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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fictional language. For the variety of American English, see <a href="/wiki/Black_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Black English">Black English</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Black Speech</b> is one of the fictional <a href="/wiki/Languages_constructed_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien">languages constructed by J. R. R. Tolkien</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">his legendarium</a>, where it was spoken in the evil realm of <a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a>. In the fiction, Tolkien describes the language as created by <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> to be the sole language of all the servants of Mordor. </p><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: white; background-color: #114057;">Black Speech</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945–1973</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Setting and usage</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Mordor in <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Users</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">None </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed language</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">Artistic language</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Black Speech</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: white; background-color: #114057;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>Little is known of the Black Speech except the inscription on the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a>. Scholars note that Tolkien constructed this to be plausible linguistically, and to sound rough and harsh. The scholar Alexandre Nemirovski, on linguistic evidence, has proposed that Tolkien based it on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian language</a>, which like the Black Speech was <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Tolkien"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Tolkien</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Objective"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Objective</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Fictional_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Fictional history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_One_Ring_inscription"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">The One Ring inscription</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sound_and_meaning"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Sound and meaning</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Other_examples"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Other examples</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#In_film_and_music"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">In film and music</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Analysis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Analysis</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Comparison_with_Elvish_languages"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison with Elvish languages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Parallels_to_natural_languages"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parallels to natural languages</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Tolkien">Tolkien</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Tolkien" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objective">Objective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Objective" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Black Speech is one of the more fragmentary languages in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Unlike his extensive work on the <a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_(Middle-earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvish languages (Middle-earth)">Elvish languages</a>, Tolkien did not write songs or poems in the Black Speech, apart from the One Ring inscription. He stated that:<sup id="cite_ref-Parma_Eldalamberon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parma_Eldalamberon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Agglutination</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, the meaning of a word can be understood by breaking it down into the base word and its word endings. For example, in the word <i>evlerimizde</i> <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ev#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:ev">ev</a></i> means "house", <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ler#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ler">-ler</a></i> indicates plurality, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-imiz#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-imiz">-imiz</a></i> means "our", and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-de#Turkish" class="extiw" title="wikt:-de">-de</a></i> means "in". Therefore, <i>evlerimizde</i> means "in our houses". </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><i>Turkish Textbook</i><sup id="cite_ref-TT_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Black Speech was not intentionally modelled on any style, but was meant to be self consistent, very different from Elvish, yet organized and expressive, as would be expected of a device of Sauron before his complete corruption. It was evidently an <a href="/wiki/Agglutinative_language" title="Agglutinative language">agglutinative language</a>. ... I have tried to play fair linguistically, and it is meant to have a meaning not be a mere casual group of nasty noises, though an accurate transcription would even nowadays only be printable in the higher and artistically more advanced form of literature. According to my taste such things are best left to Orcs, ancient and modern.</p></blockquote> <p>Tolkien's attitude to the Black Speech is revealed in one of his letters. From a fan, Tolkien received a goblet with the Ring inscription on it in Black Speech. Because the Black Speech in general is an accursed language, and the Ring inscription in particular is a vile spell, Tolkien never drank out of the goblet, and used it only as an ashtray.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_history">Fictional history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fictional history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The linguist and Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Carl F. Hostetter</a> wrote that the Dark Lord <a href="/wiki/Sauron" title="Sauron">Sauron</a> created the Black Speech "in a perverse antiparallel of Aulë's creation of Khuzdul for the Dwarves".<sup id="cite_ref-Hostetter_2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hostetter_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauron attempted to impose Black Speech as the official language of the lands he dominated and all his servants, but in this he was only partially successful.