CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vyākaraṇa - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"9f77d481-1fb9-4037-afb8-adfd7d00cf8d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vyākaraṇa","wgTitle":"Vyākaraṇa","wgCurRevisionId":1271585050,"wgRevisionId":1271585050,"wgArticleId":3586665,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Sanskrit-language text","Pages with Sanskrit IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016","All articles with failed verification","Articles with failed verification from May 2024","All articles with minor POV problems","Articles with minor POV problems from May 2024","Articles needing additional references from March 2016","All articles needing additional references","Articles to be expanded from March 2016","All articles to be expanded","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Sanskrit grammarians","Vyakarana","Indian linguistic philosophy","Prophecy in Buddhism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Vyākaraṇa","wgRelevantArticleId":3586665,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2573578","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vyākaraṇa - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Vyākaraṇa rootpage-Vyākaraṇa skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Pāṇinian_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Pāṇinian_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Pāṇinian schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Pāṇinian_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Pāṇinian_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Pāṇinian_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-Pāṇinian schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Pāṇinian_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Discussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Correct_sentences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correct_sentences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Correct sentences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correct_sentences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax,_verbs_and_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax,_verbs_and_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Syntax, verbs and words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax,_verbs_and_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patañjali's_Mahābhāṣya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patañjali's_Mahābhāṣya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Patañjali's Mahābhāṣya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patañjali's_Mahābhāṣya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhartṛhari's_Vākyapadīya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhartṛhari's_Vākyapadīya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bhartṛhari's <i>Vākyapadīya</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhartṛhari's_Vākyapadīya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roots_of_words" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roots_of_words"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Roots of words</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roots_of_words-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vyākaraṇa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97)" title="ব্যাকরণ (বেদাঙ্গ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকরণ (বেদাঙ্গ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97)" title="व्याकरण (वेदांग) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="व्याकरण (वेदांग)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyakarana" title="Vyakarana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vyakarana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyakarana" title="Vyakarana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vyakarana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97)" title="व्याकरण (वेदांग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="व्याकरण (वेदांग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyakarana" title="Wyakarana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wyakarana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97)" title="व्याकरण (वेदांग) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्याकरण (वेदांग)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyakarana" title="Vyakarana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vyakarana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вьякарана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вьякарана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வியாகரணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியாகரணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%27%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="В'якарана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="В'якарана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2573578#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&oldid=1271585050" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&id=1271585050&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVy%25C4%2581kara%25E1%25B9%2587a"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVy%25C4%2581kara%25E1%25B9%2587a"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vyakarana" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2573578" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of linguistics in Sanskrit language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/250px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Vyākaraṇa</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">व्याकरण</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'explanation, analysis', <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ˈʋjaːkɐrɐɳɐ]</a></span>) refers to one of the six ancient <a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a>, ancillary science connected with the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, which are scriptures in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jameslochtefeldsca769_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jameslochtefeldsca769-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Vyākaraṇa</i> is the study of grammar and linguistic analysis in Sanskrit language.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a> are the two celebrated ancient scholars of Vyākaraṇa; both are dated to several centuries prior to the start of the common era, with Pāṇini likely from the fifth century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pāṇini's <i><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Aṣṭādhyāyī">Aṣṭādhyāyī</a></i> is the most important surviving text of the Vyākaraṇa traditions. This text, as its very title suggests, consists of eight chapters, each divided into four padas, cumulatively containing 4000 sutras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014,_111_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014,_111-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is preceded by abbreviation rules grouping the phonemes of Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pāṇini quotes ten ancient authorities whose texts have not survived, but they are believed to have been Vyākaraṇa scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vyākaraṇa is related to the fourth Vedānga called <i><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vyākaraṇa scholarship has dealt with linguistic analysis to establish the exact form of words to properly express ideas, and <i>Nirukta</i> scholarship has focussed on linguistic analysis to help establish the proper meaning of the words in context.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vyākaraṇa (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ʋjaːkɐrɐɳɐ]</a></span>) means "separation, distinction, discrimination, analysis, explanation" of something.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsvyakar_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsvyakar-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574–75_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574–75-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-damienkeownvya_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-damienkeownvya-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also refers to one of the six Vedāngas, or the Vedic field of language analysis, specifically grammatical analysis, grammar, linguistic conventions which creates, polishes, helps a writer express and helps a reader discriminate accurate language.