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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Use in programming languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_programming_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Order of parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optional_parameters_and_positional_parameters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optional_parameters_and_positional_parameters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Optional parameters and positional parameters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optional_parameters_and_positional_parameters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emulating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Emulating</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emulating-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emulating subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emulating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>With documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_data_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_data_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>With data structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_data_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Special_Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Special Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_chained_method_calls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_chained_method_calls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>With chained method calls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_chained_method_calls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Named+parameter%22">"Named parameter"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Named+parameter%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Named+parameter%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Named+parameter%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Named+parameter%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Named+parameter%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a>, <b>named parameters</b>, <b>named-parameter arguments</b>, <b>named arguments</b> or <b>keyword arguments</b> refer to a computer language's support for function calls to clearly associate each <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_programming)" title="Parameter (computer programming)">argument</a> with a given <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (computer science)">parameter</a> within the function call. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A function call using named parameters differs from a regular function call in that the arguments are passed by associating each one with a parameter name, instead of providing an ordered list of arguments. </p><p>For example, consider this <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> or <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> method call that doesn't use named parameters: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">addNewControl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"Title"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> <p>Using named parameters in <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, the call can be written as: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">window</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">addNewControl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">title</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"Title"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">xPosition</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">yPosition</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">drawingNow</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <p>Using named parameters in <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, the call can be written as: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-php mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">$window</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="na">addNewControl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">title</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="s2">"Title"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">xPosition</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">yPosition</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">width</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">height</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">drawingNow</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="k">True</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> <p>The version with positional arguments is more implicit. The versions that name parameters are more explicit. Depending on circumstance, a programmer may find one or the other to be easier to read. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_programming_languages">Use in programming languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Use in programming languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Named parameters are supported explicitly in many languages. A non-exhaustive selection of examples includes <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_4.0" title="C Sharp 4.0">C# 4.0+</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ceylon_(programming_language)" title="Ceylon (programming language)">Ceylon</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/ColdFusion_Markup_Language" title="ColdFusion Markup Language">ColdFusion Markup Language</a> (CFML)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Lisp" title="Common Lisp">Common Lisp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/IDL_(programming_language)" title="IDL (programming language)">IDL</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematica">Mathematica</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/PL/SQL" title="PL/SQL">PL/SQL</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Swift_(programming_language)" title="Swift (programming language)">Swift</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic" title="Visual Basic">Visual Basic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a> does not have named parameters (even though parts of the method name may look like named parameters).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />In <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, you can achieve named parameters by using designated initializers since <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B20" title="C++20">C++20</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like so: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">A</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">{},</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">{}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span><span class="w"> </span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">foo</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">A</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">std</span><span class="o">::</span><span class="n">cout</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><<</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> <span class="n">foo</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_parameters">Order of parameters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Order of parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In languages that do not support named parameters, the <i>order</i> of arguments in a function call is necessarily fixed, since it is the only way that the language can identify which argument is intended to be used for which parameter. </p><p>With named parameters, it is usually possible to provide the arguments in any order, since the parameter name attached to each argument identifies its purpose. This reduces the <a href="/wiki/Connascence" title="Connascence">connascence</a> between parts of the program. A few languages support named parameters but still require the arguments to be provided in a specific order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optional_parameters_and_positional_parameters">Optional parameters and positional parameters<span class="anchor" id="Optional_parameters"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Optional parameters and positional parameters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Default_argument" title="Default argument">Default argument</a></div> <p>Named parameters are often used in conjunction with optional parameters. Without named parameters, optional parameters can only appear at the end of the parameter list, since there is no other way to determine which values have been omitted. In languages that support named optional parameters, however, programs may supply any subset of the available parameters, and the names are used to determine which values have been provided. </p><p>An added complication arises in languages such as <a href="/wiki/OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a> that support both optional named parameters and <a href="/wiki/Partial_application" title="Partial application">partial application</a>. It is impossible in general to distinguish between a function partly applied, and a function to which a subset of parameters have been provided. OCaml resolves this ambiguity by requiring a positional argument after