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value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology 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Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life 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Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> 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value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option 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class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Saved Queries</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap no-border last-item no-padding-top"> <a class="bold" href="/user/login">Sign in</a> to use this feature. </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " data-callback=processResetAllVisibility> <h2> Search Filter <a href="#" class="remove-refines remove-refines-all link--red right">Reset All</a> </h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap no-border no-padding-top"> <h3>Years</h3> <span>Between:</span> <input type="number" id="refine_year_from" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px;" name="year_from" value="1996" min="1996" max="2024"> - <input type="number" id="refine_year_to" style="display: inline-block; font-size: 12px;" name="year_to" value="2024" min="1996" max="2024"> <div id="year-range"></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-featured" style="display: none;"> <h3>Feature Papers</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_featured_1"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Feature Papers </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-featured" data-filter="featured"><strong>Add Feature Papers</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="featured"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--empty "> <a class="button 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data-filterid="refine_subjects_med-pharma"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Medicine & Pharmacology </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_health"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Public Health & Healthcare </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_arts-humanity"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_bio-life"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Biology & Life Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_environment"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Environmental & Earth Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_computer-math"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Computer Science & Mathematics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_business-econ"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Business & Economics </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_subjects_engineering"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Engineering </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-subjects" data-filter="subjects"><strong>Add Subjects</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="subjects"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--empty "> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-refine-filter" href="#" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-subjects" data-filter="subjects" class="all">Select Subjects</a> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div id="refine-modal-subjects" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Filter Subjects</h2> <input class="js-filter" type="text" form="temp" placeholder="Search for Subjects" style="width: 100%; max-width: 300px;" /> <p class="reveal-modal-new__description"> Select subjects you want to add to your filter. </p> </div> <div class="js-refinement-values-container"> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="medicine & pharmacology" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_med-pharma" value="med-pharma"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_med-pharma">Medicine & Pharmacology (12)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="public health & healthcare" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_health" value="health"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_health">Public Health & Healthcare (12)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="social sciences, arts and humanities" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_arts-humanity" value="arts-humanity"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_arts-humanity">Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities (9)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="biology & life sciences" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_bio-life" value="bio-life"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_bio-life">Biology & Life Sciences (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="environmental & earth sciences" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_environment" value="environment"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_environment">Environmental & Earth Sciences (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="computer science & mathematics" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_computer-math" value="computer-math"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_computer-math">Computer Science & Mathematics (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="business & economics" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_business-econ" value="business-econ"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_business-econ">Business & Economics (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="engineering" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_subjects" id="refine_subjects_engineering" value="engineering"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_subjects_engineering">Engineering (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="subjects" onclick="$('#refine-modal-subjects').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="subjects" id="refine_subjects_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-journals" style=""> <h3>Journals</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_ijerph"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> IJERPH </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_vaccines"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Vaccines </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_behavsci"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Behavioral Sciences </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_religions"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Religions </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_jintelligence"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> J. Intell. </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_sustainability"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sustainability </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_remotesensing"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Remote Sensing </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_humanities"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Humanities </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_children"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Children </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_philosophies"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Philosophies </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_journals_medicina"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Medicina </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-journals" data-filter="journals"><strong>Add Journals</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="journals"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--empty "> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-refine-filter" href="#" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-journals" data-filter="journals" class="all">Select Journals</a> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div id="refine-modal-journals" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Filter Journals</h2> <input class="js-filter" type="text" form="temp" placeholder="Search for Journals" style="width: 100%; max-width: 300px;" /> <p class="reveal-modal-new__description"> Select journals you want to add to your filter. </p> </div> <div class="js-refinement-values-container"> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ijerph" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_ijerph" value="ijerph"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_ijerph">IJERPH (6)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="vaccines" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_vaccines" value="vaccines"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_vaccines">Vaccines (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="behavioral sciences" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_behavsci" value="behavsci"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_behavsci">Behavioral Sciences (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="religions" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_religions" value="religions"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_religions">Religions (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="j. intell." style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_jintelligence" value="jintelligence"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_jintelligence">J. Intell. (2)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sustainability" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_sustainability" value="sustainability"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_sustainability">Sustainability (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="remote sensing" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_remotesensing" value="remotesensing"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_remotesensing">Remote Sensing (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="humanities" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_humanities" value="humanities"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_humanities">Humanities (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="children" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_children" value="children"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_children">Children (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="philosophies" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_philosophies" value="philosophies"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_philosophies">Philosophies (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="medicina" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_journals" id="refine_journals_medicina" value="medicina"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_journals_medicina">Medicina (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="journals" onclick="$('#refine-modal-journals').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="journals" id="refine_journals_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-article_types" style=""> <h3>Article Types</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_research-article"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Article </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_review-article"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Review </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_article_types_concept-paper"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Concept Paper </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-article_types" data-filter="article_types"><strong>Add Article Types</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="article_types"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--empty "> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-refine-filter" href="#" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-article_types" data-filter="article_types" class="all">Select Article Types</a> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div id="refine-modal-article_types" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Filter Article Types</h2> <input class="js-filter" type="text" form="temp" placeholder="Search for Article Types" style="width: 100%; max-width: 300px;" /> <p class="reveal-modal-new__description"> Select article types you want to add to your filter. </p> </div> <div class="js-refinement-values-container"> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="article" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_research-article" value="research-article"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_research-article">Article (18)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="review" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_review-article" value="review-article"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_review-article">Review (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="concept paper" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_article_types" id="refine_article_types_concept-paper" value="concept-paper"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_article_types_concept-paper">Concept Paper (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="article_types" onclick="$('#refine-modal-article_types').