<sup id="cite_ref-monierwilliamsvyakar_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monierwilliamsvyakar-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word Vyākaraṇa is also found in <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> and first-millennium <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhist texts, but with a different meaning. Vyākaraṇa, in these Buddhist texts, means a prediction or prophecy by a <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> who has just embarked on the path, that he will achieve enlightenment and be a <i>buddha</i>, in other words, an enlightened one.<sup id="cite_ref-damienkeownvya_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-damienkeownvya-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit grammar</a></div> <p>Vyākaraṇa emerged as a distinct auxiliary field of Vedic study in ancient times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199012-14,_36_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199012-14,_36-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963458_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963458-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its aim was to prevent sloppy usage and transmission of the Vedic knowledge, states Howard Coward – a professor emeritus at the University of Victoria and the founding editor of the <i>Journal for Hindu-Christian Studies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vyākaraṇa helped ensure that the Vedic scriptures of Hinduism and its message of "Sabda Brahman" (explanation of metaphysical truths through words) that Vedic <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishis</a> had realized by their efforts, remains available to all in a pristine form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indian traditions, Vyākaraṇa has been one of the most important sciences, one extensively studied over its history, and that led to major treatises in the philosophy of language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963458–459_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963458–459-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pāṇini and Yāska, two celebrated ancient scholars of Vyākaraṇa, are both dated to several centuries prior to the start of the common era, likely the 5th-century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, both of them cite prior scholars and texts, which though lost to history, imply that the field of Vyākaraṇa was an established and developed science of language before them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the two, Yaksa may be the older one and more known for <i>Nirukta</i> (etymology) – the fourth auxiliary field of Vedic studies, but the evidence for him preceding Pāṇini is scanty and uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of dedicated treatise on Vyākaraṇa, Pāṇini is the most recognized ancient Hindu scholar, and his <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> ("Eight Chapters") is the most studied extant ancient manuscript on Sanskrit grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pāṇini's fame spread outside India, and the reverence for ancient Pāṇini in northwest India is mentioned in Chinese texts of <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> – the 7th-century traveller and scholar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963462_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963462-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of grammar and the structure of language is traceable to the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, or 2nd millennium BCE, in hymns attributed to sage Sakalya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963459_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963459-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sakalya is acknowledged by Pāṇini's works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literary evidence that the science of Vyākaraṇa existed in Vedic times abound in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyakas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, states <a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Moriz Winternitz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963459–460_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963459–460-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extant manuscripts of Pāṇini and Yaksa suggest that the Vedic age had competing schools of grammar. One school, for example, held that all nouns have verbal roots, while another held that not all nouns have verbal roots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is unclear how, who or when these ancient Vedic theories of grammar originated, because those texts have not survived into the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Pāṇinian_schools"><span id="Pre-P.C4.81.E1.B9.87inian_schools"></span>Pre-Pāṇinian schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Pāṇinian schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were many schools of Sanskrit grammar in ancient India, all established before the mid 1st-millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997148–157_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997148–157-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pāṇini's <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i>, which eclipsed all other ancient schools of grammar, mentions the names of ten grammarians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Some of these pre-Pāṇinian scholars mentioned by Pāṇini include Apisali, Kasyapa, Gargya, Galava, Cakravarmana, Bharadvaja, Sakatayana, Sakalya, Senaka and Sphoṭayāna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997148–157_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997148–157-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williams_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The works of most these authors are lost but we find reference of their ideas in the commentaries and rebuttals by later authors. <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></i> is one of the earlier surviving texts, and he mentions Śākaṭāyana, Krauṣṭuki, Gārgya among others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Pāṇinian_schools"><span id="Post-P.C4.81.E1.B9.87inian_schools"></span>Post-Pāṇinian schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Pāṇinian schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pāṇini's <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> is the most ancient extant manuscript on Vyākaraṇa. It is a complete and descriptive treatise on Sanskrit grammar in aphoristic <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a> format.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997182–187_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997182–187-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text attracted a famous and one of the most ancient commentary (<a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhāṣya">bhāṣya</a>) called the <i>Mahābhāṣya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997243–259_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997243–259-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The author of the <i>Mahābhāṣya</i> is named Patañjali, who may or may not be the same person as the one who authored <i><a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra">Yogasutras</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016,_Quote:_"Katyayana's_Varttikas_come_to_us_as_a_part_of_the_great_commentary_(mahabhasya)_on_Panini_ascribed_to_Patanjali_(who_may_or_may_not_be_the_same_as_the_author_of_the_Yogasutras")_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016,_Quote:_"Katyayana's_Varttikas_come_to_us_as_a_part_of_the_great_commentary_(mahabhasya)_on_Panini_ascribed_to_Patanjali_(who_may_or_may_not_be_the_same_as_the_author_of_the_Yogasutras")-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mahābhāṣya</i>, or "Great Commentary", is more than a commentary on the Aṣṭādhyāyī, it is the earliest known philosophical text of the Hindu grammarians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Hindu texts and traditions on grammar emerged after Patañjali, some of which include the Sanskrit grammar by the Jain author Jainendra and the Cāndra grammar by the Buddhist Candragomin.