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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Arizona</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Міранда супраць Арызоны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міранда супраць Арызоны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miranda v. Arizona" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_contra_Arizona" title="Miranda contra Arizona – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miranda contra Arizona" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Miranda v. Arizona" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%9E%80%EB%8B%A4_%EB%8C%80_%EC%95%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%82%98" title="미란다 대 애리조나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미란다 대 애리조나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Miranda v. Arizona" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%A7_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="פסק דין מירנדה נגד אריזונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסק דין מירנדה נגד אריזונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E5%AF%BE%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BE%E3%83%8A%E5%B7%9E%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="ミランダ対アリゾナ州事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミランダ対アリゾナ州事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caso_Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Caso Miranda v. Arizona – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caso Miranda v. Arizona" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Миранда против Аризоны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миранда против Аризоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miranda v. Arizona" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Миранда против Аризоне – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Миранда против Аризоне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_vastaan_Arizona" title="Miranda vastaan Arizona – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Miranda vastaan Arizona" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Міранда проти Аризони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міранда проти Аризони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%89%E4%BA%9A%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%91%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E%E6%A1%88" title="米兰达诉亚利桑那州案 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米兰达诉亚利桑那州案" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">1966 U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the use of the Miranda warning</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1966 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Miranda v. Arizona</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued February 28 – March 1, 1966<br />Decided June 13, 1966</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda" title="Ernesto Miranda">Ernesto Miranda</a> v. State of Arizona; Westover v. United States; Vignera v. State of New York; State of California v. Stewart</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">384 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/384/436/case.html">436</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_384" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 384">more</a></i>)<div>86 S. Ct. 1602; 16 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 694; 1966 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 2817; 10 <a href="/wiki/A.L.R.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="A.L.R.3d">A.L.R.3d</a> 974</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1965/1965_759/">Oral argument</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">Defendant . Superior Ct.; affirmed, 401 <a href="/wiki/P.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="P.2d">P.2d</a> 721 (Ariz. 1965); cert. granted, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_382" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 382">382</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 925 (1965).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent</th><td class="infobox-data">Retrial on remand, defendant convicted, Ariz. Superior Ct.; affirmed, 450 P.2d 364 (Ariz. 1969); rehearing denied, Ariz. Supreme Ct. March 11, 1969; cert. denied, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_396" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 396">396</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 868 (1969).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> right against self incrimination requires law enforcement officials to advise a suspect interrogated in custody of their rights to remain silent and to obtain an attorney, at no charge if need be. Supreme Court of Arizona reversed and remanded.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_(born_1899)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marshall Harlan (born 1899)">John M. Harlan II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Warren, joined by Black, Douglas, Brennan, Fortas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concur/dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Clark</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Harlan, joined by Stewart, White</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">White, joined by Harlan, Stewart</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amends. V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">XIV</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Miranda v. Arizona</b></i>, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), was a <a href="/wiki/Landmark_decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmark decision">landmark decision</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in which the Court ruled that <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> in the United States must warn a person of their constitutional rights before <a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">interrogating</a> them, or else the person's statements cannot be used as <a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">evidence</a> at their <a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">trial</a>. Specifically, the Court held that under the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution</a>, the government cannot use a person's statements made in response to an interrogation while in police custody as evidence at the person's criminal trial unless they can show that the person was informed of the right to consult with a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> before and during questioning, and of the right against <a href="/wiki/Self-incrimination" title="Self-incrimination">self-incrimination</a> before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights but also voluntarily waived them before answering questions. </p><p><i>Miranda</i> was viewed by many as a radical change in American criminal law, since the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> was traditionally understood only to protect Americans against formal types of compulsion to confess, such as threats of <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaltzburgCapra2018761_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaltzburgCapra2018761-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has had a significant impact on law enforcement in the United States, by making what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning"><i>Miranda</i> warning</a> part of routine police procedure to ensure that suspects were informed of their rights, which would become known as "<i>Miranda</i> rights". The concept of "Miranda warnings" quickly caught on across American law enforcement agencies, who came to call the practice "Mirandizing". </p><p>Pursuant to the U.S. Supreme Court decision <i><a href="/wiki/Berghuis_v._Thompkins" title="Berghuis v. Thompkins">Berghuis v. Thompkins</a></i> (2010), criminal suspects who are aware of their right to silence and to an attorney but choose not to "unambiguously" invoke them may find any subsequent voluntary statements treated as an implied waiver of their rights, and used as or as part of evidence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal">Legal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1951 <i>Legal Aid in the United States</i>, a report in the Survey of the Legal Profession series, was published by the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>. It identified large gaps in the availability of legal services in both civil and criminal cases for those unable to afford a lawyer. By the early 1960s, in response to the report, efforts by various <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">bar associations</a> to expand <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">legal aid</a> for <a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a> had resulted in a substantial increase in services albeit still with large areas of the country underserved.