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trading</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: trading"> <meta name="keywords" content="trading"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="trading"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 245</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: trading</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">245</span> The Carbon Trading Price and Trading Volume Forecast in Shanghai City by BP Neural Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liu%20Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sun%20Zongdi"> Sun Zongdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the BP neural network model is established to predict the carbon trading price and carbon trading volume in Shanghai City. First of all, we find the data of carbon trading price and carbon trading volume in Shanghai City from September 30, 2015 to December 23, 2016. The carbon trading price and trading volume data were processed to get the average value of each 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 carbon trading price and trading volume. Then, these data are used as input of BP neural network model. Finally, after the training of BP neural network, the prediction values of Shanghai carbon trading price and trading volume are obtained, and the model is tested. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carbon%20trading%20price" title="Carbon trading price">Carbon trading price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20trading%20volume" title=" carbon trading volume"> carbon trading volume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BP%20neural%20network%20model" title=" BP neural network model"> BP neural network model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanghai%20City" title=" Shanghai City"> Shanghai City</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69753/the-carbon-trading-price-and-trading-volume-forecast-in-shanghai-city-by-bp-neural-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">352</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">244</span> Risk Factors’ Analysis on Shanghai Carbon Trading </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhaojun%20Wang">Zhaojun Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zongdi%20Sun"> Zongdi Sun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiyuan%20Liu"> Zhiyuan Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> First of all, the carbon trading price and trading volume in Shanghai are transformed by Fourier transform, and the frequency response diagram is obtained. Then, the frequency response diagram is analyzed and the Blackman filter is designed. The Blackman filter is used to filter, and the carbon trading time domain and frequency response diagram are obtained. After wavelet analysis, the carbon trading data were processed; respectively, we got the average value for each 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, and 60 days. Finally, the data are used as input of the Back Propagation Neural Network model for prediction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shanghai%20carbon%20trading" title="Shanghai carbon trading">Shanghai carbon trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20trading%20price" title=" carbon trading price"> carbon trading price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20trading%20volume" title=" carbon trading volume"> carbon trading volume</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wavelet%20analysis" title=" wavelet analysis"> wavelet analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BP%20neural%20network%20model" title=" BP neural network model"> BP neural network model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81327/risk-factors-analysis-on-shanghai-carbon-trading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81327.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">243</span> A Prediction Model Using the Price Cyclicality Function Optimized for Algorithmic Trading in Financial Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristian%20P%C4%83una">Cristian Păuna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> After the widespread release of electronic trading, automated trading systems have become a significant part of the business intelligence system of any modern financial investment company. An important part of the trades is made completely automatically today by computers using mathematical algorithms. The trading decisions are taken almost instantly by logical models and the orders are sent by low-latency automatic systems. This paper will present a real-time price prediction methodology designed especially for algorithmic trading. Based on the price cyclicality function, the methodology revealed will generate price cyclicality bands to predict the optimal levels for the entries and exits. In order to automate the trading decisions, the cyclicality bands will generate automated trading signals. We have found that the model can be used with good results to predict the changes in market behavior. Using these predictions, the model can automatically adapt the trading signals in real-time to maximize the trading results. The paper will reveal the methodology to optimize and implement this model in automated trading systems. After tests, it is proved that this methodology can be applied with good efficiency in different timeframes. Real trading results will be also displayed and analyzed in order to qualify the methodology and to compare it with other models. As a conclusion, it was found that the price prediction model using the price cyclicality function is a reliable trading methodology for algorithmic trading in the financial market. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20trading" title="algorithmic trading">algorithmic trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20trading%20systems" title=" automated trading systems"> automated trading systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20markets" title=" financial markets"> financial markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-frequency%20trading" title=" high-frequency trading"> high-frequency trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20prediction" title=" price prediction"> price prediction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96832/a-prediction-model-using-the-price-cyclicality-function-optimized-for-algorithmic-trading-in-financial-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96832.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">242</span> Parabolic Impact Law of High Frequency Exchanges on Price Formation in Commodities Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Maiza">L. Maiza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Cantagrel"> A. Cantagrel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Forestier"> M. Forestier</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Laucoin"> G. Laucoin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Regali"> T. Regali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Evaluation of High Frequency Trading (HFT) impact on financial markets is very important for traders who use market analysis to detect winning transaction opportunity. Analysis of HFT data on tobacco commodity market is discussed here and interesting linear relationship has been shown between trading frequency and difference between averaged trading prices above and below considered trading frequency. This may open new perspectives on markets data understanding and could provide possible interpretation of Adam Smith invisible hand. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20market" title="financial market">financial market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20frequency%20trading" title=" high frequency trading"> high frequency trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=analysis" title=" analysis"> analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=impacts" title=" impacts"> impacts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Smith%20invisible%20hand" title=" Adam Smith invisible hand"> Adam Smith invisible hand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35722/parabolic-impact-law-of-high-frequency-exchanges-on-price-formation-in-commodities-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35722.