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="article_types" id="refine_article_types_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item refind-item-wrap filter-container filter-container-countries" style=""> <h3>Countries / Regions</h3> <div class="js-refinement-selections-container"> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> USA </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHINA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> China </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Australia </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> UK </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_BRAZIL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Brazil </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CAMEROON"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Cameroon </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CANADA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Canada </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_CHILE"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Chile </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ECUADOR"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ecuador </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_GHANA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Ghana </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_ITALY"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Italy </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_MALAWI"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Malawi </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> The Netherlands </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_NIGERIA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Nigeria </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_PORTUGAL"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Portugal </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> South Africa </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Sri Lanka </label> </div/> <div class="remove-filter-container remove-filter-container--hidden"> <a href="#" class="remove-filter-link link--red " data-filterid="refine_countries_TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </a> <label> Tanzania </label> </div/> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--filled filter-actions-container--hidden"> <a class="js-refine-filter" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-countries" data-filter="countries"><strong>Add Countries / Regions</strong></a> <a href="#" class="remove-refines link--red right" data-refineid="countries"><strong>Reset</strong></a> </div> <div class="filter-actions-container filter-actions-container--empty "> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-refine-filter" href="#" data-reveal-id="refine-modal-countries" data-filter="countries" class="all">Select Countries / Regions</a> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div id="refine-modal-countries" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Filter Countries / Regions</h2> <input class="js-filter" type="text" form="temp" placeholder="Search for Countries / Regions" style="width: 100%; max-width: 300px;" /> <p class="reveal-modal-new__description"> Select countries / regions you want to add to your filter. </p> </div> <div class="js-refinement-values-container"> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="usa" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES" value="UNITED_STATES"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UNITED_STATES">USA (8)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="china" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CHINA" value="CHINA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CHINA">China (5)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="australia" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA" value="AUSTRALIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_AUSTRALIA">Australia (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="uk" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM" value="UNITED_KINGDOM"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_UNITED_KINGDOM">UK (3)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="brazil" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_BRAZIL" value="BRAZIL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_BRAZIL">Brazil (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="cameroon" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CAMEROON" value="CAMEROON"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CAMEROON">Cameroon (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="canada" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CANADA" value="CANADA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CANADA">Canada (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="chile" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_CHILE" value="CHILE"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_CHILE">Chile (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ecuador" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ECUADOR" value="ECUADOR"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ECUADOR">Ecuador (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="ghana" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_GHANA" value="GHANA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_GHANA">Ghana (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="italy" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_ITALY" value="ITALY"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_ITALY">Italy (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="malawi" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_MALAWI" value="MALAWI"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_MALAWI">Malawi (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="the netherlands" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS" value="NETHERLANDS"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NETHERLANDS">The Netherlands (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="nigeria" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_NIGERIA" value="NIGERIA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_NIGERIA">Nigeria (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="portugal" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_PORTUGAL" value="PORTUGAL"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_PORTUGAL">Portugal (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="south africa" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA" value="SOUTH_AFRICA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SOUTH_AFRICA">South Africa (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="sri lanka" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA" value="SRI_LANKA"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_SRI_LANKA">Sri Lanka (1)</label> </div> </div> <div class="large-6 medium-6 small-12 columns end js-data-filter" data-filter="tanzania" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0;" > <div> <input type="checkbox" class="refine_checkbox refine_countries" id="refine_countries_TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF" value="TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF"> <label class="search_refine_label" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" for="refine_countries_TANZANIA_UNITED_REPUBLIC_OF">Tanzania (1)</label> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-filter-close" data-itemid="countries" onclick="$('#refine-modal-countries').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Add to Filter</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" name="countries" id="refine_countries_field"> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div></div> <div class="generic-item last-item refind-item-wrap"> <a class="button button--grey button--full-width refineSearch" href="javascript:void(0);" title="Refine">Update Search</a> </div> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-9 medium-9 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div class="middle-column__help"> <div class="middle-column__help__fixed show-for-medium-up"> <a href="#" class="UA_ShareButton" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal" title="Share"> <i class="material-icons">share</i> </a> <a href="#" data-reveal-id="main-help-modal" title="Help"> <i class="material-icons">announcement</i> </a> </div> <div id="main-help-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Need Help?</h2> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Support</h3> <p> Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/about/contactform" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Support </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns"> <h3>Feedback</h3> <p> Please let us know what you think of our products and services. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/feedback/send" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Give Feedback </a> </div> <div class="small-6 columns end"> <h3>Information</h3> <p> Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. </p> <a target="_blank" href="/authors" class="button button--color button--full-width"> Get Information </a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="middle-column__main "> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732615622"> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <h1> Search Results (20) </h1> <p> Search Parameters: <br/> <b>Keywords</b> = false belief understanding </p> <div class="article-listing"> <form id="exportArticles" method="post" action="/export"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="cHUAIA9lpsnX5MpHdLYMIo8Wpv4SMyl3mUyaDS_9l3s"> <input type="hidden" name="sort" value="pubdate"> <input type="hidden" name="page_count" value="50"> <input type="hidden" name="year_from" value="1996"> <input type="hidden" name="year_to" value="2024"> <input type="hidden" name="q" value="false belief understanding"> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> MathJax.Hub.Config({ "HTML-CSS": { availableFonts: ["TeX"], preferredFonts: "TeX", webFont:"TeX", imageFont:"TeX", undefinedFamily:"'Arial Unicode MS',serif", scale: 80, linebreaks: { automatic: true, width: "container" } }, "TeX": { extensions: ["noErrors.js"], noErrors: { inlineDelimiters: ["",""], multiLine: true, style: { "font-size": "90%", "text-align": "left", "color": "black", "padding": "1px 3px", "border": "1px solid" } } } }); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End",function () { $(".art-abstract").css("display", "block"); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/bundles/mathjax/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML"></script> <div class="ui-tabs-panel article-listing" style="padding: 0px;border: 0;"> <div class="header listing-header"> <div class="listing-display-options1" id="selectView"> <div class="row generic-item indented1"> <input type="hidden" name="sort" value="pubdate"> <input type="hidden" name="page_count" value="50"> <input type="hidden" name="year_from" value="1996"> <input type="hidden" name="year_to" value="2024"> <input type="hidden" name="q" value="false belief understanding"> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Order results </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="sort" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="bibliographic" >Bibliographic</option> <option value="relevance" >Relevance</option> <option value="pubdate" selected = 'selected'>Publication Date</option> <option value="reference_citedby_number_max" >Times Cited</option> <option value="articles_stats_art_view_page" >Times Viewed</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Result details </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="view" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="default" selected="selected">Normal</option> <option value="abstract" >Extended</option> <option value="compact" >Compact</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="large-4 medium-4 small-12 columns"> <div class="listing-option__label"> Results per page </div> <div class="listing-option__options"> <select class="chosen-select" name="page_count" onchange="$('#articleBrowserView').click(); return false;"> <option value="10"> 10 </option> <option value="50" selected="selected"> 50 </option> <option value="100"> 100 </option> <option value="200"> 200 </option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="listing-apply" style="display: none;"> <input type="submit" value="Apply Settings" class="articleBrowserSubmit" data-url="https://www.mdpi.com/search?q=false%20belief%20understanding" id="articleBrowserView"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row listing-select-options1"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 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class="articleBrowserSubmit button button--color-inversed" id="articleBrowserExport_top"> </div> </div> <a id="link-export-modal-nothing-selected" data-reveal-id="export-modal-nothing-selected" style="display: none;"></a> <div id="export-modal-nothing-selected" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2>Error</h2> Oops... you haven't selected anything for export. </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal-new').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">Ok</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="jscroll"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1484887" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 24 pages, 1243 KiB   </span> <a href="/1660-4601/21/10/1268/pdf?version=1727191988" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Panic in the Pandemic: Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy and the Dilemma of Public Health Information Sharing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sri Lanka" data-journal="ijerph"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1660-4601/21/10/1268">Panic in the Pandemic: Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy and the Dilemma of Public Health Information Sharing during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sri Lanka</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thushara Kamalrathne</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jayasekara R. Jayasekara</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dilanthi Amaratunga</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Richard Haigh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lahiru Kodituwakku</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chintha Rupasinghe</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>21</em>(10), 1268; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101268">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21101268</a> - 24 Sep 2024 </div> Viewed by 2039 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Vaccine hesitancy, a pressing global challenge in vaccination programs, was significantly amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proliferation of misinformation, including false claims and rumours, and the influence of anti-vaccine movements fuelled hesitancy. This study aims to explore the socio-economic determinants that influenced <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/10/1268/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Vaccine hesitancy, a pressing global challenge in vaccination programs, was significantly amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proliferation of misinformation, including false claims and rumours, and the influence of anti-vaccine movements fuelled hesitancy. This study aims to explore the socio-economic determinants that influenced vaccine hesitancy and the impact of public health information sharing in Sri Lanka during the pandemic. The study employed a comprehensive mixed-method approach for data collection, administrating a household survey <i>(n</i> = 3330) and 206 semi-structured interviews. The survey results indicated that 37.8% (<i>n</i> = 3113) of respondents delayed or rejected vaccines for various reasons, the leading cause being the fear of side effects of the vaccine. Although fear of side effects was the prime reason for rejection (<i>n</i> = 1176, 46.29%), respondents demonstrated an extremely poor understanding of the potential side effects of vaccines, which was 55.39% (<i>n</i> = 3113). Notably, 84.60% (<i>n</i> = 3113) were unaware of the vaccine development process. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that middle-income people (AOR—0.42) and females (0.65) were less likely not to make decisions based on scientific information compared to underprivileged people and males. The survey also revealed that strong belief in the use of traditional medicines and remedies and religious beliefs (<i>n</i> = 1176, 3.95%) were among the main reasons for hesitancy. The findings illustrate that misinformation, lack of health knowledge, and lack of understanding to seek scientific information have fuelled vaccine hesitancy in Sri Lanka. <a href="/1660-4601/21/10/1268">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/10/1268/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1484887"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1484887"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1484887" data-cycle-prev="#prev1484887" data-cycle-progressive="#images1484887" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1484887-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-21-01268/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-21-01268-g001-550.jpg?1727192068" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1484887" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1484887-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-21-01268/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-21-01268-g002-550.jpg?1727192069'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1484887-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-21-01268/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-21-01268-g003-550.jpg?1727192070'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1484887-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-21-01268/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-21-01268-g004-550.jpg?1727192072'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1484887-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-21-01268/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-21-01268-g001-550.jpg?1727192068" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>COVID-19 deaths in Sri Lanka by age cohorts. Source: The figure was developed based on the data presented by the Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka [<a href="#B35-ijerph-21-01268" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1660-4601/21/10/1268'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-21-01268/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-21-01268-g002-550.jpg?1727192069" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Responses on knowledge of the functions of vaccines against COVID-19. Source: field data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1660-4601/21/10/1268'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-21-01268/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-21-01268-g003-550.jpg?1727192070" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Difference of knowledge level on the effectiveness of the vaccines between the underprivileged and middle-income communities. Source: field data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1660-4601/21/10/1268'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-21-01268/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-21-01268-g004-550.jpg?1727192072" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Reasons for being unsatisfied about the health information received during the COVID-19 pandemic. Source: filed data.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1660-4601/21/10/1268'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1444321" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 2260 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-3200/12/8/73/pdf?version=1722239009" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Verbal Perceptual Prompts Facilitate Children’s Sensitivity to False Beliefs" data-journal="jintelligence"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-3200/12/8/73">Verbal Perceptual Prompts Facilitate Children’s Sensitivity to False Beliefs</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiyu Huang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiuli Liu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Intell.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>12</em>(8), 73; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12080073">https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence12080073</a> - 27 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 1019 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> False belief understanding is always regarded as a milestone of Theory of Mind (ToM), which is an important aspect of social intelligence. Recently, some researchers have suggested the existence of two ToM systems in individuals: one that explicitly guides false belief understanding and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/12/8/73/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> False belief understanding is always regarded as a milestone of Theory of Mind (ToM), which is an important aspect of social intelligence. Recently, some researchers have suggested the existence of two ToM systems in individuals: one that explicitly guides false belief understanding and another that implicitly directs sensitivity to false beliefs. However, studies on sensitivity to false beliefs have encountered challenges with replicability, and the factors influencing the manifestation of sensitivity to false beliefs remain to be explored. Based on the anticipatory looking task, we investigated whether verbal perceptual prompts could improve children’s performance of sensitivity to false beliefs. Fifty-eight children aged 5 to 6 were randomly assigned tasks with or without verbal perceptual prompts, involving verbal descriptions and explanations of the protagonist’s perceptual state. The findings showed that verbal perceptual prompts could slightly reduce children’s propensity to look at the actual location of the object in false belief situations and increase the likelihood of exhibiting accurate anticipatory looking patterns across false belief and true belief situations. The results suggest that children’s sensitivity to false beliefs may be situation-dependent, yet further investigation is needed to determine which situational factors can most effectively trigger robust sensitivity to false beliefs in children. The results enlighten educational practice, indicating that introducing cues in social environments that convey insights into others’ mental states, akin to the use of learning scaffolding, is advantageous for the development of children’s social cognitive abilities. <a href="/2079-3200/12/8/73">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/12/8/73/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1444321"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1444321"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1444321" data-cycle-prev="#prev1444321" data-cycle-progressive="#images1444321" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1444321-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g001-550.jpg?1722239113" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1444321" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1444321-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g002-550.jpg?1722239114'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1444321-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g003-550.jpg?1722239115'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1444321-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g004-550.jpg?1722239117'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1444321-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g005-550.jpg?1722239118'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1444321-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g006-550.jpg?1722239119'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1444321-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g001-550.jpg?1722239113" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Selected still frames depicting key events from two familiarization trials and two test trials. To sustain the interest of participants, different protagonists and target objects were utilized in each trial. The arrows in the figure indicate the movement trajectories of the protagonists or the target objects. In the false belief (FB) condition, the protagonist was completely moved out of sight behind the wall by a hand, resulting in no access to the subsequent location transfer event. In the true belief (TB) condition, the protagonist was partially concealed by the wall, with only one eye obscured, thereby witnessing the subsequent event.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-3200/12/8/73'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g002-550.jpg?1722239114" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The areas of interest (AOIs), indicated by dashed lines, used to encode participants’ anticipatory looking responses.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-3200/12/8/73'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g003-550.jpg?1722239115" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Mean differential looking scores for the no-prompt group and the prompt group across trial sequences and belief conditions. Under the FB condition, the tendency to look longer at the full position was weaker for the prompt group (indicated by dashed lines) than for the no-prompt group. Conversely, under the TB condition, the tendency to look longer at the full position was stronger for the prompt group than for the no-prompt group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-3200/12/8/73'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g004-550.jpg?1722239117" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Proportion of first looks at the empty position for the no-prompt group and the prompt group across trial sequences and belief conditions. Under the FB condition, children’s tendency to first look at the empty position was stronger for the prompt group (indicated by dashed lines) than for the no-prompt group in the sequence TB-FB.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-3200/12/8/73'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g005-550.jpg?1722239118" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Proportion of verbal answers to the empty position for the no-prompt group and the prompt group across trial sequences and belief conditions. Under the FB condition, children’s tendency to verbally answer that the protagonist would come out from the empty position was stronger for the prompt group (indicated by dashed lines) than for the no-prompt group, especially in the sequence TB-FB.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-3200/12/8/73'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/jintelligence/jintelligence-12-00073/article_deploy/html/images/jintelligence-12-00073-g006-550.jpg?1722239119" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Proportion of gaze and verbal response patterns (FB-TB pattern) for the no-prompt group and the prompt group across trial sequences. In terms of gaze patterns based on DLS, children from the prompt group (indicated by dashed lines) exhibited an increased trend for the 1-1 gaze pattern in the sequence FB-TB. In terms of gaze patterns based on first looks, children from the prompt group exhibited significantly more 1-1 gaze patterns in the sequence TB-FB. In terms of verbal patterns, children from the prompt group also exhibited an increased trend for the 1-1 verbal pattern in the overall analysis and a decreased trend for the 0-1 verbal pattern both in the overall analysis and in the sequence TB-FB.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2079-3200/12/8/73'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1429486" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 567 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-328X/14/7/568/pdf?version=1720171618" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Mothers’ Mental State Talk and 3- to 5-Year-Old Children’s Theory of Mind: Their Reciprocal Dynamic Impact" data-journal="behavsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-328X/14/7/568">Mothers’ Mental State Talk and 3- to 5-Year-Old Children’s Theory of Mind: Their Reciprocal Dynamic Impact</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hang Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fan Wu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Siying Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haiting Zhang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Behav. Sci.