<sup id="cite_ref-ABAJ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABAJ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> realm, it led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Services_Corporation" title="Legal Services Corporation">Legal Services Corporation</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> program of <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Escobedo_v._Illinois" title="Escobedo v. Illinois">Escobedo v. Illinois</a></i>, a case which closely foreshadowed <i>Miranda,</i> provided for the presence of counsel during police interrogation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factual">Factual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Factual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On March 13, 1963, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda" title="Ernesto Miranda">Ernesto Miranda</a> was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Police_Department" title="Phoenix Police Department">Phoenix Police Department</a> officers <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Cooley" title="Carroll Cooley">Carroll Cooley</a> and Wilfred Young, based on <a href="/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence" title="Circumstantial evidence">circumstantial evidence</a> linking him to the kidnapping and rape of an 18-year-old woman 10 days earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two hours of interrogation by police officers, Miranda signed a confession to the rape charge on forms that included the typed statement: "I do hereby swear that I make this statement voluntarily and of my own free will, with no threats, coercion, or promises of immunity, and with full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me."<sup id="cite_ref-Lief_and_Caldwell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lief_and_Caldwell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, at no time was Miranda told of his right to counsel. Before being presented with the form on which he was asked to write out the confession that he had already given orally, he was not advised of his right to remain silent, nor was he informed that his statements during the interrogation would be used against him. At trial, when prosecutors offered Miranda's written confession as evidence, his <a href="/wiki/Public_defender" title="Public defender">court-appointed lawyer</a>, Alvin Moore, objected that because of these facts, the confession was not truly voluntary and should be excluded. Moore's objection was overruled, and based on this confession and other evidence, Miranda was convicted of rape and kidnapping. He was sentenced to 20–30 years of imprisonment on each charge, with sentences to run concurrently. Moore filed Miranda's appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court" title="Arizona Supreme Court">Arizona Supreme Court</a>, claiming that Miranda's confession was not fully voluntary and should not have been admitted into the court proceedings. The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the trial court's decision to admit the confession in <i>State v. Miranda</i>, 401 P.2d 721 (Ariz. 1965). In affirmation, the Arizona Supreme Court heavily emphasized the fact that Miranda did not specifically request an attorney.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attorney <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Frank" title="John Paul Frank">John Paul Frank</a>, former law clerk to Justice <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>, represented Miranda in his appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-latimesobit_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimesobit-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gary_K._Nelson" title="Gary K. Nelson">Gary K. Nelson</a> represented Arizona. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court_decision">Supreme Court decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supreme Court decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 13, 1966, the Supreme Court issued a 5–4 decision in Miranda's favor that overturned his conviction and remanded his case back to Arizona for retrial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earl_Warren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/250px-Earl_Warren.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/375px-Earl_Warren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Earl_Warren.jpg/500px-Earl_Warren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, the author of the majority opinion in <i>Miranda</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Five justices formed the majority and joined an opinion written by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFaveIsraelKingKerr2015§&nbsp;6.5(b)_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFaveIsraelKingKerr2015§&nbsp;6.5(b)-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court ruled that because of the coercive nature of the custodial interrogation by police (Warren cited several police training manuals that had not been provided in the arguments), no confession could be admissible under the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a> self-incrimination clause and <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth Amendment</a> right to an attorney unless a suspect has been made aware of his rights and the suspect has then waived them: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The person in custody must, prior to interrogation, be clearly informed that he has the right to remain silent, and that anything he says will be used against him in court; he must be clearly informed that he has the right to consult with a lawyer and to have the lawyer with him during interrogation, and that, if he is indigent, a lawyer will be appointed to represent him.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thus, Miranda's conviction was overturned. The Court also made clear what must happen if a suspect chooses to exercise their rights: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the individual indicates in any manner, at any time prior to or during questioning, that he wishes to remain silent, the interrogation must cease ... If the individual states that he wants an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present. At that time, the individual must have an opportunity to confer with the attorney and to have him present during any subsequent questioning.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miranda_justice_brennan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Miranda_justice_brennan.jpg/200px-Miranda_justice_brennan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Miranda_justice_brennan.jpg/300px-Miranda_justice_brennan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Miranda_justice_brennan.jpg/400px-Miranda_justice_brennan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Justice Brennan's comments on the Miranda decision.