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href="#"Ethnocentrism_of_Disciplines_and_the_Fish-Scale_Model_of_Omniscience""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>"Ethnocentrism of Disciplines and the Fish-Scale Model of Omniscience"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Ethnocentrism_of_Disciplines_and_the_Fish-Scale_Model_of_Omniscience"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_development_of_Campbell's_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_development_of_Campbell's_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Further development of Campbell's ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_development_of_Campbell's_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div 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Campbell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Campbell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Donald T. Campbell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Donald T. Campbell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Donald T. Campbell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Donald T. Campbell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AA%DB%8C._%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%84" title="دونالد تی. کمبل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دونالد تی. کمبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Campbell_(psychologue)" title="Donald Campbell (psychologue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Donald Campbell (psychologue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Դոնալդ Թոմաս Քեմպբել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դոնալդ Թոմաս Քեմպբել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Donald T. Campbell" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Donald T. Campbell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кэмпбелл, Дональд Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кэмпбелл, Дональд Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Donald T. Campbell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q729038#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American social scientist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Donald T. Campbell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_T_Campbell-lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/02/Donald_T_Campbell-lg.jpg/220px-Donald_T_Campbell-lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/02/Donald_T_Campbell-lg.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="381" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1916-11-20</span>)</span>November 20, 1916<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Grass_Lake,_Michigan" title="Grass Lake, Michigan">Grass Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 6, 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-05-06)</span> (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem,_Pennsylvania" title="Bethlehem, Pennsylvania">Bethlehem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Donald Thomas Campbell</b> (November 20, 1916 – May 6, 1996) was an American <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social scientist</a>. He is noted for his work in <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a>. He coined the term <i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">evolutionary epistemology</a></i> and developed a selectionist theory of human <a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>. A <i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_General_Psychology" title="Review of General Psychology">Review of General Psychology</a></i> survey, published in 2002, ranked Campbell as the 33rd most cited <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campbell was born in 1916, and completed his undergraduate education in psychology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, where he and his younger sister, Fayette, graduated first and second, respectively, in the class of 1939. </p><p>After serving in the U.S. Naval Reserve during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he earned his doctorate in psychology in 1947 from the University of California, Berkeley. He subsequently served on the faculties at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lehigh_University" title="Lehigh University">Lehigh</a>. </p><p>He taught at Lehigh University, which established the Donald T. Campbell Social Science Research Prizes. Prior to that, he was on the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_School_of_Citizenship_and_Public_Affairs" title="Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs">Maxwell School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>, 1979–1982, and Northwestern University from 1953 to 1979. He gave the <a href="/wiki/William_James_Lectures" title="William James Lectures">William James Lecture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1977. In June 1981, working with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rosenberg" title="Alexander Rosenberg">Alexander Rosenberg</a>, Campbell organized an international conference held at Cazanovia, New York, to formulate the program of what he called an "Epistemologically Relevant Sociology of Science" (ERRES). By Campbell's own account, this project was at least premature.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Campbell was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, Campbell served as president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>. He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among his other honors, he received the American Psychological Association's Distinguished Scientific Contribution award, the Distinguished Contribution to Research in Education award from the <a href="/wiki/American_Educational_Research_Association" title="American Educational Research Association">American Educational Research Association</a>, and honorary degrees from the Universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">Florida</a>, Chicago, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">Southern California</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campbell made contributions in a wide range of disciplines, including psychology, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multitrait-multimethod_matrix">Multitrait-multimethod matrix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Multitrait-multimethod matrix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campbell argued that the sophisticated use of many approaches, each with its own distinct but measurable flaws, was required to design reliable research projects and to ensure <a href="/wiki/Convergent_validity" title="Convergent validity">convergent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discriminant_validity" title="Discriminant validity">discriminant validity</a>. The paper he wrote with <a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Fiske" title="Donald W. Fiske">Donald W. Fiske</a> to present this thesis, "Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the <a href="/wiki/Multitrait-multimethod_matrix" title="Multitrait-multimethod