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">241</span> Application of the Discrete-Event Simulation When Optimizing of Business Processes in Trading Companies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maxat%20Bokambayev">Maxat Bokambayev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bella%20Tussupova"> Bella Tussupova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Mamyrova"> Aisha Mamyrova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erlan%20Izbasarov"> Erlan Izbasarov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Optimization of business processes in trading companies is reviewed in the report. There is the presentation of the “Wholesale Customer Order Handling Process” business process model applicable for small and medium businesses. It is proposed to apply the algorithm for automation of the customer order processing which will significantly reduce labor costs and time expenditures and increase the profitability of companies. An optimized business process is an element of the information system of accounting of spare parts trading network activity. The considered algorithm may find application in the trading industry as well. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20processes" title="business processes">business processes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete-event%20simulation" title=" discrete-event simulation"> discrete-event simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading%20industry" title=" trading industry"> trading industry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8577/application-of-the-discrete-event-simulation-when-optimizing-of-business-processes-in-trading-companies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8577.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">344</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">240</span> A Multi-Dimensional Neural Network Using the Fisher Transform to Predict the Price Evolution for Algorithmic Trading in Financial Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristian%20Pauna">Cristian Pauna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trading the financial markets is a widespread activity today. A large number of investors, companies, public of private funds are buying and selling every day in order to make profit. Algorithmic trading is the prevalent method to make the trade decisions after the electronic trading release. The orders are sent almost instantly by computers using mathematical models. This paper will present a price prediction methodology based on a multi-dimensional neural network. Using the Fisher transform, the neural network will be instructed for a low-latency auto-adaptive process in order to predict the price evolution for the next period of time. The model is designed especially for algorithmic trading and uses the real-time price series. It was found that the characteristics of the Fisher function applied at the nodes scale level can generate reliable trading signals using the neural network methodology. After real time tests it was found that this method can be applied in any timeframe to trade the financial markets. The paper will also include the steps to implement the presented methodology into an automated trading system. Real trading results will be displayed and analyzed in order to qualify the model. As conclusion, the compared results will reveal that the neural network methodology applied together with the Fisher transform at the nodes level can generate a good price prediction and can build reliable trading signals for algorithmic trading. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20trading" title="algorithmic trading">algorithmic trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20trading%20systems" title=" automated trading systems"> automated trading systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20markets" title=" financial markets"> financial markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-frequency%20trading" title=" high-frequency trading"> high-frequency trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network" title=" neural network"> neural network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96845/a-multi-dimensional-neural-network-using-the-fisher-transform-to-predict-the-price-evolution-for-algorithmic-trading-in-financial-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96845.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">239</span> Options Trading and Crash Risk</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cameron%20Truong">Cameron Truong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mikhail%20Bhatia"> Mikhail Bhatia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yangyang%20Chen"> Yangyang Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Viet%20Nga%20Cao"> Viet Nga Cao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Using a sample of U.S. firms between 1996 and 2011, this paper documents a positive association between options trading volume and future stock price crash risk. This relation is evidently more pronounced among firms with higher information asymmetry, business uncertainty, and short-sale constraints. In a dichotomous cross-sectional setting, we also document that firms with options trading have higher future crash risk than firms without options trading. We further show in a difference-in-difference analysis that firms experience an increase in crash risk immediately after the listing of options. The results suggest that options traders are able of identifying bad news hoarding by management and choose to trade in a liquid options market in anticipation of future crashes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bad%20news%20hoarding" title="bad news hoarding">bad news hoarding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cross-sectional%20setting" title=" cross-sectional setting"> cross-sectional setting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=options%20trading" title=" options trading"> options trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20price%20crash" title=" stock price crash"> stock price crash</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22837/options-trading-and-crash-risk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22837.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">449</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">238</span> A Data Science Pipeline for Algorithmic Trading: A Comparative Study in Applications to Finance and Cryptoeconomics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luyao%20Zhang">Luyao Zhang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tianyu%20Wu"> Tianyu Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiayi%20Li"> Jiayi Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carlos-Gustavo%20Salas-Flores"> Carlos-Gustavo Salas-Flores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saad%20Lahrichi"> Saad Lahrichi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recent advances in AI have made algorithmic trading a central role in finance. However, current research and applications are disconnected information islands. We propose a generally applicable pipeline for designing, programming, and evaluating algorithmic trading of stock and crypto tokens. Moreover, we provide comparative case studies for four conventional algorithms, including moving average crossover, volume-weighted average price, sentiment analysis, and statistical arbitrage. Our study offers a systematic way to program and compare different trading strategies. Moreover, we implement our algorithms by object-oriented programming in Python3, which serves as open-source software for future academic research and applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20trading" title="algorithmic trading">algorithmic trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AI%20for%20finance" title=" AI for finance"> AI for finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fintech" title=" fintech"> fintech</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moving%20average%20crossover" title=" moving average crossover"> moving average crossover</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=volume%20weighted%20average%20price" title=" volume weighted average price"> volume weighted average price</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sentiment%20analysis" title=" sentiment analysis"> sentiment analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20arbitrage" title=" statistical arbitrage"> statistical arbitrage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pair%20trading" title=" pair trading"> pair trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=object-oriented%20programming" title=" object-oriented programming"> object-oriented programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=python3" title=" python3"> python3</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146823/a-data-science-pipeline-for-algorithmic-trading-a-comparative-study-in-applications-to-finance-and-cryptoeconomics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146823.