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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="آدم فيرغسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آدم فيرغسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferquson" title="Adam Ferquson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adam Ferquson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="آدام فرگوسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدام فرگوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhamh_MacFhearghais" title="Adhamh MacFhearghais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Adhamh MacFhearghais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%8D%A4_%ED%8D%BC%EA%B1%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="애덤 퍼거슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애덤 퍼거슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ադամ Ֆերգյուսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադամ Ֆերգյուսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אדם פרגוסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדם פרגוסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="آدم فيرجسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آدم فيرجسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="アダム・ファーガソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アダム・ファーガソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Фергюсон, Адам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фергюсон, Адам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85_%D9%81%DB%8E%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="ئادەم فێرگسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئادەم فێرگسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adam Ferguson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%91%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Адам Ферґюсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адам Ферґюсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%A3%AE" title="亚当·福格森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚当·福格森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q183094#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scottish philosopher and historian (1723–1816)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Adam Ferguson, see <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Adam Ferguson (disambiguation)">Adam Ferguson (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Adam Ferguson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ProfAdamFerguson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ProfAdamFerguson.jpg/220px-ProfAdamFerguson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ProfAdamFerguson.jpg/330px-ProfAdamFerguson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ProfAdamFerguson.jpg/440px-ProfAdamFerguson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="646" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Adam Ferguson as painted by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> in 1782</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1723-06-20</span>)</span>20 June 1723<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Logierait" title="Logierait">Logierait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1816<span style="display:none">(1816-02-22)</span> (aged 92)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/18th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="18th-century philosophy">18th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Common_Sense_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Common Sense Realism">Scottish Common Sense Realism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adam_Ferguson_as_appearing_on_his_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Adam_Ferguson_as_appearing_on_his_grave.jpg/290px-Adam_Ferguson_as_appearing_on_his_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Adam_Ferguson_as_appearing_on_his_grave.jpg/435px-Adam_Ferguson_as_appearing_on_his_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Adam_Ferguson_as_appearing_on_his_grave.jpg/580px-Adam_Ferguson_as_appearing_on_his_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Adam Ferguson's grave</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_Adam_Ferguson,_St_Andrews_Cathedral_churchyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_grave_of_Adam_Ferguson%2C_St_Andrews_Cathedral_churchyard.jpg/290px-The_grave_of_Adam_Ferguson%2C_St_Andrews_Cathedral_churchyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="436" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_grave_of_Adam_Ferguson%2C_St_Andrews_Cathedral_churchyard.jpg/435px-The_grave_of_Adam_Ferguson%2C_St_Andrews_Cathedral_churchyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_grave_of_Adam_Ferguson%2C_St_Andrews_Cathedral_churchyard.jpg/580px-The_grave_of_Adam_Ferguson%2C_St_Andrews_Cathedral_churchyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Adam Ferguson, St Andrews Cathedral churchyard</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Adam Ferguson</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>: <i>Adhamh MacFhearghais</i>), also known as <b>Ferguson of Raith</b> (1 July <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S.</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> /20 June O.S. 1723 – 22 February 1816), was a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>. </p><p>Ferguson was sympathetic to traditional societies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highlands</a>, for producing courage and loyalty. He criticized commercial society as making men weak, dishonourable and unconcerned for their <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>. Ferguson has been called "the father of modern <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>" for his contributions to the early development of the discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His best-known work is his <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_History_of_Civil_Society" title="An Essay on the History of Civil Society">Essay on the History of Civil Society</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born at <a href="/wiki/Logierait" title="Logierait">Logierait</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atholl" title="Atholl">Atholl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perthshire" title="Perthshire">Perthshire</a>, Scotland, the son of Rev Adam Ferguson, he received his education at Logierait Parish School, <a href="/wiki/Perth_Grammar_School" title="Perth Grammar School">Perth Grammar School</a>, and at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a> (MA 1742).<sup id="cite_ref-Waterston_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waterston-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1745, owing to his knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Gaelic</a>, he gained appointment as deputy <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a> of the 43rd (afterwards the 42nd) regiment (the <a href="/wiki/Black_Watch" title="Black Watch">Black Watch</a>), the licence to preach being granted him by special dispensation, although he had not completed the required six years of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> study.