all optional named-parameter arguments: its presence or absence is used to decide if the function has been fully or partly applied. If all parameters are optional, the implementor may solve the issue by adding a dummy positional parameter of type <a href="/wiki/Unit_type" title="Unit type">unit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emulating">Emulating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emulating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In languages that do not support named parameters, some of the same benefits can be achieved in other ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_documentation">With documentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: With documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Their value as documentation can be replicated by tooltips in <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environments</a> (IDEs) for languages such as <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, or with comments (in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>): </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="n">MyFunctionCall</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* x coordinate */</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* y coordinate */</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* width */</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* height */</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TRUE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* drawing now? */</span> <span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> <p>Such comments are not checked for correctness and the order of arguments remains important. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_data_structures">With data structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: With data structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Removing the argument order restriction, and the ability to leave some values unspecified, can be achieved by passing a <a href="/wiki/Record_(computer_science)" title="Record (computer science)">record</a> or <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative array</a>. </p><p>For example, in <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, these two calls are equivalent: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">MyFunctionCall</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">xPosition</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">yPosition</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">50</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">width</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">height</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">drawingNow</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nx">MyFunctionCall</span><span class="p">({</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">width</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">height</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">xPosition</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">yPosition</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mf">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="nx">drawingNow</span><span class="o">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">});</span> </pre></div> <p>Compare to C99:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-c mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">MyParam</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">xPosition</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">yPosition</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">width</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">height</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">unsigned</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">char</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">drawingNow</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">};</span> <span class="err">…</span> <span class="n">MyParam</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">xPosition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">yPosition</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">50</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">width</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">height</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">drawingNow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TRUE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">};</span> <span class="n">MyFunctionCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">&</span><span class="n">parameters</span><span class="p">);</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_Support">Special Support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Special Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> and pre-2.0 <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> a similar convention exists (generally called a <i>hash</i> or <i>options hash</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), with special support for omitting the delimiters within function calls. As an example, the core module's Net::FTP <i>new</i> function accepts a hash of optional arguments.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_chained_method_calls">With chained method calls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: With chained method calls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> languages, it is possible to use <a href="/wiki/Method_chaining" title="Method chaining">method chaining</a> to simulate named parameters, as a form of <a href="/wiki/Fluent_interface" title="Fluent interface">fluent interface</a>. Each named-parameter argument is replaced with a method on an "arguments" object that modifies and then returns the object. In C++, this is termed the <i>named parameter idiom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The object may then be passed to a function that uses the arguments it contains. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Method_chaining" title="Method chaining">Method chaining</a> is often used in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Builder_pattern" title="Builder pattern">builder pattern</a> as a way to override default values provided by the builder class. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Template#Handling_parameters" title="Help:Template">Help:Template</a> for named and positional parameters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluent_interface" title="Fluent interface">Fluent interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(programming)" title="Tag (programming)">Tag (programming)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=Passing+Arguments+by+Position+and+by+Name+-+Visual+Basic&rft.au=KathleenDollard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fdotnet%2Fvisual-basic%2Fprogramming-guide%2Flanguage-features%2Fprocedures%2Fpassing-arguments-by-position-and-by-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamed+parameter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/library/ios/documentation/cocoa/conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/DefiningClasses/DefiningClasses.html#//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40011210-CH3-SW5%7CiOS">Developer Library - The Implementation of a Class Provides Its Internal Behavior</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/p0329r4.pdf">"Designated Initialization Wording"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designated+Initialization+Wording&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open-std.org%2Fjtc1%2Fsc22%2Fwg21%2Fdocs%2Fpapers%2F2017%2Fp0329r4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamed+parameter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Designated-Inits.html">"Designated Inits (Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC))"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designated+Inits+%28Using+the+GNU+Compiler+Collection+%28GCC%29%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgcc.gnu.org%2Fonlinedocs%2Fgcc%2FDesignated-Inits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamed+parameter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docstore.mik.ua/orelly/perl/prog3/ch02_09.htm">Programming Perl 2.9: Hashes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perldoc.perl.org/Net/FTP.html">Perl core module Net::FTP</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C++ FAQ, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/ctors.html#faq-10.20">10.20 What is the "Named Parameter Idiom"?</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Named_parameter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502112455/http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~rgesteve/cforall/named_pars.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20070502112455/http://plg.uwaterloo.ca/~rgesteve/cforall/named_pars.html</a></li> <li>In C++ this paradigm can be easily implemented: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_53_0/libs/parameter/doc/html/">Boost Parameter Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rosettacode.org/wiki/Named_parameters">Named Parameters in various programming languages</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Code" title="Rosetta Code">Rosetta Code</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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