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id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名称</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-起源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#起源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>起源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-起源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-冲突" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#冲突"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>冲突</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-冲突-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流行文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流行文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>流行文化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流行文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>书目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">義和團</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。17种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punys_Rectes_i_Harmoniosos" title="Punys Rectes i Harmoniosos – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Punys Rectes i Harmoniosos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Εταιρεία Δικαίου και Αρμονίας – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εταιρεία Δικαίου και Αρμονίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_movement" title="Boxer movement – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Boxer movement" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_de_la_justicia_y_la_concordia" title="Sociedad de la justicia y la concordia – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad de la justicia y la concordia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poings_de_la_justice_et_de_la_concorde" title="Poings de la justice et de la concorde – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poings de la justice et de la concorde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Boxer" title="Gerakan Boxer – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Boxer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_di_giustizia_e_concordia" title="Società di giustizia e concordia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Società di giustizia e concordia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A3" title="義和団 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="義和団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%99%94%EB%8B%A8" title="의화단 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의화단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokserne" title="Bokserne – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bokserne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punhos_Harmoniosos_e_Justiceiros" title="Punhos Harmoniosos e Justiceiros – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Punhos Harmoniosos e Justiceiros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvo_pravi%C4%8Dnih_in_slo%C5%BEnih_pesti" title="Društvo pravičnih in složnih pesti – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Društvo pravičnih in složnih pesti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4ttf%C3%A4rdighetens_och_Harmonins_knytn%C3%A4var" title="Rättfärdighetens och Harmonins knytnävar – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rättfärdighetens och Harmonins knytnävar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%C4%A9a_H%C3%B2a_%C4%90o%C3%A0n" title="Nghĩa Hòa Đoàn – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghĩa Hòa Đoàn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2" title="义和团 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="义和团" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%AB-h%C3%B4-tho%C3%A2n" title="Gī-hô-thoân – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gī-hô-thoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%8B%B3" title="義和拳 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="義和拳" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1335146#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>义和拳</b>」重定向至此。关于该组织所引发的运动，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动">义和团运动</a></b>」。关于美国华人的左派组织，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E6%8B%B3_(%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD)" title="义和拳 (美国)">义和拳 (美国)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #DEDFDE;">义和团</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yihetuan_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yihetuan_flag.svg/250px-Yihetuan_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yihetuan_flag.svg/375px-Yihetuan_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yihetuan_flag.svg/500px-Yihetuan_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6803" data-file-height="6803" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">义和团所使用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E6%97%97" title="军旗">战旗</a>，可能受到<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%97%97%E8%BB%8D" title="黑旗軍">黑旗軍</a>旗帜的影响而创作</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">别名</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>“梅花拳”（1898年）</li> <li>“義和團”（1899年）</li> <li>“義和拳”（1899年–1901年）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">主要首领之一</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E7%A6%8F%E7%94%B0" title="曹福田">曹福田</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">主要首领之二</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E5%BE%B7%E6%88%90" title="张德成">张德成</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><span class="nowrap">活躍期</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1890年代–1901年9月</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">国家</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">中国</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="政治意識形態列表">意識形態</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em"><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="中国民族主义">中国民族主义</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="君主主義">君主主义</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" title="反西方情绪">反西方主义</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" title="反基督教情緒">反基督教主义</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反帝國主義">反帝國主義</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="反殖民主义">反殖民主义</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%A4%96%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-disambig" title="排外主义">排外主义</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">口号</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">“扶清灭洋”<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">人數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">50,000人–100,000人</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">戰役、戰爭</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动">义和团运动</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>義和團</b></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97" title="繁体字">繁体字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hant"> 