matrix">Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the most frequently cited papers in the social science literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blind_variation_and_selective_retention">Blind variation and selective retention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blind variation and selective retention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blind variation and selective retention (BVSR) is a phrase introduced by Campbell to describe the most fundamental principle underlying <a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">cultural evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">cybernetics</a>, it is seen as a principle for describing change in evolutionary systems in general, not just in biological organisms. For example, it can also be applied to scientific discovery, <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">memetic</a> evolution, or <a href="/wiki/Genetic_programming" title="Genetic programming">genetic programming</a>. As such, it forms a foundation for what has later been called <a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">universal Darwinism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolutionary_epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evolutionary epistemology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Applying the BVSR principle to the evolution of knowledge, Campbell founded the domain of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">evolutionary epistemology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be seen as a generalization of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, which conceives the development of new theories as a process of proposing conjectures (blind variation) followed by the refutation (selective elimination) of those conjectures that are empirically <a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">falsified</a>. Campbell added that the same logic of blind variation and selective elimination/retention underlies all knowledge processes, not only scientific ones. Thus, the BVSR mechanism explains not only creativity, but also the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">instinctive</a> knowledge, and of our <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> abilities in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""The_Experimenting_Society""><span id=".22The_Experimenting_Society.22"></span>"The Experimenting Society"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "The Experimenting Society""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campbell also had a vision for how <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> could be improved through the use of experimentation. He argued for a more collaborative method of public policy that involved various stakeholders and that used experimentation and data as a guide for decision making. The vision of this was laid out in his essay, "The Experimenting Society".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His research and book <i>Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research</i> became the standard in policy-evaluation circles. Campbell did not start out intending to be a program evaluator, but his devotion to understanding <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causality</a>, human behavior, and how to solve social questions led him there.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Ethnocentrism_of_Disciplines_and_the_Fish-Scale_Model_of_Omniscience""><span id=".22Ethnocentrism_of_Disciplines_and_the_Fish-Scale_Model_of_Omniscience.22"></span>"Ethnocentrism of Disciplines and the Fish-Scale Model of Omniscience"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: "Ethnocentrism of Disciplines and the Fish-Scale Model of Omniscience""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campbell wrote an article in 1969 arguing that an obstacle to a "comprehensive, integrated multiscience" was that different areas of the <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioral sciences</a> were clustered together and separated from other areas. That is, there was "a redundant piling up of highly similar specialties leaving interdisciplinary gaps". He wrote that often the approach taken to dealing with these gaps was to encourage multidisciplinary scholars, meaning those who are knowledgeable and competent in multiple areas, but that this was ill-guided because the level of knowledge that makes for good scholars requires specialisation. In his view, a wiser approach would be "invent[ing] alternative social organizations that will permit the flourishing of narrow interdisciplinary specialties." These interdisciplinary specialties would then fill in the gaps between disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_development_of_Campbell's_ideas"><span id="Further_development_of_Campbell.27s_ideas"></span>Further development of Campbell's ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further development of Campbell's ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1990s, Campbell's formulation of the mechanism of "blind-variation-and-selective-retention" (BVSR) was further developed and extended to other domains under the labels of "universal selection theory"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "universal selectionism"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cziko" title="Gary Cziko">Gary Cziko</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mark Bickhard,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, a group of 85 social and behavioural scientists and social practitioners from 13 countries met in Philadelphia, USA and founded the <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Collaboration" title="Campbell Collaboration">Campbell Collaboration</a>. The collaboration aims to address the need for an organisation that produces systematic reviews of research evidence on the effectiveness of social interventions. Many of the people involved in the establishment of the Campbell Collaboration were from <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1959, with Donald W. Fiske, "Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix, In: <i>Psychological Bulletin</i> 56/1959 No. 2, pp. 81-105.</li> <li>1963, with Julian C. Stanley, "Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research.</li> <li>1965, "Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution". In: Herbert R. Barringer, George I. Blanksten and Raymond W. Mack (Eds.), <i>Social change in developing areas: A reinterpretation of evolutionary theory</i>, pp. 19–49. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Schenkman.</li> <li>1969, "Ethnocentrism of disciplines and the fish-scale model of omniscience, In: M. Sherif & C. W. Sherif (Eds.), <i>Interdisciplinary Relationships in the Social Sciences</i>, Boston 1969, pp. 328-348</li> <li>1970, "Natural selection as an epistemological model". In Raoul Naroll and Ronald Cohen (Eds.), <i>A handbook of method in cultural anthropology</i>, pp. 51–85. New York: National History Press.</li> <li>1972, "On the genetics of altruism and the counter-hedonic components in human culture". <i>Journal of Social Issues</i> <b>28</b> (3), 21–37.