</figcaption></figure> <p>Warren also pointed to the existing procedures of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI), which required informing a suspect of his right to remain silent and his right to counsel, provided free of charge if the suspect was unable to pay. If the suspect requested counsel, "the interview is terminated." Warren included the FBI's four-page brief in his opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clark's_concurrence_in_part,_dissent_in_part"><span id="Clark.27s_concurrence_in_part.2C_dissent_in_part"></span>Clark's concurrence in part, dissent in part</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clark's concurrence in part, dissent in part"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a separate concurrence in part, dissent in part, Justice <a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> went "too far too fast." Instead, Justice Clark would use the "<a href="/wiki/Totality_of_the_circumstances" title="Totality of the circumstances">totality of the circumstances</a>" test enunciated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Justice Goldberg</a> in <i>Haynes v. Washington</i>. Under this test, the court would: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>consider in each case whether the police officer prior to custodial interrogation added the warning that the suspect might have counsel present at the interrogation and, further, that a court would appoint one at his request if he was too poor to employ counsel. In the absence of warnings, the burden would be on the State to prove that counsel was knowingly and intelligently waived or that in the totality of the circumstances, including the failure to give the necessary warnings, the confession was clearly voluntary.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harlan's_dissent"><span id="Harlan.27s_dissent"></span>Harlan's dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Harlan's dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In dissent, Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">John Marshall Harlan II</a> wrote that "nothing in the letter or the spirit of the Constitution or in the precedents squares with the heavy-handed and one-sided action that is so precipitously taken by the Court in the name of fulfilling its constitutional responsibilities." Harlan closed his remarks by quoting former Justice <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a>: "This Court is forever adding new stories to the temples of constitutional law, and the temples have a way of collapsing when one story too many is added." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White's_dissent"><span id="White.27s_dissent"></span>White's dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: White's dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Justice <a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">Byron White</a> took issue with the court having announced a new constitutional right when it had no "factual and textual bases" in the Constitution or previous opinions of the Court for the rule announced in the opinion. He stated: "The proposition that the privilege against self-incrimination forbids in-custody interrogation without the warnings specified in the majority opinion and without a clear waiver of counsel has no significant support in the history of the privilege or in the language of the Fifth Amendment." White did not believe the right had any basis in English common law. </p><p>White further warned of the dire consequences of the majority opinion: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have no desire whatsoever to share the responsibility for any such impact on the present criminal process. In some unknown number of cases, the Court's rule will return a killer, a rapist or other criminal to the streets and to the environment which produced him, to repeat his crime whenever it pleases him. As a consequence, there will not be a gain, but a loss, in human dignity.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_developments">Subsequent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subsequent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retrial">Retrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Retrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Miranda was retried in 1967 after the original case against him was thrown out. This time the prosecution, instead of using the confession, introduced other evidence and called witnesses. One witness was Twila Hoffman, a woman with whom Miranda was living at the time of the offense; she testified that he had told her of committing the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HeritageApril_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeritageApril-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miranda was convicted in 1967 and sentenced to serve 20 to 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-HeritageApril_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeritageApril-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court of Arizona affirmed,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United States Supreme Court denied review.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miranda was paroled in 1972. After his release, he returned to his old neighborhood and made a modest living autographing police officers' "Miranda cards" that contained the text of the warning for reading to arrestees. Miranda was stabbed to death during an argument in a bar on January 31, 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A suspect was arrested, but due to a lack of evidence against him, he was released.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another three defendants whose cases had been tied in with Miranda's – an armed robber, a stick-up man, and a bank robber – either made plea bargains to lesser charges or were found guilty again despite the exclusion of their confessions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction">Reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Miranda</i> decision was widely criticized when it came down, as many felt it was unfair to inform suspected criminals of their rights, as outlined in the decision. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and conservatives denounced <i>Miranda</i> for undermining the efficiency of the police, and argued the ruling would contribute to an increase in crime. Nixon, upon becoming president, promised <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon#Judicial_appointments" title="Richard Nixon">to appoint</a> judges who would reverse the philosophy that he viewed as "soft on crime." Many supporters of law enforcement were angered by the decision's negative view of police officers.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miranda_warning">Miranda warning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Miranda warning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning">Miranda warning</a></div> <p>After the <i>Miranda</i> decision, the nation's police departments were required to inform arrested persons or suspects of their rights under the ruling prior to custodial interrogation or their answers would not be admissible in court. Such information is called a <a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning">Miranda warning</a>. Since it is usually required that the suspects be asked if they understand their rights, courts have also ruled that any subsequent waiver of Miranda rights must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many American police departments have pre-printed Miranda waiver forms that a suspect must sign and date (after hearing and reading the warnings again) if an interrogation is to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data from the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Crime_Reports" title="Uniform Crime Reports">FBI Uniform Crime Reports</a> show a sharp reduction in the <a href="/wiki/Clearance_rate" title="Clearance rate">clearance rate</a> of violent and property crimes after <i>Miranda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to other studies from the 1960s and 1970s, "contrary to popular belief, Miranda had little, if any, effect on detectives' ability to solve crimes."