義和團 </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="简化字">简化字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hans"> 义和团 </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a><br />（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>）</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-pinyin"> Yìhétuán </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="通用拼音">通用拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-tongyong"> Yì-hé-tuán </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥瑪拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-wadegile"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tone_superscript&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Tone superscript（页面不存在）">Template:Tone superscript</a> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:现代标准汉语国际音标">[î.xɤ̌.tʰwǎn]</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音符號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-bopo"> ㄧˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄊㄨㄢˊ </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">义民会</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97" title="繁体字">繁体字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hant"> 義民會 </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="简化字">简化字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hans"> 义民会 </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a><br />（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>）</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-pinyin"> Yìmínhuì </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="通用拼音">通用拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-tongyong"> Yì-mín-huèi </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥瑪拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-wadegile"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tone_superscript&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Tone superscript（页面不存在）">Template:Tone superscript</a> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:现代标准汉语国际音标">[î.mǐn.xwêɪ]</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音符號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-bopo"> ㄧˋ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄟˋ </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">梅花拳</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;">梅花拳</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a><br />（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>）</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-pinyin"> Méihuāquán </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="通用拼音">通用拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-tongyong"> Méi-hua-cyuán </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥瑪拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-wadegile"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tone_superscript&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Tone superscript（页面不存在）">Template:Tone superscript</a> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:现代标准汉语国际音标">[měɪ.xwá.tɕʰɥǎn]</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音符號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-bopo"> ㄇㄟˊ ㄏㄨㄚㄑㄩㄢˊ </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">义和拳</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97" title="繁体字">繁体字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hant"> 義和拳 </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="简化字">简化字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hans"> 义和拳 </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a><br />（<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>）</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-pinyin"> Yìhéquán </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="通用拼音">通用拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-tongyong"> Yì-hé-cyuán </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥瑪拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-wadegile"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Tone_superscript&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Tone superscript（页面不存在）">Template:Tone superscript</a> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="IPA" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" title="Help:现代标准汉语国际音标">[î.xɤ̌.tɕʰɥǎn]</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音符號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-bopo"> ㄧˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄑㄩㄢˊ </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg/220px-Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg/330px-Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg/440px-Boxer-tianjing-left.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>义和团拳民，摄于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82" title="天津市">天津</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动">义和团运动</a>期间（1901年）</figcaption></figure> <p><b>义和团</b>，又称“<b>义和拳</b>”、“<b>义民会</b>”、“<b>梅花拳</b>”等，是一个兴起于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E4%B8%8E%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9" title="中国南方与北方">中国北部</a>的秘密结社<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。该组织曾于1899年至1901年期间于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>各地发起<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动">义和团运动</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>义和团起初由当时中国北方各地的独立村庄组织形成，由于是秘密结社因此许多成员的身份不得而知，故而难以精确估计参与者的总数，但可能多达数十万人。义和团在运动初期主要攻击<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="清朝政府">清廷</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但很快便转而呼吁“扶清灭洋”，在支持清政府的同时抵制外国势力<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自1900年夏起，义和团成员开始大规模破坏当时在华外国人所拥有的财产，如铁路和电报等现代设施，同时成批抓捕并杀害基督教传教士与中国基督徒<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此后义和团开始拥护<a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E5%A4%AA%E5%90%8E" title="慈禧太后">慈禧太后</a>，并在之后参与抵抗由此引发的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E5%86%9B%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="八国联军之役">联军入侵</a>，而后者近乎完全毁灭了义和团并最终结束了该运动，但其部分成员事后继续参与了中国各地的其他秘密团体活动<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0"></span>名称</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在英语世界里，义和团因其成员大多练习<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF" title="中国武术">中国武术</a>（当时被称为“中国拳击”，即“<span lang="en">Chinese boxing</span>”）而被通称为“拳民”（<span lang="en">Boxers</span>）<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。尽管该组织及其前身自19世纪80年代中期起便已普遍存在于民间，但其首次被外界称为“义民会”是在1899年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a>为解决<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81_(%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D)" title="山東省 (清朝)">山东</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B6%E7%9C%81" title="直隶省">直隶</a>两省的动乱而提交的一份报告中<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这一称呼在后续的报告中被证明是一个错误，其实际名称应为“义和团”<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>义和团曾于1898年期间被称为“梅花拳”，但该名称于在1899年以后几乎不再使用<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="起源"><span id=".E8.B5.B7.E6.BA.90"></span>起源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：起源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>清朝年间的一些秘密结社组织，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%80%E6%9C%83" title="大刀會">大刀会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%93%AE%E6%95%99" title="白蓮教">白莲教</a>等，往往具有重大的力量与影响力。