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Patanjali's Great Grammatical Discourse [<i>Vyakrana-Mahābhāṣya</i>] is regarded as the classical model for academic texts. It is written with a great deal of didactic skill as a dialog in clear, simple Sanskrit, and contains many enlightening examples. One notices that the text follows in the tradition of instruction, similar to the dialog stye of the Western classics of antiquity.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011474_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011474-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Later Indian scholars simplified Pāṇini rules, and trimmed his compilation of sutras to essential 1,400 from comprehensive 4,000, eliminating those they felt were too difficult and complicated or those narrowly concerned with Vedic language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199017_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Hindu traditions, such as Jainism and Buddhism, developed their own Vyākaraṇa literature, but all of them are dated to the 1st-millennium CE, all of them condensed Pāṇini, accepted and flowered largely from his theories of Vyākaraṇa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199017–18_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199017–18-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>The nature of grammar</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>The energy called word has the nature of an egg. <br /> It develops in the form of an action, and<br /> realizes itself as a sequence of parts. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Bhart%E1%B9%9Bhari" title="Bhartṛhari">Bhartṛhari</a>, <i>Vākyapadīya 1.52</i><br />Translator: Tibor Kiss<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The 5th-century Hindu scholar <a href="/wiki/Bhart%E1%B9%9Bhari" title="Bhartṛhari">Bhartṛhari</a> has been the next most influential Vyākaraṇa thinker<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (May 2024)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup>, wherein he presented his philosophy of grammar and how language affects thoughts.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His theories on "philosophical problem of meaning", contained in the <i>Vākyapadīya</i>, has been unique, states Howard Coward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhartṛhari is considered to be a major architect of the "<a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">sphoṭa</a> theory" of meaning, in the Hindu traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhartṛhari ideas were widely studied, but challenged as well in the last half of the first millennium, particularly by the <span class="failed-verification-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">ritual-driven</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material highlighted is not verifiable using the citation(s) presented. (May 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism defended the ideas of Bhartṛhari.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About the seventh century, the <i>Kāśikāvṛttī</i> co-authored by Jayaditya and Vamana, and the tenth century studies of Helaraja on Vyākaraṇa were the next major milestone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Hindu texts were not only commented in Hindu tradition, but were the foundation of works of the Buddhist <i>Jinendrabuddhi</i> who is known for his grammar insights in Buddhist literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most studied Vyākaraṇa scholars of early and mid-second millennium are Ksirasvamin, Haradatta, Maitreya Rakshita, and Kaiyata.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199019–20_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199019–20-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern era Vyākaraṇa scholars have included Bhattoji Dikshita, Konda Bhatta and Nagesha Bhatta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199020_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199020-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1250 and 1450 Anubhūti Svarūpācārya created a simplified grammatical system called <a href="/wiki/Sarasvataprakriya" title="Sarasvataprakriya">Sārasvatavyākaraṇa</a>. </p><p>In the 14th century grammarian <a href="/wiki/Padmanabhadatta" title="Padmanabhadatta">Padmanabhadatta</a>, founder of the Supadma School, composed the <i>Supadmavyākaraṇa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is based on Pāṇini's <i><a href="/wiki/Ashtadhyayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtadhyayi">Ashtadhyayi</a></i>, but remodeled and rearranged with explanatory notes. It is written in <a href="/wiki/Bangla_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangla script">Bengali alphabet</a>, making it accessible to the Bengal provinces by removing the complexity of Sanskrit grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main objective of Padmanabhadatta was to make knowledge of Sanskrit grammar clear and simple and to Sanskritize the new words that developed in the language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of the place of Vyākaraṇa scholarship over South Asian history, from ancient to 16th-century, Kashmir, Kerala, Nepal, Andhra Pradesh, Varanasi and Bengal have been influential, but the location of many Vyākaraṇa scholars is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199022–24_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199022–24-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pāṇini's text <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> is in sutras format, has eight chapters, and cumulative total of 4,000 sutras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules are preceded by a list of fourteen groups of sounds, in three sections called the Shiva-sutra, Pratyahara-sutra and Maheshvara-sutra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997160–172_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997160–172-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> groups the rules of language, for clear expression and understanding, into two, the verbal (<i>Dhatupatha</i>) and the nominal bases (<i>Ganapatha</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997160–172_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997160–172-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text consists of an analytical part covered in the first five chapters, and a synthetic part found in the last three chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963460–461_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963460–461-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> manuscript has survived with sets of ancillary texts (appendices) whose dates of composition and authors are contested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014–15_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014–15-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997179–182_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997179–182-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main text is notable for its details and systematic nature, syntactic functions and arranging the sutras in an algorithmic fashion where the grammar rules typically apply in the order of sutras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> sutras were widely studied and a subject of the <i>bhāṣya</i> (review and commentary) tradition of Hinduism. The oldest emendation and commentary on the <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> is attributed to <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ty%C4%81yana" title="Kātyāyana">Kātyāyana</a> (~3rd century BCE), followed by the famous <i>Mahābhāṣya</i> of Patañjali (~2nd century BCE) which has survived into the modern age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentaries on the <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> likely existed, because they are cited by other Indian scholars, but these texts are believed to be lost to history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussion">Discussion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pāṇini writes that the <i>Anjna</i> (popular usage of a word) is the superseding authority, and the theoretically derived meaning of a word must be discarded and instead superseded by that which is the popular usage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>artha</i> (meaning) of a <i>shabda</i> (word) is established by popular usage at the time the text was composed, not by etymological theory nor historical usage nor later usage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111–112_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111–112-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A sentence is a collection of words, a word is a collection of phonemes, states Pāṇini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990106_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990106-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meaning of Vedic passages has to be understood through context, the purpose stated, keeping in mind the subject matter being discussed, what is stated, how, where and when.