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<li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Colonial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>German administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australian_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australian_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Australian administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australian_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_agreement_and_autonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_agreement_and_autonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Peace agreement and autonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_agreement_and_autonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Independence referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2019_independence_referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019_independence_referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2019 independence referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019_independence_referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts_and_Local_Level_Government_Areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts_and_Local_Level_Government_Areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Districts and Local Level Government Areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts_and_Local_Level_Government_Areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>National symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autonomous Region of Bougainville</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_(Provinz)" title="Bougainville (Provinz) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bougainville (Provinz)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85" title="منطقة بوغانفيل ذاتية الحكم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطقة بوغانفيل ذاتية الحكم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugenvil_muxtar_%C9%99razisi" title="Bugenvil muxtar ərazisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bugenvil muxtar ərazisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="বুগেনভিল স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুগেনভিল স্বায়ত্তশাসিত অঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_Ch%C5%AB-t%C4%AB-khu" title="Bougainville Chū-tī-khu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bougainville Chū-tī-khu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtonomong_Rehiyon_kan_Bougainville" title="Awtonomong Rehiyon kan Bougainville – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Awtonomong Rehiyon kan Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Автономен регион Бугенвил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автономен регион Бугенвил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannvro_emren_Bougainville" title="Rannvro emren Bougainville – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rannvro emren Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Bougainville" title="Regió Autònoma de Bougainville – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regió Autònoma de Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_(lalawigan)" title="Bougainville (lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bougainville (lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomn%C3%AD_%C3%BAzem%C3%AD_Bougainville" title="Autonomní území Bougainville – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Autonomní území Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhanbarth_Ymreolaethol_Bougainville" title="Rhanbarth Ymreolaethol Bougainville – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhanbarth Ymreolaethol Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_(autonome_Region)" title="Bougainville (autonome Region) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bougainville (autonome Region)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville%27i_autonoomne_piirkond" title="Bougainville'i autonoomne piirkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bougainville'i autonoomne piirkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7_%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%86%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BB" title="Αυτόνομη Περιφέρεια του Μπουγκαινβίλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτόνομη Περιφέρεια του Μπουγκαινβίλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_aut%C3%B3noma_de_Bougainville" title="Región autónoma de Bougainville – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Región autónoma de Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainvilleko_Eskualde_Autonomoa" title="Bougainvilleko Eskualde Autonomoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bougainvilleko Eskualde Autonomoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="منطقه خودمختار بوگن‌ویل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطقه خودمختار بوگن‌ویل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gion_autonome_de_Bougainville" title="Région autonome de Bougainville – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Région autonome de Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rexi%C3%B3n_Aut%C3%B3noma_de_Bougainville" title="Rexión Autónoma de Bougainville – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rexión Autónoma de Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EA%B1%B4%EB%B9%8C_%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%98%EC%A3%BC" title="부건빌 자치주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부건빌 자치주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville" title="Bougainville – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agwaywayas_a_Rehion_ti_Bougainville" title="Agwaywayas a Rehion ti Bougainville – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Agwaywayas a Rehion ti Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Otonom_Bougainville" title="Daerah Otonom Bougainville – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daerah Otonom Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville" title="Bougainville – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regione_autonoma_di_Bougainville" title="Regione autonoma di Bougainville – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regione autonoma di Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C" title="האזור האוטונומי של בוגנוויל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האזור האוטונומי של בוגנוויל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბუგენვილის ავტონომიური რეგიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუგენვილის ავტონომიური რეგიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugenvilas_autonomais_re%C4%A3ions" title="Bugenvilas autonomais reģions – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bugenvilas autonomais reģions" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugenvilio_autonominis_regionas" title="Bugenvilio autonominis regionas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bugenvilio autonominis regionas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_(P%C3%A1pua_%C3%9Aj-Guinea)" title="Bougainville (Pápua Új-Guinea) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bougainville (Pápua Új-Guinea)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бугенвил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бугенвил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasan_Berautonomi_Bougainville" title="Kawasan Berautonomi Bougainville – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kawasan Berautonomi Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB%E5%B7%9E" title="ブーゲンビル州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブーゲンビル州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_(Autonoom_Regiuun)" title="Bougainville (Autonoom Regiuun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bougainville (Autonoom Regiuun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_(autonom_region)" title="Bougainville (autonom region) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bougainville (autonom region)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville" title="Bougainville – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="صوبہ بوگنولیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صوبہ بوگنولیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogenvil" title="Bogenvil – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bogenvil" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_(prowincja)" title="Bougainville (prowincja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bougainville (prowincja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_Aut%C3%B4noma_de_Bougainville" title="Região Autônoma de Bougainville – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Região Autônoma de Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автономный регион Бугенвиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автономный регион Бугенвиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Autonomous Region of Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Аутономна покрајина Богенвил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутономна покрајина Богенвил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainvillen_autonominen_alue" title="Bougainvillen autonominen alue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bougainvillen autonominen alue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="போகன்வில் தன்னாட்சிப் பகுதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போகன்வில் தன்னாட்சிப் பகுதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="เขตปกครองตนเองบูเกนวิลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เขตปกครองตนเองบูเกนวิลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_%C3%96zerk_B%C3%B6lgesi" title="Bougainville Özerk Bölgesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bougainville Özerk Bölgesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Автономний регіон Бугенвіль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автономний регіон Бугенвіль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_t%E1%BB%B1_tr%E1%BB%8B_Bougainville" title="Khu tự trị Bougainville – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khu tự trị Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomo_nga_Rehiyon_han_Bougainville" title="Autonomo nga Rehiyon han Bougainville – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Autonomo nga Rehiyon han Bougainville" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="布干维尔自治区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布干维尔自治区" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8C%BA" title="布干维尔自治区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布干维尔自治区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q18826#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Autonomous region of Papua New Guinea</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Autonomous region of Papua New Guinea</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bougainville</div><div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname"><i>Bogenvil</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Bougainville_Government" title="Autonomous Bougainville Government">Autonomous region of Papua New Guinea</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-pol-div-official-below"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Autonomous Region of Bougainville<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>Otonomos Region bilong Bogenvil</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Bougainville.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Bougainville"><img alt="Flag of Bougainville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Bougainville.svg/100px-Flag_of_Bougainville.