (HTML version)"</a>. www.chm.bris.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006162355/http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/myristicin/myristicinh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chm.bris.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Mryristicin+-+-+Molecule+of+the+Month+-+August+2014+%28HTML+version%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chm.bris.ac.uk%2Fmotm%2Fmyristicin%2Fmyristicinh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pickersgill-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pickersgill_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pickersgill_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickersgill2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Pickersgill" title="Barbara Pickersgill">Pickersgill, Barbara</a> (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415927463" title="Special:BookSources/0415927463"><bdi>0415927463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+History+of+Plants&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415927463&rft.aulast=Pickersgill&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood2011-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_199-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_199-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_199-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_199-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_199-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_199-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bellwood, Peter (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81529950.pdf">"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator"</a> (PDF). Rice. 4 (3–4): 93–103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4...93B">2011Rice....4...93B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9068-9">10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44675525">44675525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=The+Checkered+Prehistory+of+Rice+Movement+Southwards+as+a+Domesticated+Cereal%E2%80%94from+the+Yangzi+to+the+Equator&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=93-103&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44675525%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9068-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4...93B&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F81529950.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-He2017-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_200-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeLuZhangWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">He, Keyang; Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can; Huan, Xiujia (7 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317400332">"Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China"</a>. The Holocene. 27 (12): 1885–1898. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Holoc..27.1885H">2017Holoc..27.1885H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959683617708455">10.1177/0959683617708455</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133660098">133660098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+evolution+of+the+dualistic+structure+mixed+rice+and+millet+farming+in+China&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1885-1898&rft.date=2017-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133660098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959683617708455&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Holoc..27.1885H&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Keyang&rft.au=Lu%2C+Houyuan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jianping&rft.au=Wang%2C+Can&rft.au=Huan%2C+Xiujia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F317400332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Normile-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Normile_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNormile1997" class="citation journal cs1">Normile, Dennis (1997). "Yangtze seen as earliest rice site". Science. 275 (5298): 309–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.275.5298.309">10.1126/science.275.5298.309</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140691699">140691699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Yangtze+seen+as+earliest+rice+site&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=5298&rft.pages=309-310&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.275.5298.309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140691699%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Normile&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaughanetal2008-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Vaughanetal2008_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanLuTomooka2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vaughan, DA; Lu, B; Tomooka, N (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222526251">"The evolving story of rice evolution"</a>. Plant Science. 174 (4): 394–408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PlnSc.174..394V">2008PlnSc.174..394V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plantsci.2008.01.016">10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Science&rft.atitle=The+evolving+story+of+rice+evolution&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=394-408&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plantsci.2008.01.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PlnSc.174..394V&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Lu%2C+B&rft.au=Tomooka%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F222526251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harris-203"><a href="#cite_ref-harris_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_David_R.1996" class="citation book cs1">Harris, David R. (1996). The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. Psychology Press. p. 565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-538-3"><bdi>978-1-85728-538-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+and+Spread+of+Agriculture+and+Pastoralism+in+Eurasia&rft.pages=565&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-538-3&rft.au=Harris%2C+David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2012-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2012_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLuGuWu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (17 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3524165">"Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e52146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...752146Z">2012PLoSO...752146Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052146">10.1371/journal.pone.0052146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3524165">3524165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23284907">23284907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Mixed+Farming+of+Millet+and+Rice+7800+Years+Ago+in+the+Middle+Yellow+River+Region%2C+China&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e52146&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3524165%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23284907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052146&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...752146Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Jianping&rft.au=Lu%2C+Houyuan&rft.au=Gu%2C+Wanfa&rft.au=Wu%2C+Naiqin&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Kunshu&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yayi&rft.au=Xin%2C+Yingjun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Can&rft.au=Kashkush%2C+Khalil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3524165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsieh2011-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Hsieh2011_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiehHsingHsuLi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hsieh, Jaw-shu; Hsing, Yue-ie Caroline; Hsu, Tze-fu; Li, Paul Jen-kuei; Li, Kuang-ti; Tsang, Cheng-hwa (24 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9075-x">"Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet"</a>. Rice. 4 (3–4): 178–183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4..178H">2011Rice....4..178H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9075-x">10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37711686">37711686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=Studies+on+Ancient+Rice%E2%80%94Where+Botanists%2C+Agronomists%2C+Archeologists%2C+Linguists%2C+and+Ethnologists+Meet&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=178-183&rft.date=2011-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37711686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9075-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4..178H&rft.aulast=Hsieh&rft.aufirst=Jaw-shu&rft.au=Hsing%2C+Yue-ie+Caroline&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Tze-fu&rft.au=Li%2C+Paul+Jen-kuei&rft.au=Li%2C+Kuang-ti&rft.au=Tsang%2C+Cheng-hwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9075-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson2012-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Carson2012_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carson, Mike T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/1_carson1-79sm.pdf">"An overview of latte period archaeology"</a> (PDF). Micronesica. 42 (1/2): 1–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micronesica&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+latte+period+archaeology&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=1-79&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Mike+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicronesica.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F1_carson1-79sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson2012-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson2012_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, John A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf">"Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?"</a> (PDF). Micronesica. 42 (1/2): 183–08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micronesica&rft.atitle=Latte+villages+in+Guam+and+the+Marianas%3A+Monumentality+or+monumenterity%3F&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=183-08&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicronesica.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baba2016-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Baba2016_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabaChanKezukaInoue2016" class="citation journal cs1">Baba, Shigeyuki; Chan, Hung; Kezuka, Mio; Inoue, Tomomi; Chan, Eric (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9755%2Fejfa.2016-02-207">"Artocarpus altilis and Pandanus tectorius: Two Important Fruits of Oceania with Medicinal Values"</a>. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 28 (8): 531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9755%2Fejfa.2016-02-207">10.9755/ejfa.2016-02-207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emirates+Journal+of+Food+and+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Artocarpus+altilis+and+Pandanus+tectorius%3A+Two+Important+Fruits+of+Oceania+with+Medicinal+Values&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=531&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9755%2Fejfa.2016-02-207&rft.aulast=Baba&rft.aufirst=Shigeyuki&rft.au=Chan%2C+Hung&rft.au=Kezuka%2C+Mio&rft.au=Inoue%2C+Tomomi&rft.au=Chan%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.9755%252Fejfa.2016-02-207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gallaher2014-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gallaher2014_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallaher2014_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallaher2014_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gallaher2014_209-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallaher2014" class="citation book cs1">Gallaher, Timothy (2014). "The Past and Future of Hala (Pandanus tectorius) in Hawaii". In Keawe, Lia O'Neill M.A.; MacDowell, Marsha; Dewhurst, C. Kurt (eds.). ʻIke Ulana Lau Hala: The Vitality and Vibrancy of Lau Hala Weaving Traditions in Hawaiʻi. Hawai'inuiakea School of Hawaiian Knowledge; University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.2571.4648">10.13140/RG.2.1.2571.4648</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824840938" title="Special:BookSources/9780824840938"><bdi>9780824840938</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Past+and+Future+of+Hala+%28Pandanus+tectorius%29+in+Hawaii&rft.btitle=%CA%BBIke+Ulana+Lau+Hala%3A+The+Vitality+and+Vibrancy+of+Lau+Hala+Weaving+Traditions+in+Hawai%CA%BBi&rft.pub=Hawai%27inuiakea+School+of+Hawaiian+Knowledge%3B+University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.2571.4648&rft.isbn=9780824840938&rft.aulast=Gallaher&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirch2012-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Kirch2012_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirch2012" class="citation book cs1">Kirch, Patrick Vinton (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDQy8OOicF4C&pg=PA25">A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief: The Island Civilization of Ancient Hawai'i</a>. University of California Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520953833" title="Special:BookSources/9780520953833"><bdi>9780520953833</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shark+Going+Inland+Is+My+Chief%3A+The+Island+Civilization+of+Ancient+Hawai%27i&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780520953833&rft.aulast=Kirch&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Vinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDQy8OOicF4C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff2018-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolff2018_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2018" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, John U. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KSZzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA927">Proto-Austronesian Phonology with Glossary</a>. Vol. II. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications. p. 927. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501735998" title="Special:BookSources/9781501735998"><bdi>9781501735998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto-Austronesian+Phonology+with+Glossary&rft.pages=927&rft.pub=Cornell+Southeast+Asia+Program+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781501735998&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=John+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKSZzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareo-212"><a href="#cite_ref-temarareo_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Evolution.html">"The Evolution of Plant Names"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Plant+Names&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Evolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson2006-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson2006_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson2006_213-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson2006_213-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson2006_213-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonEnglbergerGuarinoThaman2006" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Lex A.J; Englberger, Lois; Guarino, Luigi; Thaman, R.R.; Elevitch, Craig R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agroforestry.net/images/pdfs/P.tectorius-pandanus.pdf">"Pandanus tectorius (pandanus)"</a> (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pandanus+tectorius+%28pandanus%29&rft.btitle=Species+Profiles+for+Pacific+Island+Agroforestry&rft.pub=Permanent+Agriculture+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Lex+A.J&rft.au=Englberger%2C+Lois&rft.au=Guarino%2C+Luigi&rft.au=Thaman%2C+R.R.&rft.au=Elevitch%2C+Craig+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agroforestry.net%2Fimages%2Fpdfs%2FP.tectorius-pandanus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castro2006-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Castro2006_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2006" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Irma Remo (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GZVsCZE3r0UC&pg=PA144">A Guide to Families of Common Flowering Plants in the Philippines</a>. University of the Philippines Press. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715425254" title="Special:BookSources/9789715425254"><bdi>9789715425254</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Families+of+Common+Flowering+Plants+in+the+Philippines&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=University+of+the+Philippines+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789715425254&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Irma+Remo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGZVsCZE3r0UC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiersema-215"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiersema_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiersemaLeón2016" class="citation book cs1">Wiersema, John H.; León, Blanca (2016). World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference (2nd ed.). CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781466576810" title="Special:BookSources/9781466576810"><bdi>9781466576810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Plants%3A+A+Standard+Reference&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781466576810&rft.aulast=Wiersema&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Le%C3%B3n%2C+Blanca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishnamurthy2010-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Krishnamurthy2010_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnamurthyParthasarathySajiKrishnamoorthy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Krishnamurthy, K.S.; Parthasarathy, V.A.; Saji, K.V.; Krishnamoorthy, B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266080832">"Ideotype concept in black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)"</a>. Journal of Spices and Aromatic Crops. 19 (1 & 2): 1–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Spices+and+Aromatic+Crops&rft.atitle=Ideotype+concept+in+black+pepper+%28Piper+nigrum+L.%29&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthy&rft.aufirst=K.S.&rft.au=Parthasarathy%2C+V.A.&rft.au=Saji%2C+K.V.&rft.au=Krishnamoorthy%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F266080832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cunningham2011-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Cunningham2011_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunninghamIngramDaosKadatiHowe2011" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, A.B.; Ingram, W.; DaosKadati, W.; Howe, J.; Sujatmoko, S.; Refli, R.; Liem, J.V.; Tari, A.; Maruk, T.; Robianto, N.; Sinlae, A.; Ndun, Y.; Made Maduarta, I.; Sulistyohardi, D.; Koeslutat, E. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aciar.gov.au/file/75681/download?token=Z3LzN2aP">Hidden economies, future options: trade in non-timber forest products in eastern Indonesia</a>. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781921738685" title="Special:BookSources/9781921738685"><bdi>9781921738685</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+economies%2C+future+options%3A+trade+in+non-timber+forest+products+in+eastern+Indonesia&rft.pub=Australian+Centre+for+International+Agricultural+Research+%28ACIAR%29&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781921738685&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.au=Ingram%2C+W.&rft.au=DaosKadati%2C+W.&rft.au=Howe%2C+J.&rft.au=Sujatmoko%2C+S.&rft.au=Refli%2C+R.&rft.au=Liem%2C+J.V.&rft.au=Tari%2C+A.&rft.au=Maruk%2C+T.&rft.au=Robianto%2C+N.&rft.au=Sinlae%2C+A.&rft.au=Ndun%2C+Y.&rft.au=Made+Maduarta%2C+I.&rft.au=Sulistyohardi%2C+D.&rft.au=Koeslutat%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aciar.gov.au%2Ffile%2F75681%2Fdownload%3Ftoken%3DZ3LzN2aP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heathcote2012-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heathcote2012_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heathcote2012_218-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heathcote2012_218-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heathcote2012_218-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathcoteDiegoIshidaSava2012" class="citation journal cs1">Heathcote, Gary M.; Diego, Vincent P.; Ishida, Hajime; Sava, Vincent J. (2012). "An osteobiography of a remarkable protohistoric Chamorro man from Taga, Tinian". Micronesica. 43 (2): 131–213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micronesica&rft.atitle=An+osteobiography+of+a+remarkable+protohistoric+Chamorro+man+from+Taga%2C+Tinian&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-213&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft.au=Diego%2C+Vincent+P.&rft.au=Ishida%2C+Hajime&rft.au=Sava%2C+Vincent+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebot1989-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lebot1989_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lebot1989_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebotLèvesque1989" class="citation journal cs1">Lebot, V.; Lèvesque, J. (1989). "The Origin and Distribution of Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. F., Piperaceae): A Phytochemical Approach". Allertonia. 5 (2): 223–281.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allertonia&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Distribution+of+Kava+%28Piper+methysticum+Forst.+F.%2C+Piperaceae%29%3A+A+Phytochemical+Approach&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-281&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Lebot&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=L%C3%A8vesque%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahdi1999-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahdi1999_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdi1999" class="citation book cs1">Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415100540" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415100540"><bdi>978-0415100540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dispersal+of+Austronesian+boat+forms+in+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language+III%3A+Artefacts+languages%2C+and+texts&rft.series=One+World+Archaeology&rft.pages=144-179&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415100540&rft.aulast=Mahdi&rft.aufirst=Waruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilboa2016-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Gilboa2016_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilboaNamdar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gilboa, Ayelet; Namdar, Dvory (9 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/download/18562/18210">"On the Beginnings of South Asian Spice Trade with the Mediterranean Region: A Review"</a>. Radiocarbon. 57 (2): 265–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fazu_rc.57.18562">10.2458/azu_rc.57.18562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55719842">55719842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=On+the+Beginnings+of+South+Asian+Spice+Trade+with+the+Mediterranean+Region%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-283&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fazu_rc.57.18562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55719842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gilboa&rft.aufirst=Ayelet&rft.au=Namdar%2C+Dvory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F18562%2F18210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ross2008Lexicon-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ross2008Lexicon_222-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2008" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Malcolm (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/106908">"Other cultivated plants"</a>. In Ross, Malcolm; Pawley, Andrew; Osmond, Meredith (eds.). The lexicon of Proto Oceanic: The culture and environment of ancestral Oceanic society. Vol. 3. Pacific Linguistics. pp. 389–426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780858835894" title="Special:BookSources/9780858835894"><bdi>9780858835894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Other+cultivated+plants&rft.btitle=The+lexicon+of+Proto+Oceanic%3A+The+culture+and+environment+of+ancestral+Oceanic+society&rft.pages=389-426&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780858835894&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F1885%2F106908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravindran2017-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Ravindran2017_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavindran2017" class="citation book cs1">Ravindran, P.N. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6pJNDwAAQBAJ">The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices</a>. CABI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780643151" title="Special:BookSources/9781780643151"><bdi>9781780643151</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Herbs+and+Spices&rft.pub=CABI&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781780643151&rft.aulast=Ravindran&rft.aufirst=P.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6pJNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiart-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiart_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiart2006" class="citation book cs1">Wiart, Christophe (2006). Medicinal Plants Of The Asia-pacific: Drugs For The Future?. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789814480338" title="Special:BookSources/9789814480338"><bdi>9789814480338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicinal+Plants+Of+The+Asia-pacific%3A+Drugs+For+The+Future%3F&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789814480338&rft.aulast=Wiart&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalby2002-225">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalby2002_225-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalby2002_225-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2002" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (2002). Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520236745" title="Special:BookSources/9780520236745"><bdi>9780520236745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Tastes%3A+The+Story+of+Spices&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780520236745&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snodgrass2013-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass2013_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnodgrass2013" class="citation book cs1">Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2013). World Food: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Social Influence from Hunter Gatherers to the Age of Globalization: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Social Influence from Hunter Gatherers to the Age of Globalization. Sharpe Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317451600" title="Special:BookSources/9781317451600"><bdi>9781317451600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+Culture+and+Social+Influence+from+Hunter+Gatherers+to+the+Age+of+Globalization%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+History%2C+Culture+and+Social+Influence+from+Hunter+Gatherers+to+the+Age+of+Globalization&rft.pub=Sharpe+Reference&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317451600&rft.aulast=Snodgrass&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareoKawakawa-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoKawakawa_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoKawakawa_227-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoKawakawa_227-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/TMR-Kawa.html">"Kawa ~ Kawakawa"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=Kawa+~+Kawakawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FTMR-Kawa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareoKava-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoKava_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-temarareoKava_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Kava.html">"*Kava ~ *Kavakava"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=%2AKava+~+%2AKavakava&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Kava.