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You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>Možete pogledati i kopirati izvorni sadržaj ove stranice. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="hr" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Kemijski_element | ime = torij | simbol = Th | redni_broj = 90 | kemijska_skupina = aktinoidi | grupa = Ac | perioda = 7 | blok = f | izgled = sivi prah | gustoca = 11700 | tvrdoca = 3,0 po [[Mohsova ljestvica|Mohsovoj ljestvici]] | specificni_toplinski_kapacitet = 26,23 |  | taliste = 1842 | vreliste = 4788<ref name="Sebastian Blumentritt">Sebastian Blumentritt ''Periodensystem der Elemente'', 6. izd., Blume-Verlag, Münster (Savezna Republika Njemačka), 2012., {{ISBN|978-3-942-53009-5}}, str. 1</ref> | toplina_taljenja = 13,81 | toplina_isparivanja = 514 | atomska_masa = 232,03806(2) | EK1 = radon | EK2 = Rn | e_konfiguracija = 6d<sup>2</sup>7s<sup>2</sup><ref name="Sebastian Blumentritt"/> }} '''Torij''' je [[radioaktivnost|radioaktivan]] [[kemijski element]] iz skupine [[Aktinoidi|aktinoida]], a u [[priroda|prirodi]] se torij nalazi kao smjesa 12 radioaktivnih [[izotop]]a, od kojih je najstabilniji torij-232, s [[Vrijeme poluraspada|vremenom poluraspada]] od 1,4 x 10<sup>10</sup> godina, dva su srednje dugog vremena poluraspada (torij-229 - 7900 godina i torij-230 - 75400 godina), a svi ostali su kratkoživući izotopi (uključujući i trinaest umjetno dobivenih izotopa). Izotop torij-232 je emiter [[alfa-čestica]], koji prirodnim raspadnim nizom torija prolazi kroz 6 [[alfa raspad]]a i 4 [[beta raspad]]a, do konačnog stabilnog izotopa [[Olovo (element)|olova]]-208. U procesu raspada stvara se i [[plin]]oviti [[radon]]-220 (toron), koji je također jak alfa-emiter, a time i radiotoksičan. Stoga je prostore u kojima je torij (i njegovi [[Kemijski spojevi|spojevi]]) uskladišten potrebno stalno [[ventilator|ventilirati]]. Izotop torij-232 također je dobar apsorber sporih [[neutron]]a koji nizom radioaktivnih pretvorbi stvara uranijev [[Fisilni materijali|fisilni izotop]] [[uranij]]-233, koji se može koristiti kao [[nuklearno gorivo]]. == Povijest == Torij je otkrio [[Švedska|šveđanin]] [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius]] [[1828.]] i dao mu ime po [[Skandinavija|skandinavskom]] bogu rata [[Tor]]u. == Zalihe i izvori == Procjenjuje se da je u sastavu [[Zemljina kora|Zemljine kore]] torij zastupljen 3 puta više od uranija i podjednako kao olovo ili [[molibden]]. Najpoznatiji [[minerali]] u kojima se nalazi su: [[torit]] (ThO<sub>2</sub>), [[torijanit]] (ThO<sub>2</sub> + UO<sub>2</sub>) i [[monacit]], koji uz minerale većine [[Kovine rijetkih zemalja|rijetkih zamalja]] sadrži i 3 - 9% ThO<sub>2</sub>. Nalazišta monacitnog pijeska su u [[Brazil]]u, južnoj [[Indija|Indiji]], [[Šri Lanka|Šri Lanki]] i [[SAD]]-u. Velika nalazišta torijevih minerala, koja se još ne koriste, nalaze se u SAD-u ([[Nova Engleska]]).<ref>[http://www.pse.pbf.hr/hrvatski/elementi/th/index.html], "Torij, Th", Periodni sustav elemenata, www.pse.pbf.hr, 2012.</ref> == Svojstva == [[Datoteka:Radioactive.svg|mini|lijevo|Znak za opasnost od [[radioaktivnost]]i]] [[Datoteka:MonaziteUSGOV.jpg|mini|desno|300px|Monacitni pijesak ima osim torija i puno [[Kovine rijetkih zemalja|elemenata rijetkih zemalja]] ([[cerij]], [[neodimij]], [[samarij]], [[gadolinij]]).]] [[Datoteka:Amr-thorite.jpg|mini|desno|300px|Kristal torita ThO<sub>2</sub>.]] [[Datoteka:MSRE Reactor.JPG|mini|desno|300px|Unutrašnjost eksperimentalnog [[Reaktor hlađen rastaljenom soli|reaktora hlađenog rastaljenom soli]] iz Oak Ridge laboratorija ([[SAD]]) (1960-te).]] [[Datoteka:Molten Salt Reactor.svg|mini|desno|300px|Reaktor hlađen rastaljenom soli MSR spada u [[Nuklearni reaktori IV. generacije|nuklearne reaktore IV. generacije]] i koristi torij kao [[nuklearno gorivo]].]] U čistom elementarnom stanju torij je sivi prah ili poput [[platina|platine]] siv, dosta mekan i rastezljiv [[metal]]. Relativno je postojan na [[zrak]]u, tako da [[sjaj]] gubi tek nakon nekoliko mjeseci. Međutim, ako je onečišćen [[oksidi|oksidom]] znatno brže potamni, pa preko sive prelazi u potpuno crnu boju. Fizikalna svojstva bitno ovise o količini sadržanih nečistoća, tako da i "čisti" torij sadrži više desetinki postotka oksida. Otporan je prema razrijeđenim [[kiselina]]ma, topljiv u dimljivoj [[Klorovodična kiselina|klorovodičnoj