<sup id="cite_ref-HeritageApril_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeritageApril-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_developments">Legal developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legal developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The federal <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a> purported to overrule <i>Miranda</i> for federal criminal cases and restore the "totality of the circumstances" test that had prevailed previous to <i>Miranda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-saras_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saras-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The validity of this provision of the law, which is still codified at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/3501-">18 U.S.C. § 3501</a>, was not ruled on for another 30 years because the Justice Department never attempted to rely on it to support the introduction of a confession into evidence at any criminal trial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i>Miranda</i> was undermined by several subsequent decisions that seemed to grant exceptions to the Miranda warnings, challenging the ruling's claim to be a necessary corollary of the Fifth Amendment. The exceptions and developments that occurred over the years included: </p> <ul><li>The Court held in <i>Harris v. New York</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_401" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 401">401</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/401/222/">222</a> (1971), that a confession obtained in violation of the <i>Miranda</i> standards may nonetheless be used for purposes of impeaching the defendant's testimony; that is, if the defendant takes the stand at trial and the prosecution wishes to introduce the defendant's confession as a prior inconsistent statement to attack the defendant's credibility, the <i>Miranda</i> holding will not prohibit this.</li> <li>The Court held in <i><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_v._Innis" title="Rhode Island v. Innis">Rhode Island v. Innis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_446" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 446">446</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/446/291/">291</a> (1980), that a "spontaneous" statement made by a defendant while in custody, even though the defendant has not been given the Miranda warnings or has invoked the right to counsel and a lawyer is not yet present, is admissible in evidence, as long as the statement was not given in response to police questioning or other conduct by the police likely to produce an incriminating response.</li> <li>The Court held in <i><a href="/wiki/Berkemer_v._McCarty" title="Berkemer v. McCarty">Berkemer v. McCarty</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_468" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 468">468</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/468/420/">420</a> (1984), that a person subjected to custodial interrogation is entitled to the benefit of the procedural safeguards enunciated in <i>Miranda</i>, regardless of the nature or severity of the offense of which he is suspected or for which he was arrested.</li> <li>The Court held in <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Quarles" title="New York v. Quarles">New York v. Quarles</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_467" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 467">467</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/467/649/">649</a> (1984), that there is also a "public safety" exception to the requirement that Miranda warnings be given before questioning; for example, if the defendant is in possession of information regarding the location of an unattended gun or there are other similar exigent circumstances that require protection of the public, the defendant may be questioned without warning and his responses, though incriminating, will be admissible in evidence. In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">California Supreme Court</a> upheld the conviction of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_Davis" title="Richard Allen Davis">Richard Allen Davis</a>, finding that the public-safety exception applied despite the fact that 64 days had passed from the disappearance of the girl later found to be murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Court held in <i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_v._Connelly" title="Colorado v. Connelly">Colorado v. Connelly</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_479" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 479">479</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/479/157/">157</a> (1986), that the words "knowing, intelligent, and voluntary" mean only that suspects reasonably appear to understand what they are doing and are not being coerced into signing the waiver; the Court ruled that it is irrelevant whether the suspect may actually have been cognitively or mentally impaired at the time.</li></ul> <p><i>United States v. Garibay</i> (1998) clarified an important matter regarding the scope of <i>Miranda</i>. Defendant Jose Garibay barely spoke English and clearly showed a lack of understanding; indeed, "the agent admitted that he had to rephrase questions when the defendant appeared confused."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the defendant's low <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">I.Q.</a> and poor English-language skills, the U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that it was a "clear error" when the district court found that Garibay had "knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights." The court investigated his waiver and discovered that it was missing all items for which they were looking: he never signed a waiver, he only received his warnings verbally and in English, and no interpreter was provided although they were available. With an opinion that stressed "the requirement that a defendant 'knowingly and intelligently' waive his Miranda rights," the Court reversed Garibay's conviction and <a href="/wiki/Remand_(court_procedure)" title="Remand (court procedure)">remanded</a> his case.<sup id="cite_ref-Findlaw_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Findlaw-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Miranda</i> survived a strong challenge in <i><a href="/wiki/Dickerson_v._United_States" title="Dickerson v. United States">Dickerson v. United States</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_530" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 530">530</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/530/428/">428</a> (2000), when the validity of Congress's overruling of <i>Miranda</i> through § 3501 was tested. At issue was whether the Miranda warnings were actually compelled by the Constitution, or were rather merely measures enacted as a matter of judicial policy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In <i>Dickerson</i>, the Court, speaking through <a href="/wiki/William_H._Rehnquist" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Rehnquist">Chief Justice Rehnquist</a>, upheld <i>Miranda</i> 7–2 and stated that "the warnings have become part of our national culture". In dissent, <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Justice Scalia</a> argued that <i>Miranda</i> warnings were not constitutionally required. He cited several cases demonstrating a majority of the then-current court, counting himself, and Justices Kennedy, O'Connor, and Thomas, as well as Rehnquist (who had just delivered a contrary opinion), "[were] on record as believing that a violation of Miranda is not a violation of the Constitution."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over time, interrogators began to devise techniques to honor the "letter" but not the "spirit" of Miranda.