这些组织经常通过其武装成员，利用当时中国许多地区缺乏秩序以及腐败猖獗等现象来对广大偏远甚至中心地区施加控制并传播影响<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed skin-invert" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; font-size: 95%; overflow:auto; color: gray!important; background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; text-align: left;"> <div class="collapsible-title" style="line-height: 1.6em; color: gray!important; background-color: #F3F9FF; font-weight:bold;"><div style="margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px;"> 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit">翻譯</a></span>。</div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="color: gray!important; background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px;"> <p>Yi-he boxing, as it was later practised by the Fists of Harmony and Justice, long predated the movement. In 1779, the Qing government already investigated rumours according to which a man named Yang practised this martial arts style in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guan_County,_Shandong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guan County, Shandong（页面不存在）">Guan County, Shandong</a>, though state authorities were unable to confirm this at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Esherick1987_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esherick1987-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Boxer movement would originate in Shandong and Hebei intent on lessening governmental influence throughout China by means of violence, the group would quickly include its directive to attempt to eliminate all foreign influence also, which was considered at the time to have already penetrated the imperial government. The group at this time was deeply associated with other secret societies in their efforts to eliminate Christians, as can be seen in the 4 July 1896 with attacks on German missionaries in the regions of Western Shandong that later were controlled by the Boxers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement first began in these areas in the mid-1880s as various group with similar aims, led by local influences such as Zhang Decheng in Hebei, and Zhu Hongdeng in Shandong, both leading small but devoted groups directly under their personal control. These small groups served as local enforcers of the Boxers' efforts to control the populace, to curtail the influence of both the Qing government and that of foreigners, particularly Christians. </p><p>During 1898, the previously separate Boxer groups in Shandong and Hebei would fall under much more direct leadership, with the establishment of structure into the group in the form of ranks. This would also involve the renaming of the group into the "Plum Blossom Fists". However, the name-change was not used past 1898, with the name "Fists of Harmony and Justice" used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 May 1898, an investigation was made by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangxu_Emperor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangxu Emperor（页面不存在）">Guangxu Emperor</a> into disturbances in the Shandong-Zhili border region by a supposed "National Righteousness Group", with the possibility of 10,000 Boxer soldiers being under group command in this region. A representative of the monarchy, Zhang Rumei, would be sent along with an army to put down any unrest in the region. The result of the meeting was not negative, with Zhang reporting that there was no trouble in the region, along with more accurate reports on the group's smaller numbers. </p><p>The movement was primarily composed of peasants, to which were added idle youth, ruined artisans, and laid-off workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Boxer recruits were disbanded imperial soldiers and local militiamen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="冲突"><span id=".E5.86.B2.E7.AA.81"></span>冲突</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：冲突"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="义和团运动">义和团运动</a></div> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed skin-invert" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; font-size: 95%; overflow:auto; color: gray!important; background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; text-align: left;"> <div class="collapsible-title" style="line-height: 1.6em; color: gray!important; background-color: #F3F9FF; font-weight:bold;"><div style="margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px;"> 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit">翻譯</a></span>。</div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="color: gray!important; background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px;"> <p>In March 1898, the Boxers started to agitate the population in the streets with the slogan "Uphold the Qing, destroy foreigners!". Their main leader was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cao_Futian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cao Futian（页面不存在）">Cao Futian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other leaders in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhili_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhili Province（页面不存在）">Zhili Province</a> were Liu Chengxiang, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Decheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Decheng（页面不存在）">Zhang Decheng</a>. </p><p>After a battle with the Imperial troops in October 1899, the Boxers focused mainly on missionaries and Christian activities, as they were considered "tainting the purity of the Chinese culture". The Qing government was divided towards how to react to the Boxer's activities. The conservative element of the court was in favour of them. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaiyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaiyi（页面不存在）">Prince Duan</a>, a fervent supporter of their cause, arranged a meeting between Cao and Empress Dowager Ci Xi.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the meeting, the crown prince even wore a Boxer uniform to show support.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of June 1900, about 450 men of the Eight-Nation Alliance arrived in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beijing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beijing（页面不存在）">Beijing</a> to protect the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beijing_Legation_Quarter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beijing Legation Quarter（页面不存在）">foreign legations</a> under siege by the Boxers and Imperial Army, in what was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_the_International_Legations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of the International Legations（页面不存在）">Siege of the International Legations</a>. The Boxers were at their peak, now supported by some elements of the Imperial Army. They changed their slogan to "Support the Qing, destroy foreigners!".