</li> <li>1974, "Downward causation in hierarchically organised biological systems". In Francisco Jose Ayala and Theodosius Dobzhansky (Eds.), <i>Studies in the philosophy of biology: Reduction and related problems</i>, pp. 179–186. London/Basingstoke: Macmillan.</li> <li>1974, Unjustified variation and retention in scientific discovery. In Francisco Jose Ayala and Theodosius Dobzhansky (Eds.), <i>Studies in the philosophy of biology: Reduction and related problems</i>, pp. 141–161. London/Bastingstoke: Macmillan.</li> <li>1974, "Evolutionary Epistemology." In <i>The philosophy of Karl R. Popper</i> edited by P. A. Schilpp, 412–463. LaSalle, IL: Open Court.</li> <li>1975, "On the Conflicts between Biological and Social Evolution and between Psychology and Moral Tradition." <i>American Psychologist</i> <b>30</b>: 1103–26.</li> <li>1976, "Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change," <i>Occasional Paper Series</i>, Paper #8, The Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031218200712/http://www.wmich.edu/evalctr/pubs/ops/ops08.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li>1979, "Quasi-Experimentation: Design and Analysis Issues for Field Settings" with Thomas D. Cook.</li> <li>1987, "Evolutionary epistemology." In: <i>Evolutionary epistemology, rationality, and the sociology of knowledge</i>, pp. 47–89.</li> <li>1990, "Epistemological roles for selection theory," In <i>Evolution, cognition, and realism: Studies in evolutionary epistemology</i>, pp. 1–19.</li> <li>1990, "Levels of organization, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology". In: G. Greenberg and E. Tobach (Eds.), <i>Theories of the evolution of knowing</i>, pp. 1–17. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.</li> <li>1994, "How individual and face-to-face group selection undermine firm selection in organizational evolution". In J.A.C. Baum and J.V. Singh (Eds.) <i>Evolutionary dynamics of organizations</i>, pp. 23–38. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>2003, with Bickhard, M. H., "Variations in variation and selection: The ubiquity of the variation-and-selective-retention ratchet in emergent organizational complexity." In <i>Foundations of Science</i>, 8(3), 215–282.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campbell%27s_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell's Law">Campbell's Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downward_causation" title="Downward causation">Downward causation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">American philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entitativity" title="Entitativity">Entitativity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaggbloomWarnickWarnickJones2002" class="citation journal cs1">Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Donald+Thomas+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fdonald-thomas-campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+T.+Campbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/57140.html">"Donald T. Campbell"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Donald+T.+Campbell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F57140.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+T.+Campbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Donald+Thomas+Campbell&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DDonald%2BThomas%2BCampbell%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+T.+Campbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellFiske1959" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, D. T.; Fiske, D. W. (1959). "Convergent and Discriminant Validation by the Multitrait-multimethod Matrix". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>56</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0046016">10.1037/h0046016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13634291">13634291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Convergent+and+Discriminant+Validation+by+the+Multitrait-multimethod+Matrix&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0046016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13634291&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=D.+T.&rft.au=Fiske%2C+D.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+T.+Campbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Heylighen" title="Francis Heylighen">Francis Heylighen</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/BVSR.html">Blind Variation and Selective Retention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principia_Cybernetica" title="Principia Cybernetica">Principia Cybernetica</a> Web.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, D. T. (1987). Evolutionary epistemology. in: Evolutionary epistemology, rationality, and the sociology of knowledge, p. 47–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn1998" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, William N. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDuXdlxjdSsC&pg=PA35"><i>The Experimenting Society: Essays in Honor of Donald T. Campbell</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3679-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3679-1"><bdi>978-1-4128-3679-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Experimenting+Society%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Donald+T.+Campbell&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3679-1&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTDuXdlxjdSsC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+T.+Campbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadishLuellen2004" class="citation book cs1">Shadish, William R.; Luellen, Jason K. 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(1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823064313/http://ngw.cs.colorado.edu/xwiki/bin/download/DCNM2009/Relevant+Resources/Campbell-fish-scale.pdf">"Ethnocentrism of Disciplines and the Fish-Scale Model of Omniscience"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Interdisciplinary Relationships in the Social Sciences</i>. Archived from the original on 2011-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnocentrism+of+Disciplines+and+the+Fish-Scale+Model+of+Omniscience&rft.btitle=Interdisciplinary+Relationships+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngw.cs.colorado.edu%2Fxwiki%2Fbin%2Fdownload%2FDCNM2009%2FRelevant%2BResources%2FCampbell-fish-scale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+T.+Campbell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, D. T. (1990). Epistemological roles for selection theory. Evolution, cognition, and realism: Studies in evolutionary epistemology, 1–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hodgson" title="Geoffrey Hodgson">Hodgson, G. M.</a> (2005). "Generalizing Darwinism to social evolution: Some early attempts". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Issues" title="Journal of Economic Issues">Journal of Economic Issues</a></i>, 899–914.