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Seibert" title="Missouri v. Seibert">Missouri v. Seibert</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_542" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 542">542</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/542/600/">600</a> (2004), the Supreme Court halted one of the more controversial practices. Missouri police had been deliberately withholding Miranda warnings and questioning suspects until they obtained confessions, then providing the warnings, getting waivers, and eliciting confessions again. Justice Souter wrote for the plurality: "Strategists dedicated to draining the substance out of <i>Miranda</i> cannot accomplish by training instructions what <i>Dickerson</i> held Congress could not do by statute."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Berghuis_v._Thompkins" title="Berghuis v. Thompkins">Berghuis v. Thompkins</a></i> (2010) was a ruling in which the Supreme Court held that a suspect's "ambiguous or equivocal" statement, or lack of statements, does not mean that police must end an interrogation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one scholar has argued that <i>Thompkins</i> effectively gutted <i>Miranda</i>. In <i>The Right to Remain Silent</i>, Charles Weisselberg wrote that "the majority in <i>Thompkins</i> rejected the fundamental underpinnings of <i>Miranda v. Arizona'</i>s prophylactic rule and established a new one that fails to protect the rights of suspects" and that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But in <i>Thompkins</i>, neither Michigan nor the Solicitor General were able to cite any decision in which a court found that a suspect had given an implied waiver after lengthy questioning. Thompkins persevered for almost three hours before succumbing to his interrogators. In finding a waiver on these facts, <i>Thompkins</i> gives us an implied waiver doctrine on steroids.<sup id="cite_ref-Weisselberg_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weisselberg-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Vega_v._Tekoh" title="Vega v. Tekoh">Vega v. Tekoh</a></i> (2022), the Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that police officers could not be sued under a <a href="/wiki/42_U.S._Code_%C2%A7_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="42 U.S. Code § 1983">particular statutory cause of action</a> for failing to administer the Miranda warning, ruling that not every <i>Miranda</i> violation is a deprivation of a constitutional right.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dissent, 3 justices held that the court had "repeatedly and emphatically" determined that the <i>Miranda</i> decision established a constitutional right, and would have allowed such lawsuits.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to pundits, the ruling <i><a href="/wiki/Vega_v._Tekoh" title="Vega v. Tekoh">Vega v. Tekoh</a></i> "makes it easier for police to obtain coerced confessions – by continuing to ask questions even if someone doesn't want to speak" and "guts a major pathway for incentivizing police to provide a Miranda warning and ensuring their accountability."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_law_enforcement">Effect on law enforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Effect on law enforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Miranda</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s impact on law enforcement remains in dispute. Many legal scholars believe that police have adjusted their practices in response to <i>Miranda</i> and that its mandates have not hampered police investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others argue that the <i>Miranda</i> rule has resulted in a lower rate of conviction,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a possible reduction in the rate of confessions of between four and sixteen percent.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars argue that Miranda warnings have reduced the rate at which the police solve crimes,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others question their methodology and conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2023 film <a href="/wiki/Miranda%27s_Victim" title="Miranda's Victim">Miranda's Victim</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Danner" title="Michelle Danner">Michelle Danner</a> explores the origins of the <a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning">Miranda warning</a> and the ultimate decision of the Supreme Court in favour of Miranda.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">United States constitutional criminal procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_criminal_competencies" title="List of criminal competencies">List of criminal competencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_384" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 384">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning">Miranda warning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schmerber_v._California" title="Schmerber v. California">Schmerber v. California</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stansbury_v._California" title="Stansbury v. California">Stansbury v. California</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R._v._Hebert" class="mw-redirect" title="R. v. Hebert">R. v. Hebert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R._v._Brydges" class="mw-redirect" title="R. v. Brydges">R. v. Brydges</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaltzburgCapra2018761-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaltzburgCapra2018761_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaltzburgCapra2018">Saltzburg & Capra (2018)</a>, p. 761.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABAJ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABAJ_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrownell1961" class="citation journal cs1">Brownell, E. A. (1961). "A Decade of Progress: Legal Aid and Defender Services". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bar Association Journal">American Bar Association Journal</a></i>. <b>47</b> (9): 867–871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Decade+of+Progress%3A+Legal+Aid+and+Defender+Services&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=867-871&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Brownell&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miranda also matched the description given by a robbery victim of the perpetrator in a robbery several months earlier. He was simultaneously interrogated about both of these crimes, confessed to both, but was not asked to and did not write down his confession to the robbery. He was separately tried and convicted of the robbery and sentenced to 20 to 25 years of imprisonment. This crime, trial, and sentence is separate from the rape-kidnapping case appealed to the Supreme Court.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lief_and_Caldwell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lief_and_Caldwell_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/%E2%80%9Cyou-have-right-remain-silent%E2%80%9D">Michael S. Lief and H. Mitchell Caldwell</a> "'You Have the Right to Remain Silent,'" <i>American Heritage</i>, August/September 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miranda's oral confession in the robbery case was also appealed and the Arizona Supreme Court likewise affirmed the trial decision to admit it in <i>State v. Miranda</i>, 401 P.2d 716. This case was not part of the appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latimesobit-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimesobit_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2002" class="citation news cs1">Oliver, Myrna (September 12, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-sep-12-me-frank12-story.html">"John P. Frank, 84; Attorney Won Key Decision in 1966 Miranda Case"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=John+P.