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynch2002-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch2002_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch2002_229-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch2002_229-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynch2002_229-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lynch, John (2002). "Potent Roots and the Origin of kava". Oceanic Linguistics. 41 (2): 493–513. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2002.0010">10.1353/ol.2002.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145424062">145424062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Potent+Roots+and+the+Origin+of+kava&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=493-513&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2002.0010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145424062%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-danielsmenzies1996-230">^ <a href="#cite_ref-danielsmenzies1996_230-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-danielsmenzies1996_230-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-danielsmenzies1996_230-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsMenzies1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Christian; Menzies, Nicholas K. (1996). Needham, Joseph (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DzqPvHlFkV4C&pg=PR8">Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521419994" title="Special:BookSources/9780521419994"><bdi>9780521419994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China%3A+Volume+6%2C+Biology+and+Biological+Technology%2C+Part+3%2C+Agro-Industries+and+Forestry&rft.pages=177-185&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780521419994&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Menzies%2C+Nicholas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDzqPvHlFkV4C%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniels1993-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1993_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielsDaniels1993" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, John; Daniels, Christian (April 1993). "Sugarcane in Prehistory". Archaeology in Oceania. 28 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1993.tb00309.x">10.1002/j.1834-4453.1993.tb00309.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Oceania&rft.atitle=Sugarcane+in+Prehistory&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1993-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1993.tb00309.x&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Daniels%2C+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paterson2012-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson2012_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson2012_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson2012_232-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatersonMooreTom_L.2012" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Andrew H.; Moore, Paul H.; Tom L., Tew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F282fp_IMI8C&pg=PA54">"The Gene Pool of Saccharum Species and Their Improvement"</a>. In Paterson, Andrew H. (ed.). Genomics of the Saccharinae. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 43–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441959478" title="Special:BookSources/9781441959478"><bdi>9781441959478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gene+Pool+of+Saccharum+Species+and+Their+Improvement&rft.btitle=Genomics+of+the+Saccharinae&rft.pages=43-72&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781441959478&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+H.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Paul+H.&rft.au=Tom+L.%2C+Tew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF282fp_IMI8C%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aljanabi-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Aljanabi_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAljanabi1998" class="citation book cs1">Aljanabi, Salah M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sXuUuIp18n0C&pg=PA285">"Genetics, phylogenetics, and comparative genetics of Saccharum L., a polysomic polyploid Poales: Andropogoneae"</a>. In El-Gewely, M. Raafat (ed.). Biotechnology Annual Review. Vol. 4. Elsevier Science B.V. pp. 285–320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780444829719" title="Special:BookSources/9780444829719"><bdi>9780444829719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetics%2C+phylogenetics%2C+and+comparative+genetics+of+Saccharum+L.%2C+a+polysomic+polyploid+Poales%3A+Andropogoneae&rft.btitle=Biotechnology+Annual+Review&rft.pages=285-320&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+B.V.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780444829719&rft.aulast=Aljanabi&rft.aufirst=Salah+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsXuUuIp18n0C%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldick2013-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Baldick2013_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2013" class="citation book cs1">Baldick, Julian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7U6oBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP6">Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857733573" title="Special:BookSources/9780857733573"><bdi>9780857733573</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Religions+of+the+Austronesian+World%3A+From+Australasia+to+Taiwan&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780857733573&rft.aulast=Baldick&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7U6oBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust1984-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Blust1984_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust1984–1985" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (1984–1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/16918">"The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective"</a>. Asian Perspectives. 26 (1): 44–67. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F16918">10125/16918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+Homeland%3A+A+Linguistic+Perspective&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-67&rft.date=1984%2F1985&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F16918&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fhandle%2F10125%2F16918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spriggs2011-236"><a href="#cite_ref-Spriggs2011_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpriggs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Spriggs, Matthew (2 January 2015). "Archaeology and the Austronesian expansion: where are we now?". Antiquity. 85 (328): 510–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00067910">10.1017/S0003598X00067910</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162491927">162491927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Austronesian+expansion%3A+where+are+we+now%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=328&rft.pages=510-528&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00067910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162491927%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spriggs&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelaar2016-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Adelaar2016_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaar2016" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, Alexander (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ">"Austronesians in Madagascar: A Critical Assessment of the Works of Paul Ottino and Philippe Beaujard"</a>. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World. Palgrave Series in Indian Ocean World Studies. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 77–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319338224" title="Special:BookSources/9783319338224"><bdi>9783319338224</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austronesians+in+Madagascar%3A+A+Critical+Assessment+of+the+Works+of+Paul+Ottino+and+Philippe+Beaujard&rft.btitle=Early+Exchange+between+Africa+and+the+Wider+Indian+Ocean+World&rft.series=Palgrave+Series+in+Indian+Ocean+World+Studies&rft.pages=77-112&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319338224&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsvDDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-powo-238"><a href="#cite_ref-powo_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:780592-1">"Santalum album L."</a> Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Santalum+album+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A780592-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller2-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Fuller2_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerBoivinCastilloHoogervorst2015" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Dorian Q.; Boivin, Nicole; Castillo, Cristina Cobo; Hoogervorst, Tom; Allaby, Robin G. (2015). "The archaeobiology of Indian Ocean translocations: Current outlines of cultural exchanges by proto-historic seafarers". In Tripati, Sila (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272434953">Maritime Contacts of the Past: Deciphering Connections Amongst Communities</a>. Delhi: Kaveri Books. pp. 1–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788192624433" title="Special:BookSources/9788192624433"><bdi>9788192624433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+archaeobiology+of+Indian+Ocean+translocations%3A+Current+outlines+of+cultural+exchanges+by+proto-historic+seafarers&rft.btitle=Maritime+Contacts+of+the+Past%3A+Deciphering+Connections+Amongst+Communities&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=1-23&rft.pub=Kaveri+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9788192624433&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Dorian+Q.&rft.au=Boivin%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Castillo%2C+Cristina+Cobo&rft.au=Hoogervorst%2C+Tom&rft.au=Allaby%2C+Robin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F272434953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Poroporo.html">"Proto-Polynesian Etymologies: *Polo"</a>. Te Māra Reo. Benson Family Trust. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C4%81ra+Reo&rft.atitle=Proto-Polynesian+Etymologies%3A+%2APolo&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Poroporo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Turner_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_Jack2004" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Jack (2004). Spice: The History of a Temptation. Vintage Books. pp. xxvii–xxviii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70705-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70705-6"><bdi>978-0-375-70705-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spice%3A+The+History+of+a+Temptation&rft.pages=xxvii-xxviii&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70705-6&rft.au=Turner%2C+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-242"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorrall,_Simon2012" class="citation news cs1">Worrall, Simon (23 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18551857">"The world's oldest clove tree"</a>. BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 24 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+world%27s+oldest+clove+tree&rft.date=2012-06-23&rft.au=Worrall%2C+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-18551857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArimalalaPenotMichelsRakotoarimanana2019" class="citation journal cs1">Arimalala, Natacha; Penot, Eric; Michels, Thierry; Rakotoarimanana, Vonjison; Michel, Isabelle; Ravaomanalina, Harisoa; Roger, Edmond; Jahiel, Michel; Leong Pock Tsy, Jean-Michel; Danthu, Pascal (August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10457-018-0268-9">"Clove based cropping systems on the east coast of Madagascar: how history leaves its mark on the landscape"</a>. Agroforestry Systems. 93 (4): 1577–1592. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AgrSy..93.1577A">2019AgrSy..93.1577A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10457-018-0268-9">10.1007/s10457-018-0268-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-4366">0167-4366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49583653">49583653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agroforestry+Systems&rft.atitle=Clove+based+cropping+systems+on+the+east+coast+of+Madagascar%3A+how+history+leaves+its+mark+on+the+landscape&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1577-1592&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10457-018-0268-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49583653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0167-4366&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AgrSy..93.1577A&rft.aulast=Arimalala&rft.aufirst=Natacha&rft.au=Penot%2C+Eric&rft.au=Michels%2C+Thierry&rft.au=Rakotoarimanana%2C+Vonjison&rft.au=Michel%2C+Isabelle&rft.au=Ravaomanalina%2C+Harisoa&rft.au=Roger%2C+Edmond&rft.au=Jahiel%2C+Michel&rft.au=Leong+Pock+Tsy%2C+Jean-Michel&rft.au=Danthu%2C+Pascal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs10457-018-0268-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElevitchSyz-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ElevitchSyz_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElevitchSyz_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhistlerElevitch2006" class="citation book cs1">Whistler, W. Arthur; Elevitch, Craig R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raskisimani.