kiselini]] i u [[Zlatotopka|zlatotopci]]. S [[vodik]]om reagira na srednje povišenim temperaturama stvarajući dva [[Hidridi|hidrida]] ThH<sub>2</sub> pseudotetragonske strukture i ThH<sub>4</sub> kubične strukture, nevezane s originalnom torijevom [[Kristalna rešetka|kristalnom strukturom]]. ==Dobivanje torija== Glavne [[Mineralne sirovine|rude]] u kojima ima torija su torijanit, monacit; također je u velikim količinama nazočan u [[cirkonij]]u, [[titanit]]u, [[gadolinit]]u i [[betafit]]u. Komercijalno se dobiva iz monacitnog pijeska, u kojem ima puno [[Kovine rijetkih zemalja|elemenata rijetkih zemalja]] ([[cerij]], [[neodimij]], [[samarij]], [[gadolinij]]). Postupak je sljedeći: [[pijesak]] se raščini pomoću vruće koncentrirane [[Sumporna kiselina|sumporne kiseline]], dobivena [[otopina]] [[Sulfati|sulfata]] ohladi se do O °C i istaloži [[Oksalna kiselina|oksalnom kiselinom]]. Za razliku od oksalata rijetkih zemalja, oksalat torija može se kompleksno otopiti u toploj zasićenoj otopini amonijevog oksalata, pa se tako izdvaja, a taloži se ponovnim zakiseljavanjem otopine. Metalni torij može se dobiti redukcijom torijevog oksida [[kalcij]]em, [[elektroliza|elektrolizom]] anhidrida torijevog klorida u talini [[Natrijev klorid|natrijevog klorida]] i [[Kalijev klorid|kalijevog klorida]], te redukcijom torijevog tetraklorida [[Alkalijski metali|alkalijskim metalima]]. Svjetska proizvodnja je oko 31 000 m<sup>3</sup> na godinu. Smatra se da su rezerve oko 3,3 x 10<sup>6</sup> [[tona]]. ==Primjena torija== Torij se uglavnom koristi kao [[nuklearno gorivo]], otkako se utvrdilo da svojim raspadom stvara novo gorivo, [[izotop]] [[uranij]]a-233. Pretpostavlja se da su energetske zalihe torija veće od sveukupnih zaliha [[Fosilna goriva|fosilnih goriva]] i uranija. Služi kao dodatak [[legura]]ma za grijače električnih otpornih [[peć]]i, kao sredstvo za apsorpciju plinova u tehnici visokih [[vakuum]]a. Radioaktivnim raspadom daje mezotorij, radiotorij, torij X, torijsku emanaciju, torij A, B, C i D i konačno, izotop [[Olovo (element)|olovo]]-208. Torij X, izotop kratka vijeka, služi kao lijek za neke [[Koža|kožne]] bolesti. ==Spojevi torija== Torij stvara [[Kemijski spojevi|kemijske spojeve]] s oksidacijskim brojem +4, a smatra se da može imati i oksidacijske brojeve +3 i +2. Najvažniji spoj torija je torijev(IV) oksid (ThO<sub>2</sub>), koji nastaje [[žarenje]]m torijeva hidroksida ili [[soli]] (npr. torijeva nitrata). To je oksid s najvišim poznatim [[talište]]m od 3300&nbsp;°C. Ovaj oksid koristi se kao [[legura|legirajući]] dodatak nekim metalima: [[volfram]]u (gdje kontrolira rast [[Kristalno zrno|kristalnih zrna]]), [[nikal|niklu]] (očvršćuje kristalnu strukturu) i [[magnezij]]u, te kao nanos na žarenim volframovim elektrodama jer lako otpušta elektrone. Koristi se i kao efikasan dezoksidans kod dobivanja metala ([[željezo|željeza]] i [[molibden]]a). Čisti oksid [[Metalurgija praha|sinteriran iz praha]] proziran je i ima velik [[Refrakcija|indeks loma]], ali malu disperzivnost, pa služi za izradu [[Leća (optika)|leća]] znanstvenih instrumenata. U istu svrhu dodaje se [[standard]]nom [[staklo|staklu]] da mu poboljša [[optika|optička]] svojstva. U kombinaciji s malim dodacima [[cerij]]a služi za punjenje plinskih prenosivih svjetiljki koje, pod djelovanjem slabog [[plamen]]a, daju blještavu danju [[svjetlost]]. Također se koristi kao [[katalizator]] pri dobivanju [[Dušična kiselina|dušične kiseline]] iz [[amonijak]]a, [[sumporna kiselina|sumporne kiseline]], te za krekiranje [[nafta|nafte]]. ==Biološka uloga== Torij nema biološku ulogu, a njegova radiotoksičnost uglavnom prelazi druge oblike [[otrov|toksičnosti]]. Smrtonosna doza torijevog(IV) nitrata (oralno, [[Miševi|miš]]) je 1760 [[miligram|mg]]/kg. Torijevi spojevi su umjereno otrovni (toksični); akutna izloženost može dovesti do dermatitisa, a kronična izloženost izaziva [[Rak (bolest)|rak]]. ==Torijski nuklearni reaktor== Torijski [[nuklearni reaktor]] s tekućim torijevim fluoridom temeljito se razlikuje od većine današnjih nuklearnih reaktora. Jedna [[tona]] torija dovoljna je za proizvodnju jednake količine [[Nuklearna energija|energije]] kao od 200 tona [[uranij]]a, što automatski znači i manje [[radioaktivni otpad|radioaktivnog otpada]]. Nakon iskorištavanja, nastali je otpad opasan samo oko 300 godina, za razliku od današnjeg nuklearnog otpada, koji će biti opasan još bar 10 