</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>14</em>(7), 568; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070568">https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070568</a> - 5 Jul 2024 </div> Viewed by 931 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The development of children’s social function is influenced by the social environment, and children also play an active role in shaping and nurturing this environment. The present study investigated the potential reciprocal dynamic impact of mothers’ mental state talk (MST) and the development <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/14/7/568/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The development of children’s social function is influenced by the social environment, and children also play an active role in shaping and nurturing this environment. The present study investigated the potential reciprocal dynamic impact of mothers’ mental state talk (MST) and the development of theory of mind (ToM) in children. Using a cross-sectional design, we explored the development of ToM in 3- to 5-year-old children using an unexpected location task, an unexpected content task, an appearance–reality task, and mothers’ MST during mother–child reading. The results showed the following: (1) the mothers’ MST exhibited a shift from a predilection for subjective terms (such as desires) to a preference for objective terms (such as cognitions) as their children matured; (2) the development of the children’s ToM was closely related to their mothers’ MST. The overall MST scores, as well as the different categories and referents used in MST, were closely associated with the children’s ToM development. Notably, at the age of four, a critical period emerged where the correlation between maternal MST and ToM became significantly pronounced. These findings highlight the reciprocal nature of mother–child interactions as a two-way adaptive process. <a href="/2076-328X/14/7/568">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/behavsci/special_issues/V0FA50E88N ">Parenting and Positive Development for Children and Adolescents</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/14/7/568/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1429486"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1429486"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1429486" data-cycle-prev="#prev1429486" data-cycle-progressive="#images1429486" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1429486-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/behavsci/behavsci-14-00568/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-14-00568-g001-550.jpg?1720171689" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1429486" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1429486-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/behavsci/behavsci-14-00568/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-14-00568-g002-550.jpg?1720171690'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1429486-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/behavsci/behavsci-14-00568/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-14-00568-g001-550.jpg?1720171689" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Image of mother–child reading video recording.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-328X/14/7/568'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/behavsci/behavsci-14-00568/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-14-00568-g002-550.jpg?1720171690" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Structural equation explaining the individual differences in children’s ToM. Note. ToM1: unexpected location task; ToM2: unexpected content task; ToM3: appearance–reality task; SC: story characters; Q: questions; C: comments; * <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-328X/14/7/568'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1401770" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 14777 KiB   </span> <a href="/2071-1050/16/11/4487/pdf?version=1716626271" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Environmental Assessment of Incorrect Automated Pedestrian Detection and Common Pedestrian Timing Treatments at Signalized Intersections" data-journal="sustainability"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2071-1050/16/11/4487">Environmental Assessment of Incorrect Automated Pedestrian Detection and Common Pedestrian Timing Treatments at Signalized Intersections</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Slavica Gavric</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ismet Goksad Erdagi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aleksandar Stevanovic</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Sustainability</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(11), 4487; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114487">https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114487</a> - 25 May 2024 </div> Viewed by 965 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Existing research has primarily focused on the accuracy of automated pedestrian detection systems, overlooking the consequential environmental impacts arising from false or missed pedestrian detections. To fill these research gaps, this study investigates the emissions and fuel consumption resulting from incorrect pedestrian detection <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/11/4487/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Existing research has primarily focused on the accuracy of automated pedestrian detection systems, overlooking the consequential environmental impacts arising from false or missed pedestrian detections. To fill these research gaps, this study investigates the emissions and fuel consumption resulting from incorrect pedestrian detection at signalized intersections in microsimulation. To carry out experiments, the authors employ Vissim microsimulation software and the Comprehensive Modal Emission Model (CMEM). For the first time in the literature, missed and false calls are modeled in microsimulation and their environmental impacts are accurately measured. The research highlights the limitations of current automated pedestrian (video) detection systems (APVDSs) technologies in reducing emissions and fuel consumption effectively. While APVDSs offer potential benefits for traffic management, their inability to accurately detect pedestrians undermines their environmental efficacy. This study emphasizes the importance of considering environmental impacts of APVDSs, and challenges the belief that pedestrian recall treatment is the least eco-friendly. Also, the study showed that coupling APVDS or push-button treatments with pedestrian recycle features increases fuel consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> by 10% at the intersections with higher pedestrian demand. By understanding the emissions and fuel consumption associated with incorrect detections, transportation agencies can make more informed decisions regarding the implementation and improvement of APVDS technologies. <a href="/2071-1050/16/11/4487">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/sustainability/special_issues/AB2VPW5D55 ">Assessment of Highway Network Performance and Sustainable Traffic Control</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/16/11/4487/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1401770"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1401770"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1401770" data-cycle-prev="#prev1401770" data-cycle-progressive="#images1401770" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g001-550.jpg?1716626353" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1401770" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g002-550.jpg?1716626355'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g003-550.jpg?1716626357'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g004-550.jpg?1716626358'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g005-550.jpg?1716626361'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g006-550.jpg?1716626364'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g007-550.jpg?1716626366'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g008-550.jpg?1716626367'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g009-550.jpg?1716626369'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g010-550.jpg?1716626372'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g011-550.jpg?1716626373'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g012-550.jpg?1716626376'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g013-550.jpg?1716626377'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g014-550.jpg?1716626380'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1401770-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g015-550.jpg?1716626381'><p>Figure 15</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1401770-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g001-550.jpg?1716626353" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Methodology framework.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g002-550.jpg?1716626355" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Common pedestrian timing treatments in North America.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g003-550.jpg?1716626357" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Push-button without pedestrian recycle and (<b>b</b>) push-button treatment with the pedestrian recycle feature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g004-550.jpg?1716626358" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Types of incorrect pedestrian detection calls.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g005-550.jpg?1716626361" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Simulated network.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g006-550.jpg?1716626364" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Calibration results.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g007-550.jpg?1716626366" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Second-by-second estimation of fuel consumption and emissions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g008-550.jpg?1716626367" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Investigated scenarios.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g009-550.jpg?1716626369" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Average delay and number of stops for all vehicle types.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g010-550.jpg?1716626372" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Fuel consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions for LDVs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g011-550.jpg?1716626373" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>HC, CO, and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions for LDVs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g012-550.jpg?1716626376" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Fuel consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions for HDVs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g013-550.jpg?1716626377" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>HC, CO, and NOx emissions for HDVs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g014-550.jpg?1716626380" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Fuel consumption and CO<sub>2</sub> emission across all vehicle types.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/sustainability/sustainability-16-04487/article_deploy/html/images/sustainability-16-04487-g015-550.jpg?1716626381" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>HC, CO, and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions across all vehicle types.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2071-1050/16/11/4487'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1270476" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 333 KiB   </span> <a href="/2079-3200/11/11/207/pdf?version=1700011874" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Critical Thinking, Intelligence, and Unsubstantiated Beliefs: An Integrative Review" data-journal="jintelligence"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class='label choice' data-dropdown='drop-article-label-choice' aria-expanded='false' data-editorschoiceaddition='<a href="/journal/jintelligence/editors_choice">More Editor’s choice articles in journal <em>Journal of Intelligence</em>.<a>'>Editor’s Choice</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2079-3200/11/11/207">Critical Thinking, Intelligence, and Unsubstantiated Beliefs: An Integrative Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>D. Alan Bensley</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>J. Intell.