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">237</span> Enhancing Technical Trading Strategy on the Bitcoin Market using News Headlines and Language Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hosein%20Panahi">Mohammad Hosein Panahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naser%20Yazdani"> Naser Yazdani</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> we present a technical trading strategy that leverages the FinBERT language model and financial news analysis with a focus on news related to a subset of Nasdaq 100 stocks. Our approach surpasses the baseline Range Break-out strategy in the Bitcoin market, yielding a remarkable 24.8% increase in the win ratio for all Friday trades and an impressive 48.9% surge in short trades specifically on Fridays. Moreover, we conduct rigorous hypothesis testing to establish the statistical significance of these improvements. Our findings underscore considerable potential of our NLP-driven approach in enhancing trading strategies and achieving greater profitability within financial markets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20finance" title="quantitative finance">quantitative finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20analysis" title=" technical analysis"> technical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bitcoin%20market" title=" bitcoin market"> bitcoin market</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NLP" title=" NLP"> NLP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20models" title=" language models"> language models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FinBERT" title=" FinBERT"> FinBERT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20trading" title=" technical trading"> technical trading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174359/enhancing-technical-trading-strategy-on-the-bitcoin-market-using-news-headlines-and-language-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174359.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">236</span> The Impact of Insider Trading on Open Market Share Repurchase: A Study in Indian Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarthak%20Kumar%20Jena">Sarthak Kumar Jena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandra%20Sekhar%20Mishra"> Chandra Sekhar Mishra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prabina%20Rajib"> Prabina Rajib </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: This paper aims to derive undervaluation signal from the insiders trading of Indian companies where the ownership is complex and concentrated, investors protection is weak, and the insider rules and regulations are not stringent like developed country. This study examines the relationship between insider trading with short term and long term abnormal return. The study also examines the relationship between insider trading and the actual share repurchase by the firm. Methodology: A sample of 78 companies over the period 2008-2013 are analyzed in the study due to not availability of insider data in Indian context. For preliminary analysis T-test and Wilcoxon rank sum test is used to find the difference between the insider trading before and after the share repurchase announcement. Tobit model is used to find out whether insider trading influence shares repurchase decisions or not. Return on the basis of market model and buy hold are calculated in the previous year and the following year of share repurchase announcement. Findings: The paper finds that insider trading around share repurchase is more than control firms and there is positive and significant difference in insider buying between the previous year of share buyback announcement and the following year of buyback announcement. Insider buying before share repurchase announcement has a positive influence on share repurchase decisions. We find insider buying has a positive and significant relationship with announcement return, whereas insider selling has a negative significant relationship with announcement return. Actual share repurchase and program completion also depend on insider trading before share repurchase. Research limitation: The study is constrained by the small sample size, so the results should be viewed by keeping this limitation in mind. Originality: The paper is to our best knowledge the first study based on Indian context to extend the insider trading literature to share repurchase event and examine insider trading to find out undervaluation signal associated with insider buying. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insider%20trading" title="insider trading">insider trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=buyback" title=" buyback"> buyback</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=open%20market%20share%20repurchase" title=" open market share repurchase"> open market share repurchase</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signalling" title=" signalling"> signalling</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78863/the-impact-of-insider-trading-on-open-market-share-repurchase-a-study-in-indian-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">235</span> A Hybrid Expert System for Generating Stock Trading Signals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hosein%20Hamisheh%20Bahar">Hosein Hamisheh Bahar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Hossein%20Fazel%20Zarandi"> Mohammad Hossein Fazel Zarandi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akbar%20Esfahanipour"> Akbar Esfahanipour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, a hybrid expert system is developed by using fuzzy genetic network programming with reinforcement learning (GNP-RL). In this system, the frame-based structure of the system uses the trading rules extracted by GNP. These rules are extracted by using technical indices of the stock prices in the training time period. For developing this system, we applied fuzzy node transition and decision making in both processing and judgment nodes of GNP-RL. Consequently, using these method not only did increase the accuracy of node transition and decision making in GNP's nodes, but also extended the GNP's binary signals to ternary trading signals. In the other words, in our proposed Fuzzy GNP-RL model, a No Trade signal is added to conventional Buy or Sell signals. Finally, the obtained rules are used in a frame-based system implemented in Kappa-PC software. This developed trading system has been used to generate trading signals for ten companies listed in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). The simulation results in the testing time period shows that the developed system has more favorable performance in comparison with the Buy and Hold strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20genetic%20network%20programming" title="fuzzy genetic network programming">fuzzy genetic network programming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20expert%20system" title=" hybrid expert system"> hybrid expert system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20trading%20signal" title=" technical trading signal"> technical trading signal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tehran%20stock%20exchange" title=" Tehran stock exchange"> Tehran stock exchange</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49708/a-hybrid-expert-system-for-generating-stock-trading-signals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49708.