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/syzygium-malay-apple.pdf">"Syzygium malaccense (Malay apple) (beach hibiscus)"</a> (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands: Their Culture, Environment, and Use. Permanent Agricultural Resources (PAR). pp. 41–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780970254450" title="Special:BookSources/9780970254450"><bdi>9780970254450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syzygium+malaccense+%28Malay+apple%29+%28beach+hibiscus%29&rft.btitle=Traditional+Trees+of+Pacific+Islands%3A+Their+Culture%2C+Environment%2C+and+Use&rft.pages=41-56&rft.pub=Permanent+Agricultural+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780970254450&rft.aulast=Whistler&rft.aufirst=W.+Arthur&rft.au=Elevitch%2C+Craig+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraskisimani.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fsyzygium-malay-apple.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dotte-Sarout2016-245"><a href="#cite_ref-Dotte-Sarout2016_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotte-Sarout2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dotte-Sarout, Emilie (2016). "Evidence of forest management and arboriculture from wood charcoal data: an anthracological case study from two New Caledonia Kanak pre-colonial sites". Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 26 (2): 195–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00334-016-0580-0">10.1007/s00334-016-0580-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132637794">132637794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vegetation+History+and+Archaeobotany&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+forest+management+and+arboriculture+from+wood+charcoal+data%3A+an+anthracological+case+study+from+two+New+Caledonia+Kanak+pre-colonial+sites&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-211&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00334-016-0580-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132637794%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dotte-Sarout&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farley2018-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farley2018_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farley2018_246-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farley2018_246-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarleySchneiderClarkHaberle2018" class="citation journal cs1">Farley, Gina; Schneider, Larissa; Clark, Geoffrey; Haberle, Simon G. (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.09.024">"A Late Holocene palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of Ulong Island, Palau, from starch grain, charcoal, and geochemistry analyses"</a>. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 22: 248–256. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JArSR..22..248F">2018JArSR..22..248F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.09.024">10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.09.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F159550">1885/159550</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135051639">135051639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=A+Late+Holocene+palaeoenvironmental+reconstruction+of+Ulong+Island%2C+Palau%2C+from+starch+grain%2C+charcoal%2C+and+geochemistry+analyses&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=248-256&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F159550&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135051639%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2018.09.024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018JArSR..22..248F&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Larissa&rft.au=Clark%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Haberle%2C+Simon+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jasrep.2018.09.024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spennemann1994-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Spennemann1994_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpennemann1994" class="citation journal cs1">Spennemann, Dirk H.R. (1994). "Traditional Arrowroot Production and Utilization in the Marshall Islands". Journal of Ethnobiology. 14 (2): 211–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnobiology&rft.atitle=Traditional+Arrowroot+Production+and+Utilization+in+the+Marshall+Islands&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-234&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Spennemann&rft.aufirst=Dirk+H.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thaman1994-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Thaman1994_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaman1994" class="citation book cs1">Thaman, R.R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=soqy__Vue6kC&pg=PR9">"Ethnobotany of the Pacific Island Coastal Plains"</a>. In Morrison, John; Geraghty, Paul; Crowl, Linda (eds.). Fauna, Flora, Food and Medicine: Science of Pacific Island Peoples. Vol. 3. Institute of Pacific Studies. pp. 147–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789820201064" title="Special:BookSources/9789820201064"><bdi>9789820201064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnobotany+of+the+Pacific+Island+Coastal+Plains&rft.btitle=Fauna%2C+Flora%2C+Food+and+Medicine%3A+Science+of+Pacific+Island+Peoples&rft.pages=147-184&rft.pub=Institute+of+Pacific+Studies&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789820201064&rft.aulast=Thaman&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsoqy__Vue6kC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prebble2012-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prebble2012_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prebble2012_249-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prebble2012_249-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrebbleAnderson2012" class="citation book cs1">Prebble, Matiu; Anderson, Atholl (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p204851/pdf/ch043.pdf">"The archaeobotany of Rapan rockshelter deposits"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a>; Kennett, Douglas J. (eds.). Taking the High Ground: The archaeology of Rapa, a fortified island in remote East Polynesia. terra australis. Vol. 37. ANU E Press. pp. 77–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781922144256" title="Special:BookSources/9781922144256"><bdi>9781922144256</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+archaeobotany+of+Rapan+rockshelter+deposits&rft.btitle=Taking+the+High+Ground%3A+The+archaeology+of+Rapa%2C+a+fortified+island+in+remote+East+Polynesia&rft.series=terra+australis&rft.pages=77-95&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781922144256&rft.aulast=Prebble&rft.aufirst=Matiu&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Atholl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp204851%2Fpdf%2Fch043.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dotte-Sarout2017-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dotte-Sarout2017_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dotte-Sarout2017_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dotte-Sarout2017_250-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotte-SaroutKahn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dotte-Sarout, Emilie; Kahn, Jennifer G. (November 2017). "Ancient woodlands of Polynesia: A pilot anthracological study on Maupiti Island, French Polynesia". Quaternary International. 457: 6–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017QuInt.457....6D">2017QuInt.457....6D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2016.10.032">10.1016/j.quaint.2016.10.032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=Ancient+woodlands+of+Polynesia%3A+A+pilot+anthracological+study+on+Maupiti+Island%2C+French+Polynesia&rft.volume=457&rft.pages=6-28&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2016.10.032&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017QuInt.457....6D&rft.aulast=Dotte-Sarout&rft.aufirst=Emilie&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Jennifer+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElevitchHibiscus-251"><a href="#cite_ref-ElevitchHibiscus_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElevitchThomson2006" class="citation book cs1">Elevitch, Craig R.; Thomson, Lex A.J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raskisimani.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/h-tiliaceus-beach-hibiscus.pdf">"Hibiscus tiliaceus (beach hibiscus)"</a> (PDF). In Elevitch, Craig R. (ed.). Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands: Their Culture, Environment, and Use. Permanent Agricultural Resources (PAR). pp. 41–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780970254450" title="Special:BookSources/9780970254450"><bdi>9780970254450</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hibiscus+tiliaceus+%28beach+hibiscus%29&rft.btitle=Traditional+Trees+of+Pacific+Islands%3A+Their+Culture%2C+Environment%2C+and+Use&rft.pages=41-56&rft.pub=Permanent+Agricultural+Resources+%28PAR%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780970254450&rft.aulast=Elevitch&rft.aufirst=Craig+R.&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Lex+A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraskisimani.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fh-tiliaceus-beach-hibiscus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-temarareomilo-252"><a href="#cite_ref-temarareomilo_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temarareo.org/PPN-Milo.html">"*Milo"</a>. Te Mära Reo: The Language Garden. Benton Family Trust. Retrieved 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+M%C3%A4ra+Reo%3A+The+Language+Garden&rft.atitle=%2AMilo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temarareo.org%2FPPN-Milo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ujang2015-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Ujang2015_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUjangNordinSubramaniam2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ujang, Zanariah; Nordin, Nurul Izza; Subramaniam, Thavamanithevi (December 2015). "Ginger Species and Their Traditional Uses in Modern Applications". Journal of Industrial Technology. 23 (1): 59–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21908%2Fjit.2015.4">10.21908/jit.2015.4</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Industrial+Technology&rft.atitle=Ginger+Species+and+Their+Traditional+Uses+in+Modern+Applications&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-70&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21908%2Fjit.2015.4&rft.aulast=Ujang&rft.aufirst=Zanariah&rft.au=Nordin%2C+Nurul+Izza&rft.au=Subramaniam%2C+Thavamanithevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravindran2004-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Ravindran2004_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavindranPillaiBabu2004" class="citation book cs1">Ravindran, P.N.; Pillai, Geetha S.; Babu, K. Nirmal (2004). "Under-utilized herbs and spices". In Peter, K.V. (ed.). Handbook of Herbs and Spices. Vol. 2. Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781855737211" title="Special:BookSources/9781855737211"><bdi>9781855737211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Under-utilized+herbs+and+spices&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Herbs+and+Spices&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781855737211&rft.aulast=Ravindran&rft.aufirst=P.N.&rft.au=Pillai%2C+Geetha+S.&rft.au=Babu%2C+K.+Nirmal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Cheng, Lancini Jen-Hao (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/5687/ChengLanciniJ2015PhD.pdf?sequence=5&isAllowed=y">Taxonomies of Taiwanese Aboriginal Musical Instruments</a> (PDF) (PhD). University of Otago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Taxonomies+of+Taiwanese+Aboriginal+Musical+Instruments&rft.inst=University+of+Otago&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Lancini+Jen-Hao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourarchive.otago.ac.nz%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10523%2F5687%2FChengLanciniJ2015PhD.pdf%3Fsequence%3D5%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KikusawaReid-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KikusawaReid_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KikusawaReid_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KikusawaReid_256-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KikusawaReid_256-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KikusawaReid_256-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKikusawaReid2007" class="citation book cs1">Kikusawa, Ritsuko; Reid, Lawrence A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125193557/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/33035/A67.2007.pdf">"Proto who utilized turmeric, and how?"</a> (PDF). In Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (eds.). Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 339–352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027292940" title="Special:BookSources/9789027292940"><bdi>9789027292940</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/33035/A67.2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto+who+utilized+turmeric%2C+and+how%3F&rft.btitle=Language+Description%2C+History+and+Development%3A+Linguistic+indulgence+in+memory+of+Terry+Crowley&rft.pages=339-352&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789027292940&rft.aulast=Kikusawa&rft.aufirst=Ritsuko&rft.au=Reid%2C+Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fbitstream%2F10125%2F33035%2FA67.2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClatchey1993-257"><a href="#cite_ref-McClatchey1993_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClatchey1993" class="citation journal cs1">McClatchey, W. (1993). "Traditional use of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) in Rotuma". Economic Botany. 