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Boxers multiplied their murderous actions against foreigners and Chinese Christians. In Beijing, the Boxers were officially placed under command of members of the Court, such as Prince Duan. During the Rebellion, the Boxers, fighting troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance with close combat weapons or even their own hands, were decimated. After the conflict, The Empress Dowager Ci Xi ordered the repression of the remaining Boxers, in an attempt to calm the foreign nations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="流行文化"><span id=".E6.B5.81.E8.A1.8C.E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>流行文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：流行文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed skin-invert" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; font-size: 95%; overflow:auto; color: gray!important; background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; text-align: left;"> <div class="collapsible-title" style="line-height: 1.6em; color: gray!important; background-color: #F3F9FF; font-weight:bold;"><div style="margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px;"> 已隱藏部分未翻譯内容，歡迎參與<span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit">翻譯</a></span>。</div></div><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="color: gray!important; background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 10px 0 10px;"> <p>The Boxer Rebellion is depicted in the film <a href="/w/index.php?title=55_Days_at_Peking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="55 Days at Peking（页面不存在）"><i>55 Days at Peking</i></a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Ray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Ray（页面不存在）">Nicholas Ray</a> (1963). </p><p>The Boxers are portrayed in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boxers_and_Saints&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boxers and Saints（页面不存在）">Boxers and Saints</a></i>, a comic series by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Luen_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene Luen Yang">Gene Luen Yang</a>. The main character of <i>Boxers</i>, Lee Bao, becomes a leader of the Boxer Rebellion. </p><p>The Boxer Rebellion is graphically depicted in the Shaw Brothers production of <i>Boxer Rebellion</i>, a 1976 film directed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang_Cheh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chang Cheh（页面不存在）">Chang Cheh</a>. This film was distributed in the United States as <i>The Bloody Avengers</i> by World Northal Corporation in 1980. The Boxers are also featured in the films <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legendary_Weapons_of_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legendary Weapons of China（页面不存在）">Legendary Weapons of China</a></i> (1981) and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shanghai_Knights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shanghai Knights（页面不存在）">Shanghai Knights</a></i> (2003). The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)（页面不存在）">Red Lanterns</a>, an all-female group affiliated to the Boxers, are depicted in the film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_in_China_IV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Once Upon a Time in China IV（页面不存在）">Once Upon a Time in China IV</a></i> (1993). The Netflix series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brothers Sun">The Brothers Sun</a></i> (2024) uses their name and parts of their ideology in its plot for a major protagonist group. </p> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_dragon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/32px-China_dragon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/48px-China_dragon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/China_dragon.svg/64px-China_dragon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:中国">中国主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:历史">历史主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%82%E6%99%AE%E5%8D%97" title="卡蒂普南">卡蒂普南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%BE%E8%BB%8D" title="紅巾軍">紅巾軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD" title="太平天国">太平天国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%87%88%E7%85%A7" title="紅燈照">紅燈照</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="书目"><span id=".E4.B9.A6.E7.9B.AE"></span>书目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：书目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bickers, Robert A.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=R._G._Tiedemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R. G. Tiedemann（页面不存在）">R. G. Tiedemann</a> (eds.) (2007). <i>The Boxers, China, and the World</i>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7425-5394-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7425-5394-1">978-0-7425-5394-1</a>.</li> <li>Buck, David D. (1987). "Recent Studies of the Boxer Movement", <i>Chinese Studies in History</i> 20. Introduction to a special issue of the journal devoted to translations of recent research on the Boxers in the People's Republic.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Cohen, Paul A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyinthreeke00paul">History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span> Revised. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780231106511" title="Special:网络书源/9780231106511"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780231106511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.btitle=History+in+Three+Keys%3A+The+Boxers+as+Event%2C+Experience%2C+and+Myth&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=Revised&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780231106511&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryinthreeke00paul&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Elliott, Jane E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/somediditforcivi0000elli">Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War</a>. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/962-201-973-0" title="Special:网络书源/962-201-973-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 962-201-973-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.aufirst=Jane+E.