<sup id="cite_ref-Hostetter_2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hostetter_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005239_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005239-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Speech influenced the <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a>' vocabulary, but soon developed into many Orkish dialects, which were not mutually intelligible. By the end of the Third Age, Orcs mostly communicated using a debased <a href="/wiki/Westron" title="Westron">Westron</a>. Tolkien described one Orc's utterances as being in "the Common Speech, which he made almost as hideous as his own tongue".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005376_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005376-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language was used "only in <a href="/wiki/Mordor" title="Mordor">Mordor</a>", Tolkien stated, and it was "never used willingly by any other people"; for this reason, "even the names of places in Mordor are in English", representing Westron.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005739_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005739-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_One_Ring_inscription">The One Ring inscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The One Ring inscription" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The only <a href="/wiki/Text_(literary_theory)" title="Text (literary theory)">text</a> of "pure" Black Speech is the <a href="/wiki/Ring-inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring-inscription">inscription</a> upon the <a href="/wiki/One_Ring" title="One Ring">One Ring</a>. It is written in the Elvish <a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a> script, with flourishes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull200583_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull200583-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="background-color: white !important; color: black !important;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:One_Ring_inscription.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Black Speech inscription written in Elvish script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/One_Ring_inscription.svg/500px-One_Ring_inscription.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="144"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/One_Ring_inscription.svg/500px-One_Ring_inscription.svg.png" data-alt="Black Speech inscription written in Elvish script" data-width="500" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/One_Ring_inscription.svg/750px-One_Ring_inscription.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/One_Ring_inscription.svg/1000px-One_Ring_inscription.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="center"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p><span title="constructed-language text"><i lang="art">Ash nazg durbatulûk, ash nazg gimbatul,<br> ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul.</i></span><br> (<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/50\/The_one_ring.ogg\/The_one_ring.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"The one ring.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/50/The_one_ring.ogg/The_one_ring.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:The_one_ring.ogg" title="File:The one ring.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) </p> </div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>One Ring to rule them all, One Ring to find them,<br> One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them.<sup id="cite_ref-Shadow_of_the_Past_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shadow_of_the_Past-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> </div> <p>The couplet is from the <a href="/wiki/Rhyme_of_the_Rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyme of the Rings">Rhyme of the Rings</a>, a verse describing the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Power" title="Rings of Power">Rings of Power</a>. This corresponds to the following table as explained by Tolkien.<sup id="cite_ref-Parma_Eldalamberon_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parma_Eldalamberon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 100px;">Black Speech </th> <th style="width: 330px;">Tolkien's English glosses<sup id="cite_ref-Parma_Eldalamberon_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parma_Eldalamberon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>ash</b></td> <td>one </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>nazg</b></td> <td>(finger-)ring </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>durb-</b></td> <td>constrain, force, dominate </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-at</b></td> <td>verb ending, like a <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-ulûk</b></td> <td>verbal ending expressing <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> 3rd <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">plural</a> "them" (<i>ul</i>) in completive or total form "them-all". </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>gimb-</b></td> <td>seek out, discover </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>-ul</b></td> <td>them </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>thrak-</b></td> <td>bring by force, hale, drag </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>agh</b> </td> <td>and </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>burzum</b></td> <td>darkness </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ishi</b></td> <td>in, inside (placed after noun usually in Black Speech). </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>krimp-</b></td> <td>bind, tie </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_and_meaning">Sound and meaning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sound and meaning" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sound_symbolism" title="Sound symbolism">Sound symbolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">Sound and language in Middle-earth</a></div> <p>The Black Speech was by Tolkien's real intention, and Sauron's fictional one also, a harshly guttural language "with such sounds as sh, gh, zg; indeed," wrote Hostetter, "establishing this effect, as well as the bits of grammar needed to lend the Ring-inscription linguistic verisimilitude, seems to have been about the extent of Tolkien's work on this language."<sup id="cite_ref-Hostetter_2013_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hostetter_2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Ashford, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Fantastic_in_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts">Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts</a></i>, observes that uniquely among Tolkien's languages, the Black Speech is explicitly a <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">constructed language</a> devised as unpleasant by Sauron for his Orcs, and described by Tolkien as<sup id="cite_ref-Ashford_2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashford_2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>so full of harsh and hideous sounds and vile words that other mouths found it difficult to compass, and few indeed were willing to make the attempt<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolkien199635_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien199635-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Linguists including Ashford and <a href="/wiki/Helge_Fauskanger" title="Helge Fauskanger">Helge Fauskanger</a> comment that this is Tolkien's subjective view, as it is difficult to identify which sounds might have been experienced as hideous.