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990106_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990106-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> tradition of Sanskrit language, with some reservations, accepts the premise that all words have verbal roots, and that words are created by affixing fragments to these roots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Pāṇini asserts that it is impossible to derive all nouns from verbal roots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> is primarily focussed on the study of words, how words are formed, and their correct architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it does not exclude syntax. Pāṇini includes the discussion of sentence structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text, state Howard and Raja, describes compound word formation based on syntactic and semantic considerations, such as in sutra 2.1.1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Correct_sentences">Correct sentences</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Correct sentences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pāṇini asserts that a proper sentence has a single purpose, and is formed from a group of words such that, on analysis, the separate words are found to be mutually expecting each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sentence, states Pāṇini, must have syntactic unity, which includes mutual expectancy (<i>Ākankshā</i>) of the words and phonetic contiguity (<i>Sannidhi</i>) of construction. Pāṇini adds semantic fitness (<i>Yogyatā</i>), but not tacitly. He accepts that a sentence can be grammatically correct even if it is semantically inappropriate or a deviant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Words">Words</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> describes numerous usage of words, and how the meaning of a word is driven by overall context of the sentences and composition it is found in.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular usage and meaning of a word at the time the text was composed supersedes the historical or etymologically derived meanings of that word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A word has the conventional meaning at the time the text was composed, but it is not so when it is quoted (cited or referred to) from another prior art text.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter case, the Sanskrit word is suffixed with <i>iti</i> (literally, thus), whereupon it means what the prior text meant it to be.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yāska asserted that both the meaning and the etymology of words is always context dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990107_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990107-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Syntax,_verbs_and_words"><span id="Syntax.2C_verbs_and_words"></span>Syntax, verbs and words</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Syntax, verbs and words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vyākaraṇa in the Hindu traditions has been a study of both the syntax structure of sentences, as well as the architecture of a word. For instance, Pāṇini asserts that grammar is about the means of semantically connecting a word with other words to express and understand meaning, and words are to be analyzed in the context they are used.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573–77_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573–77-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kātyāyana is quoted in Patañjali's <i>Mahābhāṣya</i> on Vyākaraṇa as asserting the nature of a sentence as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>A sentence consists of a finite verb together with indeclinables, <i>karakas</i> and qualifiers. – <i>Mahābhāṣya</i> 1.367.10<br /> A sentence has one finite verb. – <i>Mahābhāṣya</i> 1.367.16 </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kātyāyana<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Similarly, Sayana asserts the scope of Vyākaraṇa to be as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Grammar [Vyākaraṇa] is that process by which division is carried out everywhere, by recognizing:<br /> In this speech, so much is one sentence;<br /> In this sentence then, so much is one word;<br /> In this word then, this is the base and this is the suffix. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sayana<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A word that is a verb is concerned with <i>bhava</i> (to become), while a noun is concerned with <i>sattva</i> (to be, reality as it is).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990107_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990107-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sattva and bhava are two aspects of the same existence seen from the static and dynamic points of view. Verbs according to Vyākaraṇa indicate action in a temporal sequence while nouns are static elements, states K Kunjunni Raja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990108_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990108-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patañjali's_Mahābhāṣya"><span id="Pata.C3.B1jali.27s_Mah.C4.81bh.C4.81.E1.B9.A3ya"></span>Patañjali's Mahābhāṣya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Patañjali's Mahābhāṣya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patañjali's 2nd-century BCE <i>Mahābhāṣya</i> is another important ancient text in Vyākaraṇa scholarship. It is not a full commentary on everything Pāṇini wrote in <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i>, but it is more a commentary on Kātyāyana's text on grammar called <i>Varttikas</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963465_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963465-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the ideas of Vyadi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Kātyāyana's additions have survived, Vyadi have not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kātyāyana's text reflects an admiration for Pāṇini, an analysis of his rules, their simplification and refinement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963465–466_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963465–466-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences between the grammar rules of Pāṇini and of Kātyāyana may be because of historical changes to Sanskrit language over the centuries, state Howard Coward and K Kunjunni Raja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhartṛhari's_Vākyapadīya"><span id="Bhart.E1.B9.9Bhari.27s_V.C4.81kyapad.C4.ABya"></span>Bhartṛhari's <i>Vākyapadīya</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bhartṛhari's Vākyapadīya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Language and spirituality</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>The word is subsumed by the sentence,<br /> the sentence by the paragraph,<br /> the paragraph by the chapter,<br /> the chapter by the book,<br /> and so on,<br /> until all speech is identified with <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Bhartṛhari<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81kyapad%C4%ABya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vākyapadīya">Vākyapadīya</a></i> of Bhartṛhari is a treatise on the philosophy of language, building on the insights of prior Vyākaraṇa scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963474–475_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963474–475-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharfstein1993p69-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Bhartṛhari, states Scharfstein, all thought and all knowledge are "words", every word has an outward expression and inward meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharfstein1993p69-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997300–303_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997300–303-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A word may have a definition in isolation but it has meaning only in the context of a sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharfstein1993p69-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grammar is a basic science in the Hindu traditions, explains Scharfstein, where it is externally expressed as relations between words, but ultimately internally understood as reflecting relations between the different levels of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharfstein1993p69-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Word is considered a form of energy in this Hindu text, one with the potential to transform a latent mind and realize the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574–81_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574–81-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharfstein1993p69-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language evolves to express the transient material world first, and thereon to express feelings, the human desire for meaning in life and the spiritual inner world.