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Cziko (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/wm/"><i>Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510125747/http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/wm/">Archived</a> 2012-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoelhorst, J. W. (n.d.). Universal Darwinism from the bottom up: An evolutionary view of socio-economic behavior and organization. Wolfram Elsner and <a href="/wiki/Hardy_Hanappi" title="Hardy Hanappi">Hardy Hanappi</a>, <i>Advances in Evolutionary Institutional Economics: Evolutionary Modules, Non-Knowledge, and Strategy</i>. Cheltenham: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bickhard, M. H., & Campbell, D. T. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehigh.edu/~mhb0/TheoryKnowledgeReadings6Nov10/Varvarsel.fos.11Aug03.pdf">Variations in variation and selection: The ubiquity of the variation-and-selective-retention ratchet in emergent organizational complexity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316082941/http://www.lehigh.edu/~mhb0/TheoryKnowledgeReadings6Nov10/Varvarsel.fos.11Aug03.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Science" title="Foundations of Science">Foundations of Science</a></i>, 8(3), 215–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeylighen1992" class="citation journal cs1">Heylighen, F. (1992). "Principles of Systems and Cybernetics: an evolutionary perspective". <i>Cybernetics and Systems</i>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.32.7220">10.1.1.32.7220</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cybernetics+and+Systems&rft.atitle=Principles+of+Systems+and+Cybernetics%3A+an+evolutionary+perspective&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.32.7220%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Heylighen&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+T.+Campbell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heylighen F. (1999): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcp.vub.ac.be/Papers/ComplexityGrowth.pdf">"The Growth of Structural and Functional Complexity during Evolution"</a>, in: F. Heylighen, J. Bollen & A. Riegler (eds.) <i>The Evolution of Complexity</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic">Kluwer Academic</a>, Dordrecht), p. 17-44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdmin2" class="citation web cs1">Admin2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.campbellcollaboration.org/about-campbell/history.html">"History of the Campbell Collaboration"</a>. <i>Campbell Collaboration</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Campbell+Collaboration&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Campbell+Collaboration&rft.au=Admin2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.campbellcollaboration.org%2Fabout-campbell%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADonald+T.+Campbell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_T._Campbell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125030008/http://faculty.ed.uiuc.edu/g-cziko/stb/default.asp">Selection Theory Bibliography</a>: by Gary A. Cziko and Donald T. Campbell</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehigh.edu/~bm05/Campbell/memorial.htm">Lehigh Memorial</a>: at Lehigh University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehigh.edu/~bm05/Campbell/obituary.htm">Obituary</a> in the New York Times</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Campbell%2C%20Donald%20T.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Campbell%2C%20Donald%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Campbell%2C%20D%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Donald%20T.%20Campbell%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Donald%20T%2E%20Campbell%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22D%2E%20T%2E%20Campbell%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Campbell%2C%20Donald%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Donald%20Campbell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Donald%20T.%20Campbell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Donald%20T%2E%20Campbell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22D%2E%20T%2E%20Campbell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22D%2E%20T.%20Campbell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Campbell%2C%20Donald%20T.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Campbell%2C%20Donald%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Campbell%2C%20D%2E%20T%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Campbell%2C%20D%2E%20T.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Donald%20Campbell%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Campbell%2C%20Donald%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Donald%20T.%20Campbell%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Donald%20T%2E%20Campbell%22%20OR%20title%3A%22D%2E%20T%2E%20Campbell%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Donald%20Campbell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Donald%20T.%20Campbell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Donald%20T%2E%20Campbell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22D%2E%20T%2E%20Campbell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Campbell%2C%20Donald%20T.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Campbell%2C%20Donald%20T%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Donald%20Campbell%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Campbell%2C%20Donald%22%29%20OR%20%28%221916-1996%22%20AND%20Campbell%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Donald T. Campbell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Presidents_of_the_American_Psychological_Association125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1892–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trumbull_Ladd" title="George Trumbull Ladd">George Trumbull Ladd</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stuart_Fullerton" title="George Stuart Fullerton">George Stuart Fullerton</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin">James Mark Baldwin</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_M%C3%BCnsterberg" title="Hugo Münsterberg">Hugo Münsterberg</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Sanford" title="Edmund Sanford">Edmund Sanford</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowe_Bryan" title="William Lowe Bryan">William Lowe Bryan</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Whiton_Calkins" title="Mary Whiton Calkins">Mary Whiton Calkins</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rowland_Angell" title="James Rowland Angell">James Rowland Angell</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rutgers_Marshall" title="Henry Rutgers Marshall">Henry Rutgers Marshall</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Stratton" title="George M. Stratton">George M. Stratton</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hubbard_Judd" title="Charles Hubbard Judd">Charles Hubbard Judd</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bowers_Pillsbury" title="Walter Bowers Pillsbury">Walter Bowers Pillsbury</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Warren" title="Howard C. Warren">Howard