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Bougainville.svg/150px-Flag_of_Bougainville.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Bougainville.svg/200px-Flag_of_Bougainville.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bougainville" title="Flag of Bougainville">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Bougainville"><img alt="Official seal of Bougainville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg/125px-Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg/188px-Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg/250px-Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="340" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bougainville" title="Emblem of Bougainville">Emblem</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto</b>: <div class="ib-pol-div-motto nickname">"Peace, Unity, Prosperity"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Anthem</b>: "<a href="/wiki/My_Bougainville" title="My Bougainville">My Bougainville</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bougainville_in_Papua_New_Guinea_(special_marker).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location within Papua New Guinea"><img alt="Location within Papua New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bougainville_in_Papua_New_Guinea_%28special_marker%29.svg/250px-Bougainville_in_Papua_New_Guinea_%28special_marker%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bougainville_in_Papua_New_Guinea_%28special_marker%29.svg/375px-Bougainville_in_Papua_New_Guinea_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bougainville_in_Papua_New_Guinea_%28special_marker%29.svg/500px-Bougainville_in_Papua_New_Guinea_%28special_marker%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2280" data-file-height="1370" /></a></span><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Location within Papua New Guinea</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Autonomy</th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 2002</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/2019_Bougainvillean_independence_referendum" title="2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum">Voted for independence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 December 2019</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Buka,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buka, Papua New Guinea">Buka</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&params=6_0_S_155_0_E_region:PG-NSB_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">6°0′S</span> <span class="longitude">155°0′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">6.000°S 155.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-6.000; 155.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arawa,_Bougainville" title="Arawa, Bougainville">Arawa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a><br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Regional languages</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Askopan_language" title="Askopan language">Askopan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bannoni_language" title="Bannoni language">Bannoni</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Daantanai%CA%BC_language" title="Daantanaiʼ language">Daantanaiʼ</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hahon_language" title="Hahon language">Hahon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hak%C3%B6_language" title="Hakö language">Hakö</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Halia_language" title="Halia language">Halia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Koromira_language" title="Koromira language">Koromira</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Lawunuia_language" title="Lawunuia language">Lawunuia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Naasioi_language" title="Naasioi language">Naasioi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nagovisi_language" title="Nagovisi language">Nagovisi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Nehan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_language" title="Nukumanu language">Nukumanu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nukuria_language" title="Nukuria language">Nukuria</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ounge_language" title="Ounge language">Ounge</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Papapana_language" title="Papapana language">Papapana</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ramopa_language" title="Ramopa language">Ramopa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rapoisi_language" title="Rapoisi language">Rapoisi</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rotokas_language" title="Rotokas language">Rotokas</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Saposa_language" title="Saposa language">Saposa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Simeku_language" title="Simeku language">Simeku</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Siwai_language" title="Siwai language">Siwai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Solos_language" title="Solos language">Solos</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Teop_language" title="Teop language">Teop</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Terei_language" title="Terei language">Terei</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tinputz_language" title="Tinputz language">Tinputz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Torau_language" title="Torau language">Torau</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Uisai_language" title="Uisai language">Uisai</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bougainvillean</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Toroama" title="Ishmael Toroama">Ishmael Toroama</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Vice-President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Vice-President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Nisira" title="Patrick Nisira">Patrick Nisira</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_House_of_Representatives" title="Bougainville House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bougainville" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Bougainville">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,384 km<sup>2</sup> (3,623 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bougainville" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Bougainville">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2019 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">≈300,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">26.5/km<sup>2</sup> (68.6/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(2019)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.595<sup id="cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_kina" title="Papua New Guinean kina">Papua New Guinean kina</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">PGK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:00" title="UTC+11:00">UTC+11:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B11:00#Oceania" title="UTC+11:00">Bougainville Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right-_and_left-hand_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Right- and left-hand traffic">left</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B675" class="mw-redirect" title="+675">+675</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">PG-NSB</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bougainville</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BOH</span>-gən-vil</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a>: <i>Bogenvil</i><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), officially the <b>Autonomous Region of Bougainville</b><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Tok Pisin: <i>Otonomos Region bilong Bogenvil</i>), is an <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Provinces of Papua New Guinea">autonomous region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. The largest island is <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a>, while the region also includes <a href="/wiki/Buka_Island" title="Buka Island">Buka Island</a> and a number of outlying islands and atolls. The current capital is <a href="/wiki/Buka,_Bougainville" title="Buka, Bougainville">Buka</a>, situated on Buka Island. </p><p>In 2011, the region had an estimated population of 250,000. The <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Bougainville is <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a>, while a variety of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">non-Austronesian languages</a> are also spoken. The region includes several <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_outlier" title="Polynesian outlier">Polynesian outliers</a> where <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian language">Polynesian languages</a> are spoken. Geographically the islands of Bougainville and Buka form part of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands archipelago</a>, but are politically separate from the independent country of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>. Historically, Bougainville and Buka, together with the islands of Choiseul, Santa Isabel, the Shortlands and Ontong Java, which are all now part of the country of Solomon Islands, formed the German Solomon Islands Protectorate, the geographical area later being referred to as the <a href="/wiki/North_Solomon_Islands" title="North Solomon Islands">North Solomon Islands</a>. </p><p>Bougainville has been inhabited by humans for at least 29,000 years. During the colonial period the region was occupied and administered by the Germans, Australians, Japanese, and Americans for various periods. The name of the region originates from French admiral <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville" title="Louis Antoine de Bougainville">Louis Antoine de Bougainville</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who reached it in 1768. </p><p>Bougainvillean separatism dates to the 1960s, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_North_Solomons" title="Republic of the North Solomons">Republic of the North Solomons</a> was declared shortly before the independence of Papua New Guinea in 1975; it was subsumed into Papua New Guinea the following year. Conflict over the <a href="/wiki/Panguna_mine" title="Panguna mine">Panguna mine</a> became the primary trigger for the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Civil War">Bougainville Civil War</a> (1988–1998), which resulted in the deaths of up to 20,000 people. A peace agreement resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Bougainville_Government" title="Autonomous Bougainville Government">Autonomous Bougainville Government</a>. </p><p>In late 2019, a non-binding <a href="/wiki/2019_Bougainvillean_independence_referendum" title="2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum">independence referendum</a> was held with 98% voting for independence rather than continued autonomy within Papua New Guinea. As a result, the regional authorities intend to become independent between 2025 and 2027, pending ratification by the Papua New Guinean government. If ratified, the capital may relocate from Buka back to the previous location of <a href="/wiki/Arawa,_Bougainville" title="Arawa, Bougainville">Arawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-postcourier.com.pg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postcourier.com.pg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-interpreter_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interpreter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bougainville" title="History of Bougainville">History of Bougainville</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfahlhaus-Nachbau_Toborei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Pfahlhaus-Nachbau_Toborei.jpg/220px-Pfahlhaus-Nachbau_Toborei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Pfahlhaus-Nachbau_Toborei.