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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_cylinder_heads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_cylinder_heads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Number of cylinder heads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_cylinder_heads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engine/valvetrain_configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engine/valvetrain_configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Engine/valvetrain configurations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Engine/valvetrain_configurations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Engine/valvetrain configurations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Engine/valvetrain_configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sidevalve_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sidevalve_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sidevalve engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sidevalve_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intake_over_exhaust_(IOE)_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intake_over_exhaust_(IOE)_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Intake over exhaust (IOE) engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intake_over_exhaust_(IOE)_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overhead_engines_(OHV_&_OHC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overhead_engines_(OHV_&_OHC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Overhead engines (OHV & OHC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overhead_engines_(OHV_&_OHC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overhead_valve_(OHV)_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overhead_valve_(OHV)_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Overhead valve (OHV) engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overhead_valve_(OHV)_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overhead_camshaft_(OHC)_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overhead_camshaft_(OHC)_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Overhead camshaft (OHC) engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overhead_camshaft_(OHC)_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cylinder head</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9" title="رأس الأسطوانة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رأس الأسطوانة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silindr_ba%C5%9Fl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Silindr başlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Silindr başlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culata_(motor)" title="Culata (motor) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Culata (motor)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlava_v%C3%A1lce" title="Hlava válce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hlava válce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topstykke" title="Topstykke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Topstykke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zylinderkopf" title="Zylinderkopf – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zylinderkopf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culata_(motor)" title="Culata (motor) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Culata (motor)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulaso_(motoro)" title="Kulaso (motoro) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulaso (motoro)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulata_(mekanika)" title="Kulata (mekanika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kulata (mekanika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="سرسیلندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرسیلندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culasse_(moteur)" title="Culasse (moteur) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culasse (moteur)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabeza_do_motor" title="Cabeza do motor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cabeza do motor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%B0%EB%8D%94_%ED%97%A4%EB%93%9C" title="실린더 헤드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실린더 헤드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_silinder" title="Kepala silinder – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepala silinder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testata_(meccanica)" title="Testata (meccanica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Testata (meccanica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test%C3%A4" title="Testä – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Testä" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepala_silinder" title="Kepala silinder – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepala silinder" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilinderkop" title="Cilinderkop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cilinderkop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%98%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="シリンダーヘッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリンダーヘッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topplokk" title="Topplokk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Topplokk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topplokk" title="Topplokk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Topplokk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%82owica_silnika" title="Głowica silnika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Głowica silnika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabe%C3%A7a_do_motor" title="Cabeça do motor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cabeça do motor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiulas%C4%83" title="Chiulasă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chiulasă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Головка блока цилиндров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Головка блока цилиндров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlava_valcov" title="Hlava valcov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hlava valcov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1" title="سەری سلندەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەری سلندەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylinterinkansi" title="Sylinterinkansi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sylinterinkansi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topplock" title="Topplock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Topplock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silindir_kapa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Silindir kapağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Silindir kapağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Головка блока циліндрів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Головка блока циліндрів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%AFp_xi_lanh" title="Nắp xi lanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nắp xi lanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E7%BC%B8%E8%93%8B" title="汽缸蓋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汽缸蓋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Component of an internal combustion engine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:K20_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/K20_head.jpg/300px-K20_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/K20_head.jpg/450px-K20_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/K20_head.jpg/600px-K20_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="363" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Side view of a <a href="/wiki/Dual_overhead_camshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual overhead camshaft">DOHC</a> cylinder head (with the valves and camshafts installed)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinderhead.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cylinderhead.JPG/300px-Cylinderhead.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cylinderhead.JPG/450px-Cylinderhead.