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">332</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">234</span> Fragmentation of The Multilateral Trading System: The Impact of Regionalism on WTO Law</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Musa%20Njabulo%20Shongwe">Musa Njabulo Shongwe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The multilateral trading system is facing a great danger of fragmentation. Its modus operandi, multilateralism, is increasingly becoming clogged by trade barriers created by the proliferation of preferential regional trading blocs. The paper explores the fragmentation of the multilateral trade regulation system (WTO law) by analysing whether and to what extent Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have conflicted with the Multilateral Trading System. The paper examines the effects of RTA dominance in view of the WTO's quest for trade liberalization. This is an important inquiry because the proliferation of RTAs implies the erosion of the WTO law’s core principle of non-discrimination. The paper further explores how the proliferation of RTAs has endangered the coherence of the multilateral trading system. The study is carried out with the initial assumption that RTAs could be complementary and coherent with WTO law, and thus facilitate international trade and enhance development prospects. There is evidence that is tested by this study which suggests that RTAs can be divergent and hence undermine the WTO multilateral rules of regulating international trade. The paper finally recommends legal tools of regulating and managing the WTO-RTA interface, as well as other legal means of ensuring a harmonious existence between the WTO and regional trade arrangements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fragmentation%20of%20international%20trade%20law" title="fragmentation of international trade law">fragmentation of international trade law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regionalism" title=" regionalism"> regionalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20trade%20agreements" title=" regional trade agreements"> regional trade agreements</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WTO%20law" title=" WTO law"> WTO law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28357/fragmentation-of-the-multilateral-trading-system-the-impact-of-regionalism-on-wto-law" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28357.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">233</span> Hidden Markov Model for Financial Limit Order Book and Its Application to Algorithmic Trading Strategy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sriram%20Kashyap%20Prasad">Sriram Kashyap Prasad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ionut%20Florescu"> Ionut Florescu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study models the intraday asset prices as driven by Markov process. This work identifies the latent states of the Hidden Markov model, using limit order book data (trades and quotes) to continuously estimate the states throughout the day. This work builds a trading strategy using estimated states to generate signals. The strategy utilizes current state to recalibrate buy/ sell levels and the transition between states to trigger stop-loss when adverse price movements occur. The proposed trading strategy is tested on the Stevens High Frequency Trading (SHIFT) platform. SHIFT is a highly realistic market simulator with functionalities for creating an artificial market simulation by deploying agents, trading strategies, distributing initial wealth, etc. In the implementation several assets on the NASDAQ exchange are used for testing. In comparison to a strategy with static buy/ sell levels, this study shows that the number of limit orders that get matched and executed can be increased. Executing limit orders earns rebates on NASDAQ. The system can capture jumps in the limit order book prices, provide dynamic buy/sell levels and trigger stop loss signals to improve the PnL (Profit and Loss) performance of the strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20trading" title="algorithmic trading">algorithmic trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hidden%20Markov%20model" title=" Hidden Markov model"> Hidden Markov model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20frequency%20trading" title=" high frequency trading"> high frequency trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit%20order%20book%20learning" title=" limit order book learning"> limit order book learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134323/hidden-markov-model-for-financial-limit-order-book-and-its-application-to-algorithmic-trading-strategy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134323.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">232</span> Masked Candlestick Model: A Pre-Trained Model for Trading Prediction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ling%20Qi">Ling Qi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matloob%20Khushi"> Matloob Khushi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Josiah%20Poon"> Josiah Poon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper introduces a pre-trained Masked Candlestick Model (MCM) for trading time-series data. The pre-trained model is based on three core designs. First, we convert trading price data at each data point as a set of normalized elements and produce embeddings of each element. Second, we generate a masked sequence of such embedded elements as inputs for self-supervised learning. Third, we use the encoder mechanism from the transformer to train the inputs. The masked model learns the contextual relations among the sequence of embedded elements, which can aid downstream classification tasks. To evaluate the performance of the pre-trained model, we fine-tune MCM for three different downstream classification tasks to predict future price trends. The fine-tuned models achieved better accuracy rates for all three tasks than the baseline models. To better analyze the effectiveness of MCM, we test the same architecture for three currency pairs, namely EUR/GBP, AUD/USD, and EUR/JPY. The experimentation results demonstrate MCM’s effectiveness on all three currency pairs and indicate the MCM’s capability for signal extraction from trading data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=masked%20language%20model" title="masked language model">masked language model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformer" title=" transformer"> transformer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20series%20prediction" title=" time series prediction"> time series prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading%20prediction" title=" trading prediction"> trading prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=embedding" title=" embedding"> embedding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transfer%20learning" title=" transfer learning"> transfer learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=self-supervised%20learning" title=" self-supervised learning"> self-supervised learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153348/masked-candlestick-model-a-pre-trained-model-for-trading-prediction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153348.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">231</span> A Probabilistic Theory of the Buy-Low and Sell-High for Algorithmic Trading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Shi">Peter Shi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Algorithmic trading is a rapidly expanding domain within quantitative finance, constituting a substantial portion of trading volumes in the US financial market. The demand for rigorous and robust mathematical theories underpinning these trading algorithms is ever-growing. In this study, the author establishes a new stock market model that integrates the Efficient Market Hypothesis and the statistical arbitrage. The model, for the first time, finds probabilistic relations between the rational price and the market price in terms of the conditional expectation. The theory consequently leads to a mathematical justification of the old market adage: buy-low and sell-high. The thresholds for “low” and “high” are precisely derived using a max-min operation on Bayes’s error. This explicit connection harmonizes the Efficient Market Hypothesis and Statistical Arbitrage, demonstrating their compatibility in explaining market dynamics. The amalgamation represents a pioneering contribution to quantitative finance. The study culminates in comprehensive numerical tests using historical market data, affirming that the “buy-low” and “sell-high” algorithm derived from this theory significantly outperforms the general market over the long term in four out of six distinct market environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficient%20market%20hypothesis" title="efficient market hypothesis">efficient market hypothesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=behavioral%20finance" title=" behavioral finance"> behavioral finance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayes%27%20decision" title=" Bayes' decision"> Bayes' decision</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20trading" title=" algorithmic trading"> algorithmic trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk%20control" title=" risk control"> risk control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stock%20market" title=" stock market"> stock market</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173432/a-probabilistic-theory-of-the-buy-low-and-sell-high-for-algorithmic-trading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173432.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">230</span> ‘It Is a Class Thing’: Socio-Economic Factors Sustaining Illicit Trading in New Naira Notes in Ibadan, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frank%20C.