&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.btitle=Some+Did+It+for+Civilisation%2C+Some+Did+It+for+Their+Country%3A+A+Revised+View+of+the+Boxer+War&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=962-201-973-0&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomediditforcivi0000elli&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Esherick, Joseph W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofboxerup00jose">The Origins of the Boxer Uprising</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. U of California Press. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-520-06459-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-520-06459-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-520-06459-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft.aulast=Esherick&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Boxer+Uprising&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-520-06459-3&rft.pub=U+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofboxerup00jose&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Preston, Diana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boxerrebelliondr00dian">The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900</a><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="需要免费注册"><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>. New York: Walker. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8027-1361-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-8027-1361-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8027-1361-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.btitle=The+Boxer+Rebellion%3A+The+Dramatic+Story+of+China%27s+War+on+Foreigners+That+Shook+the+World+in+the+Summer+of+1900&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8027-1361-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboxerrebelliondr00dian&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</span> British title: <i>Besieged in Peking: The Story of the 1900 Boxer Rising</i> (London: Constable, 1999).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFoord1900" class="citation">Foord, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/03/25/102581868.html?pageNumber=23">The Meaning of the Unrest in China</a>, The New York Times: 23, 25 March 1900 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024]</span>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240828072740/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1900/03/25/102581868.html?pageNumber=23">存档</a>于2024-08-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Unrest+in+China&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Foord&rft.date=1900-03-25&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.pages=23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1900%2F03%2F25%2F102581868.html%3FpageNumber%3D23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span 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style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historychina.net/qsyj/ztyj/sxwh/2004-07-08/26462.shtml">一百年前的此时，义和团运动正在兴起_思想文化</a>. www.historychina.net. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-08-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116161707/http://www.historychina.net/qsyj/ztyj/sxwh/2004-07-08/26462.shtml">存档</a>于2024-01-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E5%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%AD%A4%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%8C%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E6%AD%A3%E5%9C%A8%E5%85%B4%E8%B5%B7_%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historychina.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historychina.net%2Fqsyj%2Fztyj%2Fsxwh%2F2004-07-08%2F26462.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/257429833_457251">从反清复明到扶清灭洋，“神功护体”的义和团_中国</a>. www.sohu.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-08-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815070359/https://www.sohu.com/a/257429833_457251">存档</a>于2024-08-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%8D%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%8D%E6%98%8E%E5%88%B0%E6%89%B6%E6%B8%85%E7%81%AD%E6%B4%8B%EF%BC%8C%E2%80%9C%E7%A5%9E%E5%8A%9F%E6%8A%A4%E4%BD%93%E2%80%9D%E7%9A%84%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sohu.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F257429833_457251&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sohu.com/a/260328436_559864">义和团为什么要“扶清灭洋”？有一个重要理由令人哭笑不得_中国</a>. www.sohu.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-08-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815070354/https://www.sohu.com/a/260328436_559864">存档</a>于2024-08-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E8%A6%81%E2%80%9C%E6%89%B6%E6%B8%85%E7%81%AD%E6%B4%8B%E2%80%9D%EF%BC%9F%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1%E4%BB%A4%E4%BA%BA%E5%93%AD%E7%AC%91%E4%B8%8D%E5%BE%97_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sohu.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F260328436_559864&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">网易. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.163.com/dy/article/FNBSDTQ00543A0UK.html">义和团本来反清复明，为何突然要扶清灭洋？他们是被慈禧消灭的吗</a>. www.163.com. 2020-09-25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-08-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815070356/https://www.163.com/dy/article/FNBSDTQ00543A0UK.html">存档</a>于2024-08-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%A5%E5%8F%8D%E6%B8%85%E5%A4%8D%E6%98%8E%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%BD%95%E7%AA%81%E7%84%B6%E8%A6%81%E6%89%B6%E6%B8%85%E7%81%AD%E6%B4%8B%EF%BC%9F%E4%BB%96%E4%BB%AC%E6%98%AF%E8%A2%AB%E6%85%88%E7%A6%A7%E6%B6%88%E7%81%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%97&rft.au=%E7%BD%91%E6%98%93&rft.date=2020-09-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.163.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.163.com%2Fdy%2Farticle%2FFNBSDTQ00543A0UK.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesecs.cc/784.html">义和团、基督徒和神：从宗教战争角度看1900年的义和团斗争</a>. 汉语基督教研究网. 2014-11-25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-08-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815070406/https://chinesecs.cc/784.html">存档</a>于2024-08-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E3%80%81%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92%E5%92%8C%E7%A5%9E%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%8E%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E8%A7%92%E5%BA%A6%E7%9C%8B1900%E5%B9%B4%E7%9A%84%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BD%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinesecs.cc%2F784.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sohu.com/20111009/n321559098.shtml">中国军史：1900年义和团运动高潮-搜狐新闻</a>. news.sohu.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-08-15</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240815070350/https://news.sohu.com/20111009/n321559098.shtml">存档</a>于2024-08-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E5%8F%B2%EF%BC%9A1900%E5%B9%B4+%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E9%AB%98%E6%BD%AE-%E6%90%9C%E7%8B%90%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.sohu.