000 godina. Štoviše, torijski reaktor može iskoristiti otpad uranijskog reaktora za rad. Torij je jeftiniji i može se pakirati u mnogo manje dimenzije. Prema procjenema, [[SAD|Amerika]] ima oko 440 000 tona torija, [[Australija]] i [[Indija]] oko 300 000 tona, a [[Kanada]] još 100 000 tona. U Americi i Australiji donedavno je odlagan kao otpad. Torijski je reaktor, [[Reaktor hlađen rastaljenom soli|reaktor s tekućim torijevim fluoridom]] ili LFTR ([[Engleski jezik|engl]]. ''Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor''), vrlo siguran zahvaljujući svojoj sposobnosti da se ugasi sam od sebe, prije nego dođe do opasnog porasta [[temperatura|temperature]]. LFTR koncept koristi torij i uranij-233 pomiješane sa [[soli]]ma [[litij]]a i [[berilij]]a. Tekućina u jezgri nije pod tlakom, a svako povišenje temperature smanjuje snagu rada reaktora, što ga stabilizira i bez potrebe za intervencijom od strane osoblja. {{Kemijski elementi}} ==Izvori== {{izvori}} [[Kategorija:Kemijski elementi]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Predlošci koji se koriste na ovoj stranici: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:ISBN" title="Predložak:ISBN">Predložak:ISBN</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:ISBN&action=edit" title="Predložak:ISBN">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Infookvir_kemijski_element" title="Predložak:Infookvir kemijski element">Predložak:Infookvir kemijski element</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Infookvir_kemijski_element&action=edit" title="Predložak:Infookvir kemijski element">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Izvori" title="Predložak:Izvori">Predložak:Izvori</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Izvori&action=edit" title="Predložak:Izvori">vidi izvornik</a>) (zaštićen)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Izvori/styles.css" title="Predložak:Izvori/styles.css">Predložak:Izvori/styles.css</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Izvori/styles.css&action=edit" title="Predložak:Izvori/styles.css">vidi izvornik</a>) (zaštićen)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Kemijski_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Predložak:Kemijski element">Predložak:Kemijski element</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Kemijski_element&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Predložak:Kemijski element">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Kemijski_elementi" title="Predložak:Kemijski elementi">Predložak:Kemijski elementi</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Kemijski_elementi&action=edit" title="Predložak:Kemijski elementi">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:LinkAkoPostoji" title="Predložak:LinkAkoPostoji">Predložak:LinkAkoPostoji</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:LinkAkoPostoji&action=edit" title="Predložak:LinkAkoPostoji">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Periodni_sustav" title="Predložak:Periodni sustav">Predložak:Periodni sustav</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Periodni_sustav&action=edit" title="Predložak:Periodni sustav">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Periodni_sustav/Element" title="Predložak:Periodni sustav/Element">Predložak:Periodni sustav/Element</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Periodni_sustav/Element&action=edit" title="Predložak:Periodni sustav/Element">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Pozadinska_slika" title="Predložak:Pozadinska slika">Predložak:Pozadinska slika</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Pozadinska_slika&action=edit" title="Predložak:Pozadinska slika">uredi</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Void" title="Predložak:Void">Predložak:Void</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Void&action=edit" title="Predložak:Void">vidi izvornik</a>) (zaštićen)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Modul:Check_isxn/1" title="Modul:Check isxn/1">Modul:Check isxn/1</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Modul:Check_isxn/1&action=edit" title="Modul:Check isxn/1">uredi</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Vrati se na <a href="/wiki/Torij" title="Torij">Torij</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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