+Frank%2C+84%3B+Attorney+Won+Key+Decision+in+1966+Miranda+Case&rft.date=2002-09-12&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Myrna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2002-sep-12-me-frank12-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaFaveIsraelKingKerr2015§&nbsp;6.5(b)-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaFaveIsraelKingKerr2015§&nbsp;6.5(b)_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaFaveIsraelKingKerr2015">LaFave et al. (2015)</a>, § 6.5(b).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syllabus to the U.S. Supreme Court decision in <i>Miranda v. Arizona</i>, holding 1.(d).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilling2016" class="citation news cs1">Willing, Richard (June 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/06/10/cops-hated-miranda-warnings-but-the-fbi-helped-create-them/">"The right to remain silent, brought you by J. Edgar Hoover and the FBI"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+right+to+remain+silent%2C+brought+you+by+J.+Edgar+Hoover+and+the+FBI&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft.aulast=Willing&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fposteverything%2Fwp%2F2016%2F06%2F10%2Fcops-hated-miranda-warnings-but-the-fbi-helped-create-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>State v. Miranda</i>, 104 Ariz. 174, 176, 450 P.2d 364, 366 (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeritageApril-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeritageApril_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeritageApril_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeritageApril_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiefH._Mitchell_Caldwell2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Lief, Michael S.; H. Mitchell Caldwell (August–September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206174116/http://americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/4/2006_4_48.shtml">"You Have The Right To Remain Silent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com">the original</a> on February 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=You+Have+The+Right+To+Remain+Silent&rft.date=2006-08%2F2006-09&rft.aulast=Lief&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.au=H.+Mitchell+Caldwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>State v. Miranda</i>, 104 Ariz. 174, 450 P.2d 364 (1969)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">396 U.S. 868 (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTimes1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTimes1_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/01/archives/miranda-slain-main-figure-in-landmark-suspects-rights-case.html">"Miranda Slain; Main Figure in Landmark Suspects' Rights Case"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 1, 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Miranda+Slain%3B+Main+Figure+in+Landmark+Suspects%27+Rights+Case&rft.date=1976-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F02%2F01%2Farchives%2Fmiranda-slain-main-figure-in-landmark-suspects-rights-case.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Montaldo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crime.about.com/od/police/a/miranda_rights.htm">Miranda Rights and Warning: Landmark Case Evolved from 1963 Ernesto Miranda Arrest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704152727/http://crime.about.com/od/police/a/miranda_rights.htm">Archived</a> 2014-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, about.com; accessed 13 June 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,843458,00.html">"The Law: Catching Up with Miranda"</a>. <i>Time</i>. March 3, 1967<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Law%3A+Catching+Up+with+Miranda&rft.date=1967-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C843458%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1983/08/07/the-miranda-decision-criminal-wrongs-citizen-rights/9955124b-20b8-4ac6-8b82-3652b79a04e8/">"The Miranda Decision: Criminal Wrongs, Citizen Rights"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. August 7, 1983<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Miranda+Decision%3A+Criminal+Wrongs%2C+Citizen+Rights&rft.date=1983-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fentertainment%2Fbooks%2F1983%2F08%2F07%2Fthe-miranda-decision-criminal-wrongs-citizen-rights%2F9955124b-20b8-4ac6-8b82-3652b79a04e8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15310909188377217773">"<i>Colorado v. 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Lynn (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/amcrimlr5&div=37&id=&page=">"The Effects of Miranda on the Work of the Federal Bureau of Investigation"</a>. <i>American Criminal Law Quarterly</i>. <b>159</b>: 160–161<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brigham+Young+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Still+Handcuffing+the+Cops%3A+A+Review+of+Fifty+Years+of+Empirical+Evidence+of+Miranda%27s+Harmful+Effects+on+Law+Enforcement&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=685&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Cassell&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rft.au=Fowles%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D3000098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlschuler2017" class="citation journal cs1">Alschuler, Albert W. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2969143">"Miranda's Fourfold Failure"</a>. <i>Boston Law Review</i>. <b>97</b>: 649<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Miranda%27s+Fourfold+Failure&rft.volume=97&rft.pages=649&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Alschuler&rft.aufirst=Albert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D2969143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patch.com/new-jersey/middletown-nj/movie-filmed-middletown-school-tells-origin-u-s-miranda-rights">"Movie Filmed At New Jersey School Tells Origin Of U.S. Miranda Rights"</a>. <i>Middletown, NJ Patch</i>. May 18, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middletown%2C+NJ+Patch&rft.atitle=Movie+Filmed+At+New+Jersey+School+Tells+Origin+Of+U.S.+Miranda+Rights&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatch.com%2Fnew-jersey%2Fmiddletown-nj%2Fmovie-filmed-middletown-school-tells-origin-u-s-miranda-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaFaveIsraelKingKerr2015" class="citation book cs1">LaFave, Wayne R.; Israel, Jerold H.; King, Nancy J.; Kerr, Orin S. (2015). <i>Criminal Procedure</i> (4th ed.). St. Paul: West Academic Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/934517477">934517477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Procedure&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=West+Academic+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F934517477&rft.aulast=LaFave&rft.aufirst=Wayne+R.&rft.au=Israel%2C+Jerold+H.&rft.au=King%2C+Nancy+J.&rft.au=Kerr%2C+Orin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaltzburgCapra2018" class="citation book cs1">Saltzburg, Stephen A.; Capra, Daniel J. (2018). <i>American Criminal Procedure: Cases and Commentary</i> (11th ed.). St. Paul: West Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1683289845" title="Special:BookSources/978-1683289845"><bdi>978-1683289845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Criminal+Procedure%3A+Cases+and+Commentary&rft.place=St.+Paul&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=West+Academic&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1683289845&rft.aulast=Saltzburg&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=Capra%2C+Daniel+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker1983" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Liva (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mirandacrimelawa00bake"><i>Miranda: Crime, law, and politics</i></a></span>. New York: Atheneum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-689-11240-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-689-11240-9"><bdi>978-0-689-11240-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miranda%3A+Crime%2C+law%2C+and+politics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atheneum&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-689-11240-9&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Liva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmirandacrimelawa00bake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassinNorwick2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kassin, Saul M.; Norwick, Rebecca J. (2004). "Why People Waive Their Miranda Rights: The Power of Innocence". <i><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Human_Behavior" title="Law and Human Behavior">Law and Human Behavior</a></i>. <b>28</b> (2): 211–221. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.334.983">10.1.1.334.983</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ALAHU.0000022323.74584.f5">10.1023/B:LAHU.0000022323.74584.f5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15141779">15141779</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18578057">18578057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=Why+People+Waive+Their+Miranda+Rights%3A+The+Power+of+Innocence&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211-221&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.334.983%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18578057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15141779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3ALAHU.0000022323.74584.f5&rft.aulast=Kassin&rft.aufirst=Saul+M.&rft.au=Norwick%2C+Rebecca+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Levy" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Levy">Levy, Leonard W.</a> (1986) [1969]. <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Fifth_Amendment" title="Origins of the Fifth Amendment"><i>Origins of the Fifth Amendment</i></a> (Reprint ed.). New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-919580-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-919580-2"><bdi>978-0-02-919580-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Fifth+Amendment&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-02-919580-2&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Leonard+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoltero2006" class="citation book cs1">Soltero, Carlos R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J1WRQBjFLTUC&pg=PA61">"<i>Miranda v. Arizona</i> (1966) and the rights of the criminally accused"</a>. <i>Latinos and American Law: Landmark Supreme Court Cases</i>. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 61–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71411-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71411-3"><bdi>978-0-292-71411-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Miranda+v.+Arizona+%281966%29+and+the+rights+of+the+criminally+accused&rft.btitle=Latinos+and+American+Law%3A+Landmark+Supreme+Court+Cases&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pages=61-74&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71411-3&rft.aulast=Soltero&rft.aufirst=Carlos+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ1WRQBjFLTUC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2004" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, Gary L. (2004). <i>Miranda: The Story of America's Right to Remain Silent</i>. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2313-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2313-9"><bdi>978-0-8165-2313-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miranda%3A+The+Story+of+America%27s+Right+to+Remain+Silent&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2313-9&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=Gary+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiranda+v.+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miranda_v._Arizona&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Miranda v. Arizona"><i>Miranda v. Arizona</i></a> at Wikisource</li> <li>Text of <i>Miranda v. Arizona</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_384" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 384">384</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 436 (1966) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/384/436">Cornell</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/107252/miranda-v-arizona/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/384/436.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6386252699535531764">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/384/436/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep384/usrep384436/usrep384436.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1965/759">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miranda-v.-arizona-briefs/">Case briefs for <i>Miranda v. Arizona</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://landmarkcases.c-span.org/Case/11/Miranda-V-Arizona">"Supreme Court Landmark Case <i>Miranda v. Arizona</i>"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Landmark_Cases:_Historic_Supreme_Court_Decisions" title="Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions">Landmark Cases: Historic Supreme Court Decisions</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/miranda-v-arizona/introduction">An online publication titled "Miranda v. Arizona: The Rights to Justice" containing the most salient documents and other primary and secondary sources</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:US5thAmendment crimpro"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fifth_Amendment_criminal_procedure_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States Fifth Amendment</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">criminal procedure</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Grand_Jury_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">Grand Jury</a> Clause</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurtado_v._California" title="Hurtado v. California">Hurtado v. California</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bain" title="Ex parte Bain">Ex parte Bain</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wong_Wing_v._United_States" title="Wong Wing v. United States">Wong Wing v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_v._Dow" title="Maxwell v. Dow">Maxwell v. Dow</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Moreland" title="United States v. Moreland">United States v. Moreland</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beck_v._Washington" title="Beck v. Washington">Beck v. Washington</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cotton" title="United States v. Cotton">United States v. Cotton</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Double_Jeopardy_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meaning of "same offense"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Felix" title="United States v. Felix">United States v. Felix</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After acquittal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Randenbush" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Randenbush">United States v. Randenbush</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ball_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ball v. United States (page does not exist)">Ball v. United States</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fong_Foo_v._United_States" title="Fong Foo v. United States">Fong Foo v. United States</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashe_v._Swenson" title="Ashe v. Swenson">Ashe v. Swenson</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burks_v._United_States" title="Burks v. United States">Burks v. United States</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Michigan" title="Evans v. Michigan">Evans v. Michigan</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bravo-Fernandez_v._United_States" title="Bravo-Fernandez v. United States">Bravo-Fernandez v. United States</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McElrath_v._Georgia" title="McElrath v. Georgia">McElrath v. Georgia</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After