%20Amaechi">Frank C. Amaechi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adeyinka%20A.%20Aderinto"> Adeyinka A. Aderinto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Usman%20A.%20Ojedokun"> Usman A. Ojedokun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oludayo%20Tade"> Oludayo Tade</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Illicit trading in new naira notes has become a common practice in most communities in Nigeria despite the Central Bank Act’s in 2007 proscription of all forms of naira abuse. This study investigated the socio-economic factors sustaining illicit trading in new naira notes in Ibadan metropolis. The study was exploratory and cross-sectional in design. Neutralization theory was adopted as theoretical framework. Data were generated through the combination of in-depth interview and key informant interview methods. The purposive sampling technique was utilised to select five illicit traders of new naira notes, 32 patrons of the trade and six bank officials. Findings revealed that illicit trading in Nigeria’s national currency is flourishing because of the frequent demand for new naira notes that are not readily available in Nigerian banks. Also, the norm of cash spraying at social events is sustaining the illicit markets for new naira notes in Ibadan metropolis. In addition, a chain of network, comprising three principal actors, is behind the illegal business. A strict enforcement of the law banning cash spraying is advocated as a means of arresting this phenomenon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=illicit%20trading" title="illicit trading">illicit trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naira%20notes" title=" naira notes"> naira notes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20currency" title=" national currency"> national currency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70013/it-is-a-class-thing-socio-economic-factors-sustaining-illicit-trading-in-new-naira-notes-in-ibadan-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">229</span> Regional Trade Agreements versus the WTO: A Human Rights Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohsen%20Qasemi">Mohsen Qasemi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the international economic order multilateral trading system which established by General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT) was dominant until about two decades ago. Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have changed this order and become an important phenomenon. One of the main objectives of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as a central institution of multilateral trading system is raising standards of living. There are many scholars who suggest that WTO should take steps to protect human rights in its activities. Although it has always been opposing views who declare that since WTO has no explicit rule for human rights, it has no human rights related obligations. At the time that the WTO was established, member states began to join RTAs and since then, the escalating growth of these agreements and their effects on multilateral trading system has been controversial. There are some aspects of RTAs that have received too little attention from scholars. It is important to take a different view and evaluate the RTAs based on non-commercial aspects. The present paper seeks to answer this question: which system could be more useful in protecting human rights, RTAs or WTO? <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WTO" title="WTO">WTO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=RTAs" title=" RTAs"> RTAs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilateral%20trading%20system" title=" multilateral trading system"> multilateral trading system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non%20discrimination" title=" non discrimination"> non discrimination</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39869/regional-trade-agreements-versus-the-wto-a-human-rights-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39869.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">359</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">228</span> Business and Psychological Principles Integrated into Automated Capital Investment Systems through Mathematical Algorithms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristian%20Pauna">Cristian Pauna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With few steps away from the 2020, investments in financial markets is a common activity nowadays. In the electronic trading environment, the automated investment software has become a major part in the business intelligence system of any modern financial company. The investment decisions are assisted and/or made automatically by computers using mathematical algorithms today. The complexity of these algorithms requires computer assistance in the investment process. This paper will present several investment strategies that can be automated with algorithmic trading for Deutscher Aktienindex DAX30. It was found that, based on several price action mathematical models used for high-frequency trading some investment strategies can be optimized and improved for automated investments with good results. This paper will present the way to automate these investment decisions. Automated signals will be built using all of these strategies. Three major types of investment strategies were found in this study. The types are separated by the target length and by the exit strategy used. The exit decisions will be also automated and the paper will present the specificity for each investment type. A comparative study will be also included in this paper in order to reveal the differences between strategies. Based on these results, the profit and the capital exposure will be compared and analyzed in order to qualify the investment methodologies presented and to compare them with any other investment system. As conclusion, some major investment strategies will be revealed and compared in order to be considered for inclusion in any automated investment system. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Algorithmic%20trading" title="Algorithmic trading">Algorithmic trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20investment%20systems" title=" automated investment systems"> automated investment systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit%20conditions" title=" limit conditions"> limit conditions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading%20principles" title=" trading principles"> trading principles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading%20strategies" title=" trading strategies"> trading strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97254/business-and-psychological-principles-integrated-into-automated-capital-investment-systems-through-mathematical-algorithms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">227</span> A Practice of Zero Trust Architecture in Financial Transactions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liwen%20Wang">Liwen Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuting%20Chen"> Yuting Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tong%20Wu"> Tong Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shaolei%20Hu"> Shaolei Hu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to enhance the security of critical financial infrastructure, this study carries out a transformation of the architecture of a financial trading terminal to a zero trust architecture (ZTA), constructs an active defense system for cybersecurity, improves the security level of trading services in the Internet environment, enhances the ability to prevent network attacks and unknown risks, and reduces the industry and security risks brought about by cybersecurity risks. This study introduces the SDP technology of ZTA, adapts and applies it to a financial trading terminal to achieve security optimization and fine-grained business grading control. The upgraded architecture of the trading terminal moves security protection forward to the user access layer, replaces VPN to optimize remote access, and significantly improves the security protection capability of Internet transactions. The study achieves 1. deep integration with the access control architecture of the transaction system; 2. no impact on the performance of terminals and gateways, and no perception of application system upgrades; 3. customized checklist and policy configuration; 4. introduction of industry-leading security technology such as single-packet authorization (SPA) and secondary authentication. This study carries out a successful application of ZTA in the field of financial trading and provides transformation ideas for other similar systems while improving the security level of financial transaction services in the Internet environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zero%20trust" title="zero trust">zero trust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading%20terminal" title=" trading terminal"> trading terminal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architecture" title=" architecture"> architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20security" title=" network security"> network security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cybersecurity" title=" cybersecurity"> cybersecurity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160939/a-practice-of-zero-trust-architecture-in-financial-transactions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160939.