</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>11</em>(11), 207; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11110207">https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11110207</a> - 30 Oct 2023 </div> <a href="/2079-3200/11/11/207#metrics">Cited by 3</a> | Viewed by 6403 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A review of the research shows that critical thinking is a more inclusive construct than intelligence, going beyond what general cognitive ability can account for. For instance, critical thinking can more completely account for many everyday outcomes, such as how thinkers reject false <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/11/11/207/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A review of the research shows that critical thinking is a more inclusive construct than intelligence, going beyond what general cognitive ability can account for. For instance, critical thinking can more completely account for many everyday outcomes, such as how thinkers reject false conspiracy theories, paranormal and pseudoscientific claims, psychological misconceptions, and other unsubstantiated claims. Deficiencies in the components of critical thinking (in specific reasoning skills, dispositions, and relevant knowledge) contribute to unsubstantiated belief endorsement in ways that go beyond what standardized intelligence tests test. Specifically, people who endorse unsubstantiated claims less tend to show better critical thinking skills, possess more relevant knowledge, and are more disposed to think critically. They tend to be more scientifically skeptical and possess a more rational–analytic cognitive style, while those who accept unsubstantiated claims more tend to be more cynical and adopt a more intuitive–experiential cognitive style. These findings suggest that for a fuller understanding of unsubstantiated beliefs, researchers and instructors should also assess specific reasoning skills, relevant knowledge, and dispositions which go beyond what intelligence tests test. <a href="/2079-3200/11/11/207">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/jintelligence/special_issues/92I46870W7 ">Critical Thinking in Everyday Life</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1239439" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 270 KiB   </span> <a href="/2409-9287/8/5/84/pdf?version=1695614576" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Vices and Virtues of Instrumentalized Knowledge" data-journal="philosophies"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2409-9287/8/5/84">The Vices and Virtues of Instrumentalized Knowledge</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Job Siegmann</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>James Grayot</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Philosophies</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>8</em>(5), 84; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies8050084">https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies8050084</a> - 14 Sep 2023 </div> <a href="/2409-9287/8/5/84#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 2405 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This article starts by defining instrumentalized knowledge (IK) as the practice of selectively valuing some set of reliable beliefs for the promotion of a more generally false or unreliable worldview. IK is typically exploited by conspiratorial echo chambers, which display systematic distrust and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/8/5/84/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This article starts by defining instrumentalized knowledge (IK) as the practice of selectively valuing some set of reliable beliefs for the promotion of a more generally false or unreliable worldview. IK is typically exploited by conspiratorial echo chambers, which display systematic distrust and opposition towards mainstream epistemic authorities. We argue that IK is problematic in that it violates core epistemic virtues, and this gives rise to clear and present harms when abused by said echo chambers. Yet, we contend, mainstream epistemic authorities (MEAs) are <i>also</i> complicit in practices resembling IK; we refer to these practices as instrumentalized knowledge* (IK*). IK* differs from IK in that the selective valuing of beliefs corresponds to a ”reliable” worldview, namely, one independently verified by the relevant epistemic experts. We argue that IK*, despite its apparent veracity, is also problematic, as it violates the same epistemic virtues as IK despite its aim of promoting true beliefs. This, we argue, leads it to being counterproductive in its goal of producing knowledge for the sake of the pursuit of truth, thereby raising the question of what distinguishes virtuous from nonvirtuous practices of instrumentalized knowledge. In an attempt to avoid this violation and to distinguish IK* from IK, we investigate whether and how IK* could still be epistemically virtuous. We conclude that IK* can be virtuous <i>if</i> its goal is to produce <i>understanding</i> as opposed to mere knowledge. <a href="/2409-9287/8/5/84">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/philosophies/special_issues/W3FQ915E76 ">Between Virtue and Epistemology</a>)<br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1206491" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 504 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-328X/13/8/634/pdf?version=1691044535" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Other-Benefiting Lying Behavior in Preschool Children and Its Relation to Theory of Mind and Empathy" data-journal="behavsci"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-328X/13/8/634">Other-Benefiting Lying Behavior in Preschool Children and Its Relation to Theory of Mind and Empathy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoyan Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shenqinyi Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ying Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiuming Zhao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Siyuan Shang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liyang Sai</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Behav. Sci.</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>13</em>(8), 634; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080634">https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13080634</a> - 30 Jul 2023 </div> <a href="/2076-328X/13/8/634#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 1977 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The present study examined children’s lies to help others obtain benefits (other-benefiting lying) and its relation to theory of mind (ToM) and empathy among 3–5-year-old preschool children. One hundred nine children were recruited from preschools in China. A modified hide-and-seek paradigm was used <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/634/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The present study examined children’s lies to help others obtain benefits (other-benefiting lying) and its relation to theory of mind (ToM) and empathy among 3–5-year-old preschool children. One hundred nine children were recruited from preschools in China. A modified hide-and-seek paradigm was used to measure children’s other-benefiting lying behavior, a ToM scale was used to measure children’s ToM abilities, and an empathy scale was used to measure children’s empathy abilities. Results showed that children tended to tell more lies to help other to get benefits as age increased, and further analyses showed that this other-benefiting lying was related to children’s ToM component of false belief understanding and their cognitive empathy performance. These findings provide evidence that cognitive factors play important roles in children’s lying to help others. <a href="/2076-328X/13/8/634">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/behavsci/special_issues/0CHM40W1VA ">The Developmental Trajectory of Children's Social Behaviors and Their Cognitive Neural Mechanisms</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/13/8/634/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1206491-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/behavsci/behavsci-13-00634/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-13-00634-g001-550.jpg?1691044665" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1206491-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/behavsci/behavsci-13-00634/article_deploy/html/images/behavsci-13-00634-g001-550.jpg?1691044665" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Scores of children’s other-benefiting lies in each age group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-328X/13/8/634'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1177070" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 968 KiB   </span> <a href="/1660-4601/20/13/6204/pdf?version=1687435640" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Social Representations of Hesitant Brazilians about Vaccination against COVID-19" data-journal="ijerph"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1660-4601/20/13/6204">Social Representations of Hesitant Brazilians about Vaccination against COVID-19</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Keila Cristina Oliveira dos Santos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria de Fátima Junqueira-Marinho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adriana Teixeira Reis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karla Gonçalves Camacho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marcio Fernandes Nehab</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dimitri Marques Abramov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zina Maria Almeida de Azevedo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Livia Almeida de Menezes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Margarida dos Santos Salú</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Eduardo da Silva Figueiredo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Maria Elisabeth Lopes Moreira</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zilton Farias Meira de Vasconcelos</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Flavia Amendola Anisio de Carvalho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Livia de Rezende de Mello</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Roberta Fernandes Correia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Saint Clair dos Santos Gomes Junior</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniella Campelo Batalha Cox Moore</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>20</em>(13), 6204; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136204">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20136204</a> - 22 Jun 2023 </div> <a href="/1660-4601/20/13/6204#metrics">Cited by 7</a> | Viewed by 1678 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: The control of the COVID-19 pandemic has been a great challenge. Understanding the thoughts and beliefs underlying vaccine hesitancy can help in the formulation of public policies. The present study aimed to analyze the social representations of hesitant Brazilians about vaccination against <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/13/6204/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: The control of the COVID-19 pandemic has been a great challenge. Understanding the thoughts and beliefs underlying vaccine hesitancy can help in the formulation of public policies. The present study aimed to analyze the social representations of hesitant Brazilians about vaccination against COVID-19. Methods: Qualitative research guided by the Theory of Social Representations, carried out through an online survey among Brazilian adults living in Brazil. The data were analyzed using the IRaMuTeQ software. Results: Of the 173,178 respondents, 10,928 were hesitant and declared reasons for vaccination hesitation. The analysis generated three classes: mistrust of the vaccine and underestimation of the severity of the pandemic; (dis)information and distrust of political involvement; and fear of adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines. Conclusions: Social knowledge, presented by the representations apprehended in this study, demonstrates difficulty in discerning the reliability of information and a social imagination full of doubts and uncertainties. Understanding the internal dynamics of these groups, with their representations of the world, is important to propose policies and actions that echo and cause changes in the understanding of the role of immunization. It is essential to shed light on the sociological imagination so that gaps filled with false information can be dismantled and confronted with scientific knowledge accessible to the population. <a href="/1660-4601/20/13/6204">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/13/6204/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1177070-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-20-06204/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-20-06204-g001-550.jpg?1687435775" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1177070-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-20-06204/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-20-06204-g001-550.jpg?1687435775" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Dendrogram of the Descending Hierarchical Classification. (N = 10,928).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1660-4601/20/13/6204'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1073915" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 1958 KiB   </span> <a href="/2076-393X/11/2/484/pdf?version=1676872111" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Acceptance and Risk Perception of COVID-19 Vaccination among Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cross-Sectional Matched-Sample Study" data-journal="vaccines"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2076-393X/11/2/484">Acceptance and Risk Perception of COVID-19 Vaccination among Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Cross-Sectional Matched-Sample Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Onyekachukwu M. Amiebenomo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Esther Awazzi Envuladu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chundung Asabe Miner</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Khathutshelo P. Mashige</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Godwin Ovenseri-Ogbomo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Emmanuel Kwasi Abu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chikasirimobi Goodhope Timothy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bernadine N. Ekpenyong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Raymond Langsi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Richard Oloruntoba</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Piwuna Christopher Goson</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Deborah Donald Charwe</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tanko Ishaya</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kingsley E. Agho</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Vaccines</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>11</em>(2), 484; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020484">https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020484</a> - 20 Feb 2023 </div> <a href="/2076-393X/11/2/484#metrics">Cited by 6</a> | Viewed by 2537 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study aims to evaluate the acceptance and risk perception of pregnant and non pregnant women towards COVID-19 vaccines using a cross-sectional matched-sample study approach. A web-based questionnaire with closed- and open-ended questions was administered to adults older than 18 years in the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/484/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study aims to evaluate the acceptance and risk perception of pregnant and non pregnant women towards COVID-19 vaccines using a cross-sectional matched-sample study approach. A web-based questionnaire with closed- and open-ended questions was administered to adults older than 18 years in the sub–Saharan African (SSA) region. Respondents (<i>n</i> = 131) were grouped based on their pregnancy status (54 pregnant and 77 non pregnant women) and matched for comparison by age. The matched groups were compared using the chi-square test and the <i>t</i>-test where appropriate. Compared to non pregnant women, pregnant women reported significantly lower risk perception scores of COVID-19 infection (3.74 vs. 5.78, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and were less likely to take the COVID-19 vaccine (odds ratio = 0.