<sup id="cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scharfstein1993p69-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roots_of_words">Roots of words</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roots of words"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Special:EditPage/Vyākaraṇa">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Yāska's time, <i>nirukta</i> "etymology" was in fact a school which gave information of formation of words, the etymological derivation of words. According to the <i>nairuktas</i> or "etymologists", all nouns are derived from a verbal root. Yāska defends this view and attributes it to Śākaṭāyana. While others believed that there are some words which are "Rudhi Words". 'Rudhi" means custom. Meaning they are a part of language due to custom, and a correspondence between the word and the thing if it be a noun or correspondence between an act and the word if it be a verb root. Such word can not be derived from verbal roots. Yāska also reports the view of Gārgya, who opposed Śākaṭāyana who held that certain nominal stems were 'atomic' and not to be derived from verbal roots<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Vyākaraṇa texts have been highly influential on Hindu philosophies. The concept of a sentence (<i>vakya</i>) defined by Pāṇini, for instance, influenced and was similar to Jaimini, the later era founder of Mīmāṃsā school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, ritual-focussed Mimamsa school scholars were generally opposed to central ideas of the Hindu Grammarians, while others Hindu schools such as <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> championed them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pāṇini's work on Vyākaraṇa has been called by <a href="/wiki/George_Cardona" title="George Cardona">George Cardona</a> as "one of the greatest monuments of human intelligence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997243_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997243-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to explicit references to Vyākaraṇa, Rigveda has numerous embedded Riddle hymns, a few of which ancient and medieval Hindu scholars interpreted to be referring to linguistics and grammar. For example, the riddle verse 4.58.3 of the Rigveda states,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011476_with_footnote_27_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011476_with_footnote_27-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"Four horns, three feet, two heads and seven hands he has.<br />The bull is thrice bound and roars.<br />Great is the god who has entered the man". – <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> 4.58.3<br />Patañjali interprets this riddle as follows, state Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus: The four horns represent the four parts of speech: nouns, verbs, prefixes and particles. The three feet are the three main tenses: present, future, past; the two heads are the conventional and the etymological meaning of a word; the seven hands are the seven cases in Sanskrit; the three places where the roaring bull is bound are the three resonating spaces - the chest, the neck and the head' and the great god in riddle is the word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011476–477_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011476–477-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The earliest secondary literature on the primary text of Pāṇini are by Kātyāyana (~3rd century BCE) and Patañjali (~2nd century BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201571–72_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201571–72-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhartṛhari is now dated to have lived no later than the 5th century CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997298–299_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997298–299-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is a mention in a Chinese text by I-tsing that Bhartrihari died in 651/652 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963474_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963474-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jameslochtefeldsca769-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jameslochtefeldsca769_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Lochtefeld (2002), "Vyakarana" in <i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, page 769</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199036_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. J. Johnson (2009), <i>A Dictionary of Hinduism</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198610250" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198610250">978-0198610250</a>, article on Vyākaraṇa</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990105_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Mitchell2009" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Mitchell (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBchTO0NS0EC"><i>Language, Emotion, and Politics in South India</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35301-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35301-6"><bdi>978-0-253-35301-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+Emotion%2C+and+Politics+in+South+India&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35301-6&rft.au=Lisa+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBchTO0NS0EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013–14_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014,_111-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014,_111_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, pp. 14, 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monierwilliamsvyakar-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamsvyakar_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monierwilliamsvyakar_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1923" class="citation book cs1">Monier Monier-Williams (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA978"><i>A Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. vi, 978.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=vi%2C+978&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3NWAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574–75-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574–75_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015">Tibor Kiss 2015</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-damienkeownvya-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-damienkeownvya_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-damienkeownvya_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Damien Keown (2004), A Dictionary of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198605607" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198605607">978-0198605607</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803120305298">Article on <i>Vyakarana</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199012-14,_36-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199012-14,_36_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 12-14, 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963458-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963458_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, p. 458.