conviction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wilson" title="United States v. Wilson">United States v. Wilson</a></i> (1833)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_v._Massachusetts" title="Ludwig v. Massachusetts">Ludwig v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grady_v._Corbin" title="Grady v. Corbin">Grady v. Corbin</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Felix" title="United States v. Felix">United States v. Felix</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dixon" title="United States v. Dixon">United States v. Dixon</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._United_States_(2023)" title="Smith v. United States (2023)">Smith v. United States</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">After mistrial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Perez" title="United States v. Perez">United States v. Perez</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jorn" title="United States v. Jorn">United States v. Jorn</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Dinitz" title="United States v. Dinitz">United States v. Dinitz</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Kennedy" title="Oregon v. Kennedy">Oregon v. Kennedy</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blueford_v._Arkansas" title="Blueford v. Arkansas">Blueford v. Arkansas</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple punishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blockburger_v._United_States" title="Blockburger v. United States">Blockburger v. United States</a></i> (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dual sovereignty doctrine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Lanza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Lanza (page does not exist)">United States v. Lanza</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartkus_v._Illinois" title="Bartkus v. Illinois">Bartkus v. Illinois</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waller_v._Florida" title="Waller v. Florida">Waller v. Florida</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wheeler_(1978)" title="United States v. Wheeler (1978)">United States v. Wheeler</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heath_v._Alabama" title="Heath v. Alabama">Heath v. Alabama</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lara" title="United States v. Lara">United States v. Lara</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_v._Sanchez_Valle" title="Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle">Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamble_v._United_States" title="Gamble v. United States">Gamble v. United States</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Denezpi_v._United_States" title="Denezpi v. United States">Denezpi v. United States</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bigelow" title="Ex parte Bigelow">Ex parte Bigelow</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palko_v._Connecticut" title="Palko v. Connecticut">Palko v. Connecticut</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_ex_rel._Francis_v._Resweber" title="Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber">Louisiana ex rel. Francis v. Resweber</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baxstrom_v._Herold" title="Baxstrom v. Herold">Baxstrom v. Herold</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_v._Pearce" title="North Carolina v. Pearce">North Carolina v. Pearce</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benton_v._Maryland" title="Benton v. Maryland">Benton v. Maryland</a></i> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Self-Incrimination_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Self-Incrimination_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-Incrimination Clause">Self-Incrimination Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curcio_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curcio v. United States (page does not exist)">Curcio v. United States</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._California" title="Griffin v. California">Griffin v. California</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulden_v._Holman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulden v. Holman (page does not exist)">Boulden v. Holman</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Florida" title="Williams v. Florida">Williams v. Florida</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michigan_v._Tucker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michigan v. Tucker (page does not exist)">Michigan v. Tucker</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Arizona" title="Edwards v. Arizona">Edwards v. Arizona</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Elstad" title="Oregon v. Elstad">Oregon v. Elstad</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doe_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doe v. United States (page does not exist)">Doe v. United States</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Perkins" title="Illinois v. Perkins">Illinois v. Perkins</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McNeil_v._Wisconsin" title="McNeil v. Wisconsin">McNeil v. Wisconsin</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_v._United_States_(1999)" title="Mitchell v. United States (1999)">Mitchell v. United States</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbell" title="United States v. Hubbell">United States v. Hubbell</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickerson_v._United_States" title="Dickerson v. United States">Dickerson v. United States</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavez_v._Martinez" title="Chavez v. Martinez">Chavez v. Martinez</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yarborough_v._Alvarado" title="Yarborough v. Alvarado">Yarborough v. Alvarado</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Seibert" title="Missouri v. Seibert">Missouri v. Seibert</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Patane" title="United States v. Patane">United States v. Patane</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corley_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corley v. United States (page does not exist)">Corley v. United States</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Powell" title="Florida v. Powell">Florida v. Powell</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maryland_v._Shatzer" title="Maryland v. Shatzer">Maryland v. Shatzer</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berghuis_v._Thompkins" title="Berghuis v. Thompkins">Berghuis v. Thompkins</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._D._B._v._North_Carolina" title="J. D. B. v. North Carolina">J. D. B. v. North Carolina</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobby_v._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobby v. Dixon">Bobby v. Dixon</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Howes_v._Fields" title="Howes v. Fields">Howes v. Fields</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salinas_v._Texas" title="Salinas v. Texas">Salinas v. Texas</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vega_v._Tekoh" title="Vega v. Tekoh">Vega v. Tekoh</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phoenix_Police_Department" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenix_Police_Department" title="Template:Phoenix Police Department"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenix_Police_Department" title="Template talk:Phoenix Police Department"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix_Police_Department" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix Police Department"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phoenix_Police_Department" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Police_Department" title="Phoenix Police Department">Phoenix Police Department</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Evans" title="Arizona v. 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