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>Replica of a traditional stake-house built by men from Toboroi, Bougainville Island</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bougainville has been inhabited by humans for at least 29,000 years, according to evidence obtained from <a href="/wiki/Kilu_Cave" title="Kilu Cave">Kilu Cave</a> on Buka Island.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until about 10,000 years ago, during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, there was a single island referred to as "Greater Bougainville" that spanned from the northern tip of Buka Island to the <a href="/wiki/Nggela_Islands" title="Nggela Islands">Nggela Islands</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpriggs20052–4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpriggs20052–4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first inhabitants of Bougainville were <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Melanesians</a> who presumably arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpriggs20055_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpriggs20055-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 3,000 years ago, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a> brought the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> to the islands,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpriggs200518_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpriggs200518-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introducing pottery, agriculture, and domesticated animals such as pigs, dogs, and chickens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpriggs20059_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpriggs20059-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Austronesian and <a href="/wiki/East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">non-Austronesian languages</a> are spoken on the islands to this day, however there has been significant mixing between the populations to the point that cultural and genetic differences are no longer correlated with language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpriggs200519_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpriggs200519-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_history">Colonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_hoisting_the_Union_Jack_at_Kieta,_Bougainville,_German_New_Guinea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soldiers_hoisting_the_Union_Jack_at_Kieta%2C_Bougainville%2C_German_New_Guinea.jpg/170px-Soldiers_hoisting_the_Union_Jack_at_Kieta%2C_Bougainville%2C_German_New_Guinea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soldiers_hoisting_the_Union_Jack_at_Kieta%2C_Bougainville%2C_German_New_Guinea.jpg/255px-Soldiers_hoisting_the_Union_Jack_at_Kieta%2C_Bougainville%2C_German_New_Guinea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soldiers_hoisting_the_Union_Jack_at_Kieta%2C_Bougainville%2C_German_New_Guinea.jpg/340px-Soldiers_hoisting_the_Union_Jack_at_Kieta%2C_Bougainville%2C_German_New_Guinea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3804" data-file-height="6610" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers hoisting the Union Jack at <a href="/wiki/Kieta" title="Kieta">Kieta</a>, Bougainville, following their capture of German New Guinea in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Europeans to sight present-day Bougainville were the Dutch explorers <a href="/wiki/Willem_Schouten" title="Willem Schouten">Willem Schouten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Le_Maire" title="Jacob Le Maire">Jacob Le Maire</a>, who glimpsed <a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu Atoll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Island" title="Nissan Island">Nissan Island</a> in 1616. British naval officer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret" title="Philip Carteret">Philip Carteret</a> saw <a href="/wiki/Buka_Island" title="Buka Island">Buka Island</a> in 1767 and also visited <a href="/wiki/Carteret_Islands" title="Carteret Islands">the islands that were later named in his honour</a>. In 1768, French admiral <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Bougainville" title="Louis Antoine de Bougainville">Louis Antoine de Bougainville</a> sailed along the east coast of the island that now bears his name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpriggs200518_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpriggs200518-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_administration">German administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, which had already begun operations in New Guinea, annexed present-day Bougainville in 1886, after agreeing with the United Kingdom to divide the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Solomon Islands archipelago">Solomon Islands archipelago</a> between them.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A German protectorate over the northern islands was established later that year, but the <a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="British Solomon Islands Protectorate">British Solomon Islands Protectorate</a> was not established until 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial boundary between the two territories was much more southerly, with <a href="/wiki/Choiseul_Island" title="Choiseul Island">Choiseul Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Isabel_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Isabel Island">Santa Isabel Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontong_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontong Java">Ontong Java</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shortland_Islands" title="Shortland Islands">Shortland Islands</a>, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Islands">Florida Islands</a> included in the German section. The current boundary between PNG and Solomon Islands is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" title="Tripartite Convention">Tripartite Convention</a> of 1899, which saw those islands ceded to the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin200575_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin200575-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="German Solomon Islands">German Solomon Islands</a> were administered through <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>, although it took almost two decades for an administrative presence to be established. The German administrative station at <a href="/wiki/Kieta" title="Kieta">Kieta</a>, established in 1905, was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Society_of_Mary" title="Missionary Sisters of the Society of Mary">Marist</a> mission, which succeeded in converting a majority of the islanders to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack200584_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack200584-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first fully commercial plantation was established in 1908, but German annexation had little economic impact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESack200585–87_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESack200585–87-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australian_administration">Australian administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australian administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Naval_and_Military_Expeditionary_Force" title="Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force">Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force</a> occupied Bougainville in December 1914, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">Australian occupation of German New Guinea</a>. The 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> established the former colony as a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>, administered by Australia as the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a>. A civilian administration was established in 1920, after which German nationals were deported and their property expropriated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expeditions</a> took place during both the German and Australian administrations, as part of "pacification" programs. The colonial period saw significant changes in the culture of the islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElder2005150_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElder2005150-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:42_Bombardment_Group_-_B-25_Mitchells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/42_Bombardment_Group_-_B-25_Mitchells.jpg/220px-42_Bombardment_Group_-_B-25_Mitchells.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/42_Bombardment_Group_-_B-25_Mitchells.jpg/330px-42_Bombardment_Group_-_B-25_Mitchells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/42_Bombardment_Group_-_B-25_Mitchells.jpg/440px-42_Bombardment_Group_-_B-25_Mitchells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">B-25 Mitchell bombers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Bombardment_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Bombardment Group">42nd Bombardment Group</a> over the Selay Peninsula of Bougainville, 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1942, Bougainville <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Buka_and_Bougainville" title="Invasion of Buka and Bougainville">was invaded by the Japanese</a> in order to provide a support base for the operations elsewhere in the South-West Pacific. The <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Allied counter-invasion</a> resulted in heavy casualties, beginning in 1943, with full control of the islands not re-established until 1945. After the war the Australian government incorporated Bougainville and the rest of the mandate into the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua_and_New_Guinea" title="Territory of Papua and New Guinea">Territory of Papua and New Guinea</a>, the immediate predecessor of present-day Papua New Guinea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Independence_Act_1975" title="Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975">Papua New Guinea gained its independence</a> from Australia in 1975. As Bougainville is rich in <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, a large mine had been established at <a href="/wiki/Panguna" title="Panguna">Panguna</a> in the early 1970s by <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Copper_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Copper Limited">Bougainville Copper Limited</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Tinto Group">Rio Tinto</a>. Disputes by regional residents with the company over adverse environmental impacts, failure to share financial benefits, and negative social changes brought by the mine resulted in a local revival for a <a href="/wiki/Secessionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionist">secessionist</a> movement that had been dormant. Activists proclaimed the independence of Bougainville (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_North_Solomons" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of North Solomons">Republic of North Solomons</a>) in 1975 and in 1990, but both times government forces suppressed the separatists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></div> <p>In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Revolutionary_Army" title="Bougainville Revolutionary Army">Bougainville Revolutionary Army</a> (BRA) increased their activity significantly. Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Rabbie_Namaliu" title="Rabbie Namaliu">Rabbie Namaliu</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Defence_Force" title="Papua New Guinea Defence Force">Papua New Guinea Defence Force</a> (PNGDF) to put down the rebellion, and the conflict escalated into <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Civil War">a civil war</a>. The PNGDF retreated from permanent positions on Bougainville in 1990, but continued military action. The conflict involved pro-independence and loyalist Bougainvillean groups as well as the PNGDF. The war claimed an estimated 15,000 to 20,000 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Julius_Chan" title="Julius Chan">Julius Chan</a> made the controversial move to hire <a href="/wiki/Sandline_International" title="Sandline International">Sandline International</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private military company</a> previously involved in supplying <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a> in the civil war in <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, to put down the rebellion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peace_agreement_and_autonomy">Peace agreement and autonomy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Peace agreement and autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Wewak_during_Operation_Bel_Isi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HMAS_Wewak_during_Operation_Bel_Isi.jpg/220px-HMAS_Wewak_during_Operation_Bel_Isi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HMAS_Wewak_during_Operation_Bel_Isi.jpg/330px-HMAS_Wewak_during_Operation_Bel_Isi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/HMAS_Wewak_during_Operation_Bel_Isi.jpg/440px-HMAS_Wewak_during_Operation_Bel_Isi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Wewak" title="HMAS Wewak">HMAS <i>Wewak</i></a> unloading an Australian Army truck during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bel_Isi" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Bel Isi">Operation Bel Isi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Bougainville conflict ended in 1997 after negotiations brokered by <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. In 2000, A peace agreement was completed and, together with <a href="/wiki/Rotokas_Record" title="Rotokas Record">disarmament</a>, provided for the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Bougainville_Government" title="Autonomous Bougainville Government">Autonomous Bougainville Government</a>. The parties agreed to have a referendum in the future on whether the island should become politically independent.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 July 2005, rebel leader <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ona" title="Francis Ona">Francis Ona</a> died after a short illness. A former surveyor with <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Copper" title="Bougainville Copper">Bougainville Copper</a>, Ona was a key figure in the secessionist conflict and had refused to formally join the island's peace process.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2015, Australia announced it would establish a diplomatic post in Bougainville for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, it cancelled those plans acknowledging that it had not obtained the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Politics of Papua New Guinea">PNG government</a>'s approval.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Independence_referendum">Independence referendum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Independence referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, a non-binding <a href="/wiki/2019_Bougainvillean_independence_referendum" title="2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum">independence referendum</a> was held with 98.3% voting for independence rather than continued autonomy within Papua New Guinea. As a result, the regional authorities intend to become independent between 2025 and 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abg.gov.pg/uploads/documents/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Bougainville_-_FIRST_DRAFT_-_6_May_2024.pdf">draft constitution</a> for a "Republic of Bougainville" was published by the Autonomous Bougainville Government in May 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bougainville region occupies the north of the Solomon archipelago with Bougainville Island, which is the largest island of this group. The border between Papua New Guinea and the nation of <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> lies just south in the middle of a 9 km (5.6 mi) strait that separates it from the <a href="/wiki/Shortland_Islands" title="Shortland Islands">Shortland Islands</a>. </p><p>The island of Buka is north of Bougainville, separated by a narrow strait. The region includes other more or less remote islands and atolls: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Island,_Bougainville.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/White_Island%2C_Bougainville.jpg/300px-White_Island%2C_Bougainville.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/White_Island%2C_Bougainville.jpg/450px-White_Island%2C_Bougainville.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/White_Island%2C_Bougainville.jpg/600px-White_Island%2C_Bougainville.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5601" data-file-height="3723" /></a><figcaption>White Island, Bougainville</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Green_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Islands">Green Islands</a> with its main island <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Island" title="Nissan Island">Nissan</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Carteret_Islands" title="Carteret Islands">Carteret Islands</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu Atoll</a>, a Polynesian outlier;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukumanu_Islands" title="Nukumanu Islands">Nukumanu Atoll</a>, a Polynesian outlier;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Nuguria" title="Nuguria">Nuguria</a> Islands, a Polynesian outlier.</li></ul> <p>The territory constitutes an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean that has an area of 9384 <a href="/wiki/Square_kilometre" title="Square kilometre">square kilometres</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bougainville" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Bougainville">Politics of Bougainville</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg/300px-Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg/400px-Emblem_of_Autonomous_region_of_Bougainville.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="340" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Bougainville_Government" title="Autonomous Bougainville Government">Autonomous Bougainville Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville">President of Bougainville</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Toroama" title="Ishmael Toroama">Ishmael Toroama</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="Vice-President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Vice-President of Bougainville</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Nisira" title="Patrick Nisira">Patrick Nisira</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Executive_Council" title="Bougainville Executive Council">Bougainville Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_House_of_Representatives" title="Bougainville House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bougainville" title="List of political parties in Bougainville">Political parties</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Elections: <a href="/wiki/2005_Bougainvillean_general_election" title="2005 Bougainvillean general election">2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2010_Bougainvillean_general_election" title="2010 Bougainvillean general election">2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2015_Bougainvillean_general_election" title="2015 Bougainvillean general election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Bougainvillean_general_election" title="2020 Bougainvillean general election">2020</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Bougainville" title="Template:Politics of Bougainville"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Bougainville" title="Template talk:Politics of Bougainville"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Bougainville" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Bougainville"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Bougainville_Government" title="Autonomous Bougainville Government">Autonomous Bougainville Government</a></div> <p>Elections for the first autonomous government were held in May and June 2005; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kabui" title="Joseph Kabui">Joseph Kabui</a>, an independence leader, was elected president. He died in office on 6 June 2008. After interim elections to fill the remainder of his term, John Momis was elected as president in 2010 for a five-year term. He supports autonomy within a relationship with the national government of Papua New Guinea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Constitution of Bougainville specifies that the Autonomous Bougainville Government shall consist of three branches:<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Executive: the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville">President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville</a> who chairs the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Executive_Council" title="Bougainville Executive Council">Bougainville Executive Council</a>.</li> <li>Legislative: the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_House_of_Representatives" title="Bougainville House of Representatives">Bougainville House of Representatives</a> (39 elected members and two ex officio members).</li> <li>Judicial: the Bougainville Courts including a Supreme Court and High Court.</li></ul> <p>The capital city is <a href="/wiki/Buka,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buka, Papua New Guinea">Buka</a>, which became the centre of government after <a href="/wiki/Arawa,_Bougainville" title="Arawa, Bougainville">Arawa</a> was damaged during the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Civil War">Bougainville Civil War</a>. The status of Buka is considered temporary, and the government is deciding on the location of a permanent capital.