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoel_Peter_BreretonStephanie_W._JamisonMadhav_M._Deshpande1991" class="citation book cs1">Joel Peter Brereton; <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_W._Jamison" title="Stephanie W. Jamison">Stephanie W. Jamison</a>; Madhav M. Deshpande (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OcXcbZBbwHIC"><i>Sense and Syntax in Vedic, Volumes 4-5</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 8–9 (Vol. 5). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09356-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09356-7"><bdi>90-04-09356-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sense+and+Syntax+in+Vedic%2C+Volumes+4-5&rft.pages=8-9+%28Vol.+5%29&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=90-04-09356-7&rft.au=Joel+Peter+Brereton&rft.au=Stephanie+W.+Jamison&rft.au=Madhav+M.+Deshpande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcXcbZBbwHIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963458–459-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963458–459_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, pp. 458–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199013_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963462-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963462_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Staal" title="Frits Staal">Frits Staal</a> (1972), <i>A Reader on the Sanskrit Grammarians</i>, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, reprint by Motilal Banarsidass (1985), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0029-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0029-X">81-208-0029-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963459-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963459_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, p. 459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011476_with_footnote_27-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011476_with_footnote_27_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011">Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011</a>, p. 476 with footnote 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011476–477-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011476–477_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011">Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011</a>, pp. 476–477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963459–460-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963459–460_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, pp. 459–460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997148–157-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997148–157_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997148–157_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997">George Cardona 1997</a>, pp. 148–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a> (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianwisdomorex00moni"><i>Indian Wisdom Or Examples of the Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Wisdom+Or+Examples+of+the+Religious%2C+Philosophical+and+Ethical+Doctrines+of+the+Hindus&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Monier+Monier-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianwisdomorex00moni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span> quote: "Pāṇini himself mentions several grammarians as having preceded him, such as Apisali, Kasyapa, Gargya, Galava, Cakravarmana, Bharadvaja, Sakatayana, Sakalya, Senaka, and Sphoṭayāna. The <a href="/wiki/Unadi-sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Unadi-sutras">Unadi-sutras</a> are thought by some to be anterior to Pāṇini." Also discusses the differences in opinions on interpreting Vedic texts, as given by Aurnabhava, Aupamanyava, Agrayana, Katthakya, Kautsa and Shakapuni – all mentioned as "anterior to Yāska" on p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i> 6.1.92, 6.1.123-130, 5.4.112, 8.4.51-67, etc. (annotated in list)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSatkari_Mukhopadhyaya" class="citation book cs1">Satkari Mukhopadhyaya. <i>Sanskrit Grammatical Literature</i>. in Encyclopaedia of Indian literature v.2, ed. Amaresh Datta, <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 1490.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Grammatical+Literature&rft.pages=1490&rft.pub=in+Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+literature+v.2%2C+ed.+Amaresh+Datta%2C+Sahitya+Akademi&rft.au=Satkari+Mukhopadhyaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997182–187-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997182–187_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997">George Cardona 1997</a>, pp. 182–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997243–259-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997243–259_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997">George Cardona 1997</a>, pp. 243–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016,_Quote:_"Katyayana's_Varttikas_come_to_us_as_a_part_of_the_great_commentary_(mahabhasya)_on_Panini_ascribed_to_Patanjali_(who_may_or_may_not_be_the_same_as_the_author_of_the_Yogasutras")-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016,_Quote:_"Katyayana's_Varttikas_come_to_us_as_a_part_of_the_great_commentary_(mahabhasya)_on_Panini_ascribed_to_Patanjali_(who_may_or_may_not_be_the_same_as_the_author_of_the_Yogasutras")_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 16, Quote: "Katyayana's Varttikas come to us as a part of the great commentary (mahabhasya) on Panini ascribed to Patanjali (who may or may not be the same as the author of the Yogasutras").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRenou1940" class="citation book cs1">Renou, Louis (1940). "On the Identity of the Two Patañjalis". In Law, Narendra Nath (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Law.1940.LaValleePoussinMemVol"><i>Louis de La Vallée Poussin Memorial Volume</i></a>. Calcutta. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Law.1940.LaValleePoussinMemVol/page/n397">368</a>–373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Identity+of+the+Two+Pata%C3%B1jalis&rft.btitle=Louis+de+La+Vall%C3%A9e+Poussin+Memorial+Volume&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=368-373&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Renou&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLaw.1940.LaValleePoussinMemVol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199016_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201571–72-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201571–72_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015">Tibor Kiss 2015</a>, pp. 71–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScharfe1977" class="citation book cs1">Scharfe, Hartmut (1977). <i>Grammatical Literature</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. chapters 9, 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447017060" title="Special:BookSources/9783447017060"><bdi>9783447017060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatical+Literature&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=chapters+9%2C+10&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9783447017060&rft.aulast=Scharfe&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011474-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011474_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011">Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199017-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199017_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199017–18-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199017–18_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015">Tibor Kiss 2015</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199018_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfram_HinzenMichelle_Sheehan2013" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram Hinzen; Michelle Sheehan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lSZnAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Philosophy of Universal