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">226</span> Detecting Impact of Allowance Trading Behaviors on Distribution of NOx Emission Reductions under the Clean Air Interstate Rule</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuanxiaoyue%20Yang">Yuanxiaoyue Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Emissions trading, or ‘cap-and-trade', has been long promoted by economists as a more cost-effective pollution control approach than traditional performance standard approaches. While there is a large body of empirical evidence for the overall effectiveness of emissions trading, relatively little attention has been paid to other unintended consequences brought by emissions trading. One important consequence is that cap-and-trade could introduce the risk of creating high-level emission concentrations in areas where emitting facilities purchase a large number of emission allowances, which may cause an unequal distribution of environmental benefits. This study will contribute to the current environmental policy literature by linking trading activity with environmental injustice concerns and empirically analyzing the causal relationship between trading activity and emissions reduction under a cap-and-trade program for the first time. To investigate the potential environmental injustice concern in cap-and-trade, this paper uses a differences-in-differences (DID) with instrumental variable method to identify the causal effect of allowance trading behaviors on emission reduction levels under the clean air interstate rule (CAIR), a cap-and-trade program targeting on the power sector in the eastern US. The major data source is the facility-year level emissions and allowance transaction data collected from US EPA air market databases. While polluting facilities from CAIR are the treatment group under our DID identification, we use non-CAIR facilities from the Acid Rain Program - another NOx control program without a trading scheme – as the control group. To isolate the causal effects of trading behaviors on emissions reduction, we also use eligibility for CAIR participation as the instrumental variable. The DID results indicate that the CAIR program was able to reduce NOx emissions from affected facilities by about 10% more than facilities who did not participate in the CAIR program. Therefore, CAIR achieves excellent overall performance in emissions reduction. The IV regression results also indicate that compared with non-CAIR facilities, purchasing emission permits still decreases a CAIR participating facility’s emissions level significantly. This result implies that even buyers under the cap-and-trade program have achieved a great amount of emissions reduction. Therefore, we conclude little evidence of environmental injustice from the CAIR program. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=air%20pollution" title="air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cap-and-trade" title=" cap-and-trade"> cap-and-trade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emissions%20trading" title=" emissions trading"> emissions trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20justice" title=" environmental justice"> environmental justice</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134994/detecting-impact-of-allowance-trading-behaviors-on-distribution-of-nox-emission-reductions-under-the-clean-air-interstate-rule" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">225</span> Investor Sentiment and Commodity Trading Advisor Fund Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tian%20Lan">Tian Lan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Arbitrageurs participate in a variety of techniques in response to the existence of fluctuating sentiment, resulting in sparse sentiment exposures. This paper found that Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA) funds in the top decile rated by sentiment beta outperformed those in the bottom decile by 0.33% per month on a risk-adjusted basis, with the difference being larger among skilled managers. This paper also discovered that around ten percent of Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA) funds could accurately predict market sentiment, which has a positive correlation with fund sentiment beta and acts as a determinant in fund performance. Instead of betting against mispricing, this research demonstrates that a competent manager can achieve remarkable returns by forecasting and reacting to shifts in investor sentiment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment%20sentiment" title="investment sentiment">investment sentiment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CTA%20fund" title=" CTA fund"> CTA fund</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20timing" title=" market timing"> market timing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fund%20performance" title=" fund performance"> fund performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163072/investor-sentiment-and-commodity-trading-advisor-fund-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">224</span> Business Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Applications for Equity Trading in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helee%20Dave">Helee Dave</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Globalization has helped in the growth and change of the Indian economy to a great extent. The purchasing power of Indians has increased. IT Infrastructure has considerably improved in India. There is an increase in the usage of smartphones. The smartphones facilitate all sorts of work now a day, from getting groceries to planning a tour; it is just one click away. Similar is the case with equity trading. The traders in equity market can now deal with their stocks through mobile applications eliminating the middle man. The traders do not have an option but to open a dematerialization account with the banks which are compulsory enough irrespective of their mode of transaction that is online or offline. Considering that India is a young country having more than 50% of its population below the age of 25 and 65% of its population below the age of 35; this youth is comfortable with the usage of smartphones. The banking industry is also providing a virtual platform supporting equity market industry. Yet equity trading through online applications is at an infant stage. This paper primarily attempts to understand challenges and opportunities faced by equity trading through mobile apps in India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BPO" title="BPO">BPO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20process%20outsourcing" title=" business process outsourcing"> business process outsourcing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=de-materialization%20account" title=" de-materialization account"> de-materialization account</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equity" title=" equity"> equity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ITES" title=" ITES"> ITES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20technology%20enabled%20services" title=" information technology enabled services"> information technology enabled services</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66240/business-challenges-and-opportunities-of-mobile-applications-for-equity-trading-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66240.