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It remains a matter of debate as to whether, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Battle of Fontenoy</a> (1745), Ferguson fought in the ranks throughout the day, and refused to leave the field, though ordered to do so by his colonel. Nevertheless, he certainly did well, becoming principal chaplain in 1746. He continued attached to the regiment till 1754, when, disappointed at not obtaining a living, he left the clergy and resolved to devote himself to literary pursuits. </p><p>After residing in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> for a time, he returned to <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> where in January 1757 he succeeded <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> as librarian to the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Advocates" title="Faculty of Advocates">Faculty of Advocates</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Advocates%27_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocates' Library">Advocates' Library</a>), but soon relinquished this office on becoming tutor in the family of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Bute" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl of Bute">Earl of Bute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Essay95_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay95-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xvi">: xvi </span></sup> In 1759 Ferguson became professor of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>, and in 1764 transferred to the chair of "pneumatics" (<a href="/wiki/Mental_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental philosophy">mental philosophy</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">moral philosophy</a>. </p><p>In 1767, he published his <i><a href="/wiki/Essay_on_the_History_of_Civil_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Essay on the History of Civil Society">Essay on the History of Civil Society</a></i>, which was well received and translated into several <a href="/wiki/European_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European languages">European languages</a>. In the mid-1770s he travelled again to the <a href="/wiki/European_mainland" class="mw-redirect" title="European mainland">Continent</a> and met <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>. His membership of <a href="/wiki/The_Poker_Club" title="The Poker Club">The Poker Club</a> is recorded in its minute book of 1776. </p><p>In 1776, appeared his anonymous pamphlet on the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> in opposition to Dr <a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Richard Price</a>'s <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Observations_on_the_Nature_of_Civil_Liberty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty (page does not exist)">Observations on the Nature of Civil Liberty</a></i>, in which he sympathised with the views of the <a href="/wiki/British_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="British legislature">British legislature</a>. In 1778 Ferguson was appointed secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a> which endeavoured, but without success, to negotiate an arrangement with the revolted colonies. </p><p>In 1780, he wrote the article "History" for the second edition of <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article is 40 pages long and replaced the article in the first edition, which was only one paragraph. </p><p>In 1783, appeared his <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Progress_and_Termination_of_the_Roman_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic (page does not exist)">History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic</a></i>, it became very popular and went through several editions. Ferguson believed that the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Roman Republic">history of the Roman Republic</a> during the period of their greatness formed a practical illustration of those ethical and political doctrines which he studied especially. The history reads well and impartially, and displays conscientious use of sources. The influence of the author's military experience shows itself in certain portions of the narrative. Tired of teaching, he resigned his professorship in 1785, and devoted himself to the revision of his lectures, which he published (1792) under the title of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Moral_and_Political_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principles of Moral and Political Science (page does not exist)">Principles of Moral and Political Science</a></i>. </p><p>In his seventieth year, Ferguson, intending to prepare a new edition of the history, visited <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and some of the principal cities of Europe, where he was received with honour by <a href="/wiki/Learned_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Learned societies">learned societies</a>. From 1795 he resided successively at <a href="/wiki/Neidpath_Castle" title="Neidpath Castle">Neidpath Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Peebles" title="Peebles">Peebles</a>, at Hallyards on <a href="/wiki/Manor_Water" title="Manor Water">Manor Water</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, where he died on 22 February 1816. He is buried in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">St Andrews Cathedral</a>, against the east wall. His large mural monument includes a carved profile portrait in marble. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethics">Ethics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his <a href="/wiki/Ethical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical system">ethical system</a> Ferguson treats man as a social being, illustrating his doctrines by political examples. As a believer in the progression of the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human race</a>, he placed the principle of moral approbation in the attainment of perfection. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Victor Cousin</a> criticised Ferguson's speculations (see his <i>Cours d'histoire de la philosophie morale an dix-huitième siècle</i>, pt. II., 1839–1840): </p> <blockquote><p>We find in his method the wisdom and circumspection of the Scottish school, with something more masculine and decisive in the results. The principle of perfection is a new one, at once more rational and comprehensive than benevolence and sympathy, which in our view places Ferguson as a moralist above all his predecessors.</p></blockquote> <p>By this principle Ferguson attempted to reconcile all moral systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a> he admits the power of self-interest or utility, and makes it enter into morals as the law of self-preservation. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Francis Hutcheson</a>'s theory of universal benevolence and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>'s idea of mutual sympathy (now <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathy</a>) he combines under the law of society. But, as these laws appear as the means rather than the end of human destiny, they remain subordinate to a supreme end, and the supreme end of perfection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the political part of his system Ferguson follows <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_Baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, and pleads the cause of well-regulated <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and free <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>. His contemporaries, with the exception of Hume, regarded his writings as of great importance (see <a href="/wiki/Sir_Leslie_Stephen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Leslie Stephen">Sir Leslie Stephen</a>, <i>English Thought in the Eighteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p. 214). Ferguson shared his republican contemporaries' fear that imperial expansion would undermine the liberty of a state, but he saw representative institutions as a solution to the dangers posed by an expanding state.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defended the British Empire, but argued that political representation was key to prevent it from becoming tyrannical.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_thought">Social thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ferguson's <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_History_of_Civil_Society" title="An Essay on the History of Civil Society">An Essay on the History of Civil Society</a></i> (1767) drew on classical authors and contemporary travel literature, to analyze modern commercial society with a critique of its abandonment of civic and communal virtues. Central themes in Ferguson's theory of citizenship are conflict, play, political participation and military valor. He emphasized the ability to put oneself in another's shoes, saying "fellow-feeling" was so much an "appurtenance of human nature" as to be a "characteristic of the species." Like his friends <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> as well as other Scottish intellectuals, he stressed the importance of the spontaneous order; that is, that coherent and even effective outcomes might result from the uncoordinated actions of many individuals. </p><p>Ferguson saw history as a two-tiered synthesis of natural history and social history, to which all humans belong. Natural history is created by <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>; so are humans, who are progressive. Social history is, in accordance with this natural progress, made by humans, and because of that factor it experiences occasional setbacks. But in general, humans are empowered by God to pursue progress in social history. Humans live not for themselves but for God's providential plan. He emphasized aspects of medieval <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> as ideal <a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a> characteristics. British gentleman and young men were advised to dispense with aspects of politeness considered too <a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">feminine</a>, such as the constant desire to please, and to adopt less superficial qualities that suggested inner <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Courtesy" title="Courtesy">courtesy</a> toward the 'fairer sex.'<sup id="cite_ref-Kettler,_1965_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettler,_1965-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferguson was a leading advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Progress">Idea of Progress</a>. He believed that the growth of a commercial society through the pursuit of individual self-interest could promote a self-sustaining progress. Yet paradoxically Ferguson also believed that such commercial growth could foster a decline in virtue and thus ultimately lead to a collapse similar to Rome's. Ferguson, a devout <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Presbyterian</a>, resolved the apparent paradox by placing both developments in the context of a divinely ordained plan that mandated both progress and human free will. For Ferguson, the knowledge that humanity gains through its actions, even those actions resulting in temporary retrogression, form an intrinsic part of its progressive, asymptotic movement toward an ultimately unobtainable perfectibility.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferguson was influenced by classical humanism and such writers as <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>. The fellow members of Edinburgh's <a href="/wiki/The_Select_Society" title="The Select Society">Select Society</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, were also major influences. Ferguson believed that civilization is largely about laws that restrict our independence as individuals but provide liberty in the sense of security and justice. He warned that social chaos usually leads to despotism. The members of civil society give up their liberty-as-autonomy, which savages possess, in exchange for liberty-as-security, or civil liberty. <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> used a similar argument.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettler,_1965_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettler,_1965-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Smith emphasized <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> as the driver of growth, but Ferguson suggested innovation and technical advance were more important, and he is therefore in some ways more in line with modern thinking. According to Smith, commerce tends to make men 'dastardly'. This foreshadows a theme Ferguson, borrowing freely from Smith, took up to criticize capitalism. Ferguson's critique of commercial society went far beyond that of Smith, and influenced <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a> and Marx.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettler,_1965_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettler,_1965-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0057669c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Adam Ferguson, previously working as a professor at the University of Edinburgh, became heavily involved in the American War of Independence, especially when asked to join the Carlisle commission which went to America in order to negotiate an agreement with Washington and the American congress. Once in America, Ferguson was appointed secretary of the commission. As this letter states, Ferguson was denied a passport and Washington was wary to make any decisions without the consent of congress beforehand. Ultimately, congress continued to ignore or deny requests from the commission until the party finally returned to Britain later that year. The letter is signed June 9: 1778, three days after the commission arrived in America." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/0057669c.jpg/220px-0057669c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/0057669c.jpg/330px-0057669c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/0057669c.jpg/440px-0057669c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Letter from George Washington to Doctor Adam Ferguson about the state of Sir Henry Clinton's request for a passport on his behalf. June 9, 1778</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Essay</i> has been seen as an innovative attempt to reclaim the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Civic_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic republicanism">civic republican</a> citizenship in modern Britain, and an influence on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a> held by the <a href="/wiki/American_Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="American Founding Fathers">American Founding Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kettler,_1965_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettler,_1965-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He married Katherine Burnett in 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferguson was first cousin, close friend and colleague to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black M.D</a> and Katie Burnett was Black's niece.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They produced seven children the eldest <a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson_(British_Army_officer)" title="Adam Ferguson (British Army officer)">Adam Ferguson (British Army officer)</a> close friend to Sir Walter Scott, followed by James, Joseph, John, Isabella, Mary and Margaret.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John (<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_MacPherson_Ferguson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John MacPherson Ferguson (page does not exist)">John MacPherson Ferguson</a>) was a Rear Admiral in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferguson suffered an attack of <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a> in 1780 but fully recovered and became a <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferguson also abstained from alcoholic drink. He did not dine out unless with his first cousin and great friend Joseph Black.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_works">Main works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Main works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-04uAAAAYAAJ&q=adam+ferguson">An Essay on the History of Civil Society</a></i> (1767)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Reprinted in 1995 with a new introduction by Louis Schneider. Transaction Publishers, London, 1995.</li></ul></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyprogress09ferggoog">The History of the Progress and Termination of the Roman Republic</a></i> (1783)</li> <li><i>Principles of Moral and Political Science; being chiefly a retrospect of lectures delivered in the College of Edinburgh</i> (1792)<sup id="cite_ref-Essay95_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Essay95-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxviii">: xxviii </span></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ucUAAAAQAAJ&q=ferguson+%22institutes+of+moral+philosophy%22">Institutes of Moral Philosophy</a></i> (1769)</li> <li><i>Reflections Previous to the Establishment of a Militia</i> (1756)<sup id="cite_ref-Hamowy2006_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamowy2006-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Selections from the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense</i>, ed. by G. A. Johnston (1915), essays by Thomas Reid, Adam Ferguson, James Beattie, and Dugald Stewart (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=2044&Itemid=28">online version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603161133/http://oll.libertyfund.org/index.php?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle%3D2044&Itemid=28">Archived</a> 3 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jamesboswell.info/biography/adam-ferguson-philosopher-historian">"Adam Ferguson - Philosopher and Historian | James Boswell"</a>. <i>www.jamesboswell.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jamesboswell.info&rft.atitle=Adam+Ferguson+-+Philosopher+and+Historian+%7C+James+Boswell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamesboswell.info%2Fbiography%2Fadam-ferguson-philosopher-historian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1917" class="citation journal cs1">Barnes, Harry E. (September 1917). "Sociology Before Comte: A Summary of Doctrines and an Introduction to the Literature". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F212733">10.1086/212733</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2763534">2763534</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143916665">143916665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Sociology+Before+Comte%3A+A+Summary+of+Doctrines+and+an+Introduction+to+the+Literature&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=234&rft.date=1917-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143916665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2763534%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F212733&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Harry+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillcoxArnstein,_Walter_L.1966" class="citation book cs1">Willcox, William Bradford; Arnstein, Walter L. (1966). <i>The Age of Aristocracy, 1688 to 1830</i>. Volume III of A History of England, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith (Sixth Edition, 1992 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington, MA">Lexington, MA</a>. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0669244597" title="Special:BookSources/0669244597"><bdi>0669244597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Aristocracy%2C+1688+to+1830&rft.place=Lexington%2C+MA&rft.pages=133&rft.edition=Sixth+Edition%2C+1992&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0669244597&rft.aulast=Willcox&rft.aufirst=William+Bradford&rft.au=Arnstein%2C+Walter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waterston-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Waterston_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterstonMacmillan_Shearer2006" class="citation book cs1">Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061004113545/http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002: Biographical Index</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Society of Edinburgh">The Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0902198845" title="Special:BookSources/978-0902198845"><bdi>978-0902198845</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rse.org.uk/fellowship/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002%3A+Biographical+Index&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0902198845&rft.aulast=Waterston&rft.aufirst=Charles+D&rft.au=Macmillan+Shearer%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rse.org.uk%2Ffellowship%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blaikie, Andrew (2013), <i>The Scots Imagination and Modern Memory</i>, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, p. 35, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748617876" title="Special:BookSources/9780748617876">9780748617876</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Essay95-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Essay95_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Essay95_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam1995" class="citation book cs1">Adam, Ferguson (1995). Fania Oz-Saltberger (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anessayonhistor00ferggoog"><i>An Essay on the History of Civil Society</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521447364" title="Special:BookSources/0521447364"><bdi>0521447364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+the+History+of+Civil+Society&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0521447364&rft.aulast=Adam&rft.aufirst=Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanessayonhistor00ferggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/204623/Adam-Ferguson">"Adam Ferguson | Scottish philosopher"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. 