C. Warren</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Woodworth" title="Robert S. Woodworth">Robert S. Woodworth</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Dodge" title="Raymond Dodge">Raymond Dodge</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes" title="Robert Yerkes">Robert Yerkes</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wallace_Baird" title="John Wallace Baird">John Wallace Baird</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dill_Scott" title="Walter Dill Scott">Walter Dill Scott</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Ivory_Franz" title="Shepherd Ivory Franz">Shepherd Ivory Franz</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Floy_Washburn" title="Margaret Floy Washburn">Margaret Floy Washburn</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Dunlap" title="Knight Dunlap">Knight Dunlap</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman" title="Lewis Terman">Lewis Terman</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Stanley_Hall" title="G. Stanley Hall">G. Stanley Hall</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._Madison_Bentley" title="I. Madison Bentley">I. Madison Bentley</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_A._Carr" title="Harvey A. Carr">Harvey A. Carr</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Levi_Hollingworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Levi Hollingworth">Harry Levi Hollingworth</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Boring" title="Edwin Boring">Edwin Boring</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lashley" title="Karl Lashley">Karl Lashley</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Langfeld" title="Herbert Langfeld">Herbert Langfeld</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Samuel_Hunter" title="Walter Samuel Hunter">Walter Samuel Hunter</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Richard_Miles" title="Walter Richard Miles">Walter Richard Miles</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leon_Thurstone" title="Louis Leon Thurstone">Louis Leon Thurstone</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Peterson_(psychologist)" title="Joseph Peterson (psychologist)">Joseph Peterson</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Poffenberger" title="Albert Poffenberger">Albert Poffenberger</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Tolman" title="Edward C. Tolman">Edward C. Tolman</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dashiell" title="John Dashiell">John Dashiell</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Carmichael" title="Leonard Carmichael">Leonard Carmichael</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Woodrow" title="Herbert Woodrow">Herbert Woodrow</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Perry_Stone" title="Calvin Perry Stone">Calvin Perry Stone</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Edward Anderson (psychologist)">John Edward Anderson</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Murphy" title="Gardner Murphy">Gardner Murphy</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Ray_Guthrie" title="Edwin Ray Guthrie">Edwin Ray Guthrie</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Henry Garrett</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Marquis_(psychologist)" title="Donald Marquis (psychologist)">Donald Marquis</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Richardson_Sears" title="Robert Richardson Sears">Robert Richardson Sears</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._McVicker_Hunt" title="J. McVicker Hunt">J. McVicker Hunt</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurance_F._Shaffer" title="Laurance F. Shaffer">Laurance F. Shaffer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orval_Hobart_Mowrer" title="Orval Hobart Mowrer">Orval Hobart Mowrer</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Lowell_Kelly" title="E. Lowell Kelly">E. Lowell Kelly</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Newcomb" title="Theodore Newcomb">Theodore Newcomb</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Cronbach" title="Lee Cronbach">Lee Cronbach</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_K%C3%B6hler" title="Wolfgang Köhler">Wolfgang Köhler</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Meehl" title="Paul E. Meehl">Paul E. Meehl</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Osgood" title="Charles E. Osgood">Charles E. Osgood</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_McNemar" title="Quinn McNemar">Quinn McNemar</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hobbs" title="Nicholas Hobbs">Nicholas Hobbs</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Lindzey" title="Gardner Lindzey">Gardner Lindzey</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George Armitage Miller</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Albee" title="George Albee">George Albee</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_E._Tyler" title="Leona E. Tyler">Leona E. Tyler</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a> (1974)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donald T. Campbell</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilbert_J._McKeachie" title="Wilbert J. McKeachie">Wilbert J. McKeachie</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_H._Blau" title="Theodore H. Blau">Theodore H. Blau</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Brewster_Smith" title="M. Brewster Smith">M. Brewster Smith</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cummings" title="Nicholas Cummings">Nicholas Cummings</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Denmark" title="Florence Denmark">Florence Denmark</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Conger" title="John J. Conger">John J. Conger</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bevan_(psychologist)" title="William Bevan (psychologist)">William Bevan</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Siegel_(psychologist)" title="Max Siegel (psychologist)">Max Siegel</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Taylor_Spence" title="Janet Taylor Spence">Janet Taylor Spence</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Perloff" title="Robert Perloff">Robert Perloff</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Wright" title="Logan Wright">Logan Wright</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Strickland" title="Bonnie Strickland">Bonnie Strickland</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Fowler" title="Raymond D. Fowler">Raymond D. Fowler</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Matarazzo" title="Joseph Matarazzo">Joseph Matarazzo</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Graham_(psychologist)" title="Stanley Graham (psychologist)">Stanley Graham</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spielberger" title="Charles Spielberger">Charles Spielberger</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Wiggins_Jr." title="Jack Wiggins Jr.">Jack Wiggins Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Farley" title="Frank H. Farley">Frank H. Farley</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Fox" title="Ronald