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">223</span> Reverse Logistics, Green Supply Chain, and Carbon Trading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Neha%20Asthana">Neha Asthana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vishal%20Krishna%20Prasad"> Vishal Krishna Prasad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Reverse logistics and green supply chain form an interconnected and interwoven network of parameters that contribute to enhancement and incremental exchange in the triple bottom line in the consistently changing and fragmenting markets of the globalizing markets of today. Reverse logistics not only contributes to completing the supply chain in a comprehensive and synchronized manner but also contributes to a significant degree in optimizing green supply chains through procedures such as recycling, refurbishing etc. contributing to waste reduction. Carbon trading, owing to its limitations in the global context and being in a nascent stage seeks plethora of research to determine its full application in synergy with reverse logistics and green supply chain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reverse%20logistics" title="reverse logistics">reverse logistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20trading" title=" carbon trading"> carbon trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carbon%20emissions" title=" carbon emissions"> carbon emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20supply%20chain" title=" green supply chain"> green supply chain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11570/reverse-logistics-green-supply-chain-and-carbon-trading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11570.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">222</span> Reasons of Change in Security Prices and Price Volatility: An Analysis of the European Carbon Futures Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boulis%20M.%20Ibrahim">Boulis M. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iordanis%20A.%20Kalaitzoglou"> Iordanis A. Kalaitzoglou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A micro structural pricing model is proposed in which price components account for learning by incorporating changing expectations of the trading intensity and the risk level of incoming trades. An analysis of European carbon futures transactions finds expected trading intensity to increase the information component and decrease the liquidity component of price changes, but at different rates. Among the results, the expected persistence in trading intensity explains the majority of the auto correlations in the level and the conditional volatility of price changes, helps predict hourly patterns in the bid–ask spread and differentiates between the impact of buy versus sell and continuing versus reversing trades. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20emission%20allowances" title="CO2 emission allowances">CO2 emission allowances</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20microstructure" title=" market microstructure"> market microstructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=duration" title=" duration"> duration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20discovery" title=" price discovery"> price discovery</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14938/reasons-of-change-in-security-prices-and-price-volatility-an-analysis-of-the-european-carbon-futures-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14938.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">407</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">221</span> Portfolio Selection with Constraints on Trading Frequency</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min%20Dai">Min Dai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hong%20Liu"> Hong Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuaijie%20Qian"> Shuaijie Qian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We study a portfolio selection problem of an investor who faces constraints on rebalancing frequency, which is common in pension fund investment. We formulate it as a multiple optimal stopping problem and utilize the dynamic programming principle. By numerically solving the corresponding Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation, we find a series of free boundaries characterizing optimal strategy, and the constraints significantly impact the optimal strategy. Even in the absence of transaction costs, there is a no-trading region, depending on the number of the remaining trading chances. We also find that the equivalent wealth loss caused by the constraints is large. In conclusion, our model clarifies the impact of the constraints on transaction frequency on the optimal strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=portfolio%20selection" title="portfolio selection">portfolio selection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rebalancing%20frequency" title=" rebalancing frequency"> rebalancing frequency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20strategy" title=" optimal strategy"> optimal strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20boundary" title=" free boundary"> free boundary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimal%20stopping" title=" optimal stopping"> optimal stopping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171745/portfolio-selection-with-constraints-on-trading-frequency" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171745.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">220</span> A Posteriori Trading-Inspired Model-Free Time Series Segmentation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Plessen%20Mogens%20Graf">Plessen Mogens Graf </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within the context of multivariate time series segmentation, this paper proposes a method inspired by a posteriori optimal trading. After a normalization step, time series are treated channelwise as surrogate stock prices that can be traded optimally a posteriori in a virtual portfolio holding either stock or cash. Linear transaction costs are interpreted as hyperparameters for noise filtering. Trading signals, as well as trading signals obtained on the reversed time series, are used for unsupervised channelwise labeling before a consensus over all channels is reached that determines the final segmentation time instants. The method is model-free such that no model prescriptions for segments are made. Benefits of proposed approach include simplicity, computational efficiency, and adaptability to a wide range of different shapes of time series. Performance is demonstrated on synthetic and real-world data, including a large-scale dataset comprising a multivariate time series of dimension 1000 and length 2709. Proposed method is compared to a popular model-based bottom-up approach fitting piecewise affine models and to a recent model-based top-down approach fitting Gaussian models and found to be consistently faster while producing more intuitive results in the sense of segmenting time series at peaks and valleys. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=time%20series%20segmentation" title="time series segmentation">time series segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=model-free" title=" model-free"> model-free</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading-inspired" title=" trading-inspired"> trading-inspired</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20data" title=" multivariate data"> multivariate data</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118916/a-posteriori-trading-inspired-model-free-time-series-segmentation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118916.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">219</span> Influence of the Financial Crisis on the Month and the Trading Month Effects: Evidence from the Athens Stock Exchange</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aristeidis%20Samitas">Aristeidis Samitas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evangelos%20Vasileiou"> Evangelos Vasileiou </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to examine the month and the trading month effect under changing financial trends. We choose the Greek stock market to implement our assumption because there are clear and long term periods of financial growth and recession. Daily financial data from Athens Exchange General Index for the period 2002-2012 are considered. The paper employs several linear and non-linear models, although the TGARCH asymmetry model best fits in this sample and for this reason we mainly present the TGARCH results. Empirical results show that changing economic and financial conditions influences the calendar effects. Especially, the trading month effect totally changes in each fortnight according to the financial trend. On the other hand, in Greece the January effect exists during the growth periods, although it does not exist when the financial trend changes. The findings are helpful to anybody who invest and deals with the Greek stock market. Moreover, they may pave the way for an alternative calendar anomalies research approach, so it may be useful to investors who take into account these anomalies when they draw their investment strategy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=month%20effect" title="month effect">month effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading%20month%20effect" title=" trading month effect"> trading month effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20cycles" title=" economic cycles"> economic cycles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crisis" title=" crisis"> crisis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5526/influence-of-the-financial-crisis-on-the-month-and-the-trading-month-effects-evidence-from-the-athens-stock-exchange" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5526.