16 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Adam+Ferguson+%26%23124%3B+Scottish+philosopher&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F204623%2FAdam-Ferguson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeng2022" class="citation journal cs1">Zeng, Elena Yi-Jia (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01916599.2022.2040045">"Empire and Liberty in Adam Ferguson's Republicanism"</a>. <i>History of European Ideas</i>. <b>48</b> (7): 909–929. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01916599.2022.2040045">10.1080/01916599.2022.2040045</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-6599">0191-6599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246985898">246985898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+European+Ideas&rft.atitle=Empire+and+Liberty+in+Adam+Ferguson%27s+Republicanism&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=909-929&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246985898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0191-6599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01916599.2022.2040045&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Elena+Yi-Jia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F01916599.2022.2040045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kettler,_1965-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kettler,_1965_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettler,_1965_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettler,_1965_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettler,_1965_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kettler, <i>The Social and Political Thought of Adam Ferguson</i> (1965)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman, A., The Scottish Enlightenment, Harper Perennial</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of The Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/090219884X" title="Special:BookSources/090219884X"><bdi>090219884X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+The+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=090219884X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Records of the Clan and Name Ferguson 1895 p. 138 note. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Records of the clan and name of Fergusson by D Douglas 1895 p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkes peerage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Ferguson. (1905). <i>The Ferguson Family: In Scotland and America</i>. The Times Presses. p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oz-Salzberger, Fania. (2001). <i>Ferguson: An Essay on the History of Civil Society</i>. p. 28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521447364" title="Special:BookSources/0521447364">0521447364</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Edgar. (1970). <i>Sir Walter Scott: 1771–1821</i>. Hamish Hamilton. p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson,_Adam1768" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Adam (1768). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rVaAAAAcAAJ&dq=an+essay+on+the+civil+society+adam&pg=PP5"><i>An Essay on the History of Civil Society</i></a> (2nd ed.). London and Edinburgh: A. Millar and T. Cadell, A. Kincaid and J. Bell – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+the+History+of+Civil+Society&rft.place=London+and+Edinburgh&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=A.+Millar+and+T.+Cadell%2C+A.+Kincaid+and+J.+Bell&rft.date=1768&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rVaAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3Dan%2Bessay%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bcivil%2Bsociety%2Badam%26pg%3DPP5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamowy2006-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamowy2006_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamowy2006" class="citation book cs1">Hamowy, Ronald (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/1727/81740"><i>Scottish Thought and the American Revolution: Adam Ferguson's Response to Richard Price</i></a>. (David Womersely, ed., Liberty and American Experience in the Eighteenth Century). Liberty Fund. pp. Chapter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scottish+Thought+and+the+American+Revolution%3A+Adam+Ferguson%27s+Response+to+Richard+Price&rft.series=%28David+Womersely%2C+ed.%2C+Liberty+and+American+Experience+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%29&rft.pages=Chapter&rft.pub=Liberty+Fund&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hamowy&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitle%2F1727%2F81740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ferguson,_Adam" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ferguson, Adam">Ferguson, Adam</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 271.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferguson%2C+Adam&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=271&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousin1910" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Cousin" title="John William Cousin">Cousin, John William</a> (1910). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature" title="A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature">A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature</a></i>. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+Biographical+Dictionary+of+English+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26amp%3B+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Cousin&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Articles in <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamowy2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (2008). "Ferguson, Adam (1723–1816)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 176–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n107">10.4135/9781412965811.n107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ferguson%2C+Adam+%281723%E2%80%931816%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n107&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Hamowy&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamowy,_Ronald1969" class="citation thesis cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (1969). <i>The social and political philosophy of Adam Ferguson : a commentary on his Essay on the history of civil society</i> (PhD). University of Chicago. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22572105">22572105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+social+and+political+philosophy+of+Adam+Ferguson+%3A+a+commentary+on+his+Essay+on+the+history+of+civil+society&rft.inst=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22572105&rft.au=Hamowy%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdam+Ferguson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hill_(political_scientist)" title="Lisa Hill (political scientist)">Hill, Lisa</a>. "Adam Ferguson and the Paradox of Progress and Decline," <i>History of Political Thought</i> 1997 18(4): 677–706</li> <li>Kettler, David <i>Adam Ferguson: His Social and Political Thought.</i> New Brunswick: Transaction, 2005.</li> <li>McDaniel, Iain. <i>Adam Ferguson in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Roman Past and Europe's Future</i> (Harvard University Press; 2013) 276 pages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McCosh" title="James McCosh">McCosh, James</a>, <i>The Scottish philosophy, biographical, expository, critical, from Hutcheson to Hamilton</i> (1875)</li> <li>Oz-Salzberger, Fania. "Introduction" in <i>Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society,</i> edited by F. Oz-Salzberger, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995</li> <li>Oz-Salzberger, Fania. <i>Translating the Enlightenment: Scottish Civic Discourse in Eighteenth-Century Germany,</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995)</li> <li>Vileisis, Danga: <i>Der unbekannte Beitrag Adam Fergusons zum materialistischen Geschichtsverständnis von <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></i>. In: <i>Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung. Neue Folge 2009</i>. Argument Verlag, Hamburg 2010, S. 7–60 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3886196692" title="Special:BookSources/978-3886196692">978-3886196692</a></li> <li>"Adam Ferguson" <i><a href="/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> 1998</li> <li>Waszek, Norbert & Hauck, Eveline. "”In the human kind, the species has a progress as well as the individual”: Adam Ferguson on the progress of “mankind”", in: <i>Humankind and Humanity in the Philosophy of the Enlightenment</i>, ed. by Stefanie Buchenau & Ansgar Lyssy, London, Bloomsbury, 2023, p. 115-130.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Ferguson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Broadie, Alexander, ed. <i>The Scottish Enlightenment: An Anthology</i> (2001).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:6379/datastream/PDF/view">Reconsidering the Highland roots of Adam Ferguson by Denise Testa 2007.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2831">Works by Adam Ferguson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ferguson%2C%20Adam%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Adam%20Ferguson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ferguson%2C%20Adam%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Adam%20Ferguson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ferguson%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Adam%20Ferguson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ferguson%2C%20Adam%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Adam%20Ferguson%22%29%20OR%20%28%221723-1816%22%20AND%20Ferguson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Adam Ferguson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509201627/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/ferguson/civil.html"><i>An Essay on the History of Civil 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template talk:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Age of Enlightenment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Age_of_Enlightenment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_during_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopédistes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8res" title="Lumières">Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesian_doubt" title="Cartesian doubt">Methodological skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">Rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">Reductionism</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Sapere_aude" title="Sapere aude">Sapere aude</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Science in the Age of Enlightenment">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_Enlightenment" title="Spanish American Enlightenment">Spanish America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universality_(philosophy)" title="Universality (philosophy)">Universality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopianism">Utopianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Addison" title="Joseph Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_3rd_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley-Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Collins_(philosopher)" title="Anthony Collins (philosopher)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Price" title="Richard Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tindal" title="Matthew Tindal">Tindal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d%27Argenson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Louis de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson">d'Argenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Bayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Chamfort" title="Nicolas Chamfort">Chamfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet" title="Émilie du Châtelet">Châtelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bonnot_de_Condillac" title="Étienne Bonnot de Condillac">Condillac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Le_Bovier_de_Fontenelle" title="Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle">Fontenelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Jaucourt" title="Louis de Jaucourt">Jaucourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julien_Offray_de_La_Mettrie" title="Julien Offray de La Mettrie">La Mettrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Mably</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Morelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Thomas_Fran%C3%A7ois_Raynal" title="Guillaume Thomas François Raynal">Raynal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geneva</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Abauzit" title="Firmin Abauzit">Abauzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonnet" title="Charles Bonnet">Bonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Burlamaqui" title="Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui">Burlamaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pr%C3%A9vost_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Prévost (physicist)">Prévost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" title="Horace Bénédict de Saussure">Saussure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Christoph_Lichtenberg" title="Georg Christoph