CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "life.ieee.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '919ba4ea4c6fce09',cH: 'etUcW3m.oCTZqBcjhLYAp0WSlw.dorHIMvxwEs.nAZE-1740863458-1.2.1.1-PO4_BaJPXhA91KrOEdE7Uxhs3Or1XRMPf370qxlmJ8wsRMFTBEX1iFaWHETHnA3_',cUPMDTk: "\/?__cf_chl_tk=IYSyJOVB7izup9NWwcowWq4l7ANmJHNOCzKmgzq_AEA-1740863458-1.0.1.1-ryXDrdGoetMDkN5BcAv0zVPmc7D2zBrInZNETEMMKkc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740863458',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=IYSyJOVB7izup9NWwcowWq4l7ANmJHNOCzKmgzq_AEA-1740863458-1.0.1.1-ryXDrdGoetMDkN5BcAv0zVPmc7D2zBrInZNETEMMKkc",md: ".joG_YlBs8FYOO3WddhsMPGfZgXHr.cFLffGJZq4VAk-1740863458-1.2.1.1-6mC2tSs9vm2iMDcVv2O2EerhhBDTysi9JOACg6Ip5zY6dR7GDhGy0k8xmaG3l8.R74cBvXByxOK37GS_IRq0GQrEXaA0y1qH7DZuUWR3OKSgN9ZFg789v2tbQdTpmlKQeqy_6xXOXCTmrONb1vN9kIgEkApM.5YsdAdahUfHrUJcDvyVsH668ESupZJac1tf49P73XKJbzDXo.AYfdXddL1bn7URB9B_mj4Q6U5bOyFtTsGqd9bWes2UmlBZRrCxj1N0GLlakArht6nbNToJNrpGKK_9GA73n638uM1d1cLCZknL9VXt3vc6jV2IlFz7LvH78ikBd2JjVr6KxQtWf.8ckVEQecCpXIUifKLX8ce2axKX59rwczMhalMYQiTcMhuMmohkdT.stYWI5SGbNpq31HUummtAI7_pCi6w_Xer6cqmlB94FBAmwmGAFtf3Mb23WDiAZtMvF4nXgwshNjSYvMswKf56oowYpKk8a.NLCyEIejeg5dkXYSRfcI_m3h04kBuXD3ZPqZR8xDk2CR41jEtcYVJJgqXWGAMsa_e81ff7MG_inOX9JMmymT0Z2ZJGWRoR8qvndF65VCasO1HcJrQ9MpgYUI_2ZnrOCVHtoHmY8CNicbnnQ7dWhbzOS0yw3KGHLTBnrbt_W.UVxcNEXshjkcujloPKQtdHj0BLa8vThi.zG6C1EgFiGXDNg18CmuEQgMtgm6r7TsG3ZKiUtHLapCIus6kG6ogTF1RwylHTWX0.2hKI4PNCppsWHID4ZG3tj2S3boJWxviNpJ4u82kuvqfomOORzFQ0A5knPZALID7gtzAfl_IsnEoz0ol_ZyfZahuyPc.HpTm2M8NGIPwnRBtzMYnHZtN8ON7DkwDhUJRATYttfj6sbJ62W_Q3BXQ.T9ZsV6tX..oiL60MzueIj7AAi8W.p1n5UDthWCqvXqDsg4lbyDE3HW_LyFiIOH5i7Ww1pHH5oitcUaAp1BqfGIN5l3xD.ak75dg8CHGdYFn5He6Vfi31pP_efq.Y9eeds52OKD5mEjgj0jnB3ns2EcS_SGuQxoGJSlWGsmMz4js3jHFfNGywJX3JjI9ESHK66K3mMT9Cb6A6lP2ZK8xUzl84Z6kh1GSR_GYs7aHADWkJRgeGwtb..JLq8gYB.UkrOYRjQ3ro1v3TbDwrCdx902.l4zkiQ0JiY6apsdX4MS31dkMIR1L.TY0JChc1pck2G6WgNY5jWzNiFQ",mdrd: "diVF4pSzQN6W_lkx_uiCCJqCFVEyhqNFS.vyNmOOJiY-1740863458-1.2.1.1-aZMWbJby8l9ZpFdyTpwD3tcxDy.AFoXvduDefyrD6kgTowYB6yoIdIyvOPEiZ4GkxDGcjLVTUB_al.9MUvHY5gZSeRMXHyG61Ds0CWD0vS4123epdwynMw96M7HebHAeqUGq1gxjlu3xv4Bw9hk8nS1QFvf2F61pZeQHek56aIO_prZ7TM5ZeKvrZw8UQsRynprfb22IRQ_Odh5mReAub0Wc3cd6S4nZPB8jvB_MfIaisM6ZYFgTyWAjbatpJhP5Bzhzv5AYWwdzzLh87XJNKJX22wSeFEWKy2PhEKZrfcM1x_n7QZxCCao7Lqd.2svzVDm1I7vJmsDFnaKy4GT_.9ojfESAqSd3UpXM3DVcGNR8LjldF1M2P6GxOjt5DkZY16EjqcRvVXtGD7pTJVWSSyscw1o3LQ9d5fNNFBiZ4e8I2WP4i3ujbObUaywNfnVYx0p6YVrJUUD8X4RssYabpyj1jxraowBxln9bnIbWRKRbj7Kgnu8eMQHqw16r1kt5bEylWgkq0cjklINMO3Z4shgJlh9hfFf5bqJU.XTBhb3RGKQanPUmjk9FlErP.No0TFfm0NpHa57_HCmkrRbeio45xDDl9hjFOOd3nYZX2rx6qK_yaiuP.rnIqtKaqJ.x1DpOwa8402NaHSLDJDdQdpL_wMIl.av2wTT961P8msPAazQTCdD61jqLLE3._xnCRzaFr6_zJfYrnJ447ZnjPmEWcWD5fhZ3etQRpZc5Ee9tScVY3nt985cVcoIXmmAv44Rfsj5tUJNG0lgZAZEvbmNLmC4ghQOP6TZQ33gXChTkRfRgaF0rDXOrnbCPvdTwWLdJcAJP297ydl.NrHutDRfXEEAReF1sP4uMIrQ5jCKbp8Ua_2RgXu6w9irjEZ.s5dwN9NFL5SCYAE0c2BeT2d7xIl3..s8kUKdLcn2Ck6UEvcJD0K0m6Nf7mzIYQu8iHk_UF99aslrEMvb1zoMA0yrTKW25TnCVw5nLXyr5vf9b2WfXma9uCXfXqFxuthptx8_1Tq95JXsIlx1xLmfwmfI2DwuGkHRxMtf_Mqdi4pOk.gonezu1t5eFjglm9hrX80.HwPLVQIWF6Tqjlk5OTz0rIiV.ddi4nt_AEtm_lXrO20BnN76p2uqjd5YzmOSRnZBBKRaB1N.bOHPqEQXASpGhAi.ph57Fd0R732Q24qr6zNKCBu1I7jEV2nUWbFI59RcJ2KIBkM7sZ3ZP0_xQV14TNl4BA9NRrdwp60P1Acj_KK7xZXpn86E96CzSwzQ3LVKhjYFYPXtjwuct11Rb30o3eXX0chqi52trwK5wh8gSOFaCYS1W57ge_yVoHWqQa_bwAkMBhwDXvyuP4Kyxa2gUwGF_hFa9vv82vPqvDgipsqfIK8oufkdsa8I8AThB6r1moCQalt2bKivWC8VpKrQJQFjoEHTUJhDoe.r1efTbJXIFwO7g1UYG7ihVYyHmYhAVG8XnhfAAJ73yER_PYOXMFOq67f03TZ5S7ClWicX_sqg_e.5E29LD64cCxBropj2OW4m2EvaLvQdmVpvFgqGz5UCfyB5i3M.P3eDIUtI4JGw.TefnWH3q.Q5IohdJe.oCq2k7xDMBoQ_jwgNnbnoBkx7Wfkt7c8QFaJz5HV3QntJX0bgiO.xRBQ6ZpEFXJ5aeSw0vWIF2KDcID28_al1ckVwckwi89HFL62nYFjbHgceTUxqwuE8H8UfBFDKWR1Md.YhhcCUAC2eHwIq2VHyfqF03ns7rNOt.59Q7I5UqUrIUWNVRUV0F2bn6M0l.s6a7ShXSn7xjILXak3jAlC1Jo1OefTTYbgcppEg.PJgYwlEpJoY1WQ8pkl5VW_p.TOiB0l2Dp7XnfTeRvFfeEMH5aLyOigNI7cFc2Sm.WlD1uNcphotr55ZD_E5G4xTLqg29GFPLNo6P88oC3zXlKWcFY5kr7uiqJ0X9kTFxdAZFSx0lpHYr2cvbMvT_UHH8"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=919ba4ea4c6fce09';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=IYSyJOVB7izup9NWwcowWq4l7ANmJHNOCzKmgzq_AEA-1740863458-1.0.1.1-ryXDrdGoetMDkN5BcAv0zVPmc7D2zBrInZNETEMMKkc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>