CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91358c4a89343912',cH: 'bl4i3Fi.9CQ5RsSPUkpP7YO0oZU4Nz5lVk9Fpehucmw-1739792902-1.2.1.1-lJbsF.seoUxJ1Z_L.5kVau4TwL7AFXXHI8ANMt49uICStNAUfHesTX1zYB8dZ.LU',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=R.%20Ahmed&__cf_chl_tk=8mr60ik_0nKEs52EKv3.gTbJTwWti91FXdxHRStWOP0-1739792902-1.0.1.1-3txBtzwJM4jclUM8LpUq47y.yv63xVzwuDiSMyv2iHI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792902',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=R.%20Ahmed&__cf_chl_f_tk=8mr60ik_0nKEs52EKv3.gTbJTwWti91FXdxHRStWOP0-1739792902-1.0.1.1-3txBtzwJM4jclUM8LpUq47y.yv63xVzwuDiSMyv2iHI",md: "L2pS93elXUn1yIlO1iW8ZoxPHfT7jbotFeL6QkaLzxQ-1739792902-1.2.1.1-Hi74RxMv1w9VxfkxVrgd0KzlSIKGXbHAEm5P0bn6XfHIJBLs5yeIZTYfmolMUrajcoPpsRCn5QjEV6LWbbZM_ZRIdoE4PO8DmCO.pfj0AA.Djqdfb3Lgh25cxdYpWT9Z2wTsIaqv.QMCUS2Z._6EVysslf_hqala8okaBlImioLN5N1KqrIWPJV5OZO7C0gUm9hj_ypzcbnpIIP0c8Rb.Qtv.t63Iku.3jjUMAsOotVhBUT6bwPyckmXSngnRDULvR1U0l2pwvBBZCa6IKYzLTrZJMTDomSrjhR78YDQD47BinfYGgZ2dzLTTmrI9kKWgvsEorA2MRLg8eo1x0oyr95Lkn0gX7J0ias8HXsWRb1xSjC9qaNmtGDQmKf08_qYW8Z8f_vZrCXM9jHSAL_3TXKiRU_rmpn.iQHRej.Hi3nhn2lUZQOFm_n21ipp5uOkyIjcq3muYrljPCauOZzUjUa_HxLtyo3qx4bjfXNcyU6NaTVlLBzqWtkyPHtXvwY2ZYRXnyns.KrUlnUZwNPFmv.DjTO9.zsJeeNyNloZFSdjxFuaS2mzwJdC3WPfzwKKv3KwO6xkxFBSBVQvyoZadA_kYJjFPHv0o8YVb4hKZ0fk4MuvY6Bu0OPV1DYPsAsqh2UnBACqOSxQ6ff_NpoDfKAGi.WQ0al42ro3UJJosRL41_UfAgonKozlbtRM8VUULWhSP5KTM2YFn5_xFr8YoZescQds27WY3yE7tmkAiaD17vOcoxX99a3mxa169xCv.NEJMDzu3d7E7VjDg4uSR4feWEnHRttgQPn4KjRe9tdAflZGSE.HzwhKhGG4ARvZY0tUFD2bciCdS29u9WKimqK0mEmQc2ItZNvT0iE.OobkdmujtdGU.bzRZr8gyxnzrC7wmQ9QmhQj5PhD8.eQ31VkW0CQ_Xnl7vrfgrXWnfsIuxs4GIjGxuHe1qaaeSENUhLaHBBXGJhrr0nNWKpataMHoYSylfLhjKGPOWdvw229sVCbybc4psxiAFdvd5Z5WgGS2Z9kU4f4KFPXvA4PcxqgEavFSweAQPOdzuL10JOF0CxzrUAsryD6oBDAxghjKBCC0ZKH3Rm1lFPkrzFlceLNFfOvKYSd4.xd_5m39LTQGK36w_b58OLOfSUWjNK2xYJVwKoFPg46Y.dVjyCBPPiVddS63K2gKc9AnOGwiOM41V8yb_MyRk1WvQ.onzyhGwPjglPdRp1QYWeVsztz69QA5l2PhC_Jt_AHsWlas5A1FRH2rkIyFAepSodLFN5qXiy0HYl5ut0HrrRzbb5fVyL0pWBJsaZG.3Qm4Y6bC9R6XCwHgLrKYTp3YGmUvq2TdCqtIxt0dCRDOQh6nmNPP5ph4RNOROZO0dGZm40nsj_FuIluuucfUYHcjc.V56OJWAyJYIQfkAlzN0iO6xwNNe5KKjP6tJi5O7tx0C9qK4P7fTMvptAEwtuMp0nfbxqFoOnBxqdjchK0CHWZFte6DxQNY.buOeCCsIC1vaZjoqg3KYwigrvHB.Tf2y7pGNrc6pv7.fRc0Coaa.LVKjkF_p.GOUQBVgXiZ8MDrbaiXxz6wPpuI29sD9VVN19JGD6dUYNvdJqmWNHPIdNYjoPz2JitWOFzxxTgce_qqcFogrzjGJ2WdLcBXQXTl2wMyvj3MkYOPEqPZLOgYfEewhNyd.IKTubsVWeYTAGATh1vRGGQhSJhqtoh9Iw1dcLTSEvgBPH8CmdbPeT5w8J_DLVifRMuZunOoJoALiRv_xJI2cP_2dCOXRfkw1wTP_tFAWzJa.Gmptovrq0q6QajD5pZhoqqrYvpvzM_5l_PZu2w8hJozBd0zb1hUqJDs2UxHx8LEs9vB7gmDniOZSHuGF51JxwiT.a7Nr7EovVfxrVjTDb9j0HMDZbzL.eMU2f4Q1DIefSeFoOJc8JHrMJWag1q1g",mdrd: "YOSfUTteDLBd41lSG3shiOMZOVtCx9thPZCNEPNEnII-1739792902-1.2.1.1-FL.qGLnIr1DWYwIvo69DNHfMBKb.gQQ_XeQVV0_X9MzprhoNfYcTAL36fsWI3ZSgCr.vmQOyM7Aix7AWcUzOlF_DE_U0ixmY.j__3VS3CqyGBWwY_zrmxX9Eg4AwHztzQi_UBRKVXJ.olNWtD8kHZg75c_F5P8sp3MlNZtOUpzhzorzChsB.Mz1DSexu_UC.maDSpw30R3FGkyaK3WySZL8XJMvFXQXiOvqYeEim6ZyUw03HBloeDZjUV8SEw3H3SWZbxtY2dLOSXLaElmEaWeaC.NESw11f5Yd56x.z1izt_a1.qQ8qKMWCjQ4f7n5l4W2YediBj0tTqJ22jUc2LR9akKY2e1ASM0_x7P8q5tjPAWIUPibYfUuiKfa.7XKi0qZFi1pqfVTlppbBWRT1yq.0tz8BGG9HzVfWU.FzShMBHhE1lwy5c40MfItpjZYLYvhIOcf5G6ZdXdgsB0RAwzs4HoLsTX7UwwuqdNAF1pXD6xxhA1mMUnL8ObNaVVl4Sn3OzFcpYgqhu_IEgRzleI8DHXVw0hJbEPISeVIdSPJMUdfESTwGa6V4srsQQ4YrkDF1NLtXWUykLOSVCpqGYI8pSRiIkXHdfCBdZWPyl2O0buGsyyyayp9h8wJiuFzB2.gQq7X038PWOFK7ELOYib_3KnBF_IfPIfEmULw04stdXUheMsPTHW4l7L7GHddi_5oayeK_Ol4lZFYyGf9Gi4S1CPuDXYyfxZlDwCusEeb_q08zFdqGK7TPgWtry56u64UIOx1o6DQoojOgQr5VOVyR3avREpl7f.tPlvzKkVA6flN7zA7hDv1_7UZd_agtiTJERN6UJ32owFng3iFHnhokvtaVXGEnM4I.hB.CMc.O2MOwYuewKWnUapVhYMqa3LKxBNfK5eYXC7OJk_OE21n5US8k0b8EjTcfrDDDh03MjORyoL2RDDbMYNsQECIjLomeuKhPL4QOAA2FH9IhstGcMRXNaHZZ.DjykIBqCmoG5tlCsGYYTs8jElJOVx6QJuc4ycuaP9H2R9Y7.bDeHmvk50TvX_gt_Faym0TrImstTU4b9RWxguzT1bGLxh4qYhguWwc3eRBSJHr6ZVrNCEiENERcy4qWGsQp.VcAzxzv2INhAuCrQVnKC6pgKYVc8vA0RM2M8iCEf50DCZ90u.1dqkfJhc1VpwJ.vJ1LpyZvat9GHVHyTZ6DEjAt89RnKJu6QiwEoQcaeBPmIH0Dn0EHAYbdLiJD3Azp4WzSfeDyeVUhJoLfdNQtFFrAF_p_FoZuCT8bidEAwh22TI2x7T7SKRQGaFeZtBnjSqyzItmAusrdHM8d.d3dBPWOsR_cHHLKafXVwmfI6BW48ERL36tzOrUfBB_LRovbX2qLVx9nx6uhvLX27nfS2ZR_NunXmKccEfgpKbeLqK1EpLPtmk75G8DFsbm6lnsPmG.wp1SQZ_N8wjQHWnG23cC.mOL0cXQsqKbdHzx.23Mg0QkreF4CW8HtkN15ibDlzI6T1SzICzYDDmNRcrf1U0HrrNr1GiM5ij9IRGvBtTAdbbSCFutrbobtW2lopq5OrDwDXkNeubwwNCL4bow47D6ZdMFP9Y41YWzYUgrn7QRm59IS5wWFGj8sirm5m8l7B6UHXlru7sqr5jDIUnakFGM0l6JMnft4smFRSBNp_8MUdLhf3DPQtvqDWZMEVAzvCho1nYvnyWYTkCjO7GeDxOdBL9HXs5.Q46jjpF_IsVVuiM6ztPXcnXYF0rAmgmi_xRQJAb6caPbjPWJuvrqayrSApzFz67ZMEHnE_VtFLcjTf.ibTj5KiVYsU_8LKc9BQvTtTibHSx2eqFGzap3fM62URHCBn22dedBWD8RQXl26YNg46nfrJ48xzI7itUFnVumFaTZc60EtPORdBPANvUQv.ywoWcqD3tUgHOX8AZOCp2Yyt.aKAUig75e81vocgMxogr202chte9x7HSi4Rxhav7d4E5vuRYY7CrtdsZKVFOhFtA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91358c4a89343912';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=R.%20Ahmed&__cf_chl_rt_tk=8mr60ik_0nKEs52EKv3.gTbJTwWti91FXdxHRStWOP0-1739792902-1.0.1.1-3txBtzwJM4jclUM8LpUq47y.yv63xVzwuDiSMyv2iHI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>