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019_independence_referendum">2019 independence referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2019 independence referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2019_Bougainvillean_independence_referendum" title="2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum">2019 Bougainvillean independence referendum</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" title="President of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Momis" title="John Momis">John Momis</a> confirmed that Bougainville would hold a non-binding <a href="/wiki/Independence_referendum" title="Independence referendum">independence referendum</a> in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The governments of both Bougainville and Papua New Guinea held a two-week referendum period which began on 23 November 2019 and closed on 7 December 2019, which is the final step in the Bougainville Peace Agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The referendum question was a choice between greater autonomy within Papua New Guinea, or full independence. Over 98% of the valid ballots were cast for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ishmael_Toroama" title="Ishmael Toroama">Ishmael Toroama</a>, a former rebel leader, was elected president of Bougainville on 23 September 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Negotiations between Papua New Guinea and Bougainville began on 17 May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Toroama stated a desire to see Bougainville become independent by June 2025, Papua New Guinea Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/James_Marape" title="James Marape">James Marape</a> cautioned against setting a specific timetable.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 July 2021, it was announced that Bougainville will become independent by the end of 2027 pending approval of the PNG parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-postcourier.com.pg_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-postcourier.com.pg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-interpreter_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interpreter-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts_and_Local_Level_Government_Areas">Districts and Local Level Government Areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Districts and Local Level Government Areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bvdistricts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bvdistricts.svg/220px-Bvdistricts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bvdistricts.svg/330px-Bvdistricts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Bvdistricts.svg/440px-Bvdistricts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>District map of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Un-bougainville.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Un-bougainville.png/220px-Un-bougainville.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Un-bougainville.png/330px-Un-bougainville.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Un-bougainville.png/440px-Un-bougainville.png 2x" data-file-width="2277" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption>Map of the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The region is divided into three districts, which are further divided into Local Level Government (LLGs) areas. For <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> purposes, the LLGAs are subdivided into wards, and those into census units.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" width="400"> <tbody><tr> <th>District</th> <th>District Capital</th> <th>LLGA Name </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bougainville_District" title="Central Bougainville District">Central Bougainville District</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Arawa,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawa, Papua New Guinea">Arawa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kieta" title="Kieta">Kieta</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Arawa_Rural_LLG" title="Arawa Rural LLG">Arawa Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wakunai_Rural_LLG" title="Wakunai Rural LLG">Wakunai Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_District" title="North Bougainville District">North Bougainville District</a> </th> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Buka,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buka, Papua New Guinea">Buka</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Atolls_Rural_LLG" title="Atolls Rural LLG">Atolls Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buka_Rural_LLG" title="Buka Rural LLG">Buka Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunua_Rural_LLG" title="Kunua Rural LLG">Kunua Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nissan_Rural_LLG" title="Nissan Rural LLG">Nissan Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selau-Suir_Rural_LLG" class="mw-redirect" title="Selau-Suir Rural LLG">Selau-Suir Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tinputz_Rural_LLG" title="Tinputz Rural LLG">Tinputz Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_District" title="South Bougainville District">South Bougainville District</a> </th> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Buin,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Buin, Papua New Guinea">Buin</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bana_Rural_LLG" title="Bana Rural LLG">Bana Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Buin_Rural_LLG" title="Buin Rural LLG">Buin Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siwai_Rural_LLG" title="Siwai Rural LLG">Siwai Rural</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torokina_Rural_LLG" title="Torokina Rural LLG">Torokina Rural</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The great majority of Bougainville residents are Christian, with an estimated 70% being Roman Catholic and a substantial minority being of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/United_Church_in_Papua_New_Guinea_and_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands">United Church of Papua New Guinea</a> since 1968. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has its own diocese in the region (Diocese of Bougainville or <i>Dioecesis Buganvillensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption_Cathedral,_Buka" title="Our Lady of the Assumption Cathedral, Buka">cathedral</a> and main church is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Assumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Lady of the Assumption">Our Lady of the Assumption</a>, and can be found on <a href="/wiki/Buka_Island" title="Buka Island">Buka Island</a>. It was formerly the Church of St. Michael the Archangel in the former mission of Tubiana. There are a total of 33 Catholic parishes and one mission in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bougainville's constitution, written in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, does not specify an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>, but calls for constitutional literature to be translated into Tok Pisin and as many local languages as possible, while also encouraging the "development, preservation, and enrichment of all Bougainville languages".<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widely spoken Austronesian language is <a href="/wiki/Halia_language" title="Halia language">Halia</a> and its dialects, spoken in the island of <a href="/wiki/Buka_Island" title="Buka Island">Buka</a> and the Selau peninsula of Northern Bougainville. Other Austronesian languages include <a href="/wiki/Nehan_language" title="Nehan language">Nehan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petats_language" title="Petats language">Petats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solos_language" title="Solos language">Solos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saposa_language" title="Saposa language">Saposa</a> (Taiof), <a href="/wiki/Hahon_language" title="Hahon language">Hahon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tinputz_language" title="Tinputz language">Tinputz</a>, all spoken in the northern quarter of Bougainville, Buka and surrounding islands. These languages are closely related. <a href="/wiki/Bannoni_language" title="Bannoni language">Bannoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torau_language" title="Torau language">Torau</a> are Austronesian languages not closely related to the former, which are spoken in the coastal areas of central and south Bougainville. On the nearby <a href="/wiki/Takuu_Atoll" title="Takuu Atoll">Takuu Atoll</a> a <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian language</a> is spoken, <a href="/wiki/Takuu_language" title="Takuu language">Takuu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Panguna_mine" title="Panguna mine">Panguna mine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buin_NSP_Saturday_market_1978.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Buin_NSP_Saturday_market_1978.jpg/220px-Buin_NSP_Saturday_market_1978.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Buin_NSP_Saturday_market_1978.jpg/330px-Buin_NSP_Saturday_market_1978.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Buin_NSP_Saturday_market_1978.jpg/440px-Buin_NSP_Saturday_market_1978.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Market at <a href="/wiki/Buin,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Buin, Papua New Guinea">Buin</a>, 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>Official statistics about Bougainville's economy are not available. The PNG National Research Institute estimates its <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP per capita</a> at $1,100 as of 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small percentage of the region's economy is from <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>. The majority of economic growth comes from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>. The region's biodiversity, which is one of the most important in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, is heavily threatened by <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> activities. Mining activities have caused civil unrest in the region many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (November 2019)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> times.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> In January 2018, a moratorium on one mine was imposed by the Papua New Guinea government, in a bid to calm civil unrest against mining in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bougainville had one of the world's largest open-pit copper mines, the Pangunamine, from 1972 to 1989, which for many years generated a large part of Papua New Guinea's <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">gross national product</a>. The mine was operated by the Australian company Bougainville Copper (BLC), a subsidiary of the British-Australian mining company Rio Tinto/CRA, which had majority control of the company. The state of Papua New Guinea (PNG) holds a 19.1% stake in Bougainville Copper.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> and the rebel-forced closure of the mine, Papua New Guinea's government revenues fell by 20%. Some hope for the eventual reopening of the Panguna mine. Negotiations to reopen the Panguna mine began in early March 2006 with talks between former PNG Mines Minister Sam Akoitai and the Rio Tinto corporation in London. Some representatives of landowners in the Panguna area have repeatedly agreed to resume mining operations, albeit in conjunction with demands for large compensation payments from the mine operator BCL.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yields from the two main <a href="/wiki/Exports" class="mw-redirect" title="Exports">exports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>, returned to pre-civil war levels in 2007. Largely operated by Europeans, Asians, churches and corporations, large-scale commercial plantations, which were responsible for a significant share of production before the civil war, are now used by smaller local operators. Further processing is done by small cocoa dryers promoted by AusAid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bougainville Region is the most productive in all of PNG for cocoa.