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashford_2018_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashford_2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fauskanger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fauskanger suggests that the Elves did not like the <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> <i>r</i> employed by the Orcs.<sup id="cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fauskanger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tolkien scholar <a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a> writes that the word <i>durbatulûk</i>, "to rule them all", embodied Tolkien's view that <a href="/wiki/Sound_and_language_in_Middle-earth" title="Sound and language in Middle-earth">sound and meaning went together</a>, commenting that<sup id="cite_ref-Shippey_2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>certainly, the harsh vowels and jagged consonants and consonant clusters lend themselves to rough and rasping pronunciation, a fitting evocation of the voices of Orcs.<sup id="cite_ref-Shippey_2013_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shippey_2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>A few Black Speech words are given in Appendix F of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_King" title="The Return of the King">The Return of the King</a></i>. These include <i>Lugbúrz</i>, meaning "Dark Tower" (<a href="/wiki/Barad-d%C3%BBr" class="mw-redirect" title="Barad-dûr">Barad-dûr</a>), <i>snaga</i>, "slave", and <i>ghâsh</i>, "fire". The name <a href="/wiki/Nazg%C3%BBl" title="Nazgûl">Nazgûl</a> is a combination of <i>nazg</i> meaning "ring" and <i>gûl</i> meaning "wraith(s)", hence "ringwraith".<sup id="cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fauskanger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only known sample of debased Black Speech/Orkish is in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Towers" title="The Two Towers">The Two Towers</a></i>, where a "yellow-fanged" Mordor Orc curses the <a href="/wiki/Isengard" title="Isengard">Isengard</a> <a href="/wiki/Uruk-hai" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruk-hai">Uruk</a> Uglúk:<sup id="cite_ref-VT_1992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VT_1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Uglúk u bagronk sha pushdug Saruman-glob búbhosh skai!</i></dd></dl> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i>, Christopher Tolkien gives the translation: "Uglúk to the cesspool, sha! the dungfilth; the great <a href="/wiki/Saruman" title="Saruman">Saruman</a>-fool, skai!". However, in a note published in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Vinyar_Tengwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyar Tengwar">Vinyar Tengwar</a></i>, it is translated: "Uglúk to the dung-pit with stinking Saruman-filth, pig-guts, gah!"<sup id="cite_ref-VT_1992_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VT_1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="In_film_and_music">In film and music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In film and music" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>For Peter Jackson's <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings_(film_series)" title="The Lord of the Rings (film series)"><i>The Lord of the Rings</i> film trilogy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguist</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a> used what little is known of the Black Speech to invent two phrases:<sup id="cite_ref-Salo_2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salo_2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Gû kîbum kelkum-ishi, burzum-ishi. Akha gûm-ishi ashi gurum.</i></dd> <dd>("No life in coldness, in darkness. Here in void, only death.")</dd></dl> <p>The word <i>burzum-ishi</i> ('in darkness') is taken from the Ring Verse, and three other abstract nouns are invented with the same ending <i>–um</i>. The word <i>ashi</i>, meaning 'only', is taken from <i>ash</i> ('one') in the Ring Verse. The other words were made up by Salo.<sup id="cite_ref-Salo_2013_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salo_2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analysis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_Elvish_languages">Comparison with Elvish languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Comparison with Elvish languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Swedish linguist Nils-Lennart Johannesson compared the phonology and syllable structure of the Black Speech with those of <a href="/wiki/Elvish_languages_of_Middle-earth" title="Elvish languages of Middle-earth">Tolkien's two major Elvish languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindarin" title="Sindarin">Sindarin</a>. He found that there were more <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorant</a> sounds and more <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a> in Elvish than in either English or Black Speech. He stated that these consistent differences were "sufficiently prominent" to make Elvish sound "pleasant and harmonious", whereas Black Speech sounded "harsh and strident".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>M. G. Meile, labelling the Black Speech as "Sauron's <a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a>" by analogy with <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s dystopian language, noted that it was "doubly artificial": where the Elvish languages were Tolkien's invention, the Black Speech was also a constructed language in his invented Middle-earth, since it had been created by the Dark Lord Sauron as an "evil <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>" for his slaves. He stated that as the only language of this type in Middle-earth, this made the Black Speech more important than it would appear from the few words Tolkien defined for it. Further, Tolkien wrote that it was made in mockery of Quenya, in other words that it was an evil language shadowing "the linguistic embodiment of good", and indeed, Meile wrote, it had many correspondences with Quenya. For instance, the word for <a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a>, the monsters made in mockery of the Elves, is Quenya "urco, orco", which becomes Black Speech "Uruk".