Grammar</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965483-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-965483-3"><bdi>978-0-19-965483-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Universal+Grammar&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-965483-3&rft.au=Wolfram+Hinzen&rft.au=Michelle+Sheehan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlSZnAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997298–299-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997298–299_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997">George Cardona 1997</a>, pp. 298–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963474-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963474_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199019–20-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199019–20_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199020-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199020_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhosh" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ghosh, Bhajagovinda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_07_02_02.pdf">"Study of Sanskrit Grammar in Tibet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of Tibetology</i>. VII, 2: 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Tibetology&rft.atitle=Study+of+Sanskrit+Grammar+in+Tibet&rft.volume=VII%2C+2&rft.pages=22&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Bhajagovinda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fbot%2Fpdf%2Fbot_07_02_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaini1989" class="citation book cs1">Saini, R.S. (April 1, 1989). <i>Supadma Vyakarana</i>. Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121700344" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121700344"><bdi>978-8121700344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supadma+Vyakarana&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Prakashan&rft.date=1989-04-01&rft.isbn=978-8121700344&rft.aulast=Saini&rft.aufirst=R.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199022–24-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199022–24_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, pp. 22–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997160–172-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997160–172_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997160–172_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997">George Cardona 1997</a>, pp. 160–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963460–461-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963460–461_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, pp. 460–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014–15-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199014–15_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997179–182-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997179–182_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997">George Cardona 1997</a>, pp. 179–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199015-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward199015_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111–112-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990111–112_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990106-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990106_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990106_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990112_58-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990113_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990107-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990107_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990107_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573–77-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573–77_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015">Tibor Kiss 2015</a>, pp. 73–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201573_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015">Tibor Kiss 2015</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990108-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990108_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963465-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963465_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarold_G._Coward1990115_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990">Harold G. Coward 1990</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963465–466-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963465–466_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, pp. 465–466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStefano_Mercanti2009" class="citation book cs1">Stefano Mercanti (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wsqSwMrqLfkC"><i>The Rose and the Lotus</i></a>. Rodopi. pp. <span class="nowrap">XLIX–</span>L. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2833-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2833-3"><bdi>978-90-420-2833-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rose+and+the+Lotus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EXLIX-%3C%2Fspan%3EL&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2833-3&rft.au=Stefano+Mercanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwsqSwMrqLfkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963474–475-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaurice_Winternitz1963474–475_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963">Maurice Winternitz 1963</a>, pp. 474–475.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scharfstein1993p69-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scharfstein1993p69_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen-Ami_Scharfstein1993" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ineffabilityfail0000scha"><i>Ineffability: The Failure of Words in Philosophy and Religion</i></a></span>. State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ineffabilityfail0000scha/page/69">69</a>–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1347-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1347-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-1347-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ineffability%3A+The+Failure+of+Words+in+Philosophy+and+Religion&rft.pages=69-81&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1347-0&rft.au=Ben-Ami+Scharfstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fineffabilityfail0000scha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997300–303-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997300–303_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997">George Cardona 1997</a>, pp. 300–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574–81-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETibor_Kiss201574–81_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015">Tibor Kiss 2015</a>, pp. 74–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatilal2001" class="citation book cs1">Matilal, Bimal Krishna (2001) [1990]. <i>The word and the world: India's contribution to the study of language</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-565512-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-565512-5"><bdi>0-19-565512-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+word+and+the+world%3A+India%27s+contribution+to+the+study+of+language&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-565512-5&rft.aulast=Matilal&rft.aufirst=Bimal+Krishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997243-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Cardona1997243_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997">George Cardona 1997</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997" class="citation book cs1">George Cardona (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adWXhQ-yHQUC"><i>Pāṇini: A Survey of Research</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1494-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini%3A+A+Survey+of+Research&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1494-3&rft.au=George+Cardona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadWXhQ-yHQUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990" class="citation book cs1">Harold G. Coward (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC"><i>The Philosophy of the Grammarians, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume 5 (Editor: Karl Potter)</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0426-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0426-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0426-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+the+Grammarians%2C+in+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies+Volume+5+%28Editor%3A+Karl+Potter%29&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0426-5&rft.au=Harold+G.