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sohu.com%2F20111009%2Fn321559098.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.cn/test/2005-06/24/content_9279.htm">戊戌变法和义和团运动</a>. www.gov.cn. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span 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Pearson Longman. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781405840583" title="Special:网络书源/9781405840583"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781405840583</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.aulast=MacKerras&rft.btitle=China+in+Transformation%2C+1900%E2%80%931949&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781405840583&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwPU6Tcw1ysC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Muramatsu, Yuzi. 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April 1953, <b>3</b> (2): 236–261. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/43751277"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 43751277</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=The+%22boxers%22+in+1898%E2%80%931899%2C+the+origin+of+the+%22I-Ho-Chuan%22+%28%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%8B%B3%29+uprising%2C+1900&rft.aufirst=Yuzi&rft.aulast=Muramatsu&rft.date=1953-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+Hitotsubashi+Academy&rft.pages=236-261&rft.volume=3&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43751277&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=%E7%BE%A9%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A,%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98,%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E6%8B%B3&year_start=1800&year_end=2000&corpus=23&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2C%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%E4%B9%89%20%E5%92%8C%20%E6%8B%B3%3B%2Cc0t1;,%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%A2;,c0;.t1;,%E4%B9%89%20%E5%92%8C%20%E6%8B%B3;,c0">Google Ngram Viewer</a>. books.google.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=Google+Ngram+Viewer&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=books.google.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fngrams%2Fgraph%3Fcontent%3D%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E6%25B0%2591%25E4%25BC%259A%2C%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259C%2598%2C%25E7%25BE%25A9%25E5%2592%258C%25E6%258B%25B3%26year_start%3D1800%26year_end%3D2000%26corpus%3D23%26smoothing%3D3%26share%3D%26direct_url%3Dt1%253B%252C%25E4%25B9%2589%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25A2%253B%252Cc0%253B.t1%253B%252C%25E4%25B9%2589%2520%25E5%2592%258C%2520%25E6%258B%25B3%253B%252Cc0t1%3B%2C%25E4%25B9%2589%25E5%2592%258C%25E5%259B%25A2%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2C%25E4%25B9%2589%2520%25E5%2592%258C%2520%25E6%258B%25B3%3B%2Cc0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-2"><sup><b>15.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Purcell, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2MeUoD9G9xAC">The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study</a>. Cambridge University Press. 3 June 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521148122" title="Special:网络书源/9780521148122"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780521148122</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.btitle=The+Boxer+Uprising%3A+A+Background+Study&rft.date=2010-06-03&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780521148122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2MeUoD9G9xAC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Boxer-Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>. 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Encyclopedia Britannica. history-geography. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103321/https://www.britannica.com/place/China/Japan-and-the-Ryukyu-Islands#ref590597">存档</a>于2024-10-07） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=China%2C+Japan%2C+and+the+Ryukyu+Islands&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FChina%2FJapan-and-the-Ryukyu-Islands%23ref590597&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nouahsark.com/en/infocenter/culture/history/monarchs/zaiyi.php">Chinese monarchs – Zaiyi (26 August 1856 – 24 November 1922) was a Manchu prince and statesman of the late Qing Dynasty</a>. www.nouahsark.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831222214/http://www.nouahsark.com/en/infocenter/culture/history/monarchs/zaiyi.php">存档</a>于2017-08-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=Chinese+monarchs+%E2%80%93+Zaiyi+%2826+August+1856+%E2%80%93+24+November+1922%29+was+a+Manchu+prince+and+statesman+of+the+late+Qing+Dynasty&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nouahsark.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nouahsark.com%2Fen%2Finfocenter%2Fculture%2Fhistory%2Fmonarchs%2Fzaiyi.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lucia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831215622/https://www.chinasoul.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=3361%253Achinas-confession-script-episode-4&Itemid=104&lang=en-gb">China's Confession: Episode 4</a>. www.chinasoul.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinasoul.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=3361%253Achinas-confession-script-episode-4&Itemid=104&lang=en-gb">原始内容</a>存档于31 August 2017） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英国英语网页">（英国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=China%27s+Confession%3A+Episode+4&rft.au=Lucia&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chinasoul.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinasoul.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26id%3D3361%25253Achinas-confession-script-episode-4%26Itemid%3D104%26lang%3Den-gb&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Boxer-Rebellion">Significance, Combatants, Definition, & Facts</a>. 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class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831100857/http://www.tao-yin.com/wai-jia/revolte_boxeurs_1.html">La révolte des Boxeurs, un autre son de cloche</a>. tao-yin.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2017]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tao-yin.com/wai-jia/revolte_boxeurs_1.html">原始内容</a>存档于31 August 2011）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BE%A9%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%98&rft.atitle=La+r%C3%A9volte+des+Boxeurs%2C+un+autre+son+de+cloche&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tao-yin.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tao-yin.com%2Fwai-jia%2Frevolte_boxeurs_1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output 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