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The linguist Joanna Podhorodecka examines the <i>lámatyáve</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Quenya" title="Quenya">Quenya</a> term for "phonetic fitness", of Tolkien's constructed languages. She analyses them in light of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iv%C3%A1n_F%C3%B3nagy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iván Fónagy (page does not exist)">Iván Fónagy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3nagy_Iv%C3%A1n" class="extiw" title="hu:Fónagy Iván">hu</a>]</span>'s theory of symbolic vocal gestures that convey emotions. She notes that Tolkien's inspiration was "primarily linguistic"; and that he had invented the stories "to provide a world for the languages", which in turn were "agreeable to [his] personal aesthetic". She compares two samples of Elvish (one Sindarin, one Quenya) and one of Black Speech, tabulating the proportions of <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a>. The Black Speech is 63% consonants, compared to the Elvish samples' 52% and 55%. Among other features, <a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">front vowel</a> sounds like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> (like the <i>i</i> in <i>machine</i>) are much rarer in Black Speech than in Elvish, while <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowel</a> sounds like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> (like the <i>u</i> in <i>brute</i>) are much more common. Podhorodecka therefore comments that the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of Black Speech is similar to speech affected by aggressive emotions, which has a higher proportion of consonants (especially <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a>) to vowels. She concludes that Tolkien's constructed languages were certainly individual to him, but that their "linguistic patterns resulted from his keen sense of phonetic metaphor", so that the languages subtly contribute to the "<a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">axiological</a> aspects of his mythology".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallels_to_natural_languages">Parallels to natural languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parallels to natural languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foundation_tablet,_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen,_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar,_Habur_Bassin,_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photo of an ancient tablet with writing in the Hurrian language" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Foundation_tablet%2C_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen%2C_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar%2C_Habur_Bassin%2C_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg/220px-Foundation_tablet%2C_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen%2C_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar%2C_Habur_Bassin%2C_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1534"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Foundation_tablet%2C_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen%2C_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar%2C_Habur_Bassin%2C_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg/220px-Foundation_tablet%2C_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen%2C_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar%2C_Habur_Bassin%2C_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg" data-alt="Photo of an ancient tablet with writing in the Hurrian language" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Foundation_tablet%2C_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen%2C_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar%2C_Habur_Bassin%2C_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg/330px-Foundation_tablet%2C_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen%2C_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar%2C_Habur_Bassin%2C_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Foundation_tablet%2C_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen%2C_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar%2C_Habur_Bassin%2C_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg/440px-Foundation_tablet%2C_dedication_to_God_Nergal_by_Hurrian_king_Atalshen%2C_king_of_Urkish_and_Nawar%2C_Habur_Bassin%2C_circa_2000_BC_Louvre_Museum_AO_5678.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Black Speech has been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian language</a>, seen here on the Foundation Tablet, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian historian Alexandre Nemirovski claimed a strong similarity to the extinct <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian language</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fauskanger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had recently been partially deciphered at the time of the writing of <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>, <a href="/wiki/E._A._Speiser" class="mw-redirect" title="E. A. Speiser">E. A. Speiser</a>'s <i>Introduction to Hurrian</i> appearing in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Speiser_2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speiser_2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fauskanger corresponded with Nemirovski, and notes that Nemirovski argued that Tolkien designed Black Speech "after some acquaintance with Hurrian-Urartian language(s)."<sup id="cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fauskanger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence that Nemirovski presented for this is entirely linguistic, based on similarities of the elements of the agglutinative forms of Black Speech; Hurrian was similarly agglutinative.<sup id="cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fauskanger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Parallels perceived by Nemirovski between Black Speech and Hurrian<sup id="cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fauskanger-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Black Speech</th> <th>English</th> <th>Hurrian</th> <th>Meaning in Hurrian<i><br>(possible Black Speech interpretation)</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>durb</i>-</td> <td>to rule</td> <td><span title="Hurrian-language romanization"><i lang="xhu-Latn">turob-</i></span></td> <td>something predestined to occur<br><i>(perhaps: an evil destiny)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>-<i>ûk</i></td> <td>completely</td> <td><span title="Hurrian-language romanization"><i lang="xhu-Latn">-ok-</i></span></td> <td>"fully, really" </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gimb</i>-</td> <td>to find</td> <td><span title="Hurrian-language romanization"><i lang="xhu-Latn">-ki(b)</i></span></td> <td>to take, to gather </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>burz</i>-</td> <td>dark</td> <td><span title="Hurrian-language romanization"><i lang="xhu-Latn">wur-, wurikk-</i></span></td> <td>to see, to be blind <i><br>(perhaps: in the dark)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>krimp</i>-</td> <td>to tie</td> <td><span title="Hurrian-language romanization"><i lang="xhu-Latn">ker-imbu-</i></span></td> <td>to make longer fully <i><br>(perhaps: if of a rope, to tie tightly)</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ashford writes that the Black Speech is at once agglutinative and <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Ergative–absolutive alignment">ergative</a>, "something of a rarity even now".