+Coward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CEj6wRqeRAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015" class="citation book cs1">Tibor Kiss (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgVfCAAAQBAJ"><i>Syntax - Theory and Analysis</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-037740-8"><bdi>978-3-11-037740-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax+-+Theory+and+Analysis&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-037740-8&rft.au=Tibor+Kiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgVfCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Max_MüllerArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Friedrich Max Müller</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Anthony_Macdonell" title="Arthur Anthony Macdonell">Arthur Anthony Macdonell</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382597"><i>A Sanskrit grammar for beginners</i></a> (2 ed.). Longmans, Green. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382597/page/n196">178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit+grammar+for+beginners&rft.pages=178&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Friedrich+Max+M%C3%BCller&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.382597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeber1863" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Albrecht (1863). <i>Indische Studien</i>. Vol. 8. Leipzig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indische+Studien&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011" class="citation book cs1">Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZCMe67IGPkC"><i>Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018159-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018159-3"><bdi>978-3-11-018159-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sound+and+Communication%3A+An+Aesthetic+Cultural+History+of+Sanskrit+Hinduism&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-11-018159-3&rft.au=Annette+Wilke&rft.au=Oliver+Moebus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZCMe67IGPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Maurice Winternitz</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C"><i>History of Indian Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0056-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0056-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0056-4&rft.au=Maurice+Winternitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dql0BmInD1c4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorace_Hayman_Wilson1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Horace Hayman Wilson</a> (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontogr00wilsuoft"><i>An introduction to the grammar of the Sanskrit language</i></a>. Madden.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+grammar+of+the+Sanskrit+language&rft.pub=Madden&rft.date=1841&rft.au=Horace+Hayman+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontogr00wilsuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vyakarana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vyakarana">Vyakarana</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/20px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/40px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vyākaraṇa&oldid=1271585050">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vyākaraṇa&oldid=1271585050</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanskrit_grammarians" title="Category:Sanskrit grammarians">Sanskrit grammarians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vyakarana" title="Category:Vyakarana">Vyakarana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_linguistic_philosophy" title="Category:Indian linguistic philosophy">Indian linguistic philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prophecy_in_Buddhism" title="Category:Prophecy in Buddhism">Prophecy in Buddhism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Sanskrit-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Sanskrit-language text">Articles containing Sanskrit-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Sanskrit_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Sanskrit IPA">Pages with Sanskrit IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from May 2024">Articles with failed verification from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_minor_POV_problems" title="Category:All articles with minor POV problems">All articles with minor POV problems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_minor_POV_problems_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with minor POV problems from May 2024">Articles with minor POV problems from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2016">Articles needing additional references from March 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_March_2016" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from March 2016">Articles to be expanded from March 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 January 2025, at 19:05<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vyākaraṇa</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>11 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-zlmnf","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.993","walltime":"1.172","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10651,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":174267,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":14530,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":150619,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1024.979 1 -total"," 24.99% 256.106 98 Template:Sfn"," 17.94% 183.830 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.39% 116.748 20 Template:Cite_book"," 11.39% 116.696 1 Template:Langx"," 8.68% 88.972 1 Template:Hindu_scriptures"," 8.37% 85.768 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.57% 67.308 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.30% 64.615 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.92% 60.713 1 Template:Hindudharma"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.608","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16832172,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAnnette_WilkeOliver_Moebus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Ami_Scharfstein1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedrich_Max_MüllerArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Cardona1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_G._Coward1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorace_Hayman_Wilson1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoel_Peter_BreretonStephanie_W._JamisonMadhav_M._Deshpande1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisa_Mitchell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatilal2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurice_Winternitz1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonier_Monier-Williams1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenou1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaini1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatkari_Mukhopadhyaya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharfe1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefano_Mercanti2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTibor_Kiss2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram_HinzenMichelle_Sheehan2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Vyakarana\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 2,\n [\"Failed verification span\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindu scriptures\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Opinion\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 98,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-vn2sl","timestamp":"20250331175438","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vy\u0101kara\u1e47a","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2573578","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2573578","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-01-01T13:33:04Z","dateModified":"2025-01-24T19:05:17Z","headline":"the Vedic era study of grammar and linguistics, one of six Vedangas"}</script> </body> </html>