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh-et-al-2019_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-et-al-2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Omuru <i>et al.</i>, 2001 find households farming cacao (<i><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">Theobroma cacao</a></i>) average an income of US$215/year.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh-et-al-2019_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh-et-al-2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Cocoa_Pod_Borer"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Cocoa Pod Borer</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Conopomorpha_cramerella" title="Conopomorpha cramerella">Conopomorpha cramerella</a></i>) was considered a large risk for <a href="/wiki/Invasive_agricultural_pest" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive agricultural pest">invasion</a> here due to its invasion of nearby areas of Southeast Asia<sup id="cite_ref-Yen-et-al-2010-bundle_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yen-et-al-2010-bundle-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="East New Britain">East New Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CPB-PNG-WB_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPB-PNG-WB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was great interest in <a href="/wiki/Pest_risk_analysis" title="Pest risk analysis">modelling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytosanitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytosanitation">phytosanitation</a> practices to forestall its introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Yen-et-al-2010-bundle_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yen-et-al-2010-bundle-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately CPB did arrive here and in 2011 the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Productive_Partnerships_in_Agriculture_Project"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Productive Partnerships in Agriculture Project</span></span> was created to help farmers control the insect.<sup id="cite_ref-CPB-PNG-WB_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPB-PNG-WB-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 2009 production level, bean tonnage fell by over 41% by 2014 (although this also includes trees aging out).<sup id="cite_ref-CPB-Boug-WB_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPB-Boug-WB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tinputz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinputz">Tinputz</a> area – including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Namatoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namatoa (page does not exist)">Namatoa</a> – had been the highest-producing part of the region and has seen many farms be abandoned and return to jungle.<sup id="cite_ref-CPB-Boug-WB_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPB-Boug-WB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PPAP hopes to revive the industry around Namatoa.<sup id="cite_ref-CPB-Boug-WB_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPB-Boug-WB-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptolaemus" title="Cryptolaemus">Cryptolaemus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryptolaemus_sinestria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryptolaemus sinestria (page does not exist)">sinestria</a></i> is a mealybug of cacao trees here, observed at a <a href="/wiki/Buka,_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Buka, Papua New Guinea">Buka</a> agricultural station.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth-Pope-1986_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth-Pope-1986-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">Termites</a> are common <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pest_insect" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural pest insect">agricultural pests</a> in Bougainville.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray-1968_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-1968-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microcerotermes_biroi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microcerotermes biroi (page does not exist)">Microcerotermes biroi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nasutitermes" title="Nasutitermes">Nasutitermes</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasutitermes_novanimhebridarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasutitermes novanimhebridarum (page does not exist)">novanimhebridarum</a></i> are pests of coconut (<i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_nucifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos nucifera">Cocos nucifera</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gray-1968_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-1968-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>N. novanimhebridarum</i> is also a pest of cacao (<i><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_cacao" title="Theobroma cacao">Theobroma cacao</a></i>) here.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray-1968_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-1968-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Termite pests found here tend to be shared with many of the nearby islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray-1968_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray-1968-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_of_Soraken_wearing_upe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Men_of_Soraken_wearing_upe.jpg/220px-Men_of_Soraken_wearing_upe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Men_of_Soraken_wearing_upe.jpg/330px-Men_of_Soraken_wearing_upe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Men_of_Soraken_wearing_upe.jpg/440px-Men_of_Soraken_wearing_upe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3557" data-file-height="4975" /></a><figcaption>Men from <a href="/wiki/Soraken" title="Soraken">Soraken</a> wearing <i><a href="/wiki/Upe" title="Upe">upe</a></i>, a headdress representing the transition to adulthood which later became a national symbol of Bougainville</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_symbols">National symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: National symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A law passed by the provincial assembly – the <i>Bougainville Flag, Emblem and Anthem (Protection) Act 2018</i> – affirmed the existing official status of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bougainville" title="Flag of Bougainville">flag of Bougainville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Bougainville" title="Emblem of Bougainville">emblem of Bougainville</a>. Both the flag and emblem feature stylised depictions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Upe" title="Upe">upe</a></i>, a traditional headdress worn by men in parts of Bougainville to symbolise their transition to adulthood. The law also established "<a href="/wiki/My_Bougainville" title="My Bougainville">My Bougainville</a>" as the region's anthem.<sup id="cite_ref-law_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-en_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> in Bougainville is administered by the Bougainville Rugby Football League (BRFL), which is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Rugby_Football_League" title="Papua New Guinea Rugby Football League">Papua New Guinea Rugby Football League</a> (PNGRFL).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Bougainvilleans have played for the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_rugby_league_team" title="Papua New Guinea national rugby league team">Papua New Guinea national rugby league team</a>, including Bernard Wakatsi, Joe Katsi, <a href="/wiki/Lauta_Atoi" title="Lauta Atoi">Lauta Atoi</a>, and Chris Siriosi.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/F.C._Bougainville" title="F.C. Bougainville">F.C. Bougainville</a> has played in the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_National_Soccer_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua New Guinea National Soccer League">National Soccer League</a> since 2019, although it is based in <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> rather than in Bougainville itself.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, a team from Bougainville won the national soccer championships in 1977, defeating <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically the Bougainville Soccer Association came into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Football_Association" title="Papua New Guinea Football Association">Papua New Guinea Football Association</a> over various matters.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1970s and 1980s, teams from Bougainville played against other regions in the PNG national championships for <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a> is popular in Bougainville. The region won the 2017 National Boxing Championships, which were hosted in Arawa.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable boxers from the region include <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Boxing_Council" title="Commonwealth Boxing Council">Commonwealth Boxing Council</a> titleholder <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Aba" title="Johnny Aba">Johnny Aba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Games" title="Pacific Games">Pacific Games</a> gold medalist <a href="/wiki/Thadius_Katua" title="Thadius Katua">Thadius Katua</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bougainvillean <a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">netball</a> player <a href="/wiki/Maleta_Roberts" title="Maleta Roberts">Maleta Roberts</a> has played professionally in Australia and represented the <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_national_netball_team" title="Papua New Guinea national netball team">Papua New Guinea national netball team</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/48px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/64px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_%E2%80%93_Our_Island_Our_Fight" title="Bougainville – Our Island Our Fight">Bougainville – Our Island Our Fight</a></i>, a 1998 documentary film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Oceania" title="List of active separatist movements in Oceania">List of active separatist movements in Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_autonomous_areas_by_country" title="List of autonomous areas by country">List of autonomous areas by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Solomon_Islands" title="North Solomon Islands">North Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abg.gov.pg/uploads/acts/Bougainville_Flag,_Emblem_and_Anthem_(Protection)_Bill_2018_-_Explanatory_Note.pdf">"AUTONOMOUS REGION OF BOUGAINVILLE: Bougainville Flag, Emblem and Anthem (Protection) Bill 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Abg.gov.pg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AUTONOMOUS+REGION+OF+BOUGAINVILLE%3A+Bougainville+Flag%2C+Emblem+and+Anthem+%28Protection%29+Bill+2018&rft.pub=Abg.gov.pg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abg.gov.pg%2Fuploads%2Facts%2FBougainville_Flag%2C_Emblem_and_Anthem_%28Protection%29_Bill_2018_-_Explanatory_Note.