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.06–0.27, <i>p</i> < 0.001). A similar proportion of pregnant and non pregnant women believed in false information about the COVID-19 vaccine, and 40% of unvaccinated pregnant women (<i>n</i> = 40) were concerned about the safety of the vaccine. After adjustment, women’s education, marital status, belief in misconceptions and risk perception were associated with non-vaccination among pregnant women. The content analysis revealed that pregnant women refused the vaccine due to mistrust of their countries’ health systems, concerns about the country where the vaccines were manufactured and a lack of confidence in the production process of the vaccines. This study shows the poor acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines among pregnant women in SSA, who perceived a lower risk of COVID-19 infection. Understanding the reasons for non-acceptance and the motivation to accept the COVID-19 vaccine could guide the development of health education and promotion programmes, and aid governments and policymakers in implementing targeted policy changes. <a href="/2076-393X/11/2/484">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/vaccines/sections/COVID-19_vaccines_vaccination">COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/11/2/484/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1073915"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1073915"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1073915" data-cycle-prev="#prev1073915" data-cycle-progressive="#images1073915" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1073915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g001-550.jpg?1676872182" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1073915" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1073915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g002-550.jpg?1676872190'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1073915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g003-550.jpg?1676872180'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1073915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g004-550.jpg?1676872185'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1073915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g005-550.jpg?1676872187'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1073915-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g006-550.jpg?1676872192'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1073915-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g001-550.jpg?1676872182" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart of pregnant and non pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/11/2/484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g002-550.jpg?1676872190" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The proportion of women in sub-Saharan Africa by country of origin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/11/2/484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g003-550.jpg?1676872180" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Previous vaccinations based on pregnancy status. Participants selected multiple responses. MMR—measles–mumps–rubella combination vaccine; DPT—diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus; BCG—Bacille Calmette–Guérin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/11/2/484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g004-550.jpg?1676872185" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Reasons for non-vaccination against COVID-19 among pregnant women. participants selected multiple responses.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/11/2/484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g005-550.jpg?1676872187" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Emergent themes for reasons for rejecting the COVID-19 vaccines.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/11/2/484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/vaccines/vaccines-11-00484/article_deploy/html/images/vaccines-11-00484-g006-550.jpg?1676872192" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Conditions that would encourage acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines. HCPs—healthcare practitioners.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2076-393X/11/2/484'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1047133" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 1175 KiB   </span> <a href="/1660-4601/20/3/2205/pdf?version=1674872129" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Risk Factors for the Mental Health of Adolescents from the Parental Perspective: Photo-Voice in Rural Communities of Ecuador" data-journal="ijerph"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1660-4601/20/3/2205">Risk Factors for the Mental Health of Adolescents from the Parental Perspective: Photo-Voice in Rural Communities of Ecuador</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Esteban Baus</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Majo Carrasco-Tenezaca</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Molly Frey</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Venus Medina-Maldonado</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>20</em>(3), 2205; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032205">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032205</a> - 26 Jan 2023 </div> <a href="/1660-4601/20/3/2205#metrics">Cited by 1</a> | Viewed by 2734 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Mental health in adolescence is a very important topic worldwide, especially in rural areas. The implementation of Participatory Action Research (PAR) through the photo-voice method was a way to encourage adults to recognize problematic situations (at personal, family or community levels) that threaten <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2205/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Mental health in adolescence is a very important topic worldwide, especially in rural areas. The implementation of Participatory Action Research (PAR) through the photo-voice method was a way to encourage adults to recognize problematic situations (at personal, family or community levels) that threaten the well-being of adolescents, but that in everyday life may go unnoticed by parents and caregivers. Our study aimed to identify risk factors for mental health in adolescents living in rural communities of Ecuador from the parental perspective through photographs and focus group discussions. The study sought to raise awareness of this issue at the family and community levels. The photo-voice method was conducted with the participation of 29 parents. The photographs and the collaborative construction of meanings allowed parents to have a better understanding about the importance of mental health and its benefit for adolescents. The principal risk factors mentioned by parents were stress, sleep deprivation, tiredness, poverty, difficulties in continuing education and alcohol consumption. In conclusion, we point out the importance of this intervention to explore the knowledge and understanding of the topic by parents as well as to communicate information that demystifies false beliefs around mental health. <a href="/1660-4601/20/3/2205">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/ijerph/special_issues/nurs_pract_educ ">Nursing Practice and Education</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/2205/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1047133-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-20-02205/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-20-02205-g001-550.jpg?1674872200" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1047133-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-20-02205/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-20-02205-g001-550.jpg?1674872200" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Pictures and meanings obtained during the photo-voice phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1660-4601/20/3/2205'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="1038271" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 439 KiB   </span> <a href="/1660-4601/20/3/1663/pdf?version=1673943216" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Modern Rape Myths: Justifying Victim and Perpetrator Blame in Sexual Violence" data-journal="ijerph"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1660-4601/20/3/1663">Modern Rape Myths: Justifying Victim and Perpetrator Blame in Sexual Violence</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carol Murray</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos Calderón</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joaquín Bahamondes</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health</em> <b>2023</b>, <em>20</em>(3), 1663; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031663">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031663</a> - 17 Jan 2023 </div> <a href="/1660-4601/20/3/1663#metrics">Cited by 5</a> | Viewed by 4609 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Rape myths are beliefs, stereotypes, and attitudes usually false, widespread, and persistent about rape, victims, and perpetrators. They aim to deny and justify men’s sexual assault against women. This study evaluates the mediating effect of modern rape myths on the relationship between gender <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/1663/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Rape myths are beliefs, stereotypes, and attitudes usually false, widespread, and persistent about rape, victims, and perpetrators. They aim to deny and justify men’s sexual assault against women. This study evaluates the mediating effect of modern rape myths on the relationship between gender system justification and attribution of blame to both victim and perpetrator in a fictional case of sexual violence. A total of 375 individuals residing in Chile, 255 women and 120 men, 19–81 years (<i>M</i> = 37.6 <i>SD</i> = 13.06) participated in the study. Results from a Structural Equation Model show that gender system justification is directly related to the attribution of blame to the victim, showing an indirect relationship throughout the modern rape myth. However, gender system justification and attribution of blame to the aggressor are indirectly related, being mediated by modern rape myths. The study of the relationship between the acceptance of modern rape myths, gender-specific system justification, and victim and aggressor blame for rape is a contribution to understanding beliefs justifying sexual violence against women. <a href="/1660-4601/20/3/1663">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/ijerph/sections/behavioral_and_mental_health">Behavioral and Mental Health</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/1663/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1038271"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1038271"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1038271" data-cycle-prev="#prev1038271" data-cycle-progressive="#images1038271" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1038271-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-20-01663/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-20-01663-g001-550.jpg?1673943292" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1038271" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1038271-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-20-01663/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-20-01663-g002-550.jpg?1673943293'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1038271-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-20-01663/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-20-01663-g001-550.jpg?1673943292" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Hypothesized model of rape myth justification.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1660-4601/20/3/1663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/ijerph/ijerph-20-01663/article_deploy/html/images/ijerph-20-01663-g002-550.jpg?1673943293" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>GSJ and attribution of blame to the victim and the aggressor, mediated by modern rape myths; Standardized values, ** &lt; 0.01, *** &lt; 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1660-4601/20/3/1663'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="977494" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 765 KiB   </span> <a href="/2227-9067/9/11/1775/pdf?version=1671610585" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Do Parents of Children with ADHD Know the Disease? Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey in Zhejiang, China" data-journal="children"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2227-9067/9/11/1775">Do Parents of Children with ADHD Know the Disease? Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey in Zhejiang, China</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaoli Fan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ye Ma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jingjing Cai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guochun Zhu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weijia Gao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanyi Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nannan Lin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yanxiao Rao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shujiong Mao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rong Li</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rongwang Yang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Children</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>9</em>(11), 1775; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111775">https://doi.org/10.3390/children9111775</a> - 18 Nov 2022 </div> <a href="/2227-9067/9/11/1775#metrics">Cited by 3</a> | Viewed by 2672 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are crucial in the selection of the treatment strategy and how to care for children with ADHD. However, little is known about parents’ conception in mainland China. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/11/1775/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are crucial in the selection of the treatment strategy and how to care for children with ADHD. However, little is known about parents’ conception in mainland China. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to assess this information with 25 true/false questions regarding ADHD, and other questions investigating the methods of acquiring ADHD-related information, treatment preference, and concerns about ADHD treatment strategy. We found that the average score of all the participants was 17.42 ± 2.69 (total of 25 points) for the questionnaire on knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about ADHD. This indicated that the parents had insufficient knowledge of this disease profile. They always accessed specialized information through mobile internet. For the treatment options, the investigated parents chose psychotherapy treatment rather than medications, in that they worried about the side effects of medication and expected to find alternative treatment strategies. The present investigation demonstrated that most parents lack knowledge about ADHD in treatment decision making in China. Medical professionals should provide parents with evidence-based ADHD-related information to help them understand this disease. <a href="/2227-9067/9/11/1775">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/9/11/1775/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev977494"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next977494"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next977494" data-cycle-prev="#prev977494" data-cycle-progressive="#images977494" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-977494-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/children/children-09-01775/article_deploy/html/images/children-09-01775-ag-550.jpg?1700793046" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images977494" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-977494-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/children/children-09-01775/article_deploy/html/images/children-09-01775-g001-550.jpg?1671610658'><p>Figure 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-977494-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/children/children-09-01775/article_deploy/html/images/children-09-01775-ag-550.jpg?1700793046" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9067/9/11/1775'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/children/children-09-01775/article_deploy/html/images/children-09-01775-g001-550.jpg?1671610658" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Sources of parents for accessing information.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2227-9067/9/11/1775'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="821366" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 670 KiB   </span> <a href="/1648-9144/58/5/686/pdf?version=1653218048" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Managing of Migraine in the Workplaces: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Italian Occupational Physicians" data-journal="medicina"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1648-9144/58/5/686">Managing of Migraine in the Workplaces: Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Italian Occupational Physicians</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matteo Riccò</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pietro Ferraro</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vincenzo Camisa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pasquale Di Palma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppa Minutolo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Silvia Ranzieri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Salvatore Zaffina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antonio Baldassarre</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vincenzo Restivo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Medicina</em> <b>2022</b>, <em>58</em>(5), 686; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050686">https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina58050686</a> - 22 May 2022 </div> <a href="/1648-9144/58/5/686#metrics">Cited by 10</a> | Viewed by 3002 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <i>Background and Objectives</i>: Migraine is a debilitating disorder, whose incidence peak in the age group of 30–39 years overlaps with the peak of employment years, potentially representing a significant issue for occupational physicians (OP). The present study was performed in order to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/5/686/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <i>Background and Objectives</i>: Migraine is a debilitating disorder, whose incidence peak in the age group of 30–39 years overlaps with the peak of employment years, potentially representing a significant issue for occupational physicians (OP). The present study was performed in order to characterize their knowledge, attitudes and practices on migraine in the workplaces. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: A convenience sample of 242 Italian OP (mean age 47.8 ± 8.8 years, males 67.4%) participated in an internet-based survey by completing a structured questionnaire. <i>Results</i>: Adequate general knowledge of migraine was found in the majority of participants. Migraine was identified as a common and severe disorder by the majority of respondents (54.0% and 60.0%). Overall, 61.2% of participants acknowledged migraine as difficult to manage in the workplace, a status that made it more likely for OP understanding its potential frequency (Odds Ratio [OR] 3.672, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.526–8.831), or reported previous managing of complicated cases requiring conditional fitness to work judgement (OR 4.761, 95%CI 1.781–2.726). Moreover, professionals with a qualification in occupational medicine (OR 20.326, 95%CI 2.642–156.358), acknowledging the difficult managing of migraine in the workplaces (OR 2.715, 95%CI 1.034–7.128) and having received any request of medical surveillance for migraine (OR 22.878, 95%CI 4.816–108.683), were more likely to recommend specific requirements for migraineur workers. <i>Conclusions</i>: Migraine was recognized as a common disorder, but also as a challenging clinical problem for OP. Participating OP exhibited a substantial understanding of migraine and its triggers, but residual false beliefs and common misunderstanding may impair the proper management of this disorder, requiring improved and specifically targeted interventions. <a href="/1648-9144/58/5/686">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/medicina/special_issues/migraine_treatment ">Emerging Concepts in Migraine Pathophysiology, Treatment and Management</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/58/5/686/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev821366"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next821366"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next821366" data-cycle-prev="#prev821366" data-cycle-progressive="#images821366" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-821366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medicina/medicina-58-00686/article_deploy/html/images/medicina-58-00686-g001-550.jpg?1653218120" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images821366" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-821366-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medicina/medicina-58-00686/article_deploy/html/images/medicina-58-00686-g002-550.jpg?1653218117'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-821366-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medicina/medicina-58-00686/article_deploy/html/images/medicina-58-00686-g001-550.jpg?1653218120" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Density plots for: (<b>a</b>) General Knowledge Score (GKS) in 242 Italian occupational physicians participating into the survey; (<b>b</b>) Density plot Risk Perception Score (RPS). Cumulative scores were substantially skewed (D’Agostino–Pearson’s normality test <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value 0.038 and &lt;0.001, respectively). Dotted line represents median value (72.7% and 48.0% for GKS and RPS, respectively).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1648-9144/58/5/686'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/medicina/medicina-58-00686/article_deploy/html/images/medicina-58-00686-g002-550.jpg?1653218117" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Number of interventions for migraine as reported by participants having any previous interaction with migraineur workers (No. 159 out of 242 total participants).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/1648-9144/58/5/686'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="674363" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 30 pages, 13181 KiB   </span> <a href="/2072-4292/13/21/4481/pdf?version=1636432518" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Drone-Based Autonomous Motion Planning System for Outdoor Environments under Object Detection Uncertainty" data-journal="remotesensing"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2072-4292/13/21/4481">Drone-Based Autonomous Motion Planning System for Outdoor Environments under Object Detection Uncertainty</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Juan Sandino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Frederic Maire</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Caccetta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Conrad Sanderson</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Felipe Gonzalez</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Remote Sens.</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>13</em>(21), 4481; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214481">https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13214481</a> - 8 Nov 2021 </div> <a href="/2072-4292/13/21/4481#metrics">Cited by 23</a> | Viewed by 7894 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Recent advances in autonomy of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have increased their use in remote sensing applications, such as precision agriculture, biosecurity, disaster monitoring, and surveillance. However, onboard UAV cognition capabilities for understanding and interacting in environments with imprecise or partial observations, for <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4481/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Recent advances in autonomy of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have increased their use in remote sensing applications, such as precision agriculture, biosecurity, disaster monitoring, and surveillance. However, onboard UAV cognition capabilities for understanding and interacting in environments with imprecise or partial observations, for objects of interest within complex scenes, are limited, and have not yet been fully investigated. This limitation of onboard decision-making under uncertainty has delegated the motion planning strategy in complex environments to human pilots, which rely on communication subsystems and real-time telemetry from ground control stations. This paper presents a UAV-based autonomous motion planning and object finding system under uncertainty and partial observability in outdoor environments. The proposed system architecture follows a modular design, which allocates most of the computationally intensive tasks to a companion computer onboard the UAV to achieve high-fidelity results in simulated environments. We demonstrate the system with a search and rescue (SAR) case study, where a lost person (victim) in bushland needs to be found using a sub-2 kg quadrotor UAV. The navigation problem is mathematically formulated as a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP). A motion strategy (or policy) is obtained once a POMDP is solved mid-flight and in real time using augmented belief trees (ABT) and the TAPIR toolkit. The system’s performance was assessed using three flight modes: (1) mission mode, which follows a survey plan and used here as the baseline motion planner; (2) offboard mode, which runs the POMDP-based planner across the flying area; and (3) hybrid mode, which combines mission and offboard modes for improved coverage in outdoor scenarios. Results suggest the increased cognitive power added by the proposed motion planner and flight modes allow UAVs to collect more accurate victim coordinates compared to the baseline planner. Adding the proposed system to UAVs results in improved robustness against potential false positive readings of detected objects caused by data noise, inaccurate detections, and elevated complexity to navigate in time-critical applications, such as SAR. <a href="/2072-4292/13/21/4481">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/21/4481/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev674363"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next674363"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next674363" data-cycle-prev="#prev674363" data-cycle-progressive="#images674363" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g001-550.jpg?1636449106" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images674363" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g002-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g003-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g004-550.jpg?1636449107'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g005a-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g005b-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 5 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g006-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g007-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g008-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g009-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g010-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g011-550.jpg?1636449107'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g012-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g013-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g014-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g015-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g016-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g017-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g018-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-674363-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g019-550.jpg?1636449106'><p>Figure 19</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-674363-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g001-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Factors that can cause object detection uncertainty and partial observability during UAV surveys. Incorporating algorithms in decision-making under uncertainty onboard UAVs increase their reliability to explore complex and time-critical environments, such as search and rescue.