Lichtenberg">Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendelssohn" title="Moses Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Thomasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Wieland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(philosopher)" title="Christian Wolff (philosopher)">Wolff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_Enlightenment" title="Modern Greek Enlightenment">Greece</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoklitos_Farmakidis" title="Theoklitos Farmakidis">Farmakidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigas_Feraios" title="Rigas Feraios">Feraios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_Kairis" title="Theophilos Kairis">Kairis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">Toland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Enlightenment" title="Italian Enlightenment">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Genovesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Pagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Verri" title="Pietro Verri">Verri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Bekker" title="Balthasar Bekker">Bekker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_de_la_Court" title="Pieter de la Court">de la Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Koerbagh" title="Adriaan Koerbagh">Koerbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mandeville" title="Bernard Mandeville">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodewijk_Meyer" title="Lodewijk Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Nieuwentyt" title="Bernard Nieuwentyt">Nieuwentyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Swammerdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Konarski" title="Stanisław Konarski">Konarski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Niemcewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_%C5%9Aniadecki" title="Jędrzej Śniadecki">Śniadecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Staszic" title="Stanisław Staszic">Staszic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Wybicki" title="Józef Wybicki">Wybicki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_de_Carvalho_e_Melo,_1st_Marquis_of_Pombal" title="Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal">Carvalho e Melo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Budai-Deleanu" title="Ion Budai-Deleanu">Budai-Deleanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Maior" title="Petru Maior">Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuil_Micu-Klein" title="Samuil Micu-Klein">Micu-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_%C8%98incai" title="Gheorghe Șincai">Șincai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Enlightenment" title="Russian Enlightenment">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Fonvizin" title="Denis Fonvizin">Fonvizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_Kantemir" title="Antiochus Kantemir">Kantemir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kheraskov" title="Mikhail Kheraskov">Kheraskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Novikov" title="Nikolay Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Radishchev" title="Alexander Radishchev">Radishchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Vorontsova-Dashkova" title="Yekaterina Vorontsova-Dashkova">Vorontsova-Dashkova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dositej_Obradovi%C4%87" title="Dositej Obradović">Obradović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Mrazović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cadalso" title="José Cadalso">Cadalso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Feij%C3%B3o_y_Montenegro" title="Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro">Feijóo y Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandro_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Morat%C3%ADn" title="Leandro Fernández de Moratín">Moratín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Melchor_de_Jovellanos" title="Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos">Jovellanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Torres_Villarroel" title="Diego de Torres Villarroel">Villarroel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)" title="James Beattie (poet)">Beattie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair" title="Hugh Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Boswell" title="James Boswell">Boswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnett,_Lord_Monboddo" title="James Burnett, Lord Monboddo">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen" title="William Cullen">Cullen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reid" title="Thomas Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Stewart" title="Dugald Stewart">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism">Romanticism</a> →</b></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183094#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183094#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183094#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010898732X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49279367">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4434151051949833530006">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37570/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjGMMMmfVw8fdYX3rGBdHy">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118686798">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79065503">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122381269">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122381269">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00521601">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ferguson, Adam"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV064456">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35080948">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990002225&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1051668">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/113751">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068349092">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034564&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000157463">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=152450">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx144m4099qkwj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810583036905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/98726">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007297461605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519161906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13966605">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00825245?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/0b1f57f5-2907-40fb-9d68-a19cf2e58279">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/820744">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118686798.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118686798">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ferguson, Adam (1723-1816)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030629470">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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