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GlobalDataLab-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GlobalDataLab_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WAMU&rft.atitle=Trying+To+Form+The+World%27s+Newest+Country%2C+Bougainville+Has+A+Road+Ahead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwamu.org%2Fstory%2F19%2F12%2F30%2Ftrying-to-form-the-worlds-newest-country-bougainville-has-a-road-ahead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2018" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, Helen (10 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/10/bougainville-imposes-moratorium-on-panguna-mine-over-fears-of-civil-unrest">"Bougainville imposes moratorium on Panguna mine over fears of civil unrest"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bougainville+imposes+moratorium+on+Panguna+mine+over+fears+of+civil+unrest&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2Fjan%2F10%2Fbougainville-imposes-moratorium-on-panguna-mine-over-fears-of-civil-unrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-et-al-2019-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-et-al-2019_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Singh-et-al-2019_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghSandersonFieldFidelis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Kanika; Sanderson, Todd; Field, Damien; Fidelis, Chris; Yinil, David (2019). "Soil security for developing and sustaining cocoa production in Papua New Guinea". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoderma_Regional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoderma Regional (page does not exist)">Geoderma Regional</a></i>. <b>17</b>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: e00212. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeodR..1700212S">2019GeodR..1700212S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geodrs.2019.e00212">10.1016/j.geodrs.2019.e00212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-0094">2352-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169334618">169334618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma+Regional&rft.atitle=Soil+security+for+developing+and+sustaining+cocoa+production+in+Papua+New+Guinea&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=e00212&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geodrs.2019.e00212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169334618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2352-0094&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019GeodR..1700212S&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kanika&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Todd&rft.au=Field%2C+Damien&rft.au=Fidelis%2C+Chris&rft.au=Yinil%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yen-et-al-2010-bundle-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yen-et-al-2010-bundle_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yen-et-al-2010-bundle_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriyadarshanJain2022" class="citation book cs1">Priyadarshan, P. M.; Jain, S. Mohan (2022). <i>Cash Crops : Genetic Diversity, Erosion, Conservation and Utilization</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cham,_Switzerland" title="Cham, Switzerland">Cham, Switzerland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Publishing" title="Springer Publishing">Springer</a>. pp. x+626. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74926-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74926-2"><bdi>978-3-030-74926-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1280049054">1280049054</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74925-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74925-5">978-3-030-74925-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cash+Crops+%3A+Genetic+Diversity%2C+Erosion%2C+Conservation+and+Utilization&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=x%2B626&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1280049054&rft.isbn=978-3-030-74926-2&rft.aulast=Priyadarshan&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Jain%2C+S.+Mohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 27">: 27 </span></sup></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakowski2013" class="citation journal cs1">Makowski, David (2013-09-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fneobiota.18.3993">"Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis in quantitative pest risk assessments; practical rules for risk assessors"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NeoBiota" class="mw-redirect" title="NeoBiota">NeoBiota</a></i>. <b>18</b>. <a href="/wiki/Pensoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensoft">Pensoft</a>: 157–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fneobiota.18.3993">10.3897/neobiota.18.3993</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1314-2488">1314-2488</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54581146">54581146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeoBiota&rft.atitle=Uncertainty+and+sensitivity+analysis+in+quantitative+pest+risk+assessments%3B+practical+rules+for+risk+assessors&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=157-171&rft.date=2013-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54581146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1314-2488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fneobiota.18.3993&rft.aulast=Makowski&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3897%252Fneobiota.18.3993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaymond2018" class="citation book cs1">Daymond, Andrew (2018-08-09). "Safe handling and movement of cocoa germplasm for breeding". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/79464/1/Safe_Movement_Chapter_ADaymond%20%282%29.pdf"><i>Achieving sustainable cultivation of cocoa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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"A review of the genus <i>Cryptolaemus</i> (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with particular reference to the species resembling <i>C. montrouzieri</i> Mulsant". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_Entomological_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulletin of Entomological Research (page does not exist)">Bulletin of Entomological Research</a></i>. <b>76</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> (CUP): 701–717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0007485300015194">10.1017/s0007485300015194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-4853">0007-4853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Entomological+Research&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+genus+Cryptolaemus+%28Coleoptera%3A+Coccinellidae%29+with+particular+reference+to+the+species+resembling+C.+montrouzieri+Mulsant&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=701-717&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0007485300015194&rft.issn=0007-4853&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft.au=Pope%2C+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray-1968-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gray-1968_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray-1968_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray-1968_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gray-1968_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1968" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, B. 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"Forest tree and timber insect pests in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Insects" title="Pacific Insects">Pacific Insects</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2): 301–323. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86282067">86282067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Insects&rft.atitle=Forest+tree+and+timber+insect+pests+in+the+Territory+of+Papua+and+New+Guinea&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=301-323&rft.date=1968-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86282067%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-law_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abg.gov.pg/uploads/acts/18-03_Bougainville_Flag%2C_Emblem_and_Anthem_%28Protection%29_Act_2018.pdf">"BOUGAINVILLE FLAG, EMBLEM AND ANTHEM (PROTECTION) ACT 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Autonomous Bougainville Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BOUGAINVILLE+FLAG%2C+EMBLEM+AND+ANTHEM+%28PROTECTION%29+ACT+2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abg.gov.pg%2Fuploads%2Facts%2F18-03_Bougainville_Flag%252C_Emblem_and_Anthem_%2528Protection%2529_Act_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-en-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-en_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abg.gov.pg/uploads/acts/Bougainville_Flag,_Emblem_and_Anthem_(Protection)_Bill_2018_-_Explanatory_Note.pdf">"Bougainville Flag, Emblem and Anthem (Protection) Bill 2018: Explanatory Note"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Autonomous Bougainville Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bougainville+Flag%2C+Emblem+and+Anthem+%28Protection%29+Bill+2018%3A+Explanatory+Note&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abg.gov.pg%2Fuploads%2Facts%2FBougainville_Flag%2C_Emblem_and_Anthem_%28Protection%29_Bill_2018_-_Explanatory_Note.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postcourier.com.pg/new-executives-set-revive-rugby-league/">"New Executives Set To Revive Rugby League"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea_Post-Courier" title="Papua New Guinea Post-Courier">Papua New Guinea Post-Courier</a></i>. 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Post-Courier&rft.atitle=New+Executives+Set+To+Revive+Rugby+League&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostcourier.com.pg%2Fnew-executives-set-revive-rugby-league%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrl.com/news/2015/03/23/league-bilong-laif-program-commences-in-bougainville/">"League Bilong Laif program commences in Bougainville"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Rugby_League" title="National Rugby League">National Rugby League</a>. 23 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=League+Bilong+Laif+program+commences+in+Bougainville&rft.date=2015-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrl.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F03%2F23%2Fleague-bilong-laif-program-commences-in-bougainville%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/380833/sport-bougainville-to-make-png-national-soccer-league-debut">"Sport: Bougainville to make PNG National Soccer League debut"</a>. Radio New Zealand. 24 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sport%3A+Bougainville+to+make+PNG+National+Soccer+League+debut&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F380833%2Fsport-bougainville-to-make-png-national-soccer-league-debut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/251049901">"A soccer lesson from Bougainville"</a>. <i>Papua New Guinea Post-Courier</i>. 14 April 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Post-Courier&rft.atitle=A+soccer+lesson+from+Bougainville&rft.date=1977-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F251049901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/250866810">"Bougainville soccer issues a challenge"</a>. <i>Papua New Guinea Post-Courier</i>. 