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g002-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>System architecture for applications with rich global navigation satellite system (GNSS) coverage. The environment, UAV, payloads, victim, and obstacles are emulated in a simulator. The computer vision, decision-making, mapping, and motion modules run in hardware in the loop (HIL) using a companion computer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g003-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Interaction between the UAV (or agent) and the environment under the framework of Markov decision processes (MDPs).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g004-550.jpg?1636449107" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Belief tree and motion policy representation in partially observable MDPs (POMDPs). Each circle illustrates the system belief as the probability distribution over the system states (red dots). When an observation is made, the belief distribution is subsequently updated.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g005a-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Example of a traversed path by the UAV and its corresponding footprint map. (<b>a</b>) Traversed path of the UAV (orange splines) in a simulated environment. The arrows indicate actions taken by the UAV per time step. Environment obstacles are depicted with blue and green blocks, and the believed victim location points are shown using a red point cloud. (<b>b</b>) Accumulated traced footprint using the extent of the camera’s FOV. Explored areas are depicted in black and unexplored areas in white. The higher the overlap of explored areas after taking an action <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, the higher the footprint overlap cost.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g005b-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 5 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Example of a traversed path by the UAV and its corresponding footprint map. (<b>a</b>) Traversed path of the UAV (orange splines) in a simulated environment. The arrows indicate actions taken by the UAV per time step. Environment obstacles are depicted with blue and green blocks, and the believed victim location points are shown using a red point cloud. (<b>b</b>) Accumulated traced footprint using the extent of the camera’s FOV. Explored areas are depicted in black and unexplored areas in white. The higher the overlap of explored areas after taking an action <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math>, the higher the footprint overlap cost.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g006-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Field of view (FOV) projection and footprint extent of a vision-based sensor. The camera setup on the UAV frame defines <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>α</mi> </semantics></math> as the pointing angle from the vertical (or pitch) and determines the coordinates of the footprint corners <span class="html-italic">c</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g007-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>QUT Samford Ecological Research Facility (SERF) virtual environment setup. (<b>a</b>) Property boundaries of SERF (orange) and simulated region of interest (red). (<b>b</b>) Isometric view of the virtual SERF instance in Gazebo using a high-resolution red, green, blue (RGB) mosaic as the terrain texture. (<b>c</b>) Collected georeferenced LiDAR at SERF using a Hovermap mapper (Emesent Pty Ltd., QLD, Australia). LiDAR data are used to set accurate building and tree canopy heights in the simulated environment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g008-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Top-down visualisation and detection challenges of the victim placed at location L2. (<b>a</b>) Partial occlusion of the victim from the tree branches and leaves. (<b>b</b>) Magnified view of the victim from <a href="#remotesensing-13-04481-f008" class="html-fig">Figure 8</a>a.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g009-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional (3D) occupancy map from the Hovermap LiDAR data of The Samford Ecological Research Facility (SERF). Occupied cells represent the physical location of various tree species and greenhouses present at SERF.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g010-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Designed flight plan that the UAV follows in mission mode. The survey is set for a single pass of the setup at a constant height of 20 m, UAV velocity of 2 m/s, and overlap of 30%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g011-550.jpg?1636449107" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Probabilistic distribution of initial UAV and victim position belief across the survey extent. The UAV position belief (orange points) follows a normal distribution with mean equals to <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </semantics></math> and standard deviation of 1.5 m. The victim position belief (red points) follow a uniform distribution, whose limits are equivalent to the survey extent of the flight plan from mission mode.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g012-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Probabilistic distribution of initial UAV and victim position belief under hybrid flight mode. The UAV position belief (orange points) follows a normal distribution, with a mean equals to the current UAV position where a potential victim is first detected, and standard deviation of 1.5 m. The victim position belief (red points) follow a uniform distribution whose limits are equivalent to the extent of the camera’s FOV.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g013-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Heatmaps from recorded GNSS coordinate points from detections in mission mode. The amount of false positive locations were triggered by the CNN model from detecting other objects as people during the survey. (<b>a</b>) First victim location (blue dot) in an open area. (<b>b</b>) Second victim location (blue dot) nearby a tree.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g014-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>GNSS coordinates’ heatmaps of confirmed victim detections by the POMDP-based motion planner in offboard flight mode. (<b>a</b>) First victim location (blue dot) in an open area. (<b>b</b>) Second victim location (blue dot) nearby a tree.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g015-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>GNSS coordinates’ heatmaps of confirmed victim detections by the POMDP-based motion planner in hybrid flight mode. (<b>a</b>) First victim location (blue dot) in an open area. (<b>b</b>) Second victim location (blue dot) nearby a tree.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g016-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>Most common object visualisations that triggered false positive readings of people in mission mode. Other objects wrongly detected as people included trees, greenhouse rooftops, and to a lesser degree, bare grass.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g017-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Distribution frequency of the elapsed time until the POMDP-based motion planner confirmed a detected victim in a trivial (L1) and complex (L2) locations.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g018-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of two traversed paths using the proposed POMDP-based motion planner. (<b>a</b>) Traversed path of the UAV in offboard mode. (<b>b</b>) Probabilistic belief locations of the UAV (orange) and victim (red), the latter covering the entire surveyed area. (<b>c</b>) Traversed path of the UAV in hybrid mode. (<b>d</b>) Common path pattern by the UAV to confirm or discard positive detections sent by the computer vision module.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/remotesensing/remotesensing-13-04481/article_deploy/html/images/remotesensing-13-04481-g019-550.jpg?1636449106" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Demonstration of the presented UAV system in hardware with real flight tests at QUT SERF. (<b>a</b>) Holybro X500 quadrotor UAV frame kit with UP<sup>2</sup> as a companion computer and a GoPro Hero 9 as RGB camera. (<b>b</b>) UAV detecting an adult mannequin for the first time while navigating in offboard flight mode.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2072-4292/13/21/4481'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <input class="article-list-checkbox export-element" type="checkbox" name="articles_ids[]" value="544758" data-select-all-name="article-listing"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 345 KiB   </span> <a href="/1660-4601/18/9/4669/pdf?version=1619600435" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Does Quality of Life Act as a Protective Factor against Believing Health Rumors? Evidence from a National Cross-Sectional Survey in China" data-journal="ijerph"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/1660-4601/18/9/4669">Does Quality of Life Act as a Protective Factor against Believing Health Rumors? Evidence from a National Cross-Sectional Survey in China</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Haixia Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiqian Zou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kaisheng Lai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weiping Luo</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lingnan He</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health</em> <b>2021</b>, <em>18</em>(9), 4669; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094669">https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094669</a> - 27 Apr 2021 </div> <a href="/1660-4601/18/9/4669#metrics">Cited by 6</a> | Viewed by 2271 <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A high quality of life (QoL), an individual’s subjective assessment of overall life condition, has been shown to have a protective effect against negative behaviors. However, whether QoL protects people from the harmful impact of health rumors is still unknown. In this study, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/9/4669/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A high quality of life (QoL), an individual’s subjective assessment of overall life condition, has been shown to have a protective effect against negative behaviors. However, whether QoL protects people from the harmful impact of health rumors is still unknown. In this study, a national survey in China (n = 3633) was conducted to explore the relationship between health rumor belief (HRB) and QoL, which includes physical, psychological, social, and environmental domains. The results show that people with a poor perception of their physical health are more likely to believe health rumors. Additionally, those who had better self-reported satisfaction in social relationships were more susceptible to health rumors. Furthermore, women and older adults showed a greater belief in health rumors. This study expands upon our understanding of how people with different QoL levels interact with false health-related information. Based on health-rumor-susceptible groups, several essential online and offline strategies to govern health rumors are also proposed. <a href="/1660-4601/18/9/4669">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span class="more" style="display: none;"></span> </div> <div class="row footer"> <div class="listing-select-options"> <div class="columns small-12"> <div class="select generic-item"> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element export-expanded"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_more</i> </a> <a href="#" class="export-options-show export-element"> Show export options <i class="material-icons">expand_less</i> </a> </div> <div class="listing-export-options export-element"> <div class="export-element" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="checkbox" class="selector selectUnselectAll bb-checkbox" id="selectUnselectAll" data-select-all="article-listing"> <div class="indented bb-indented"> Select all </div> </div> <div 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