47 (3): 291–296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993EcBot..47..291M">1993EcBot..47..291M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02862297">10.1007/bf02862297</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20513984">20513984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Botany&rft.atitle=Traditional+use+of+Curcuma+longa+%28Zingiberaceae%29+in+Rotuma&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-296&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20513984%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf02862297&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993EcBot..47..291M&rft.aulast=McClatchey&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viestad-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Viestad_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViestad2007" class="citation book cs1">Viestad, Andreas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvQhVrQ7bzkC">Where Flavor Was Born: Recipes and Culinary Travels Along the Indian Ocean Spice Route</a>. Chronicle Books. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811849654" title="Special:BookSources/9780811849654"><bdi>9780811849654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Flavor+Was+Born%3A+Recipes+and+Culinary+Travels+Along+the+Indian+Ocean+Spice+Route&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780811849654&rft.aulast=Viestad&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTvQhVrQ7bzkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ravindran2016-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Ravindran2016_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavindranNirmal_Babu2016" class="citation book cs1">Ravindran, P.N.; Nirmal Babu, K. (2016). Ginger: The Genus Zingiber. CRC Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420023367" title="Special:BookSources/9781420023367"><bdi>9781420023367</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginger%3A+The+Genus+Zingiber&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781420023367&rft.aulast=Ravindran&rft.aufirst=P.N.&rft.au=Nirmal+Babu%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allaby2007-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Allaby2007_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllaby2007" class="citation book cs1">Allaby, Robin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gWjkogVte7gC">"Origins of Plant Exploitation in Near Oceania: A Review"</a>. In Friedlaender, Jonathan S. (ed.). Genes, Language, & Culture History in the Southwest Pacific. Human Evolution Series. Oxford University Press. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198041085" title="Special:BookSources/9780198041085"><bdi>9780198041085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Plant+Exploitation+in+Near+Oceania%3A+A+Review&rft.btitle=Genes%2C+Language%2C+%26+Culture+History+in+the+Southwest+Pacific&rft.series=Human+Evolution+Series&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780198041085&rft.aulast=Allaby&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgWjkogVte7gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-groves2006-261"><a href="#cite_ref-groves2006_261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves2006" class="citation book cs1">Groves, Colin P. (2006). "Domesticated and Commensal Mammals of Austronesia and Their Histories". In Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell (eds.). The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives. ANU E Press. pp. 161–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1920942858" title="Special:BookSources/1920942858"><bdi>1920942858</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.11">j.ctt2jbjx1.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Domesticated+and+Commensal+Mammals+of+Austronesia+and+Their+Histories&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=161-174&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt2jbjx1.11%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=1920942858&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanoPiperHungBellwood2013" class="citation journal cs1">Amano, Noel; Piper, Philip J.; Hung, Hsiao-chun; Bellwood, Peter (2013). "Introduced Domestic Animals in the Neolithic and Metal Age of the Philippines: Evidence From Nagsabaran, Northern Luzon". The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology. 8 (3): 317–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15564894.2013.781084">10.1080/15564894.2013.781084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131368496">131368496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Island+and+Coastal+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Introduced+Domestic+Animals+in+the+Neolithic+and+Metal+Age+of+the+Philippines%3A+Evidence+From+Nagsabaran%2C+Northern+Luzon&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=317-335&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15564894.2013.781084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131368496%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Amano&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Piper%2C+Philip+J.&rft.au=Hung%2C+Hsiao-chun&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMijares2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). "The early Austronesian migration to Luzon: perspectives from the Peñablanca Cave Sites". Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin. 26: 72–78. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.403.7868">10.1.1.403.7868</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fbippa.v26i0.11995">10.7152/bippa.v26i0.11995</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+early+Austronesian+migration+to+Luzon%3A+perspectives+from+the+Pe%C3%B1ablanca+Cave+Sites&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=72-78&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.403.7868%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fbippa.v26i0.11995&rft.aulast=Mijares&rft.aufirst=Armand+Salvador+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-roberts-264"><a href="#cite_ref-roberts_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Roberts, E. A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYtvAwAAQBAJ&q=carabao+etymology+malay">A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots</a>. Vol. I (A–G). XLibris LLC. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493191109" title="Special:BookSources/9781493191109"><bdi>9781493191109</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Spanish+Language+with+Families+of+Words+based+on+Indo-European+Roots&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=XLibris+LLC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781493191109&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYtvAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcarabao%2Betymology%2Bmalay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scott90-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scott90_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scott90_265-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Henry_Scott1990" class="citation journal cs1">William Henry Scott (1990). "Sixteenth-century Visayan Food and Farming". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 18 (4): 291–311. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29792029">29792029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Quarterly+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Sixteenth-century+Visayan+Food+and+Farming&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-311&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29792029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=William+Henry+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cockrill1977-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Cockrill1977_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockrill1977" class="citation book cs1">Cockrill, W. R., ed. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616141330/http://www4.zetatalk.com/docs/Animal_Power/The_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf">The Water Buffalo</a> (PDF). Animal Production and Health Series. Vol. 4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9251001080" title="Special:BookSources/978-9251001080"><bdi>978-9251001080</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.zetatalk.com/docs/Animal_Power/The_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 16, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Water+Buffalo&rft.series=Animal+Production+and+Health+Series&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-9251001080&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww4.zetatalk.com%2Fdocs%2FAnimal_Power%2FThe_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blust_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust_267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlustTrussel" class="citation web cs1">Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-s_q.htm#27616">"*qaNuaŋ"</a>. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Austronesian+Comparative+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%2AqaNua%C5%8B&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Trussel%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trussel2.com%2FACD%2Facd-s_q.htm%2327616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kabaw-268"><a href="#cite_ref-kabaw_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.binisaya.com/cebuano/kabaw">"Kabaw"</a>. Binisaya – Cebuano Dictionary and Thesaurus. Bin. Retrieved 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Binisaya+%E2%80%93+Cebuano+Dictionary+and+Thesaurus&rft.atitle=Kabaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.binisaya.com%2Fcebuano%2Fkabaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorc1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Zorc, R. David Paul (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zorc.net/publications/041=CEDOF%233(1982).pdf">Core Etymological Dictionary of Filipino</a> (PDF). Vol. fasc. 3. Darwin Community College, PNC-La Salle-Ateneo Consortium, Linguistic Society of the Philippines, Surian ng Wikang Pambansa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Core+Etymological+Dictionary+of+Filipino&rft.pub=Darwin+Community+College%2C+PNC-La+Salle-Ateneo+Consortium%2C+Linguistic+Society+of+the+Philippines%2C+Surian+ng+Wikang+Pambansa&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Zorc&rft.aufirst=R.+David+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzorc.net%2Fpublications%2F041%3DCEDOF%25233%281982%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estrada-Villegas-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Estrada-Villegas_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrada-Villegas1952" class="citation book cs1">Estrada-Villegas, Valente (1952). Carabao Husbandry. Manila: D.P. Perez. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carabao+Husbandry&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=D.P.+Perez&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Estrada-Villegas&rft.aufirst=Valente&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fillios2016-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fillios2016_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fillios2016_271-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fillios2016_271-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fillios2016_271-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilliosTaçon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fillios, Melanie A.; Taçon, Paul S.C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/297893383">"Who let the dogs in? A review of the recent genetic evidence for the introduction of the dingo to Australia and implications for the movement of people"</a>. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 7: 782–792. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JArSR...7..782F">2016JArSR...7..782F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2016.03.001">10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.03.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Who+let+the+dogs+in%3F+A+review+of+the+recent+genetic+evidence+for+the+introduction+of+the+dingo+to+Australia+and+implications+for+the+movement+of+people&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=782-792&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2016.03.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JArSR...7..782F&rft.aulast=Fillios&rft.aufirst=Melanie+A.&rft.au=Ta%C3%A7on%2C+Paul+S.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F297893383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulmer2001-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bulmer2001_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulmer2001_272-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulmer2001_272-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bulmer2001_272-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulmer2001" class="citation book cs1">Bulmer, Susan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tfRyAAAAMAAJ">"Lapita dogs and singing dogs and the history of the dog in New Guinea"</a>. In Clark, Geoffrey Richard; <a href="/wiki/Atholl_Anderson" title="Atholl Anderson">Anderson, Atholl</a>; Vunidilo, Tarisi (eds.). The Archaeology of Lapita Dispersal in Oceania: Papers from the Fourth Lapita Conference, June 2000, Canberra, Australia. Pandanus Books. pp. 183–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781740760102" title="Special:BookSources/9781740760102"><bdi>9781740760102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lapita+dogs+and+singing+dogs+and+the+history+of+the+dog+in+New+Guinea&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Lapita+Dispersal+in+Oceania%3A+Papers+from+the+Fourth+Lapita+Conference%2C+June+2000%2C+Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.pages=183-202&rft.pub=Pandanus+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781740760102&rft.aulast=Bulmer&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtfRyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greig2015-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2015_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2015_273-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2015_273-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2015_273-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreigBoocockProstHorsburgh2015" class="citation journal cs1">Greig, Karen; Boocock, James; Prost, Stefan; Horsburgh, K. Ann; Jacomb, Chris; Walter, Richard; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Kayser, Manfred (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596854">"Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of New Zealand's First Dogs"</a>. PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0138536. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1038536G">2015PLoSO..1038536G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0138536">10.1371/journal.pone.0138536</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4596854">4596854</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26444283">26444283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Complete+Mitochondrial+Genomes+of+New+Zealand%27s+First+Dogs&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0138536&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4596854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26444283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0138536&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1038536G&rft.aulast=Greig&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Boocock%2C+James&rft.au=Prost%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Horsburgh%2C+K.+Ann&rft.au=Jacomb%2C+Chris&rft.au=Walter%2C+Richard&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Kayser%2C+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4596854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Connor2017-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor2017_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Connor2017_274-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorMahirtaTanudirjoRirimasse2017" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connor, Sue; Mahirta; Tanudirjo, Daud; Ririmasse, Marlon; Husni, Muhammad; Kealy, Shimona; Hawkins, Stuart; Alifah (4 December 2017). "Ideology, Ritual Performance and Its Manifestations in the Rock Art of Timor-Leste and Kisar Island, Island Southeast Asia". Cambridge Archaeological Journal. 28 (2): 225–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0959774317000816">10.1017/S0959774317000816</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165822029">165822029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=Ideology%2C+Ritual+Performance+and+Its+Manifestations+in+the+Rock+Art+of+Timor-Leste+and+Kisar+Island%2C+Island+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-241&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0959774317000816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165822029%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft.au=Mahirta&rft.au=Tanudirjo%2C+Daud&rft.au=Ririmasse%2C+Marlon&rft.au=Husni%2C+Muhammad&rft.au=Kealy%2C+Shimona&rft.au=Hawkins%2C+Stuart&rft.au=Alifah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greig2018-275">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2018_275-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2018_275-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2018_275-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2018_275-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreigBoocockAllenMatisoo-Smith2018" class="citation journal cs1">Greig, Karen; Boocock, James; Allen, Melinda S.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Walter, Richard (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323644195">"Ancient DNA Evidence for the Introduction and Dispersal of Dogs (Canis familiaris) in New Zealand"</a>. Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 9 (1): 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pacific+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+Evidence+for+the+Introduction+and+Dispersal+of+Dogs+%28Canis+familiaris%29+in+New+Zealand&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Greig&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Boocock%2C+James&rft.au=Allen%2C+Melinda+S.&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Walter%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F323644195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2020-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2020_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangSunRenYuan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Ming; Sun, Guoping; Ren, Lele; Yuan, Haibing; Dong, Guanghui; Zhang, Lizhao; Liu, Feng; Cao, Peng; Ko, Albert Min-Shan; Yang, Melinda A.; Hu, Songmei; Wang, Guo-Dong; Fu, Qiaomei (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7182212">"Ancient DNA evidence from China reveals the expansion of Pacific dogs"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 37 (5): 1462–1469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz311">10.1093/molbev/msz311</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7182212">7182212</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31913480">31913480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+evidence+from+China+reveals+the+expansion+of+Pacific+dogs&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1462-1469&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7182212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31913480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsz311&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Ming&rft.au=Sun%2C+Guoping&rft.au=Ren%2C+Lele&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Haibing&rft.au=Dong%2C+Guanghui&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Lizhao&rft.au=Liu%2C+Feng&rft.au=Cao%2C+Peng&rft.au=Ko%2C+Albert+Min-Shan&rft.au=Yang%2C+Melinda+A.&rft.au=Hu%2C+Songmei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Guo-Dong&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7182212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sacks2013-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sacks2013_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sacks2013_277-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sacks2013_277-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacksBrownStephensPedersen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sacks, Benjamin N.; Brown, Sarah K.; Stephens, Danielle; Pedersen, Niels C.; Wu, Jui-Te; Berry, Oliver (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmst027">"Y Chromosome Analysis of Dingoes and Southeast Asian Village Dogs Suggests a Neolithic Continental Expansion from Southeast Asia Followed by Multiple Austronesian Dispersals"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 30 (5): 1103–1118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmst027">10.1093/molbev/mst027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23408799">23408799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Y+Chromosome+Analysis+of+Dingoes+and+Southeast+Asian+Village+Dogs+Suggests+a+Neolithic+Continental+Expansion+from+Southeast+Asia+Followed+by+Multiple+Austronesian+Dispersals&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1103-1118&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmst027&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23408799&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+N.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Sarah+K.&rft.au=Stephens%2C+Danielle&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Niels+C.&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jui-Te&rft.au=Berry%2C+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmst027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2020" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Nick (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.ndhu.edu.tw/taiwan-indigenous-people-and-animals/">"Taiwan Indigenous people and Animals"</a>. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwan+Indigenous+people+and+Animals&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.ndhu.edu.tw%2Ftaiwan-indigenous-people-and-animals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookStevenson2005" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Chris; Stevenson, Johm (2005). The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914. New York: Routledge. p. 376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415345847" title="Special:BookSources/0415345847"><bdi>0415345847</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+World+History+Since+1914&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Routledge.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0415345847&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Johm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust-asu-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blust-asu_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust-asu_280-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust-asu_280-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust-asu_280-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlustTrussel" class="citation web cs1">Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-s_a1.htm#24890">"*asu₁"</a>. Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Austronesian+Comparative+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%2Aasu%E2%82%81&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Trussel%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trussel2.com%2FACD%2Facd-s_a1.htm%2324890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ochoa-281"><a href="#cite_ref-Ochoa_281-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchoa2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ochoa, Janine Therese (2005). "In dogged pursuit: A reassessment of the dog's domestication and social incorporation". Hukay. 8: 37–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hukay&rft.atitle=In+dogged+pursuit%3A+A+reassessment+of+the+dog%27s+domestication+and+social+incorporation&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=37-66&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ochoa&rft.aufirst=Janine+Therese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savolainen2004-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Savolainen2004_282-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavolainenLeitnerWiltonMatisoo-Smith2004" class="citation journal cs1">Savolainen, Peter; Leitner, Thomas; Wilton, Alan N.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Lundeberg, Lundeberg (6 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514485">"A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (33): 12387–12390. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10112387S">2004PNAS..10112387S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401814101">10.1073/pnas.0401814101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC514485">514485</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15299143">15299143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+detailed+picture+of+the+origin+of+the+Australian+dingo%2C+obtained+from+the+study+of+mitochondrial+DNA&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=12387-12390&rft.date=2004-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514485%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15299143&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0401814101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10112387S&rft.aulast=Savolainen&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Leitner%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Wilton%2C+Alan+N.&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Lundeberg%2C+Lundeberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC514485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greig2018-2-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2018-2_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2018-2_283-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greig2018-2_283-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreigGoslingCollinsBoocock2018" class="citation journal cs1">Greig, K.; Gosling, A.; Collins, C. J.; Boocock, J.; McDonald, K.; Addison, D. J.; Allen, M. S.; David, B.; Gibbs, M.; Higham, C. F. W.; Liu, F.; McNiven, I. J.; O’Connor, S.; Tsang, C. H.; Walter, R.; Matisoo-Smith, E. (14 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6002536">"Complex history of dog (Canis familiaris) origins and translocations in the Pacific revealed by ancient mitogenomes"</a>. Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 9130. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8.9130G">2018NatSR...8.9130G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-27363-8">10.1038/s41598-018-27363-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F265530">1885/265530</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6002536">6002536</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29904060">29904060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Complex+history+of+dog+%28Canis+familiaris%29+origins+and+translocations+in+the+Pacific+revealed+by+ancient+mitogenomes&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9130&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6002536%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...8.9130G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29904060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-27363-8&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F265530&rft.aulast=Greig&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Gosling%2C+A.&rft.au=Collins%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Boocock%2C+J.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+K.&rft.au=Addison%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Allen%2C+M.+S.&rft.au=David%2C+B.&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+M.&rft.au=Higham%2C+C.+F.+W.&rft.au=Liu%2C+F.&rft.au=McNiven%2C+I.+J.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Connor%2C+S.&rft.au=Tsang%2C+C.+H.&rft.au=Walter%2C+R.&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6002536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Titcomb_1969-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Titcomb_1969_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTitcomb1969" class="citation book cs1">Titcomb, M (1969). Dog and Man in the Ancient Pacific. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910240-10-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910240-10-9"><bdi>978-0-910240-10-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dog+and+Man+in+the+Ancient+Pacific&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=Bernice+P.