10 August 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Post-Courier&rft.atitle=Bougainville+soccer+issues+a+challenge&rft.date=1973-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F250866810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/250531143">"Rabaul too fit for Bougainville"</a>. <i>Papua New Guinea Post-Courier</i>. 21 May 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Post-Courier&rft.atitle=Rabaul+too+fit+for+Bougainville&rft.date=1975-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F250531143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/250585712">"Shield match in doubt"</a>. <i>Papua New Guinea Post-Courier</i>. 15 February 1980.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Post-Courier&rft.atitle=Shield+match+in+doubt&rft.date=1980-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F250585712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/250254354">"Hockey booming in Bougainville"</a>. <i>Papua New Guinea Post-Courier</i>. 27 April 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papua+New+Guinea+Post-Courier&rft.atitle=Hockey+booming+in+Bougainville&rft.date=1971-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F250254354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.com.pg/bougainville-wins-boxing-title/">"Bougainville wins boxing title"</a>. <i>The National</i>. 18 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Bougainville+wins+boxing+title&rft.date=2017-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.com.pg%2Fbougainville-wins-boxing-title%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelu" class="citation web cs1">Belu, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825210646/http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-sport/katua-in-rio-to-chase-olympic-dream/">"Katua in Rio to chase Olympic dream"</a>. Bougainville. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bougainville24.com/bougainville-sport/katua-in-rio-to-chase-olympic-dream/">the original</a> on 2016-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Katua+in+Rio+to+chase+Olympic+dream&rft.pub=Bougainville&rft.aulast=Belu&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bougainville24.com%2Fbougainville-sport%2Fkatua-in-rio-to-chase-olympic-dream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/1993901/pride-of-a-nation/">"Pride of a nation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bendigo_Advertiser" title="Bendigo Advertiser">Bendigo Advertiser</a></i>. 27 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bendigo+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Pride+of+a+nation&rft.date=2013-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bendigoadvertiser.com.au%2Fstory%2F1993901%2Fpride-of-a-nation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2009" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Waratah Rosemarie (2009). <i>Running with Rebels: Behind the Lies in Bougainville's hidden war</i>. Australia: Ginibi Productions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-51047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-51047-7"><bdi>978-0-646-51047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Running+with+Rebels%3A+Behind+the+Lies+in+Bougainville%27s+hidden+war&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Ginibi+Productions&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-646-51047-7&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Waratah+Rosemarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1973" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Douglas (1973). <i>Bougainville: A Personal History</i>. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bougainville%3A+A+Personal+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1991" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Douglas (1991). <i>Black Islanders: A Personal Perspective of Bougainville, 1937–1991</i>. Melbourne: Hyland House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Islanders%3A+A+Personal+Perspective+of+Bougainville%2C+1937%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Hyland+House&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span> Repeats text from previous 1973 reference and updates with summaries of Papua New Guinea press reports on the Bougainville Crisis.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelton2002" class="citation book cs1">Pelton, Robert Young (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hunterhammerheav00pelt"><i>Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World's Gone Mad</i></a></span>. Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58574-416-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58574-416-6"><bdi>1-58574-416-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunter+Hammer+and+Heaven%2C+Journeys+to+Three+World%27s+Gone+Mad&rft.place=Guilford%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58574-416-6&rft.aulast=Pelton&rft.aufirst=Robert+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhunterhammerheav00pelt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuodling" class="citation book cs1">Quodling, Paul. <i>Bougainville: The Mine and the People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bougainville%3A+The+Mine+and+the+People&rft.aulast=Quodling&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan,_AnthonyGriffin,_Helga2005" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Anthony; Griffin, Helga, eds. (2005). <i>Bougainville Before the Crisis</i>. Canberra: Pandanus Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bougainville+Before+the+Crisis&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Pandanus+Books&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutonomous+Region+of+Bougainville" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Autonomous Region of Bougainville">Autonomous Region of Bougainville</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bougainville#Q18826" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Bougainville">Bougainville</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abg.gov.pg/">Autonomous Bougainville Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306003913/http://investbougainville.com/">Bougainville Inward Investment Bureau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peacemaker.un.org/node/1137">Full text of the Peace Agreement for Bougainville</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cotarob2004558/">Constitution of Bougainville</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414213449/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/png-bougainville/index.php">Conciliation Resources—Bougainville Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020045117/http://www.cultureshop.org/details.php?code=COCOREV"><i>The Coconut Revolution</i></a>, a documentary film about the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Revolutionary_Army" title="Bougainville Revolutionary Army">Bougainville Revolutionary Army</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510031429/http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/stories/s400627.htm">"Interview with Francis Ona" (1997)</a>—Australian Broadcasting Corporation <i>World in Focus</i>; interview with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ona" title="Francis Ona">Francis Ona</a>. Interviewed by Wayne Coles-Janess.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea"><img alt="Papua New Guinea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Provinces of Papua New Guinea">Provinces of Papua New Guinea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Highlands_Region" title="Highlands Region">Highlands Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu_Province" title="Chimbu Province">Chimbu <span style="font-size:85%;">(Simbu)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highlands_Province" title="Eastern Highlands Province">Eastern Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Province" title="Enga Province">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Province" title="Hela Province">Hela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiwaka_Province" title="Jiwaka Province">Jiwaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Highlands_Province" title="Southern Highlands Province">Southern Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Highlands_Province" title="Western Highlands Province">Western Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islands_Region" title="Islands Region">Islands Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bougainville</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_Province" title="East New Britain Province">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_Province" title="Manus Province">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_Province" title="New Ireland Province">New Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_New_Britain_Province" title="West New Britain Province">West New Britain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Momase_Region" title="Momase Region">Momase Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Sepik_Province" title="East Sepik Province">East Sepik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madang_Province" title="Madang Province">Madang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morobe_Province" title="Morobe Province">Morobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandaun_Province" title="Sandaun Province">Sandaun <span style="font-size:85%;">(West Sepik)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Region,_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Southern Region, Papua New Guinea">Southern Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Central Province (Papua New Guinea)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Province" title="Gulf Province">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay_Province" title="Milne Bay Province">Milne Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Province" title="Oro Province">Oro <span style="font-size:85%;">(Northern)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Province_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Western Province (Papua New Guinea)">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">National Capital District <span style="font-size:85%;">(Port Moresby)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/16px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/24px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/New_guinea_blank.svg/32px-New_guinea_blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="452" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_Guinea" title="Portal:New Guinea">New Guinea portal</a></li> <li><sup><small>1</small></sup> <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">Autonomous region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18826#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137378002">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJy4bdYJCmYpDtYfpdQwmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97066368">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bougainville (Papua-Nová Guinea)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128804&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007542691905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c45165ec-5bdf-4681-bebb-e83623506ea3">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027377237">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&oldid=1258884631">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Region_of_Bougainville&oldid=1258884631</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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