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">416</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">218</span> High-Frequency Cryptocurrency Portfolio Management Using Multi-Agent System Based on Federated Reinforcement Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sirapop%20Nuannimnoi">Sirapop Nuannimnoi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hojjat%20Baghban"> Hojjat Baghban</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ching-Yao%20Huang"> Ching-Yao Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Over the past decade, with the fast development of blockchain technology since the birth of Bitcoin, there has been a massive increase in the usage of Cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies are not seen as an investment opportunity due to the market’s erratic behavior and high price volatility. With the recent success of deep reinforcement learning (DRL), portfolio management can be modeled and automated. In this paper, we propose a novel DRL-based multi-agent system to automatically make proper trading decisions on multiple cryptocurrencies and gain profits in the highly volatile cryptocurrency market. We also extend this multi-agent system with horizontal federated transfer learning for better adapting to the inclusion of new cryptocurrencies in our portfolio; therefore, we can, through the concept of diversification, maximize our profits and minimize the trading risks. Experimental results through multiple simulation scenarios reveal that this proposed algorithmic trading system can offer three promising key advantages over other systems, including maximized profits, minimized risks, and adaptability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cryptocurrency%20portfolio%20management" title="cryptocurrency portfolio management">cryptocurrency portfolio management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20trading" title=" algorithmic trading"> algorithmic trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=federated%20learning" title=" federated learning"> federated learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-agent%20reinforcement%20learning" title=" multi-agent reinforcement learning"> multi-agent reinforcement learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152626/high-frequency-cryptocurrency-portfolio-management-using-multi-agent-system-based-on-federated-reinforcement-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/152626.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">217</span> Price Prediction Line, Investment Signals and Limit Conditions Applied for the German Financial Market</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cristian%20P%C4%83una">Cristian Păuna</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the first decades of the 21st century, in the electronic trading environment, algorithmic capital investments became the primary tool to make a profit by speculations in financial markets. A significant number of traders, private or institutional investors are participating in the capital markets every day using automated algorithms. The autonomous trading software is today a considerable part in the business intelligence system of any modern financial activity. The trading decisions and orders are made automatically by computers using different mathematical models. This paper will present one of these models called Price Prediction Line. A mathematical algorithm will be revealed to build a reliable trend line, which is the base for limit conditions and automated investment signals, the core for a computerized investment system. The paper will guide how to apply these tools to generate entry and exit investment signals, limit conditions to build a mathematical filter for the investment opportunities, and the methodology to integrate all of these in automated investment software. The paper will also present trading results obtained for the leading German financial market index with the presented methods to analyze and to compare different automated investment algorithms. It was found that a specific mathematical algorithm can be optimized and integrated into an automated trading system with good and sustained results for the leading German Market. Investment results will be compared in order to qualify the presented model. In conclusion, a 1:6.12 risk was obtained to reward ratio applying the trigonometric method to the DAX Deutscher Aktienindex on 24 months investment. These results are superior to those obtained with other similar models as this paper reveal. The general idea sustained by this paper is that the Price Prediction Line model presented is a reliable capital investment methodology that can be successfully applied to build an automated investment system with excellent results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithmic%20trading" title="algorithmic trading">algorithmic trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20trading%20systems" title=" automated trading systems"> automated trading systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high-frequency%20trading" title=" high-frequency trading"> high-frequency trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DAX%20Deutscher%20Aktienindex" title=" DAX Deutscher Aktienindex"> DAX Deutscher Aktienindex</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97440/price-prediction-line-investment-signals-and-limit-conditions-applied-for-the-german-financial-market" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">130</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">216</span> First Report of Asiatic Black Bear: Evidence of Illegal Hunting and Trading from Manglawar Mountain, Swat, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Waheed%20Akhtar">Waheed Akhtar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bears in Asia facing multiple threats and challenges such as hunting, illegal trading, habitat loss, and human conflicts. According to IUCN Red List, the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) is listed as Vulnerable since 1990, population declining by 49% during the last 30 years. The present study was conducted in Manglawar (DwaSaro Mountain) from April-August 2021, to collect all the information on Asiatic black bear observation, illegal hunting, and cub poaching. According to the response of the local community, very intensive illegal hunting and cub poaching were observed. Hunters usually installed many traps in the routes of black bears and when they move in the winter season the cubs get trapped and they collect them and kept in a specialized wooden box that is mainly helpful for further transportation. These cubs are then brought to the concerned Market where they sell them to many dealers. One of the potential observers of the illegal trading responds towards the Market price of the cubs, “The average price of the black bear cub is ranging from 45000-50000 Pakistani Rupees”. Apart from cubs' poaching, the black bear is also hunted for its skin, claws, and teeth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20report" title="first report">first report</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=illegal%20hunting" title=" illegal hunting"> illegal hunting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cub%20poaching" title=" cub poaching"> cub poaching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parts%20trading" title=" parts trading"> parts trading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ursus%20thibetanus" title=" Ursus thibetanus"> Ursus thibetanus</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166766/first-report-of-asiatic-black-bear-evidence-of-illegal-hunting-and-trading-from-manglawar-mountain-swat-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">63</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trading&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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