E. Fox">Ronald E. Fox</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Resnick" title="Robert J. Resnick">Robert J. Resnick</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cantor" title="Dorothy Cantor">Dorothy Cantor</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Abeles" title="Norman Abeles">Norman Abeles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Suinn" title="Richard Suinn">Richard Suinn</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_H._DeLeon" title="Patrick H. DeLeon">Patrick H. DeLeon</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norine_G._Johnson" title="Norine G. Johnson">Norine G. Johnson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Zimbardo" title="Philip Zimbardo">Philip Zimbardo</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_F._Halpern" title="Diane F. Halpern">Diane F. Halpern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_F._Levant" title="Ronald F. Levant">Ronald F. Levant</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Koocher" title="Gerald Koocher">Gerald Koocher</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Brehm" title="Sharon Brehm">Sharon Brehm</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Bray" title="James H. Bray">James H. Bray</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_D._Goodheart" title="Carol D. Goodheart">Carol D. Goodheart</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melba_J._T._Vasquez" title="Melba J. T. Vasquez">Melba J. T. Vasquez</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Bennett_Johnson" title="Suzanne Bennett Johnson">Suzanne Bennett Johnson</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_N._Bersoff" title="Donald N. Bersoff">Donald N. Bersoff</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_Kaslow" title="Nadine Kaslow">Nadine Kaslow</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_S._Anton" title="Barry S. Anton">Barry S. Anton</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_H._McDaniel" title="Susan H. McDaniel">Susan H. McDaniel</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Puente" title="Antonio Puente">Antonio Puente</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Henderson_Daniel" title="Jessica Henderson Daniel">Jessica Henderson Daniel</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosie_Phillips_Davis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosie Phillips Davis (page does not exist)">Rosie Phillips Davis</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandra_Shullman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandra Shullman (page does not exist)">Sandra Shullman</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_F._Kelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jennifer F. Kelly (page does not exist)">Jennifer F. Kelly</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Worrell" title="Frank C. Worrell">Frank C. Worrell</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thema_Bryant" title="Thema Bryant">Thema Bryant</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Psychology793" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#BFD7FF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Psychology" title="Template:Psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Psychology" title="Template talk:Psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Psychology793" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_psychology" title="History of psychology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">Psychologist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Basic_science_(psychology)" title="Basic science (psychology)">Basic <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">Abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">Affective science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive neuroscience</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_psychology" title="Differential psychology">Differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_psychology" title="Ecological psychology">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_psychology" title="Moral psychology">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">Personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">Psychophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychology" title="Quantitative psychology">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_psychology" title="Theoretical psychology">Theoretical</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi-stylized.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="stylized letter psi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/50px-Psi-stylized.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/75px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Psi-stylized.svg/100px-Psi-stylized.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Applied_psychology" title="Applied psychology">Applied <br />psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_testing" title="Psychological testing">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching_psychology" title="Coaching psychology">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_psychology" title="Community psychology">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counseling_psychology" title="Counseling psychology">Counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_psychology" title="Critical psychology">Critical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_psychology" title="Forensic psychology">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_psychology" title="Health psychology">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">Industrial and organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_psychology" title="Legal psychology">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_psychology" title="Medical psychology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_psychology" title="Military psychology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral psychology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport and exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidology" title="Suicidology">Suicidology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_psychology" title="Systems psychology">Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Traffic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Methodologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">Animal testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_research" title="Archival research">Archival research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavior epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_psychology" title="Experimental psychology">Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observation" title="Observation">Observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">Psychophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_psychological_research" title="Qualitative psychological research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_psychological_research" title="Quantitative psychological research">Quantitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-report_inventory" title="Self-report inventory">Self-report inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Statistical surveys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Behavioral engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competence_(polyseme)" title="Competence (polyseme)">Competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">Psychometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_management_theory" title="Terror management theory">Terror management theory</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike" title="Edward Thorndike">Edward Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Hull" title="Clark L. Hull">Clark L. Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lewin" title="Kurt Lewin">Kurt Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Allport" title="Gordon Allport">Gordon Allport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Rogers" title="Carl Rogers">Carl Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Erikson" title="Erik Erikson">Erik Erikson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_O._Hebb" title="Donald O. Hebb">Donald O. Hebb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_E._Miller" title="Neal E. Miller">Neal E. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McClelland" title="David McClelland">David McClelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Festinger" title="Leon Festinger">Leon Festinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armitage_Miller" title="George Armitage Miller">George A. Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lazarus" title="Richard Lazarus">Richard Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Schachter" title="Stanley Schachter">Stanley Schachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zajonc" title="Robert Zajonc">Robert Zajonc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Brown_(psychologist)" title="Roger Brown (psychologist)">Roger Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endel_Tulving" title="Endel Tulving">Endel Tulving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Kohlberg" title="Lawrence Kohlberg">Lawrence Kohlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulric_Neisser" title="Ulric Neisser">Ulric Neisser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Kagan" title="Jerome Kagan">Jerome Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mischel" title="Walter Mischel">Walter Mischel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Aronson" title="Elliot Aronson">Elliot Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kahneman" title="Daniel Kahneman">Daniel Kahneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Posner_(psychologist)" title="Michael Posner (psychologist)">Michael Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Tversky" title="Amos Tversky">Amos Tversky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_McEwen" title="Bruce McEwen">Bruce McEwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Squire" title="Larry Squire">Larry Squire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Nisbett" title="Richard E. Nisbett">Richard E. Nisbett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Diener" title="Ed Diener">Ed Diener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_E._Taylor" title="Shelley E. Taylor">Shelley E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._Kessler" title="Ronald C. Kessler">Ronald C. Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davidson" title="Richard Davidson">Richard Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Fiske" title="Susan Fiske">Susan Fiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Baumeister" title="Roy Baumeister">Roy Baumeister</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CFE1FF;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychology_lists" title="Category:Psychology lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_counseling" title="Outline of counseling">Counseling topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_branches_of_psychology" title="List of branches of psychology">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychology_organizations" title="List of psychology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_psychology" title="Outline of psychology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychologists" title="List of psychologists">Psychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychotherapies" title="List of psychotherapies">Psychotherapies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_research_methods" title="List of psychological research methods">Research methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psychological_schools" title="List of psychological schools">Schools of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology" title="Timeline of psychology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_psychology_articles" title="Index of psychology articles">Topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#DFEBFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:psychology">Wiktionary definition</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:en:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:en:Psychology">Wiktionary category</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:Psychology">Wikisource</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Psychology" class="extiw" title="commons:category:Psychology">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Psychology">Wikiquote</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/Psychology">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Psychology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Psychology">Wikibooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychologists771" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychologists771" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Biologists /<br />neuroscientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crespi" title="Bernard Crespi">Bernard Crespi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crook_(ethologist)" title="John Crook (ethologist)">John Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Orians" title="Gordon Orians">Gordon Orians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Profet" title="Margie Profet">Margie Profet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Richerson" title="Peter Richerson">Peter Richerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thornhill" title="Randy Thornhill">Randy Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_van_Schaik" title="Carel van Schaik">Carel van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Wedekind" title="Claus Wedekind">Claus Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_West-Eberhard" title="Mary Jane West-Eberhard">Mary Jane West-Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Christopher_Williams" title="George Christopher Williams">George C. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Anthropologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Barkow" title="Jerome H. Barkow">Jerome H. Barkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Christopher Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(anthropologist)" title="Robert Boyd (anthropologist)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" title="Robin Dunbar">Robin Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fessler" title="Daniel Fessler">Daniel Fessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Flinn" title="Mark Flinn">Mark Flinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">John D. Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mace" title="Ruth Mace">Ruth Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nettle" title="Daniel Nettle">Daniel Nettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shennan" title="Stephen Shennan">Stephen Shennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Symons" title="Donald Symons">Donald Symons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">Pierre van den Berghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Psychologists /<br />cognitive scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_L._Barrett" title="Justin L. Barrett">Justin L. Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Belsky" title="Jay Belsky">Jay Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bering" title="Jesse Bering">Jesse Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund" title="David F. Bjorklund">David F. Bjorklund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bloom_(psychologist)" title="Paul Bloom (psychologist)">Paul Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Pascal Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bulbulia" title="Joseph Bulbulia">Joseph Bulbulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Call" title="Josep Call">Josep Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(academic)" title="Anne Campbell (academic)">Anne Campbell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Daly_(professor)" title="Martin Daly (professor)">Martin Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Ellis" title="Bruce J. Ellis">Bruce J. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fernald" title="Anne Fernald">Anne Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Aurelio José Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Diana Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon G. Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Geary" title="David C. Geary">David C. Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Gigerenzer" title="Gerd Gigerenzer">Gerd Gigerenzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(psychologist)" title="Peter Gray (psychologist)">Peter Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rich_Harris" title="Judith Rich Harris">Judith Rich Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martie_Haselton" title="Martie Haselton">Martie Haselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_and_Stephen_Kaplan" title="Rachel and Stephen Kaplan">Stephen Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Kenrick" title="Douglas T. Kenrick">Douglas T. Kenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_M._Kirby" title="Simon M. Kirby">Simon M. Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">Brian MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._McGuire" title="Michael T. McGuire">Michael T. McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcia_Narvaez" title="Darcia Narvaez">Darcia Narvaez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Nelson" title="Katherine Nelson">Katherine Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_M._Nesse" title="Randolph M. Nesse">Randolph M. Nesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Neuberg" title="Steven Neuberg">Steven Neuberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Perrett" title="David Perrett">David Perrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plotkin" title="Henry Plotkin">Henry Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rozin" title="Paul Rozin">Paul Rozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schaller" title="Mark Schaller">Mark Schaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Schmitt" title="David P. Schmitt">David P. Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Segal" title="Nancy Segal">Nancy Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Todd K. Shackelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silverman" title="Irwin Silverman">Irwin Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Smith" title="Peter K. Smith">Peter K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stevens_(Jungian_analyst)" title="Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst)">Anthony Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Frank Sulloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tybur" title="Joshua Tybur">Joshua Tybur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_van_Vugt" title="Mark van Vugt">Mark van Vugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Whiten" title="Andrew Whiten">Andrew Whiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wilson_(psychologist)" title="Glenn Wilson (psychologist)">Glenn Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Wilson" title="Margo Wilson">Margo Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other<br />social scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Badcock" title="Christopher Badcock">Christopher Badcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fehr" title="Ernst Fehr">Ernst Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_D._P._Johnson" title="Dominic D. P. Johnson">Dominic D. P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Saad" title="Gad Saad">Gad Saad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Literary theorists /<br />philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carroll_(scholar)" title="Joseph Carroll (scholar)">Joseph Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers" title="Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers">Research centers/<br />organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Evolutionary_Psychology" title="Center for Evolutionary Psychology">Center for Evolutionary Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Behavior_and_Evolution_Society" title="Human Behavior and Evolution Society">Human Behavior and Evolution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute" title="New England Complex Systems Institute">New England Complex Systems Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adapted_Mind" title="The Adapted Mind">The Adapted Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior" title="Evolution and Human Behavior">Evolution and Human Behavior</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Human_Sexuality" title="The Evolution of Human Sexuality">The Evolution of Human Sexuality</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution,_Mind_and_Behaviour" title="Evolution, Mind and Behaviour">Evolution, Mind and Behaviour</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences">Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Psychology (journal)">Evolutionary Psychology</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Category:Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" 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