+Bishop+Museum+Special+Publication+59&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-910240-10-9&rft.aulast=Titcomb&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellis_1839-285"><a href="#cite_ref-Ellis_1839_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1839" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, W (1839). Polynesian Researches. Vol. 4. London: Fisher, Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4325-4966-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4325-4966-4"><bdi>978-1-4325-4966-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polynesian+Researches&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fisher%2C+Jackson&rft.date=1839&rft.isbn=978-1-4325-4966-4&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Mumford" title="David Mumford">Mumford, David</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explorationsofca00cook_0">The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific</a>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22766-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-22766-5"><bdi>978-0-486-22766-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Explorations+of+Captain+James+Cook+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-486-22766-5&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexplorationsofca00cook_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwabe1979p168-287"><a href="#cite_ref-schwabe1979p168_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabe1979" class="citation book cs1">Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBntk9jGmoC">Unmentionable cuisine</a>. University of Virginia Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SiBntk9jGmoC&pg=PA168">168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1162-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-1162-5"><bdi>978-0-8139-1162-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmentionable+cuisine&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-1162-5&rft.aulast=Schwabe&rft.aufirst=Calvin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSiBntk9jGmoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederic_Wood-Jones1931" class="citation journal cs1">Frederic Wood-Jones (February 1931). "The Cranial Characters of the Hawaiian Dog". Journal of Mammalogy. 12 (1): 39–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1373802">10.2307/1373802</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1373802">1373802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mammalogy&rft.atitle=The+Cranial+Characters+of+the+Hawaiian+Dog&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-41&rft.date=1931-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1373802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1373802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Frederic+Wood-Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungCarsonBellwoodCampos2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hung, H.; Carson, Mike T.; Bellwood, Peter; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00068393">"The first settlement of Remote Oceania: The Philippines to the Marianas"</a>. Antiquity. 85 (329): 909–926. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00068393">10.1017/S0003598X00068393</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163099583">163099583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+first+settlement+of+Remote+Oceania%3A+The+Philippines+to+the+Marianas&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=329&rft.pages=909-926&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00068393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163099583%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Carson%2C+Mike+T.&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+Peter&rft.au=Campos%2C+Fredeliza+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0003598X00068393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1966" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Douglas (1966). The archaeology of the Palau Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Vol. 230. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-910240-58-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-910240-58-1"><bdi>978-0-910240-58-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+the+Palau+Islands&rft.series=Bernice+P.+Bishop+Museum+Bulletin&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-910240-58-1&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_291-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1961" class="citation book cs1">Urban, Manfred (1961). Die Haustiere der Polynesier. Göttingen: Häntzschel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Haustiere+der+Polynesier&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=H%C3%A4ntzschel&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matisoo-Smith-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matisoo-Smith_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matisoo-Smith_292-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatisoo-Smith2015" class="citation journal cs1">Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (February 2015). "Ancient DNA and the human settlement of the Pacific: A review". Journal of Human Evolution. 79: 93–104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JHumE..79...93M">2015JHumE..79...93M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2014.10.017">10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.10.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25556846">25556846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Evolution&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+and+the+human+settlement+of+the+Pacific%3A+A+review&rft.volume=79&rft.pages=93-104&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25556846&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhevol.2014.10.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JHumE..79...93M&rft.aulast=Matisoo-Smith&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forster-293">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forster_293-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forster_293-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forster_293-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forster_293-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForster1778" class="citation book cs1">Forster, Johann Reinhold (1778). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VI8-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA188">Observations Made During a Voyage Round the World</a>. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observations+Made+During+a+Voyage+Round+the+World&rft.pages=188&rft.date=1778&rft.aulast=Forster&rft.aufirst=Johann+Reinhold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVI8-AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1964" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Andrew (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eap3YItHj6cC&pg=PA120">Ancient Voyagers in Polynesia</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Voyagers+in+Polynesia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEap3YItHj6cC%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x6o3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA38">"Pitcairn's Island"</a>. The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia. 10: 38. 1820.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asiatic+Journal+and+Monthly+Register+for+British+and+Foreign+India%2C+China%2C+and+Australia&rft.atitle=Pitcairn%27s+Island&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx6o3AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ardalan2015-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ardalan2015_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ardalan2015_296-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdalanOskarssonvan_AschRabakonandriania2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ardalan, Arman; Oskarsson, Mattias C.R.; van Asch, Barbara; Rabakonandriania, Elisabeth Rabakonandriania; Savolainen, Peter (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453261">"African origin for Madagascan dogs revealed by mtDNA analysis"</a>. Royal Society Open Science. 2 (5): 140552. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015RSOS....240552A">2015RSOS....240552A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.140552">10.1098/rsos.140552</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453261">4453261</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26064658">26064658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+Open+Science&rft.atitle=African+origin+for+Madagascan+dogs+revealed+by+mtDNA+analysis&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=140552&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4453261%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26064658&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsos.140552&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015RSOS....240552A&rft.aulast=Ardalan&rft.aufirst=Arman&rft.au=Oskarsson%2C+Mattias+C.R.&rft.au=van+Asch%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Rabakonandriania%2C+Elisabeth+Rabakonandriania&rft.au=Savolainen%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4453261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Asch2015-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Asch2015_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Asch2015_297-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Asch2015" class="citation news cs1">van Asch, Barbara (12 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/madagascan-dogs-hail-from-africa-unlike-their-human-counterparts-42848">"Madagascan dogs hail from Africa, unlike their human counterparts"</a>. The Conversation. The Conversation Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Madagascan+dogs+hail+from+Africa%2C+unlike+their+human+counterparts&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft.aulast=van+Asch&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fmadagascan-dogs-hail-from-africa-unlike-their-human-counterparts-42848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-298">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_298-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_298-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonLebrasseurAustinHunt2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, Vicki A.; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Austin, Jeremy J.; Hunt, Terry L.; Burney, David A.; Denham, Tim; Rawlence, Nicolas J.; Wood, Jamie R.; Gongora, Jaime; Girdland Flink, Linus; Linderholm, Anna; Dobney, Keith; Larson, Greger; Cooper, Alan (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3977275">"Using ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens across the Pacific"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (13): 4826–4831. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.4826T">2014PNAS..111.4826T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1320412111">10.1073/pnas.1320412111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3977275">3977275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24639505">24639505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Using+ancient+DNA+to+study+the+origins+and+dispersal+of+ancestral+Polynesian+chickens+across+the+Pacific&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=4826-4831&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3977275%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24639505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1320412111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..111.4826T&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Vicki+A.&rft.au=Lebrasseur%2C+Oph%C3%A9lie&rft.au=Austin%2C+Jeremy+J.&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Terry+L.&rft.au=Burney%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Denham%2C+Tim&rft.au=Rawlence%2C+Nicolas+J.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Jamie+R.&rft.au=Gongora%2C+Jaime&rft.au=Girdland+Flink%2C+Linus&rft.au=Linderholm%2C+Anna&rft.au=Dobney%2C+Keith&rft.au=Larson%2C+Greger&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3977275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piper-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piper_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piper_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiper2017" class="citation book cs1">Piper, Philip J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2320/html/ch15.xhtml">"The Origins and Arrival of the Earliest Domestic Animals in Mainland and Island Southeast Asia: A Developing Story of Complexity"</a>. In Piper, Philip J.; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Bulbeck, David (eds.). New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760460945" title="Special:BookSources/9781760460945"><bdi>9781760460945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Arrival+of+the+Earliest+Domestic+Animals+in+Mainland+and+Island+Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Developing+Story+of+Complexity&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+in+Southeast+Asian+and+Pacific+Prehistory&rft.series=terra+australis&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781760460945&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fn2320%2Fhtml%2Fch15.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groves-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groves_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groves_300-1">b</a> Groves, Colin P. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/mobile/ch08s03.html">Domesticated and Commensal Mammals of Austronesia and Their Histories</a>. In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodFoxTryon2006" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J; Tryon, Darrell, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian/austronesians">The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</a>. ANU Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FA.09.2006">10.22459/A.09.2006</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015051647942">2027/mdp.39015051647942</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780731521326" title="Special:BookSources/9780731521326"><bdi>9780731521326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015051647942&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22459%2FA.09.2006&rft.isbn=9780731521326&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.anu.edu.au%2Fpublications%2Fseries%2Fcomparative-austronesian%2Faustronesians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonAplinCooperHisheh2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, Vicki; Aplin, Ken P.; Cooper, Alan; Hisheh, Susan; Suzuki, Hitoshi; Maryanto, Ibnu; Yap, Grace; Donnellan, Stephen C. (17 March 2014). Lalueza-Fox, Carles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956674">"Molecular Genetic Evidence for the Place of Origin of the Pacific Rat, Rattus exulans"</a>. PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e91356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...991356T">2014PLoSO...991356T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0091356">10.1371/journal.pone.0091356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3956674">3956674</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24637896">24637896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Molecular+Genetic+Evidence+for+the+Place+of+Origin+of+the+Pacific+Rat%2C+Rattus+exulans&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e91356&rft.date=2014-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3956674%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...991356T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24637896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0091356&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rft.au=Aplin%2C+Ken+P.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Alan&rft.au=Hisheh%2C+Susan&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Hitoshi&rft.au=Maryanto%2C+Ibnu&rft.au=Yap%2C+Grace&rft.au=Donnellan%2C+Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3956674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADomesticated+plants+and+animals+of+Austronesia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Domestication_of_animals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_domestication" title="Template:Animal domestication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_domestication" title="Template talk:Animal domestication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_domestication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal domestication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Domestication_of_animals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">Domestication of animals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vertebrates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_duck" title="Domestic duck">Domestic duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_Muscovy_duck" title="Domestic Muscovy duck">Domestic Muscovy duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferret" title="Ferret">Ferret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">Domestic pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_mouse" title="Fancy mouse">Fancy mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_rabbit" title="Domestic rabbit">Domestic rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_silver_fox" title="Domesticated silver fox">Domesticated silver fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Invertebrates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_bee" title="Honey bee">Honey bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">Silkworm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_cat" title="Domestication of the cat">Domestication of the cat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cats_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Cats in ancient Egypt">cats in ancient Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">Domestication of the dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_goat" title="Domestication of the goat">Domestication of the goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_Syrian_hamster" title="Domestication of the Syrian hamster">Domestication of the Syrian hamster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_horse_domestication_theories" title="History of horse domestication theories">theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Animals">Domesticated animals of Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep" title="Domestication of the sheep">Domestication of the sheep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">List of domesticated animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-domestication" title="Self-domestication">Self-domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_Under_Domestication" title="The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication">The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomics_of_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomics of domestication">Genomics of domestication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&oldid=1254899207">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&oldid=1254899207</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Domestication_of_particular_species" title="Category:Domestication of particular species">Domestication of particular species</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Agriculture in Southeast Asia">Agriculture in Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_Oceania" title="Category:Agriculture in Oceania">Agriculture in Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_Madagascar" title="Category:Agriculture in Madagascar">Agriculture in Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_in_the_Comoros" title="Category:Agriculture in the Comoros">Agriculture in the Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_plants_by_location" title="Category:Lists of plants by location">Lists of plants by location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_animals_by_location" title="Category:Lists of animals by location">Lists of animals by location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austronesian_peoples" title="Category:Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austronesian_culture" title="Category:Austronesian culture">Austronesian culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_Asia" title="Category:Crops originating from Asia">Crops originating from Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_Australasia" title="Category:Crops originating from Australasia">Crops originating from Australasia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_the_Pacific" title="Category:Crops originating from the Pacific">Crops originating from the Pacific</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_agriculture" title="Category:Prehistoric agriculture">Prehistoric agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Polynesia" title="Category:Flora of Polynesia">Flora of Polynesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Malesia" title="Category:Flora of Malesia">Flora of Malesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Melanesia" title="Category:Flora of Melanesia">Flora of Melanesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Flora of Southeast Asia">Flora of Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Oceania" title="Category:Flora of Oceania">Flora of Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Micronesia" title="Category:Flora of Micronesia">Flora of Micronesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Taiwan" title="Category:Flora of Taiwan">Flora of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Madagascar" title="Category:Flora of Madagascar">Flora of Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_the_Comoros" title="Category:Flora of the Comoros">Flora of the Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Oceania" title="Category:Fauna of Oceania">Fauna of Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Fauna of Southeast Asia">Fauna of Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Madagascar" title="Category:Fauna of Madagascar">Fauna of Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Comoros" title="Category:Fauna of the Comoros">Fauna of the Comoros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Taiwan" title="Category:Fauna of Taiwan">Fauna of Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_New_Guinea" title="Category:Flora of New Guinea">Flora of New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_New_Guinea" title="Category:Fauna of New Guinea">Fauna of New Guinea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_New_Zealand" title="Category:Biota of New Zealand">Biota of New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austronesian_agriculture" title="Category:Austronesian agriculture">Austronesian agriculture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2022">Use dmy dates from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_March_2022" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from March 2022">Articles to be expanded from March 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_January_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from January 2024">Articles to be expanded from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Waray_(Philippines)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Waray (Philippines)-language text">Articles containing Waray (Philippines)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cebuano-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cebuano-language text">Articles containing Cebuano-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Tagalog-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Tagalog-language text">Articles containing Tagalog-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kavalan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kavalan-language text">Articles containing Kavalan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Javanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Javanese-language text">Articles containing Javanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Papora-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Papora-language text">Articles containing Papora-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Thao-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Thao-language text">Articles containing Thao-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Siraya-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Siraya-language text">Articles containing Siraya-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Rukai-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Rukai-language text">Articles containing Rukai-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ilocano-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ilocano-language text">Articles containing Ilocano-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Kankanaey-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Kankanaey-language text">Articles containing Kankanaey-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Isnag-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Isnag-language text">Articles containing Isnag-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Itawit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Itawit-language text">Articles containing Itawit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Bontok-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Bontok-language text">Articles containing Bontok-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Batad_Ifugao-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Batad Ifugao-language text">Articles containing Batad Ifugao-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Aklan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Aklan-language text">Articles containing Aklan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hanunoo-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hanunoo-language text">Articles containing Hanunoo-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Pangasinan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Pangasinan-language text">Articles containing Pangasinan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ivatan-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ivatan-language text">Articles containing Ivatan-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 06:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-r8l5s","wgBackendResponseTime":209,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.230","walltime":"3.702","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21271,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":717950,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1551,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1209789,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2863.105 1 -total"," 66.78% 1911.970 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.26% 694.723 126 Template:Cite_journal"," 23.83% 682.230 118 Template:Cite_book"," 6.41% 183.663 1 Template:Agriculture_footer"," 6.40% 183.181 2 Template:Navbox"," 4.93% 141.232 40 Template:Cite_web"," 4.45% 127.282 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.07% 116.420 23 Template:Lang"," 3.07% 87.985 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.909","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19094796,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","240","12.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","220","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","9.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.1"],["type","60","3.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.1"],["[others]","680","35.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-49x6c","timestamp":"20241122153142","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q60771146","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q60771146","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-01-14T03:09:25Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T06:23:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e4\/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific_%28per_Benton_et_al%2C_2012%2C_adapted_from_Bellwood%2C_2011%29.png","headline":"list\/group of domesticated plants"}</script> </body> </html>