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cylinderhead.JPG/600px-Cylinderhead.JPG 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="414" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Underside of a <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">OHV</a> cylinder head (with the valves installed)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">piston engine</a>, the <b>cylinder head</b> sits above the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">cylinders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_2015_p._310_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright_2015_p._310-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forming the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidevalve_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidevalve engine">sidevalve engines</a> the head is a simple plate of metal containing the <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plugs</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Air-cooled_engine" title="Air-cooled engine">heat dissipation fins</a>. In more modern <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">overhead valve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">overhead camshaft</a> engines, the head is a more complicated metal block that also contains the inlet and exhaust passages, and often <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">coolant passages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> components, and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection#Direct_injection_systems" title="Fuel injection">fuel injectors</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_cylinder_heads">Number of cylinder heads</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Number of cylinder heads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A piston engine typically has one cylinder head per <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration#Multiple_cylinder_banks" title="Engine configuration">bank of cylinders</a>. </p><p>Most modern engines with a <a href="/wiki/Straight_engine" title="Straight engine">"straight" (inline) layout</a> today use a single cylinder head that serves all the cylinders. </p><p>Engines with a <a href="/wiki/V_engine" title="V engine">"V" layout</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">"flat" layout</a> typically use two cylinder heads (one for each <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">cylinder bank</a>), however a small number of 'narrow-angle' V engines (such as the Volkswagen <a href="/wiki/VR5_engine" title="VR5 engine">VR5</a> and <a href="/wiki/VR6_engine" title="VR6 engine">VR6</a> engines) use a single cylinder head spanning the two banks. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Radial_engine" title="Radial engine">radial engines</a> have one head for each cylinder, although this is usually of the <a href="/wiki/Monobloc_engine#Cylinder_head" title="Monobloc engine">monobloc</a> form wherein the head is made as an integral part of the cylinder. This is also common for motorcycles, and such head/cylinder components are referred to as <i>barrels</i>. </p><p>Some engines, particularly medium- and large-capacity <a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">diesel engines</a> built for industrial, marine, power generation, and heavy traction purposes (large trucks, <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">heavy equipment</a>, etc.) have individual cylinder heads for each cylinder. This reduces repair costs as a single failed head on a single cylinder can be changed instead of a larger, much more expensive unit fitting all the cylinders. Such a design also allows engine manufacturers to easily produce a 'family' of engines of different layouts and/or cylinder numbers without requiring new cylinder head designs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cylinder_head" title="Special:EditPage/Cylinder head">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cylinder+head%22">"Cylinder head"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cylinder+head%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cylinder+head%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cylinder+head%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cylinder+head%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cylinder+head%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engine/valvetrain_configurations"><span id="Engine.2Fvalvetrain_configurations"></span>Engine/valvetrain configurations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Engine/valvetrain configurations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"> <tbody><tr> <th>Engine type <br /> (in chronological order)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a> <br /> location</th> <th>Intake <a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve#Usage_in_internal_combustion_engines" title="Poppet valve">valves</a> <br /> location</th> <th>Exhaust <a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve#Usage_in_internal_combustion_engines" title="Poppet valve">valves</a> <br /> location </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Sidevalve_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidevalve engine">Sidevalve</a><br />(flathead)</b></td> <td>Block</td> <td>Block</td> <td>Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/IOE_engine" title="IOE engine">Inlet over exhaust</a><br /> (IOE)</b></td> <td>Block</td> <td>Head</td> <td>Block </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve</a> <br /> (OHV)</b></td> <td>Block</td> <td>Head</td> <td>Head </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft</a> <br /> (OHC)</b></td> <td>Head</td> <td>Head</td> <td>Head </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sidevalve_engines">Sidevalve engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sidevalve engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">flathead</a> (<i>sidevalve</i>) engine, all of the <a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">valvetrain</a> components are <a href="/wiki/Cam-in-block" title="Cam-in-block">contained within the block</a>, therefore the head is usually a simple plate of metal bolted to the top of the <a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">engine block</a>. Sidevalve engines were once universal but are now largely obsolete in automobiles, found almost exclusively in small engines such as lawnmowers, weed trimmers and chainsaws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intake_over_exhaust_(IOE)_engines"><span id="Intake_over_exhaust_.28IOE.29_engines"></span>Intake over exhaust (IOE) engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intake over exhaust (IOE) engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/IOE_engine" title="IOE engine">Intake Over Exhaust</a> (IOE) engines combined elements of the sidevalve and overhead valve designs. Used extensively in American motorcycles in the early 1900s, the IOE engine remained in production in limited numbers until the 1990s. IOE engines are more efficient than sidevalve engines, but also more complex, larger and more expensive to manufacture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overhead_engines_(OHV_&_OHC)"><span id="Overhead_engines_.28OHV_.26_OHC.29"></span>Overhead engines (OHV & OHC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overhead engines (OHV & OHC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">overhead valve</a> (OHV) or <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">overhead camshaft</a> (OHC) engine, the cylinder head contains several airflow passages called <i>ports</i>; intake ports deliver the fuel+air intake charge from the <a href="/wiki/Intake_manifold" class="mw-redirect" title="Intake manifold">intake manifold</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>, and exhaust ports route combustion waste gases out the combustion chamber to the <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">exhaust manifold</a>. <a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valves</a> open and close the ports, with the intakes offset fore-and-aft from the exhausts. The head also contains the <a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">spark plugs</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling#Liquid_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">water-cooled</a> engines, the coolant passages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overhead_valve_(OHV)_engines"><span id="Overhead_valve_.28OHV.29_engines"></span>Overhead valve (OHV) engines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overhead valve (OHV) engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A single <a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">camshaft</a> located in the engine block uses <a href="/wiki/Pushrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushrod">pushrods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">rocker arms</a> to actuate all the valves. </p><p>OHV engines are typically more compact than equivalent OHC engines, and fewer parts mean cheaper production, but they have largely been replaced by OHC designs, except in some American V8 engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overhead_camshaft_(OHC)_engines"><span id="Overhead_camshaft_.28OHC.29_engines"></span>Overhead camshaft (OHC) engines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Overhead camshaft (OHC) engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">overhead camshaft</a> (OHC) engine locates the camshaft(s) in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. Eliminating pushrods lessens valvetrain inertia and provides space for optimized port designs, both providing increased power potential. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine#Single_overhead_camshaft_(SOHC)" title="Overhead camshaft engine">single overhead camshaft</a> (SOHC) engine, the camshaft may be seated centrally between valve rows, or directly above a single row of valves (replacing rocker arm actuation with <a href="/wiki/Tappet#Overhead_cam_engines" title="Tappet">tappets</a>). SOHC engines were widely from the 1960s to 1990s. (eliminating pushrods but still utilizing rocker arms) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine#Double_overhead_camshaft_(DOHC)" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Double overhead camshaft</a> (DOHC) engines seat a camshaft directly above each row of offset valves (intakes inboard, exhausts outboard).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DOHC designs allow optimal <a href="/wiki/Crossflow_cylinder_head" title="Crossflow cylinder head">crossflow</a> positioning of valves to provide higher-<a href="/wiki/RPM" class="mw-redirect" title="RPM">RPM</a> operation. They are typically larger in size (especially width) than equivalent OHV or SOHC engines. Even though more components raise production costs, DOHC engines seen widespread use in automobile engines since the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DOHC head- cutaway view"><img alt="DOHC head- cutaway view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg/400px-DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/DOHC-Zylinderkopf-Schnitt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Double_overhead_camshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Double overhead camshaft">DOHC</a> head- cutaway view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_D15A3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="SOHC Honda D15A3 engine"><img alt="SOHC Honda D15A3 engine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Head_D15A3.JPG/362px-Head_D15A3.JPG" decoding="async" width="242" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Head_D15A3.JPG/544px-Head_D15A3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Head_D15A3.JPG/725px-Head_D15A3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="896" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft#Single_overhead_camshaft_(SOHC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead camshaft">SOHC</a> <a href="/wiki/Honda_D_engine#D15A3" title="Honda D engine">Honda D15A3</a> engine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 435.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 433.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malossi_70cc_Morini_cylinder_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flathead head for a Moto Morini scooter (bottom top piece on left, top piece on right)"><img alt="Flathead head for a Moto Morini scooter (bottom top piece on left, top piece on right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Malossi_70cc_Morini_cylinder_head.jpg/650px-Malossi_70cc_Morini_cylinder_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="434" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Malossi_70cc_Morini_cylinder_head.jpg/974px-Malossi_70cc_Morini_cylinder_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Malossi_70cc_Morini_cylinder_head.jpg/1299px-Malossi_70cc_Morini_cylinder_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="730" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead</a> head for a <a href="/wiki/Moto_Morini" title="Moto Morini">Moto Morini</a> scooter (bottom top piece on left, top piece on right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 273.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 271.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suzuki-GS550-DOHC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DOHC head for an air-cooled Suzuki GS550 engine"><img alt="DOHC head for an air-cooled Suzuki GS550 engine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Suzuki-GS550-DOHC.jpg/407px-Suzuki-GS550-DOHC.jpg" decoding="async" width="272" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Suzuki-GS550-DOHC.jpg/610px-Suzuki-GS550-DOHC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Suzuki-GS550-DOHC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Double_overhead_camshaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Double overhead camshaft">DOHC</a> head for an air-cooled <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_GS_series" title="Suzuki GS series">Suzuki GS550</a> engine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cylinder-head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="OHV head for a GMC van (view of underside, with valves and exhaust manifold also visible)"><img alt="OHV head for a GMC van (view of underside, with valves and exhaust manifold also visible)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cylinder-head.jpg/400px-Cylinder-head.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Cylinder-head.jpg/600px-Cylinder-head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Cylinder-head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">OHV</a> head for a <a href="/wiki/GMC_(General_Motors_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="GMC (General Motors division)">GMC</a> van (view of underside, with valves and exhaust manifold also visible)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cylinder_heads" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cylinder heads">Cylinder heads</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossflow_cylinder_head" title="Crossflow cylinder head">Crossflow cylinder head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-flow_cylinder_head" title="Reverse-flow cylinder head">Reverse-flow cylinder head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_head" title="Junk head">Junk head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Monobloc head">Monobloc head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-head_engine" title="T-head engine">T-head engine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cylinder_head&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWright2015" class="citation book cs1">Wright, G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s5_OCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA310"><i>Fundamentals of Medium/Heavy Duty Diesel Engines</i></a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-06705-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-284-06705-7"><bdi>978-1-284-06705-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Medium%2FHeavy+Duty+Diesel+Engines&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-284-06705-7&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds5_OCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACylinder+head" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xaafuy_ford-duratec-engine-3d-simulation-1_tech">"FORD DuraTec Engine 3D Simulation(18) - Dailymotion Video"</a>. <i>www.dailymotion.com</i>. 