<sup id="cite_ref-Ashford_2018_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashford_2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, in the 1940s ergativity was a recent linguistic discovery, so that Tolkien was making use of the newest research in his favourite field. In Ashford's view, given the "striking parallels" in both syntax and morphology, the "mysterious history", and the "topical interest" of Hurrian at that time, the case for a Hurrian connection is persuasive.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashford_2018_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashford_2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tolkien stated that when coining the Black Speech word <i>nazg</i>, he might have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nasc#Irish" class="extiw" title="wikt:nasc">nasc</a></i> ("ring, fastening, tie").<sup id="cite_ref-Parma_Eldalamberon_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parma_Eldalamberon-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He denied that <i>nazg</i> had any connection to <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mark Mandel, writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien Journal">Tolkien Journal</a></i> in 1965, wrote that <i>-ishi</i> is "a <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">postposition</a> of location, or (to borrow a term from <a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish grammar</a>) an <a href="/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a> suffix."<sup id="cite_ref-Mandel_1965_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mandel_1965-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_language" title="Fictional language">Fictional languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Parma_Eldalamberon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parma_Eldalamberon_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parma_Eldalamberon_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parma_Eldalamberon_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parma_Eldalamberon_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTolkien" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> "Words, Phrases and Passages in Various Tongues in The Lord of the Rings". <i><a href="/wiki/Parma_Eldalamberon" class="mw-redirect" title="Parma Eldalamberon">Parma Eldalamberon</a></i> (17): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parma+Eldalamberon&rft.atitle=Words%2C+Phrases+and+Passages+in+Various+Tongues+in+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TT_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkishtextbook.com/adding-word-endings-agglutination/">"What is aggulutination?"</a>. <i>Turkish Textbook</i>. 29 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Textbook&rft.atitle=What+is+aggulutination%3F&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishtextbook.com%2Fadding-word-endings-agglutination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #343 to Sterling Lanier, 21 November 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hostetter_2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hostetter_2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hostetter_2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hostetter_2013_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHostetter2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_F._Hostetter" title="Carl F. Hostetter">Hostetter, Carl F.</a> (2013) [2006]. "Languages Invented by Tolkien: The Black Speech". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Michael D. C. Drout</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1358-8033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1358-8033-0"><bdi>978-1-1358-8033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+Invented+by+Tolkien%3A+The+Black+Speech&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1358-8033-0&rft.aulast=Hostetter&rft.aufirst=Carl+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005239-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005239_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammondScull2005">Hammond & Scull 2005</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005376-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005376_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammondScull2005">Hammond & Scull 2005</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005739-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull2005739_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammondScull2005">Hammond & Scull 2005</a>, p. 739.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondScull200583-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammondScull200583_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHammondScull2005">Hammond & Scull 2005</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shadow_of_the_Past-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shadow_of_the_Past_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A drawing of the inscription and a translation provided by Gandalf appears in <a href="#CITEREFTolkien1954a">Tolkien 1954a</a>, book 1, ch. 2 "<a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_of_the_Past" title="The Shadow of the Past">The Shadow of the Past</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashford_2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashford_2018_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashford_2018_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashford_2018_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashford_2018_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshford2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ashford, David (2018). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Orc Talk': Soviet Linguistics in Middle-Earth". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Fantastic_in_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts">Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1 (101)): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26627600">26627600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Fantastic+in+the+Arts&rft.atitle=%27Orc+Talk%27%3A+Soviet+Linguistics+in+Middle-Earth&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1+%28101%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26627600%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ashford&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolkien199635-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolkien199635_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolkien1996">Tolkien 1996</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fauskanger-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fauskanger_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauskanger" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helge_Fauskanger" title="Helge Fauskanger">Fauskanger, Helge K.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/orkish.htm">"Orkish and the Black Speech"</a>. <i>Ardalambion</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bergen" title="University of Bergen">University of Bergen</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ardalambion&rft.atitle=Orkish+and+the+Black+Speech&rft.aulast=Fauskanger&rft.aufirst=Helge+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolk.uib.no%2Fhnohf%2Forkish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shippey_2013-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shippey_2013_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shippey_2013_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2013) [2006]. "Poems by Tolkien: <i>The Lord of the Rings</i>". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._C._Drout" title="Michael D. C. Drout">Michael D. C. Drout</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_J._R._R._Tolkien_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia">The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia</a></i>. Abingdon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">245–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1358-8033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1358-8033-0"><bdi>978-1-1358-8033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Poems+by+Tolkien%3A+The+Lord+of+the+Rings&rft.btitle=The+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-1358-8033-0&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VT_1992-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VT_1992_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VT_1992_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Appendix E typescript, <i><a href="/wiki/Vinyar_Tengwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyar Tengwar">Vinyar Tengwar</a></i>, 26:16, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salo_2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salo_2013_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salo_2013_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalo2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">Salo, David</a> (24 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130707054848/http://midgardsmal.com/the-mind-of-the-dark-lord/">"David Salo on Black Speech, orc dialects and the mind of Sauron"</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Salo" title="David Salo">David Salo</a>, on Midgardsmal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://midgardsmal.com/the-mind-of-the-dark-lord/">the original</a> on 7 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Salo+on+Black+Speech%2C+orc+dialects+and+the+mind+of+Sauron&rft.pub=David+Salo%2C+on+Midgardsmal&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft.aulast=Salo&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmidgardsmal.com%2Fthe-mind-of-the-dark-lord%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Susan Lampert (19 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041205101246/http://www.madison.com/wisconsinstatejournal/local/40925.php">"Linguist Is A Specialist In Elvish, The Uw Grad Student Provides Translations For Lord Of The Rings Movies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Journal" title="Wisconsin State Journal">Wisconsin State Journal</a></i>. William K. Johnston. pp. C1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0749-405X">0749-405X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madison.com/archives/read.php?ref=/madison.com/html/archive_files/wsj/2003/01/19/0301180299.php">the original</a> on 5 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wisconsin+State+Journal&rft.atitle=Linguist+Is+A+Specialist+In+Elvish%2C+The+Uw+Grad+Student+Provides+Translations+For+Lord+Of+The+Rings+Movies.&rft.pages=C1&rft.date=2003-01-19&rft.issn=0749-405X&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Susan+Lampert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.madison.com%2Farchives%2Fread.php%3Fref%3D%2Fmadison.com%2Fhtml%2Farchive_files%2Fwsj%2F2003%2F01%2F19%2F0301180299.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elvish.org/gwaith/movie_soundtrack_fotr.htm">"Soundtrack Analysis"</a>. <i>Elvish.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>Featured in 'The Treason of Isengard'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elvish.org&rft.atitle=Soundtrack+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elvish.org%2Fgwaith%2Fmovie_soundtrack_fotr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannesson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Johannesson, Nils-Lennart (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A184607&dswid=9454">"Quenya, the Black Speech and the Sonority Scale"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the First International Conference on J.R.R. Tolkien's Invented Languages Omentielva Minya</i>: <span class="nowrap">14–</span>21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Conference+on+J.R.R.+Tolkien%27s+Invented+Languages+Omentielva+Minya&rft.atitle=Quenya%2C+the+Black+Speech+and+the+Sonority+Scale&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Johannesson&rft.aufirst=Nils-Lennart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Frecord.jsf%3Fpid%3Ddiva2%253A184607%26dswid%3D9454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeile2020" class="citation book cs1">Meile, M. G. (2020) [1996]. 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"Is <i>lámatyáve</i> a linguistic heresy. Iconicity in J. R. R. Tolkien's invented languages". In Tabakowska, Elżbieta; Ljungberg, Christina; Fischer, Olga (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19105666"><i>Insistent Images. Iconicity in language and literature. Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium in Language and Literature</i></a>. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027243416" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027243416"><bdi>978-9027243416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+l%C3%A1maty%C3%A1ve+a+linguistic+heresy.+Iconicity+in+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%27s+invented+languages&rft.btitle=Insistent+Images.+Iconicity+in+language+and+literature.+Proceedings+of+the+Fifth+Symposium+in+Language+and+Literature&rft.place=Amsterdam%2FPhiladelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9027243416&rft.aulast=Podhorodecka&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19105666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, v. 20, N.H. 1941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speiser_2016-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Speiser_2016_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeiser2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Avigdor_Speiser" title="Ephraim Avigdor Speiser">Speiser, Ephraim A.</a> (2016) [1941]. <i>Introduction to Hurrian</i>. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-8811-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-8811-8"><bdi>978-1-4982-8811-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957436981">957436981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Hurrian&rft.place=Eugene&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957436981&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-8811-8&rft.aulast=Speiser&rft.aufirst=Ephraim+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2023">Carpenter 2023</a>, #297 draft to Mr Rang, August 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mandel_1965-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mandel_1965_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1965" class="citation journal cs1">Mandel, Mark (1965). <a href="/wiki/Richard_Plotz" title="Richard Plotz">Plotz, Dick</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dc.swosu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=tolkien_journal">"The Ring-Inscription"</a>. <i>Tolkien Journal</i>. <b>1</b> (2 (<a href="/wiki/Winterfilth" class="mw-redirect" title="Winterfilth">Winterfilth</a> 1965)): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tolkien+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ring-Inscription&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2+%28Winterfilth+1965%29&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdc.swosu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1002%26context%3Dtolkien_journal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Carpenter" title="Humphrey Carpenter">Carpenter, Humphrey</a>, ed. (2023) [1981]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Letters_of_J._R._R._Tolkien" title="The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien">The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien</a>: Revised and Expanded Edition</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Collins">Harper Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-35-865298-4"><bdi>978-0-35-865298-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-35-865298-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondScull2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_G._Hammond" title="Wayne G. Hammond">Hammond, Wayne G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christina_Scull" title="Christina Scull">Scull, Christina</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings:_A_Reader%27s_Companion" title="The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion"><i>The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720907-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-720907-1"><bdi>978-0-00-720907-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lord+of+the+Rings%3A+A+Reader%27s+Companion&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-00-720907-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Wayne+G.&rft.au=Scull%2C+Christina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1954a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1954a). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring" title="The Fellowship of the Ring">The Fellowship of the Ring</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9552942">9552942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fellowship+of+the+Ring&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%27%27The+Lord+of+the+Rings%27%27&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9552942&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">Tolkien, J. R. R.</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peoples_of_Middle-earth" title="The Peoples of Middle-earth">The Peoples of Middle-earth</a></i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82760-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-82760-4"><bdi>978-0-395-82760-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Middle-earth&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-395-82760-4&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Speech" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span 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<div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&oldid=1273160409">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&oldid=1273160409</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Speech&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Gilgamesh~enwiki" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1738374622"> <span>Last edited on 1 February 2025, at 01:50</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قره دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قره دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Чорная мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87" title="Черна реч – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черна реч" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llengua_Negra" title="Llengua Negra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengua Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_%C5%99e%C4%8D" title="Černá řeč – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá řeč" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_negra" title="Lengua negra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lengua negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_lingvo" title="Nigra lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza_beltza" title="Hizkuntza beltza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="زبان سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noir_parler" title="Noir parler – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Noir parler" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_negra" title="Lingua negra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua negra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguaggio_nero" title="Linguaggio nero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linguaggio nero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94" title="הלשון השחורה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הלשון השחורה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="შავი ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Mordoris" title="Lingua Mordoris – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Mordoris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_kalba" title="Juodoji kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguagg_negher" title="Lenguagg negher – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lenguagg negher" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_Besz%C3%A9d" title="Fekete Beszéd – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete Beszéd" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Црн говор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црн говор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Taal" title="Zwarte Taal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Taal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_Mowa" title="Czarna Mowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna Mowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Чёрное наречие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрное наречие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_kieli" title="Musta kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartspr%C3%A5k" title="Svartspråk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svartspråk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Lisan" title="Kara Lisan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara Lisan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чорна говірка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна говірка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguajo_moro" title="Lenguajo moro – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Lenguajo moro" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wano_siya" title="Zıwano siya – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwano siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E8%AA%9E" title="黑暗語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑暗語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 February 2025, at 01:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li 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