27 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dailymotion.com&rft.atitle=FORD+DuraTec+Engine+3D+Simulation%2818%29+-+Dailymotion+Video&rft.date=2009-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymotion.com%2Fvideo%2Fxaafuy_ford-duratec-engine-3d-simulation-1_tech&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACylinder+head" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Template talk:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internal_combustion_engine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internal combustion engine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internal_combustion_engine562" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">Internal combustion engine</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engine_block" title="Engine block">Engine block</a> and<br /> rotating assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_shaft" title="Balance shaft">Balance shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_heater" title="Block heater">Block heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(engine)" title="Bore (engine)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecting_rod" title="Connecting rod">Connecting rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">Crankcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankcase_ventilation_system" title="Crankcase ventilation system">Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankpin" title="Crankpin">Crankpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">Crankshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_plug" title="Core plug">Core plug (freeze plug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">Cylinder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bank">bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engine_configuration" title="Engine configuration">layout</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">Displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_order" title="Firing order">Firing order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_(engine)" title="Stroke (engine)">Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_bearing" title="Main bearing">Main bearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston" title="Piston">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_ring" title="Piston ring">Piston ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_ring_gear" title="Starter ring gear">Starter ring gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valvetrain" title="Valvetrain">Valvetrain</a> and<br /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cylinder head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_engine" title="Flathead engine">Flathead layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_camshaft_engine" title="Overhead camshaft engine">Overhead camshaft layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">Overhead valve (pushrod) layout</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tappet" title="Tappet">Tappet / lifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camshaft" title="Camshaft">Camshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_(mechanical_engineering)" title="Chest (mechanical engineering)">Chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">Combustion chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">Compression ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_gasket" title="Head gasket">Head gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_arm" title="Rocker arm">Rocker arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timing_belt_(camshaft)" title="Timing belt (camshaft)">Timing belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet_valve" title="Poppet valve">Valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forced_induction" title="Forced induction">Forced induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowoff_valve" title="Blowoff valve">Blowoff valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_controller" title="Boost controller">Boost controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercooler" title="Intercooler">Intercooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercharger" title="Supercharger">Supercharger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">Turbocharger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuel system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_engine" title="Diesel engine">Diesel engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">Petrol engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carburetor" title="Carburetor">Carburetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_filter" title="Fuel filter">Fuel filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_injection" title="Fuel injection">Fuel injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">Fuel pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ignition_system" title="Ignition system">Ignition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_magneto" title="Ignition magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression ignition">Compression ignition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil-on-plug_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Coil-on-plug ignition">Coil-on-plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributor" title="Distributor">Distributor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(diesel_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glow plug (diesel engine)">Glow plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignition_coil" title="Ignition coil">Ignition coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug" title="Spark plug">Spark plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_plug_wires" title="Spark plug wires">Spark plug wires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Engine management</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_control_unit" title="Engine control unit">Engine control unit (ECU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Electrical system</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intake system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbox" title="Airbox">Airbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter#Internal_combustion_engine_air_filters" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idle_air_control_actuator" title="Idle air control actuator">Idle air control actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_manifold" title="Inlet manifold">Inlet manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAP_sensor" title="MAP sensor">MAP sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_flow_sensor" title="Mass flow sensor">MAF sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle_position_sensor" title="Throttle position sensor">Throttle position sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">Exhaust system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">Catalytic converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_particulate_filter" title="Diesel particulate filter">Diesel particulate filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas_temperature_gauge" title="Exhaust gas temperature gauge">EGT sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_manifold" title="Exhaust manifold">Exhaust manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">Muffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor#Automotive_applications" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine_cooling" title="Internal combustion engine cooling">Cooling system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cooling" title="Air cooling">Air cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Water cooling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Electric fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_clutch" title="Fan clutch">Viscous fan (fan clutch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lubrication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motor_oil" title="Motor oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">Oil filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pump_(internal_combustion_engine)" title="Oil pump (internal combustion engine)">Oil pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump" title="Sump">Sump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wet_sump" title="Wet sump">Wet sump</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dry_sump" title="Dry sump">Dry sump</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engine_knocking" title="Engine knocking">Knocking / pinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_band" title="Power band">Power band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redline" 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